Comp Stud Trans EN 8

1.1 A Comparative Study on Korean and Chinese Tense Translation

韩语与汉语时态翻译比较研究

1.2 Abstract In most languages, the grammatical component of time can be regarded as a usage habit. However, in Korean and Chinese, there are "aspect" and "tense" to express time. This paper is based on a parallel corpus, which contains news, popular novels and TV plays translated by Korean and Chinese literature. Although there are many studies on temporal differences between Korean and Chinese, there are few studies on parallel corpora. This study expounds the tense translation method from Korean to Chinese. In addition, the way of expression in Chinese-Korean translation.

1.3 Key words Korean Chinese tense translation

1.4 摘要 在大多数语言中，表示时间的语法成分都可以看作是一种使用习惯。然而，在韩语和汉语中，有“方面”和“时态”来表示时间。本文基于一个平行语料库的研究，该语料库包含韩、中两国文学翻译的新闻、通俗小说和电视剧剧本。虽然对韩汉时态差异的研究较多，但对平行语料库的分析研究较少。本研究阐述了从韩文到汉文的时态翻译方法，此外还有，汉译韩时的表达方式。

1.5 关键词 韩语 汉语 时态 翻译

1.6 （1）Introduction 1.6.1 Research purpose and necessity One of the problems foreigners often encounter when learning Korean or Chinese is time expression. This study will compare and analyze the time markers between Korea and China based on the corpus of Korean and Chinese news, novels and drama scripts. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the situation when Korean time signs are translated into Chinese and when Chinese time is translated into Korean, and to clarify the conditions that influence the translation pattern. The time markers in Korean are more complex than those in Chinese, which is one of the grammatical categories that Chinese learners find difficult. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish between the Korean '- 었 -', '- 겠 -', '더 -' when ending when translated into Chinese, such as how to correspond to the Chinese time. It is important to know which rules should be considered in the translation process. Up to now, there are few empirical studies based on actual language data in the korean-Chinese comparative analysis of time expression in Korean. In order to make up for the problems existing in the prior research, this research will use practical and objective materials such as novels, newspapers and TV plays to understand the translation of korea-China award signs in detail. It is an important task for foreign language education to observe the situation of Korean and Chinese translations and grasp the characteristics of languages. Such research not only helps to improve the translation ability of Chinese learners, but also enables efficient and empirical learning in the field of Korean language education. In addition, corpus analysis like this study can not only reflect the time, but also improve the search method. For example, a word, construction, grammar, and so on can be retrieved objectively and easily. In addition, we can find out the differences in the use of Korean time elements in different fields and observe the strategies and styles of translators. In this way, it is not only valuable for Chinese learners to understand the similarities and differences between Korean and Chinese time expressions, but also to expect the effects of language education. The purpose of this test is to grasp the korean-Chinese time signs in the text and to seek the basic methods helpful to Korean language education.

1.6.2 Previous research In the study of modern Korean and Chinese, time expression is an important object in grammar. In the case of The Korean language, there have been more tense studies than any other subject of the Korean language law since the 1970s, and excellent research results have been achieved. The studies in this period were reinterpreted into aspects, mood and other viewpoints from the perspective of chronology. But according to the different researchers, sometimes use tense, on, or calligraphy to explain the related forms of tense, sometimes with the combination of tense comprehensive category, sometimes will show the combination of tense, phase, narration of the compound category. Here are the insights of scholars who have influenced the study of time expression in Korean. The representative study of time expression in Korean was done by Choi Hyun-bae. Choi hyun-pei was the first to make a detailed and systematic classification of Korean tenses as a whole, which has exerted a great influence on the study of Korean tenses up to now. After Choi hyun-bae, he completely denied the tenses of The Korean language in the 1970s, which shocked people. Tenses do not exist in The Korean language and should be regarded as phases or categories so far, Nanki said. Therefore, the form of each category should be redefined, so the tense category can not be set. Another claim is that tense or phase does not only denote one party, but tense and undifferentiated "tense-aspect". Kim Seok-deuk and Seo Jeong-soo are the representatives of this idea. Professor Lee jae-seong said, In Korean, suffixes with time cannot be divided into tenses and forms. Xu zhengxiu set up the tenses and the combined categories of the time expressions in Korean and analyzed the meaning of the tense-related forms from many aspects. The situation is similar in Chinese. - The trend in the study of time expression in Chinese is largely based on theories that exist only in categories. The claim that tense does not exist in Chinese began to emerge in the 1950s. After entering the 1980s, there appeared the propositions of phase and tense category, and the debate between phase category and tense category is intensifying, which is a reality. Lu Shuxiang, a representative scholar, used the term "moving phase" in her Brief Introduction to Chinese Grammar, which was elaborated in "Theory of Expression" according to Chinese time and the technical way of moving phase. Wang Li maintains that there is only "emotion and appearance" in Chinese, and there is no such grammatical category as tense. In Gao Mingkai's Language Theory, Chinese maintains that there is no tense category, and Chinese verbs are time expressions without any morphological changes. Therefore, Chinese is usually regarded as a language with no tenses and only phases. In the 21st century, he began to study the time expression of Korean and Chinese. In a pilot study, let's focus on a representative discussion. Zhao Ying in central China, marks in Korean time '- 는 -', '- 았 -', '- 겠 -' and the symbol ‘a’ in Chinese, ‘a’ and "a" as the center, pair phase are analyzed. He also pointed out similarities and differences between Korean and Chinese languages. ‘-는-’ in Korean is considered to represent the current form element, but it can also be used in the future. ‘-았-’ Past, present, and future appear in continuity and future completion. '-겠-' has been identified with the future tense, but is used in both intention and speculation.In Chinese, the sign of time phase is past, present completion, near future and continuous use. ‘着’ is the basic meaning of "continuous", but it also has synchronization. ‘过’ is used in various aspects of verbs, auxiliary words and complement. However, it is regrettable that the study cannot be regarded as a control study as it only analyzed the comparison of ‘-었-’ and "ha" in Korean and Chinese respectively, and there is no new progress among existing studies. Choi Gyu-fat and Jeong Ji-soo (2006) analyzed the meaning of Korean and Chinese phases and examined the function of improper signs based on the fixation theory and event theory. They say that the Korean sign -었- and the Chinese sign ’了‘ can be used to express the complete and tense. '-었었-' and '过' are signs of perfective, which can be interpreted to mean experience and control. '- 고 있 1 -' and 'in' said, '- 고 있 2 -', '- 어 과 있 -' '着‘ said persistent state, and' -어 가- 'and' -어 오- 'is seen as status flag. This paper reveals the similarities and differences between Korean and Chinese, especially the improper forms of corresponding signs, which is of great significance. Wang Fang (2007) made a comparative analysis of the time systems of Korean and Chinese based on the method of present, past and future, and investigated the similarities and differences. The research to sort out the Korean current tense logo '-는- corresponding Chinese '正在', '着', in the past when the system marks' 었 ' '了', corresponding Chinese future tense logo '겠' corresponding Chinese '要', ‘会', '可能', etc. Kim Hong-sil (2008) described the similarities and differences between 었- and Ha based on the meaning of ‘-었-’ in Korean and ‘了’ in Chinese. In this study, the past was divided into past completed, past sustained, past repeated, present completed, present sustained, future completed, future determined, and future carried on. Comparative analysis is more meaningful. Chen Nannan (2010) compared the phases of Korean and Chinese, analyzed the combined relationship between verbs and phase tables, extracted the similarities and differences, and established the phase system of the two languages. Chinese flag on the motor ‘起来’ and Korean "- 기 시작하 - ', '- 어 지 -' features and verb conjugations restriction has carried on the comparative analysis. In the process, '-고 있-' is marked '在' in Chinese to correspond. Perfect tense and past tense '-었-' and complete phase marks' - 어 있 - 'form corresponding relation, and the corresponding Chinese ‘着’ , ‘了'。 Wang Liliang (2012), based on the theory of Liang Zhengxi (2002), proved that there is no grammatical category of "Korean temporal expressional tenses" but only category through comparative analysis of categories in Korean and Chinese. The category of Korean consists of complete phase (-었-) and assimilative phase (었었). The complete phase consists of complete phase (-었-) and assimilative phase (었었), respectively. The above is the first study of tense contrast between Korea and China. Through these studies, a comparative study is conducted on Korean and Chinese tenses, which establishes the corresponding relationship system between Korean and Chinese tense signs to a certain extent. However, based on the similarities and differences between Korean and Chinese tense signs, the one-to-one response such as ‘었’ and ‘了‘ has been improved. However, the verification of actual data is not enough. In particular, he neglected to study the tenses in the translation that he intended to deal with. This paper is to make up for and overcome the problems existing in the prior research. This paper deals with the expression of time used in real life language. In order to achieve this goal, a practical corpus should be constructed in the treasure house of daily language such as newspaper, novel and TV drama, focusing on empirical and practical research. Let's take a look at the research on the translation of Korean and Chinese tense signs through actual text analysis.

1.7 The basic theory of Tense expression in Korean and Chinese 1.7.1 Korean tenses concept and classification There are a variety of expressions related to time in Korean and Chinese. In Korean, tense refers to the grammatical category of time and position, which is centered on the time of speech and event. That is, the time sequence of the time when the speaker speaks. Therefore, the time of the event before the speaking time is called the past tense, the time of the event which corresponds to the speaking time is called the present tense, and the time of the event after the speaking time is called the future tense. 1.7.2 Analysis and Classification of Chinese temporal expression Let's take a look at how tenses are expressed in Chinese. Because Chinese is a solitary language, it has unique characteristics. These characteristics also have a great impact on the sentence structure of Chinese. And Chinese does not change with the change of tense. Not the form of the word, but mainly rely on the order of the passage or function words to express the past, present, future, etc Therefore, when there is no time noun or adverb in Chinese, we should consider the actual context of the text and the situation of speech. On the contrary, if only one article is separated from the whole context and translated separately, it will bring many difficulties.

1.8 Chinese translation phenomena corresponding to Korean chronology Prior to this, the basic framework for dealing with the relationship was established to some extent through the comparative study of time signs between Korea and China. This database is based on prior research, using new materials such as translated texts of Korean-Chinese novels, newspapers and TV drama scripts, to understand the concrete implementation of Korean-Chinese time expression. The Dong-A Ilbo will focus on strengthening the specificity of the site, which has been somewhat neglected in the current debate. 1.8.1 The Chinese translation phenomenon corresponding to the Korean present tense In the Korean-Chinese Dictionary, the Chinese definition of ‘-는-’ refers to ‘在’ in Chinese. In this study, "-는-" was identified as the present tense, and the corresponding Chinese translation in the corpus was observed. In the parallel corpus, the frequency of "-는-" in the novel text is very low, so this section mainly analyzes the newspaper text and the TV script text. The corresponding expressions of Korean "-는-" can be roughly divided into the realization and unrealization of phase in translation. 1.8.2 The Chinese Translation phenomenon of Korean past Tense From the perspective of prior research, the Chinese ‘过’ and the Korean ‘었었’ are common correspondence. However, the Chinese word for ‘过’ and the Korean word for ‘었었’ are not exactly corresponding. First of all, sort out the Chinese equivalent of ‘었었’ mentioned in the dictionary. When ‘曾经’ refers to the past situation, the past situation is recorded through the Chinese time nouns ‘已经‘and ‘几年前’. In addition, it can be seen that ‘曾经’ can express the meaning of ‘曾经’. The situation can be described with the past time noun ‘去’, ‘那一年’. 1.8.3 The Chinese translation phenomenon of Korean future tense As mentioned in the previous two chapters, the Korean word "겠-" has been discussed from future tenses to forms. In the Ministry of Education (1997:86), the future is not already realized, but about the tenses of speculation and will, unlike past and present tenses, which simply express facts. Therefore, the attitude of the speaker must be included in the future tense, so it is necessary to understand the category of form through examples. -겠- In the future, it corresponds to "will" in Chinese, "zhe" in Chinese when expressing speculation, "neng" in Chinese when expressing possibility, and "yao" in Chinese when expressing will. Let's take a look at the translation of “-겠-". In the parallel corpus, the meaning distribution results of novels and TV plays are similar. However, the ratio of speculation and will in the newspaper text was very low at 1.3 percent and 3.5 percent, respectively. The reason is that news reports have stylistic features that cannot interfere with the subjectivity of journalists. Conjectural meanings occur more often in direct quotations than in language. In this way, readers can understand objective facts by directly describing facts through quotations. The future tenses of "-겠-" in Korean are mainly used in practical conversation in terms of the meanings of will, speculation and possibility. Instead, future tables are intended to have a different meaning than others. In actual conversation, there is no "pure future meaning", but will, speculation, or possibility. The reason is that the psychological attitude and emotional color of the speaker are accompanied by the expression of volition meaning, conjectural meaning and possibility meaning. This is the most important characteristic of spoken English. 1.9 Korean translation phenomena corresponding to Chinese tenses As mentioned in the previous two chapters, there is generally no grammatical sign of tense in Chinese. In the time structure reflected in Chinese, "aspect" accounts for a large proportion. The phases commonly discussed in Chinese are "fang" (meaning perfect) and "zai" (meaning progressive) after verbs, "guo" (meaning experiential) and "lai" (meaning intended). The five Chinese corresponds in parallel corpus' - 는 - ', '- 었 -', '- 었 었 -', '더 -', '- 겠 -', '- 고 있 -', '- 어 있 - "is the Chinese translation of high proportion. This section requires the analysis of the corresponding correspondence between Korean and Chinese phase sign translations. Corresponding consistent facies marks including '- 었 -' and '了', '- 고 있 -' and '在', '- 었 었 -', '- 었 -' and '过', '더 -' and '和', '- 겠 -' and '要', etc. In this section, a high proportion of the criteria as corresponding consistency, corresponding consistency in the basic sense. Other translations are considered inconsistent. Let's take a look at the Korean translation of such Chinese time markers.

1.9 Korean-chinese time represents the problem point of translation Through the previous translation form of time expression in Korean and Chinese, I have a concrete understanding of the way of time expression in Korean and Chinese, and how to translate each other. This section summarizes the previous discussions and focuses on the problems and educational significance of korean-Chinese comparative translation. 1.9.1 The problems of one-to-one comparative translation in the previous research In the pilot study, the korea-China time comparison established a certain framework. However, on the whole, the comparative translation discussion with a simple one-to-one counterpart is dominant. Korean is similar to Chinese in many aspects, such as the meaning and usage of words. This is an advantage for translating words or timetables 1 for 1 from the original text. However, as analyzed in the previous two chapters, the time expression of Korean and Chinese languages has completely different linguistic marks in morphology and structure. Not only the meanings are different, but also the combination of covers and the modification of parts of speech are different from each other, so there are problems that cannot be solved by simple 1-to-1 translation. Through the research results of this database, we can find the problems in the translation of the previous research trend 1 to 1. If the previous research matched the logo of ’었-‘ with that of ‘了‘1 to 1, this paper has greatly expanded the cover of the Korean equivalent of ’了‘ They are ’었었-, 어 있-, 고 있었-', and '-는-' in Korean. In addition, the Korean word -'었-' not only corresponds to "", but also corresponds to a wide range of Chinese words such as ’过‘ and ’着‘. The influence relationship between Korean and Chinese is actually very complicated. It's not just a 1-to-1 relationship. In other words, this complex situation calls for a deeper discussion on the use of Korean by Chinese learners. Therefore, based on the differences mentioned above, this study focuses on the relationship between the Korean middle school system and phase. In addition, most prior studies tend to be subjective in the absence of actual data verification. This library observes translation in a quantitative manner through a corpus constructed to compensate for the problems previously studied. This approach leads to more convincing and objective conclusions. Next, let's have a detailed understanding of the problems of 1-to-1 translation in the pilot study. First, let's take a look at the one-to-one translation of Korean ‘-었’ and Chinese ‘了, which appeared most frequently in the pilot study. Chinese Korean learners and Korean Chinese learners misuse the past the most in time expression translation, because the concept of time expression in Korean and Chinese is very different. Because Korean learners often regard ‘了’ as a Sign of Chinese tense, it corresponds to ‘-었-’, a sign of Korean past tense. This is because Korean learners use the word if there was any action or event in the past. In addition, if you want to show the past, you will use ‘了’ when it is necessary to use ‘过’ and ‘来’ when it is necessary to use ‘过’. The same goes for Korean learners in China, who often cannot distinguish between ‘-었-’ and ‘-었었-’ if they use ‘-었’ to describe the past. This is the error of ‘-었 -’ and ‘了’ as a one-to-one relationship. Not one against one, but a comparison that needs to be made in every sense. In addition, since the Chinese word ‘了’ is divided into ‘了1’ and ‘了2’ according to the position of the sentence, one-to-one translation is problematic. Under the influence of the Korean tense system, When more than two ‘了’ appear in a sentence at the same time, Korean learners may misuse the ‘了1’ before it. In Korean, words combining tense endings are usually placed at the end of a sentence, so Korean Chinese learners cannot often omit the ‘了2’ at the end of a sentence. In addition, Chinese Korean learners do not have a strong concept of Chinese tense, so if an article is a complex sentence, before and after the sentence is used to express the past, or only the past to express the post, it will cause confusion. In other words, When learning Korean, Chinese students can understand the concepts of tense and phase based on the concepts of Tense and phase in Chinese. Therefore, due to the overlapping complexity of korean-Chinese systems, a simple one-to-one comparison translation will cause many mistakes.

Conclusion This research is centered on the translation of the Chinese school system and the corresponding form of phase. In order to overcome the limitation of prior research focusing on the corresponding relationship of markers in korean-Chinese time representation control studies, a Korean-Chinese parallel corpus is constructed to investigate how tenses and markers are translated. Through the dictionary and leading research, observed the Korean present tense marks ‘- 는 -’ and the past tense '- 었 -', '- 었 었 -', '더 -', and the future tense logo ‘- 겠 -’ and phase of the symbol ‘- 고 있 - 'and' - 어 있 - 'the meaning of the function, to find the corresponding Chinese expressions in the parallel corpus, The characteristics of corresponding expression in Chinese are analyzed. Then we observe the meanings and functions of the Chinese marked ’了‘、’正在‘、’过‘、’要‘、’来着‘， search for the corresponding Korean expressions in the parallel corpus, and analyze the translation of the corresponding expressions in Korean. The first chapter analyzes the discussion of the comparative study of Korean and Chinese time system and phase in the purpose and advance study of this study. In addition, a research method for the corresponding translation morphology in the Korean-Chinese parallel corpus is proposed. In chapter 2, we learned about the basic theory of time performance in Korea and China. In chapter 2, the concept and classification of Korean and Chinese time systems and phases are put forward, and the differences between Korean and Chinese time performances are explained. In addition, the basic discussion on the signs of Korean and Chinese is also sorted out. The purpose of this study is to observe the corresponding translation forms of Korean and Chinese languages. Therefore, in order to achieve this purpose, specific translation forms are observed through quantitative research methods in Chapters 3 and 4. First of all, we look at the Korean in the original text '- 는 -', '- 었 -', '- 었 었 -', '- 겠 -', '더 -', '- 고 과 있 -' and '- 어 있 -' corresponding translation in Chinese. The analysis methods of this library are mainly from two aspects: the part of speech combined with phase signs and the meaning and function of phase signs. For example, the Present tense ‘-는-’ in Korean is mainly corresponding to the Chinese ‘在’, while ‘-었-’ is the most common sign in Chinese. Adjectives are often combined with '-었-' and with designated words. The translation method of '-었었-' is Chinese corresponding to '了'. If it is completed, the Chinese ‘原本’ will be used as the corresponding, and the Chinese ‘过’ and ‘曾经’ will be used as the corresponding when the empirical meaning is embodied. When the Korean word '더-' is combined with a verb, the Chinese word '来着' or '了' is used to deal with it. When combined with adjectives, the Chinese '感觉' is used to correspond. If it is combined with a noun, it will correspond with the Chinese word ‘来着’. The Korean word -더- is in the past tense and has various grammatical features such as perception, memory, and experience. It is necessary for Chinese learners to understand ‘-더-’ according to the type and context of the text. The translation form of the Korean futurotense sign ‘-겠-’ is to use the Chinese word ‘将‘ to deal with the simple future. Use Chinese words ’该‘, ’一定‘ and ’能‘ to deal with speculation; When expressing will, use The Chinese words ’会‘ and ’要‘ to deal with it. In Terms of Korean, there are differences in the translation of '-고 있-' in the progressive form and '-어 있-' in the complete form. Ongoing '- 있-' is more associated with action verbs, which means ongoing of the state. Moreover, the combination of Chinese trademarks will be different according to the types of verbs. ‘正’、‘在’、‘正’, as signs of progress, can be combined with action verbs and perfective verbs. The perfect sign "finished" can also be combined with action verbs. The perfective mark ‘-어 있-’ is often omitted when combined with action verbs, and is mainly translated into Chinese ‘着’ and ‘了’ when combined with reach verbs and perfective verbs. The following are the five Korean translations of the original Chinese text, including 'Ha', 'zheng', 'guo', 'yao' and 'lai Lai'. Observing the relationship between the Chinese word "le" and tense, we can see that "le" appeared most in the past. The Korean expressions for "1" and" 2" are both "-었-" depending on the position of the article. Chinese "is" '- 고 있 -' and '- 고 있 었 -' to deal with, "after the implementation of the" Chinese way "in Korean - ᄂ / 는 적 있 다 / 없 다 'to deal with, main performance experience. The meaning of "to" in Chinese is "intention" and "speculation", "intention" is addressed with Korean words "-겠-" and "-해야 하", and "-겠-" is the meaning of speculation. Finally, 'laizhu' is used to express the past tense, mainly with '-었-'. Based on the nature and grammatical meaning function of the syntactic forms of Korean-Chinese syntactic forms, this study analyzes the korean-Chinese translation forms of the juxtaposition corpus. It is expected that the conclusions presented in this article will help Korean and Chinese learners correctly use the time system and phases of the two countries to communicate effectively. In addition, it is hoped that taking into account the meaning function of tenses and phases when translating into Korean and Chinese according to various types of characters will help correct translation. However, this study is limited to the finite tense expressions used in the Korean-Chinese parallel corpus. For further research, it is necessary to conduct follow-up studies on the various uses of the Korean middle school system and phase system. That question will be a subject for the future.

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