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Akira Jantarat： History of Chinese-Thai literature Translation in 19th century

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Abstract

Translation has been around for a long time. Because people on this planet have different languages and cultures. However, historical evidence suggests that shortly after the birth of human civilization, Humans have begun to know the translation. The first translation is evidenced around 3000 BC. In the early days of translation, there were no theories of scholarly ideas, so translations were the subject of philosophers, poets, or aristocracy. Most of the translations are related to religion or literature. and as the translation becomes more extensive the scope of translation is expanding. The translation is no longer limited to sages. but has become a tool to promote the exchange of knowledge in various fields between people who use different languages There are different cultures and different lifestyles. However, the relationship between China and Thailand in history dates back to around the Han Dynasty or the Tang Dynasty, which is considered the most prosperous and golden age in literature. causing literature, art, and literature to be transmitted to neighboring countries including Thailand Thus, in those days, Thailand had to translate literature and literature from Chinese into Thai. and other translation works have been produced until the present but if counted by time How did Chinese-Thai translations begin? What is the story of each era? And what role did famous translations of that era play in its long history? This article will provide answers to those who are searching for these questions. This article will divide the topics according to important eras. It will talk about the beginning of translation from Chinese into Thai. Famous stories or translations of each era, including the role of translation, have impacted society and the way people live in the present. including the relationship between the two countries Therefore, we cannot deny that translation has played a very important and important role in Chinese and Thai history.

Key words

翻译，中泰翻译，翻译历史

Before Thailand started Translation Chinese literature in the 19th century

From the Ming dynasty to this moment, there have been some of the most frequent exchanges and visits between the two sides in the history of China-Siamese relations. In addition to coming to politics, economy, relationships, Coming to the exchange of arts, culture is becoming more frequent. Since the Sui dynasty, Chinese Thai translations are not limited to religious culture only. but also related to diplomatic relations between the two countries. During this period of the Ming dynasty, A place to teach the Thai language was established in China named “Xian Luo Guan”（暹罗馆）. It was added to "Si Yi Guan" （四夷馆）, where the establishment of this language teaching facility led to diplomatic exchanges. and exchange students and is considered to cultivate the ability to translate Chinese into Thai.

The establishment of this language teaching facility not only cultivates students' ability to translate languages. But it is also considered a cultural exchange between the two countries. First, the ambassador in “Si Yi Guan” (四夷馆) gave the people of the Ming dynasty an opportunity to learn and understand the culture of Thailand. It is a platform for cultural exchange between the two countries. Thailand has divided learning into 18 chapters so that Chinese translators can learn quickly. And there are two books translated at that time, is “Hua Yi Yi Yu”(华夷译语) and “Xian Luo Guan Yi Yu”(暹罗馆译语)

The historical record book, or “chronicle”, which is considered an important work of Chinese philosophers from ancient times to the Qing Dynasty, is the Twenty-Four Histories（二十四史）. This is a book that records the stories of historical figures. There are a total of 24 chapters. Each chapter consists of stories of important people divided into volumes. Each chapter has a different number of volumes depending on the number of people and the stories of each person recorded. The first chapter of this history book was written during the reign of Emperor Mu (武帝） of the Han Dynasty. written by an important Chinese historian named Sima. (司马迁）and finished in the reign of Emperor Qianlong (乾隆) of the Qing dynasty.

These documents are difficult to determine whether they have been translated into Thai or not. due to insufficient evidence. But if considering the style of writing, it can be said that Most of the Chinese to Thai translations were not translated from this historical book because this history book was written in a biographical manner or recorded the story of the said person. While Chinese stories translated into Thai are written more like fiction, most of the origins of these Chinese stories are probably from fiction writings in the Yuan and Ming dynasties because during the two dynasties. This was the heyday of prose writing that evolved into fiction writing. As Priya Boonsiri mentioned the evolution of Chinese literature, it was concluded that .... Chinese novels during the Yuan and Ming dynasties evolved from storytelling which was folk art. Expanding the story, adding many details, and depicting it to be realistic. In the Yuan Dynasty, the playwright brought these stories to refine and refine, so after a period of development, a great novel appeared in the early stages, name The Romance of the Three Kingdoms《三国演义》 and The Water Margin《水浒传》【1】

Translation of Chinese-Thai literature in the 19th century

Thai people are well acquainted with Chinese history and literature. Ayutthaya Dynasty A classic Chinese novel has arrived in Thailand. After Thai writers have translated, Some Chinese novels have thus become part of Thailand's literary treasure trove. After the establishment of the Bangkok dynasty, a new period of prosperity appeared in Thai literature. According to relevant Thai works, the translation of Chinese classical novels began during the Bangkok dynasty Rama I. According to statistics, in the 19th century, from Rama I to Rama III, there were 17 Chinese classical novels rewritten into Thai by group translations.

Chinese novels that have been translated into Thai are divided into topics for each Thai period as follows: 【】

1.Rama I, the Great (1782–1809), Phutthayotfa Chulalok

There are 2 translations of Chinese literature:

1.1 The Romance of the Three Kingdoms《三国演义》

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms novel 《三国演义》 is considered a very famous translation in history. It is historical Chinese literature. And is literature that people know and have always been popular. It was composed around the 14th century during the Ming dynasty of China. Written by Luo Guanzhong (罗贯中) Translated and compiled into Thai for the first time by Chao Phraya Phra Klang Hone (เจ้าพระยาพระคลังหน) in the reign of the King Buddha Yot Fa Chulalok the Great (Rama I) of Thailand, in 1802 in the form of a Thai book.

The nature of translating a book from Chinese into Thai in ancient times was quite difficult. Because those who are proficient in Chinese are not proficient in the Thai language. Thai experts do not know Chinese. In translation, it requires the cooperation of both parties to translate together. Chinese expert department Translating the content out for the scribes to take notes on paper. And later, Thai language specialists bring the content that has been written and compiled into the Thai language again. to rearrange the words so that the words are beautiful and neat Therefore when Thai people read the legend of the Three Kingdoms. That version feels that the expressions are neat, consistent, easy to read The Three Kingdoms of China that Thailand has translated are of two types. because of has different translators.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms was first published in 1865 and has since been reprinted under the name " The Romance of the Three Kingdoms Book "Royal Society's Edition" in 1928. Currently, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms edition of the Chao Phraya Phra Klang Hone (เจ้าพระยาพระคลังหน) has been reprinted several times.

The novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms that mentioned above. It played a huge role in the people of that era. Because the plot in the Three Kingdoms novel reflects many concepts. whether it reflects the idea of war in China values in social beliefs of people society or even the customs and traditions of Chinese society, For this reason, the novel The Three Kingdoms became famous. and has been translated into Thai From the past to the present, the literature of China has influenced the feelings and minds of the general public, including the Thai people, whether the literary power will affect whether or not it depends on the values and social conditions at that time. After the literary translation of the Three Kingdoms began, and the literature appeared in Thailand. Classical Chinese literature, whether Water Margin《水浒传》 Journey to the West《西游记》 The Golden Lotus《金瓶梅》Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio《聊斋志异》 The Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms《东周列国志》Popular Romance of the Eastern Han Dynasty《东汉通俗演义》and The legend and The hero《封神演义》 is considered famous literature in this era. It has also been translated into the Thai language. Thus, in that era, the translation of literature from the Chinese version into the Thai version was printed in large numbers and widely spread.

1.2 The Romance of the Western Han《西汉通俗演义》

The story of xihan (西汉) is one of the most popular historical novels in China. was selected to be included in the book series. "100 famous old novels" Chinese version, full title: The Romance of the Western Han《西汉通俗演义》The author of this novel, Zhen Wei (甄伟) was a native of Nanjing (南京) during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), presumably a later generation of Luo Guanzhong (罗贯中). The story of the Three Kingdoms who lived from the end of the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) to the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. The oldest manuscript on Sai Han discovered today is a printed version from the Wanli (万历) reign.

In the novel The Romance of the Western Han《西汉通俗演义》, the author has adapted from the story "Lu Hou kills Han Xin "（吕后杀韩信）is a chapter for a storyteller of the Yuan Dynasty storyteller. during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) and Yuan Dynasty Storytelling is a very popular form of entertainment. Each narrator usually compiles a story that has been told beforehand in writing. used as an original to be continued There may be additional cuts as they see fit. These tales were later recorded by the author to expand the novel and become famous for many literary stories, such as the Three Kingdoms novels of Luo Guan Dong, whose Chinese name is 《三国演义》, has been revised from the storybook of the Three Kingdoms story of the Yuan Dynasty entitled “Three Kingdoms”（三国志平话). And the story about Saihan is the same. Zhen Wei took the tale "Lu Hou kills Han Xin" （吕后杀韩信） to compare it with the chronicles of the late Zhou Dynasty to the beginning of the Han Dynasty, expanding it to perfection. By correcting the inaccuracies to be more consistent with the history. But it's fun to read and follow in a completely novel style.【2】

By translating the novel "Sai Han" in Thailand starting from the reign of King Rama I Prince Krom Phra Conservation Dewet Department of the Bowon Maha Sena Phimuk Palace (กรมพระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว กรมวังบวรมหาเสนาพิมุข), formerly known as Thong In (ทองอินทร์), translated this novel. It is expected that the translation began before 1806 and has been translated into 37 books in Thai books. Later, Dr. Blud Lay (หมอบลัดเลย์) Printing House published for the first time in the reign of King Rama V in 1874 as 2 books.【3】

2.Rama II (1809–1824), Phutthaloetla Naphalai

There are 3 translations of Chinese literature:

2.1 Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms《东周列国志》

chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms 《东周列国志》 is Thai literature translated from Chinese chronicles. This is the third story in the history of Thai literature. The first two stories are The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and The Romance of the Western Han, which were translated during the reign of King Rama I of Thailand. This preliminary information on Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms is as evidenced as appearing relatively few now. The literary translation of Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms was initiated by Rama II of Thailand. Have an ordered translate this Chinese chronicle It is a book of 153 volumes in a Thai book in 1819 and the Mob Rudley Publishing House published it for the first time during the reign of King Rama V of Thailand in 1870.【】

Although Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms is ancient literature. It has been around for a long time but has very little role in Thai literary circles Compared to the Three Kingdoms story which is the same type of literature and translated in the near era But it has gained widespread attention from Thai people.【】

2.2 The investiture of the gods《封神演义》

The investiture of the gods or“Feng Shen yan yi"《封神演义》is one of the novels written in contemporary with ancient Chinese literature titled “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” 《三国演义》 and “Journey to the West” 《西游记》. Reputation in the Ming Dynasty It is assumed that the feathers were decorated until published in a book form. During the Long Qing reign (1567-1572 ) to the Wanli reign (1573-1620) of the Ming dynasty, The investiture of the gods is the literature based on real events in Chinese history during the late Shang Dynasty to the early Zhou Dynasty, divided into chapters, with a length of 100 chapters, describing The dissolution of the Shang Dynasty at the end of King Zhouwang's reign and the prosperity of the Zhou Dynasty during its founding. There is a battle scene between King Zhouhuang's army of the Shang Dynasty and the side of King Wenwang and Wuwang.

It also adds color to the story by combining stories of miracles. as well as characters who are gods Legendary Ghost various creeds to enhance the enjoyment of the readers.About the title The investiture of the gods or“Feng Shen yan yi”《封神演义》 has many other names for this novel, including “Feng shen bang”(封神榜) “Wuwang fa zhou wai shi” (武王伐纣外史) “feng shen chuan”(封神传)“shang zhou lieguo quan chuan” (商周列国全传）The name that is known and commonly referred to is “Feng shen bang”(封神榜)【】

In Thailand, 封神演义 was first translated into Thai during the reign of Rama II of Thailand, entitled "Hong Sin".It is assumed that In the period before the Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms was translated Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms《东周列国志》 During the reign of King Rama II, the literature titled The investiture of the gods《封神演义》 should have been translated into Thai before. Or it should have been translated around the same time that the Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms was translated into Thai as "Hong Sin" as mentioned earlier.【】

2.3 Popular Romance of the Eastern Han Dynasty《东汉通俗演义》

Popular Romance of the Eastern Han Dynasty《东汉通俗演义》Historical novels of the Ming Dynasty. The author Xie Zhao (谢诏).Jin lingzhou (金陵周) "Re-engraving of the Beijing Edition and Additional Commentary on the Popular Romance of the Twelve Emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty" 《东汉十二帝通俗演义》, 10 volumes, 140 pieces. Jian Xiaoge criticized "Popular Romance of Eastern and Western Han Dynasty" for the inclusion of this book, changed the title of“Popular Romance of the Eastern Han Dynasty ”《东汉通俗演义》and deleted it into 125 articles.

For translation in Thailand, It is assumed that the translation in the reign of King Rama 2 consisted of 30 Thai books. First published in the reign of King Rama V in 1876 as a book.

3. Rama III (1824–1851), Chesadabodin

There are 12 translations of Chinese literature:

3.1 Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties《隋唐演义》

Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties《隋唐演义》 is a novel in the form of heroic legends and historical novels, composed of 20 volumes and 100 chapters, created by the writer Chu Renhuo褚人获 in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

Translation in Thailand started by Chao Phraya Thipakornwong Mahakosathibodi Kham Bunnag (เจ้าพระยาทิพากรวงศ์มหาโกษาธิบดี ขำ บุนนาค) ordered the Chinese people who knew Thai language. Translated in 1855, it is said that Buddhakosachan Jee at Prayurawongsawat temple (พระพุทธโฆษาจารย์จี่วัดประยุรวงศาวาส) brought to compile Thai into 60 volumes in Thai books Later, Dr. Smith's printing house First published in the reign of King Rama V in 1878 as 3 books.

3.2 Wu Hu Ping Nan Hou Zhuan《五虎平南后传》

"Wu Hu Ping Nan Hou Zhuan"《五虎平南后传》is a long-length heroic novel in the Qing Dynasty vernacular, also known as "Wu Hu Ping Nan Di Qing Yan Chuan"《五虎平南狄青演传》 It is written in six volumes and 42 chapters without the author. It was written during the Jiaqing (嘉庆) period of the Qing Dynasty. The novel is a sequel to "Wu Hu Ping Xi Qian Zhuan"《五虎平西前传》The main plot of the work is Di Qing(狄青) southern expedition. It is written that the Five Tigers will expedition again and have gone through hardships and dangers. With the help of the southern army general and the Yang (杨) family, the rebellion is finally put down, and the class teacher returns to the court.

The translation in Thailand started from Somdej Chao Phraya Borommaha Sri Suriyawong Chuang Bunnag（สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์ ช่วง บุนนาค） gave the Chinese people who knew the Thai language to translate in 1857 to produce 6 Thai books. Later, the printing house Dr. Lud Lay(หมอบลัดเลย์) was first published in the reign of King Rama V in 1886 as a book.

Even though this story was translated after “Wu Hu Ping Xi Qian Zhuan”《五虎平西前传》 But in the past, Thai people knew about “Wu Hu Ping Nan Hou Zhuan”《五虎平南后传》 first. So this translation happened at that time.

3.3 Wu Hu Ping Xi Qian Zhuan《五虎平西前传》

“Wu Hu Ping Xi Qian Zhuan”《五虎平西前传》also known as "Wu Hu Zheng Xi"《五虎征西》is a long-length heroic novel in the vernacular of the Qing Dynasty. It is a "Di Qing Yan Yi"《狄青演义》 is fourteen volumes and one hundred and twelve times. Written in the sixth year of Jiaqing (狄青) in the Qing Dynasty in 1801.

This novel is about the story of Di Qing in the Song Dynasty going to the West to fight in the West, which is quite different from historical facts. From the mid-Ming Dynasty to the mid-Qing Dynasty, historical novels formed a trend, with numerous works, which lasted for a long time.

For the Thai translation of this story is It is assumed that Somdej Chao Phraya Borommaha Sri Suriyawong Chuang Bunnag（สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์ ช่วง บุนนาค） had to make a translation similar to the story 《五虎平南后传》, which can be translated into 14 Thai books. In the reign of King Rama 5, in 1878, it was translated into a book.

3.4 Wan Hua Lou Yang Bao di Yan Yi《万花楼扬包狄演义》

"Wan Hua Lou Yang Bao di Yan Yi"《万花楼扬包狄演义》 is a long-length heroic novel in the vernacular written by Li Yutang in the Qing Dynasty,is fourteen volumes and sixty-eight chapters, written during the Jiaqing(嘉庆) period of the Qing Dynasty, also known as "Wan Hua Lou Yan Yi"《万花楼演义》

For the Thai translation of this story，Somdej Chao Phraya Borommaha Sri Suriyawong Chuang Bunnag（สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์ ช่วง บุนนาค） had to make a translation similar to the story Wu Hu Ping Nan Hou Zhuan《五虎平南后传》》came out with 13 Thai books, later the printing house Dr. Lud Lay was first published in the reign of King Rama V in 1880 as a book.

3.5 The Romance of the Western Jin Dynasty《西晋演义》

"The Romance of the Western Jin Dynasty" 《西晋演义》 is part of the book "The romance of East and West Dynasty" 《东西晋演义》The author, Yang Erzeng (杨尔曾), Ming Dynasty, has written the book's contents into two parts, is "The Romance of the Western Jin Dynasty" 《西晋演义》 and "The Romance of the Eastern Jin Dynasty" 《东晋演义》

The contents of this book describe the historical development of the East and the West. Jin Dynasty in Classical Chinese. Most depict historical events in a chronological style.

For the Thai translation, Somdej Chao Phraya Borommaha Sri Suriyawong Chuang Bunnag（สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์ ช่วง บุนนาค）ordered Luang Pichai Waree(หลวงพิชัยวารี) translate it in 1858 to produce 35 Thai books. Later, Dr. Lud Lay Publishing House published it for the first time in the reign of King Rama V in 1873 translated into 2 books.

3.6 The Romance of the Eastern Jin Dynasty《东晋演义》

The Romance of the Eastern Jin Dynasty《东晋演义》is a book written by Yang Erzeng (杨尔曾) after "The Romance of the Western Jin Dynasty" 《西晋演义》. The contents of this book describe the historical development of the Eastern and Western in the Jin dynasty as well. Is the part of "The romance of East and West Dynasty" 《东西晋演义》

It is a story that has been translated from the story The Romance of the Western Jin Dynasty《西晋演义》 came out 38 books in Thai books later, Dr. Blud Lay (หมอบลัดเลย์) Publishing House published for the first time in the reign of King Rama V in 1877 as 2 books.

3.7 The Biography of the Southern and Northern Song Dynasties《南北两宋志传》

It is a novel written by Xiong Damu (熊大木) in the Ming Dynasty，a total of one hundred chapters. The first fifty chapters are "Biography of the Southern Song Dynasty"《南宋志传》 and the last fifty chapters are "Biography of the Northern Song Dynasty" 《北宋志传》

"Biography of the Southern Song Dynasty"《南宋志传》 is not about the story of the Southern Song Dynasty. It is a story from the time Shi Jingtang was born in the Jin dynasty to the beginning of the Northern Song dynasty where Jiangnan was peaceful. And "Biography of the Northern Song Dynasty"《北宋志传》 mainly is about Yang Jia Jiang (杨家将) during the Song Dynasty.

About Thai, Language translation is Luang Phisan Supaphon Chuen Phisalbutr (หลวงพิศาลศุภผล ชื่น พิศาลบุตร) order Chinese people who know the Thai language. Translated in 1865, came out 23 books in Thai books, later the Royal Publishing House published the first time in the reign of King Rama V in 1880 as a book.

3.8 Five Dynasties《五代》

"Five Dynasties"《五代》original name "The Records of the Five Dynasties"《五代史记》, Author Ou Yangxiu (欧阳修), Song Dynasty, “五代” is the era of feudal and territorial divisions，divided into 《新五代史》,《旧五代史》

The translation of the content into the Thai language starts from, Somdej Chao Phraya Borommaha Sri Suriyawong Chuang Bunnag（สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์ ช่วง บุนนาค）translated in 1866, issued 20 Thai books, later the Royal Publishing House, first published in the reign of King Rama V in 1868 as a book.

3.9 General Yue Fei《说岳全传》

Qing Dynasty novels. The full name is "The Story of King Benyue" 《精忠演义说本岳王全传》Authors Qian Cai (钱彩) and Jin Feng (金丰). The storybook is about works from the Kangxi (康熙) to the Qianlong (乾隆) period. It mainly tells about after Yue Fei (岳飞) died, and Yue Lei go to the north. and praised the heroic actions of Yue Fei and other soldiers in fighting and serving the country with loyalty, and flogged people and traitors.

Somdej Chao Phraya Borommaha Sri Suriyawong Chuang Bunnag（สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์ ช่วง บุนนาค） ordered the Chinese who knew the Thai language. Translated in 1867 with 38 Thai books, later the Royal Publishing House published for the first time in the reign of King Rama V in 1869 as 3 books.

3.10 Water Margin《水浒传》

"Water Margin"《水浒传》is a full-length heroic legend and one of the masterpieces of ancient Chinese novels. It was produced in the Ming Dynasty. Author Shi Naian (施耐庵). Water Margin is a novel based on the description of ancient peasant uprisings. It vividly depicts the peasant uprising from happening, The whole process from development to failure, Profoundly revealed the social roots of the uprising, Enthusiastically praised the resistance of the heroes of the uprising and their social ideals, It also specifically revealed the inherent historical reasons for the failure of the uprising.

Somdej Chao Phraya Borommaha Sri Suriyawong Chuang Bunnag（สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์ ช่วง บุนนาค） translated in 1867 with 82 volumes in Thai books. Later, Dr. Lad Lay(หมอบลัดเลย์) Publishing House published for the first time in the reign of King Rama V in 1879, becoming 5 books.

3.11 Yun He Qi Zong《云合奇踪》

ํYun He Qi Zong《云合奇踪》or "Legend of Clouds" also known as Ying lie Chuan《英烈传》or "Legend of Heroes" is a novel written by an anonymous person (Su Wei (徐渭) and Guo Sun (郭勋)), this book is divided into 10 volumes, a total of 80 chapters, written during the Wanli (万历) period of the Ming Dynasty. It is the story of Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋) leading heroes to overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, separatist, and founded the Ming dynasty.【】

The translation of the content into the Thai language starts from, Somdej Chao Phraya Borommaha Sri Suriyawong Chuang Bunnag（สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์ ช่วง บุนนาค）(does not appear in the year of translation), there are 17 books in Thai books. Later, the Royal Publishing House published for the first time in the reign of King Rama V in 1871 as 2 books.

3.12 The Romance of Southern History《南史演义》

The Romance of Southern History《南史演义》is a long-form historical novel. Using simple language, it was written by Du Gang (杜纲著) in the Qing Dynasty, 32 chapters, published as a book in 1795. Describes the rise and fall of four minor dynasties in China Song (宋), Qi(齐), Liang(梁), and Chen(陈), and describes the entrepreneurial monarchs of several dynasties.

Thai translation. Somdej Chao Phraya Borommaha Sri Suriyawong Chuang Bunnag（สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์ ช่วง บุนนาค）translated into 54 volumes in Thai books. Later, the Royal Publishing House published for the first time in the reign of King Rama V in 1871 as 2 books.【】

References

【1】http://cuir.car.chula.ac.th/bitstream/123456789/23198/6/Prapin_Ma_ch3.pdf