Questions regarding the texts read in the reader for Session 6

Task: Please write down your answers to the following questions:

(a) What role does money play? [Tipps: In most utopian novels money has been abandoned.]

(b) What role do physical work and machines play? [Tipps: In most utopian novels physical work has been taken over by machines.]

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? [Tipps: In the New Story of the Stone, the nations of the world come together peacefully in China to learn from China.]

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? [Tipps: China in the New Story of the Stone has developed the “civilized authoritarianism” (文明專制 Wenming zhuanzhi) - so not Socialism or autocracy -, the USA is characterized as aggressive “Barbarian Realm” (野蠻境界 yeman jingjie) and the other Western nations are called “Falsely Civilized States” (假文明國 jia wenming guo).]

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? [Tipps: In the novel, it is the most powerful and peaceful country in the world and has surpassed all other countries technologically. "a country strong in military power, political structure, scientific advancement, educational institutions, and moral cultivation. It is a tremendous technocratic empire that in every aspect leads its time." D. Wang]

(e) What government system prevails? How did it come about? [Tipps: In the novel, it is called “civilized authoritarianism” (文明專制) and citizens are inspected with a “Human Nature Inspection Lens” (性質測驗鏡 xingzhi ceyanjing), a scientific tool for measuring morality.]

(f) How is peace assessed? [Tipps: At the end of the novel, Bao Yu attends an international conference on world peace. When the keynote speaker, the Emperor of China, is welcomed to the stage, he turns out to be none other than Zhen Baoyu/Dongfang Qiang.]

(g) How are differences between people treated?

With your answers, please make sure not to refer to contemporary China, but to the utopian China described in the novel.

Every student has to contribute to this page. Please mark your entries with your signature. Please add your findings from website research and literature here.

英语笔译卞王倩 Bian Wangqian 202170081563

(a)What role does money play?

Money is a useful and necessary tool only for humans. With money, most of the humans’ desires can be satisfied. Money can ensure one’s survival and development, bring people dignity and decency and even change one’s life. In fact, money does not always work, but its great advantages generally enable people to overlook its small disadvantages so that it has been the best love by most of the ordinary people.

(b)What role do physical work and machines play?

Physical work deals with those fields that machines fail to work. Machines work better than physical work in some fields as they spend less time doing a better job. Physical work and machines are both coined by humans and for humans.

(c)How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

Culture, history and somebody jointly characterize and make a nation. Culture determines the qualities of its people; history is a record of its past and a mirror of its future; somebody leads its people toward a better future.

Dialogue and compromise contribute to peace. The strong asks, and the weak compromises, and the two with well-matched strength change interests.

(d)What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

Among western nations, the technical superiority causes their airs of moral superiority over China, but in fact, they hold no moral superiority over China. Because true moral superiority comes from a long history and the profound culture of a nation in the persistent pursuit of peace and development. China is a good example. China has seen its technology developing rapidly in recent years, but its traditions guide it to be committed to the road of defending peace and offering kindness rather than presenting its moral superiority, which can be better evidenced by its international aid during this lingering pandemic.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world?

Under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China and the joint efforts of all Chinese people, China has witnessed its improved national strength and increased international influence in the current world. In all respects, China is a strong contributor and motivator to Asia and the world.

(f) What government system prevails? How did it come about?

The government can be seen as a political system, including a set of institutions in charge of legislation, law enforcement and management in a region. Government in the broad sense includes the legislature, the executive, the judiciary, and the military organs, and the government in the narrow sense refers only to the executive branch. The five more common political systems around the world include Democracy, Republic, Monarchy, Communism and Dictatorship.

Like many facets of modern life, the first forms of government emerged when the very first civilizations began to form.

(g) How is peace assessed?

Just refer to its opposite: war. Once a war is waged, peace is no longer. In fact, there is no absolute peace in the current world due to some irreconcilable conflict between nations. Regional peace and global peace need common efforts by all nations involved.

(h) How are differences between people treated?

People are born different. So is the way they are treated. The strong get respect, the beautiful are admired, the weak are bullied and the minority are defied. Let alone those people of different genders, colors and nations. Actually, the world is full of charm just thanks to the presence of different people. And the discrimination should be removed.

英语笔译曹姣 Cao Jiao 202170081564

(a) What role does money play?

Money provides economic foundation for what we're going to achieve. It can't pay for everything. But without it, we was even unable to afford three meals.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play?

Machines can make physical work easier for human being, and can even replace human in some basic or regular work. As for their roles, the former can improve one’s health and reduce the risk of developing some diseases like diabetes,cardiovascular disease. In addition, it’s also good for one’s state of mind. The latter, machines, can reduce the risk of injuries from dangerous work.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

As for the second question, I think the United Nations plays a key role in resolving international conflicts. It always encourages an active communication between the conflicting countries. So does China. So I think China has also made great efforts in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution through its philosophy of build a community with a shared future for mankind.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

Because Western nations took the lead in the Revolution of Science and Technology, they might think themselves superior to the rest. Power-driven countries believe power is of paramount importance, so moral superiority should subordinate to technical one. While China, conventionally, has put good morality in the first place.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world?

China positions itself as a stabilizer for Asia and even for the whole world. It always engages in safeguarding world peace and encourages to resolve conflicts by peaceful communication. Committed in create a community with a shared-future, it sticks to the principle of win-win cooperation.

(e) What government system prevails? How did it come about?

Government system can be roughly divided into 3 types: autocracy, democracy and oligarchy. Autocracy is “rule by one.” In an autocratic government, one person -- the autocrat -- has all the power and makes all the decisions.There are many different forms of democracy, but what makes a democracy different from all other forms of government is the participation of the people in decision-making. In an oligarchy, a few rulers control the government. These rulers gain their power and maintain their authority as a result of their wealth or another form of influence. The prevalent government system is the democracy. It originated from Ancient Greek.

(f) How is peace assessed?

Peace can be assessed through GPI(Global Peace Index), which attempt to measure the relative position of nations’ and regions’ peacefulness. The index gauges global peace using 3 broad themes: the level of safety and security, the extent of domestic and international conflict and the degree of militarization Peace is not static but contextual. It has been viewed as absence of tension having the presence of justice or a respecting human rights, well being and freedom of individuals.

(g) How are differences between people treated?

People with different colors, with different economic foundation, or with unusual habits may be treated differently. When you are looking for a partner, you will probably have a preference for their gender or something. Sometimes people are treated differently because of racial discrimination, but it's not always the case.--Cao Jiao (talk) 12:58, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译陈路瑶 Chen Luyao 202170081565

（a）What role does money play? As a kind of currency, money has five functions: value scale, circulation means, storage means, payment means and world currency. In today's society, it is absolutely impossible without money. For individuals, the realization of basic necessities of life needs money to support, in which money plays the role of value scale, circulation means, storage means and payment means. For a country, the operation of the country itself and the interaction between countries are also based on money, in which money plays the above five roles.

（b）What role do physical work and machines play? Physical labor refers to the labor of workers with the movement system as the main movement organ. Machine labor refers to the labor that machines replace people. In the past, almost all labor was done by people. Now, the progress of science and technology has liberated people from many simple and repetitive work. The scope of machine work is constantly expanding, showing the trend of changing from simple work to fine work. However, people are still the leader of labor, and machines play an auxiliary role.

（c）How are nations characterized ,how are conflicts between nations resolved? The state is a tool for one class to unify another. It is an organized force with the functions of political rule and social management. The characteristics of the state include distinctive class nature, historicity, being a state organization with special social power, strict organizational system and coordination. Disputes between countries can be resolved by force and non force. Force means war, and non force means arbitration, judicial settlement, etc. For example, the dispute between Russia and Ukraine is through war.

（d）What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? The rapid development of science and technology in western countries has contributed to their sense of moral superiority, that is, they believe that they are the highest race in the world, and other races should submit to themselves. Therefore, they launched an aggressive war against China and other countries. In other words, the Western sense of scientific, technological and moral superiority pushed them to invade China. On the contrary, in the process of being invaded, China gradually sobered up and put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners and mastering skills to control foreigners" to resist aggression.

（e）What is China’s position in Asia/the world? As one of the four ancient civilizations, China plays an important role in Asia and even the world. In ancient times, China regarded itself as a big country and accepted the worship of envoys of other countries. In modern times, as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations, China has a certain international voice. Since ancient times, China has been advocating peace and hopes to contribute to the maintenance of local and world peace.

（f）What government system prevails?How did it come about? China adopts a socialist system. The socialist system is a political and economic system relative to the capitalist system. Its basic element is to implement public ownership and realize the people's ownership of the country. It refers to the system in which socialist state organs create, recognize, modify and abolish laws and normative legal documents within their legal functions and powers and in accordance with legal procedures. At the time of the founding of new China, a hundred wastes were waiting for prosperity, and it was necessary to concentrate on doing great things, and a great feature of the socialist system was the implementation of public ownership.

（g）How is peace assessed? Peace is a state in which all countries live in peace without war, violence, conflict or dispute. However, since the beginning of mankind, there has never been peace in a real sense. When the balance of power between countries is unbalanced, war often occurs.

（h）How are differences between people treated? There must be differences between people. Their IQ, personality, skin color and appearance will be different. We advocate the concept that everyone is equal in the world, but in real life, most people think they are superior or inferior because of various inequalities. Therefore, this concept of "everyone is equal" is influenced by the concept of individuals themselves.

英语笔译邓阳林 Deng Yanglin 202170081567

(a) What role does money play? I think money is best described as a moral baggage, but the value of money itself is more neatly captured by the Ancient Romans' baggage. It is necessary to march. It can turn a battle into a victory, or it can drag down a perfect battle, but it is indispensable. Money is like a baggage, keeping and discarding are in a dilemma. If you throw them away, you will be deprived of sustenance, even material life; If you save, your wealth will increase. But if you have too much money, it is not really useful, except for charity, and only some illusion.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play?

Physical work serves as the most key step for the operation of machines which also improve the efficiency and accuracy of the former.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? A nation is characterized by its history and culture which exert a great impact on the development of a nation. When conflicts between nations occur, it is sensible to find a solution.The solution should take their common interest into consideration, or even put the interest in the first place.Only in such a perspective, nations can reach a consensus of accepting the overall solution.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? The West is earlier than our industrial revolution, so in technology, we have to learn from the West, and in the field of moral, we have a longer history than the West, some ideas may be more specialized after a long time of accumulation.The last but not least, it's a mutual learning, mutual integration process between East and West

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world?

China has always stood by the side of rightness.

(e) What government system prevails? How did it come about? Now, government system varies from one country to another.Chinese government stands up for socialism, while Western nations sustain capitalism.The reason responsible for this result is that China has a historical reality and realistic national conditions differing from that of western countries.

(f) How is peace assessed? Peace usually refers to the absence of war or other hostile acts of violence. It is also used to describe a person who is not excited or quiet. In general, the maintenance of a state of peace between states is the aspiration of most people and organizations, especially international organizations such as the United Nations. Peace can be spontaneous, and political agitators can avoid getting too excited; Peace can also be coercive, such as the use of coercion to restrain those who cause disturbances.

(g) How are differences between people treated? It is inevitable that differences between people take place.In such circumstances, the diversity should be treated by respecting others' shortcoming and strength.

英语笔译何丽娜 He Lina 202170081569

(a)What role does money play?

Actually, money is a universal equivalent which is set by the authority and it is a medium for people to change those they want or need, so that people can get food and clothes,and even a superior expectations. But on the other hand money is a lust stimulating people to get more by all means.

(b)What role do physical work and machines play?

Through physical work, human earn their living and creates the world,including the machine which can save manual labor and time. It is believed that physical work and machine are complementary with each other. Both two are necessary in the world.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

A state is a social group that shares a common language, culture, ethnicity, territory, government or history, and a nation always has the political power; If there exist conflicts between nations, usually we will face two situation: one is to take hostile actions,even the war;another is to have rational and peaceful negotiations. It is evident that confrontation or war is no good for nations and their people and we hope all the nations can seek peaceful measures to cope with conflicts.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

Since the late Qing dynasty, western technology was more advanced than China,and western countries tried to add its self-righteous morality to Chinese people. But Chinese people have a traditional culture which shows their age-old moral and spiritual superiority. So no matter the writers with advanced thinking in the late Qing dynasty or people living in the modern society, we all think it necessary to learn the advanced technology of western countries and we have the confidence that finally China will be technologically superior to the West on account of its age-old moral and spiritual superiority.

(e)What is China's position in Asia / the world?

In Asia, China has always been a major country influencing our neighbors for its profound history and culture. What’s more, some other Asian countries were the subordinate state of China in the ancient times and now China also becomes one of the most important centre of development in Asia; as for in the world, China is one of the four ancient civilisations and occupies an important strategic position in the world. Today, as the largest developing country and one of the members of the UN Security Council, China actively handles international affairs and seek well-beings for all the people, and it is becoming increasingly important in the international stage.

(f)What government system prevails? How did it come about?

Today,many nations in the world are capitalist countries in which there are republics and constitutional monarchies. As far as I am concerned, many countries adopt a republican system in the world. The republic was established that western people at that time were against feudal monarchy and aspired democracy and liberty. But in China we will adhere to socialism and the people's congress system.

(g)How is peace assessed?

A peaceful world would be free of killing, fighting, hunger, destruction, corruption and violence. Everyone would have access to education and healthcare, and everyone would live a happy and ordinary life.

(h) How are differences between people treated?

We need to accept everyone's differences, respect them and treat each one equally. --He Lina (talk) 06:07, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译胡良明 Hu Liangming 202170081570

(a) What role does money play? Money is not everything, but without money you can do nothing. Money evolved from the barter system. Money plays a very, very important role in our lives. We can do without it. At the national level, money is a symbol of power. A country without money must be poor and backward. A country with money will be strong and have aircraft carriers, warships, fighter planes and cutting-edge weapons. From the family, personal level, money has a car, a house life everything is guaranteed. (b) What role do physical work and machines play? Machine is a tool created by human beings, and its use value depends on human existence. Machines have no consciousness and do not operate spontaneously to create value. The usefulness of machines lies in providing more value to human beings by relying on human control. All machines, including the most advanced intelligent manufacturing systems, are created by human labor and depend on human control to improve human labor efficiency. (c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? The emergence of the state is closely related to the need for social management. After the emergence of division of labor, the exchange of production activities and products had a great development. It was necessary to have an authoritative organization to ensure the smooth progress of production and exchange. At the same time, the separation of mental labor and physical labor and the occupation of some people made this kind of authoritative organization not only very necessary but also possible. Based on trust and cooperation and the overall situation, when there is a conflict with Our country, it can be solved by means of communication and negotiation. Because neither side wants to be penny wise and pound foolish, and both sides are willing to uphold the overall interests of bilateral friendly cooperation. So this kind of conflict between countries, easy to solve, and finally can reach a mature way to deal with. Most of the two sides understand each other, mutual humility, to maintain lasting friendly cooperative relations. It is like an unhappy relationship between relatives. We only need good communication and coordination to reach understanding and tolerance and restore friendly relations. (d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? Different features: China presents the characteristics of summative, mainly practical and technical, using observation, personal experiment, experience summary and other methods; In the West, the exploration of natural laws is based on rationality, using experiments, logical reasoning and other methods. In the West, people generally think that wisdom and morality are intermingled, related and basically the same. In China, people are deeply divided on the relationship between science and technology and morality. Some people think that the improvement of science and technology will affect the progress of morality. (e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China's economic status is dominant in Asia. Nowhere is China's influence more on display than in Asia. Economically, China's gross domestic product is about half that of all Asian countries combined, excluding Japan. For many countries, China is now their largest trading partner and an increasingly important source of direct investment. A Chinese middle class with a strong desire to spend has helped boost tourism and retail in countries such as Thailand and South Korea. After several years of development, China has become an inescapable presence in the world economy. China is the second largest economy in the world, with which few countries can compete. For western developed countries, China is an excellent partner. The differences in economic development between the East and the West provide opportunities for both sides to learn from each other, which is of great significance to the all-round development of the economy and the expansion of the world market. For the underdeveloped countries of the third world, China is a model to learn from and the object of cooperation they seek. China has advanced capital, technology and management experience, and the economic benefits of cooperation with China are considerable. (e) What government system prevails? How did it come about? The administrative system is also called "system of government". The establishment of state administrative organs, the division of functions and powers and operation of the system. It is an integral part of the country's political system. The administrative power system, according to the power distribution relationship between the administrative organs of the state and their state organs, political party organizations, mass organizations, etc., mainly includes the separation of the three powers, the integration of consultation and practice, the integration of military and government, the integration of religion and politics, and the integration of party and government. (2) The head of government system can be divided into unitary system, dual system and pluralistic system according to the relationship between the representative of the highest executive power and the holder of the head of government position and the number of people. The central government system, according to the division of functions and powers, mode of activities and organizational form of the highest administrative organ of the state, is mainly divided into centralization, decentralization, and combination of decentralization. The collegial system and the head system; The system whereby heads of governments assume overall responsibility and collective leadership assumes overall responsibility. In the system of administrative division, the state divides the territory of the country into several levels of regional units, and establishes various corresponding administrative organs. (f) How is peace assessed? From one country to another, peace requires equality, mutual assistance, understanding and recognition. Peace usually refers to the absence of war or other hostile acts of violence, (g) How are differences between people treated? Treat everyone equally. But in fact, in the whole world, everyone is different, and everyone is originally unique, everyone should have their own ideas, and everyone has the right to their own ideas. Anyway, we should respect the difference of others, and we should also let ourselves have a better idea, we should not discriminate against others, and we should not have a big criticism for the difference of others, and we should not let others have bad feelings.

英语笔译黄琼 Huang Qiong 202170081571

(a)What role does money play? Money reflects the value and is a channel of resources, an opportunity; is a force, the most explosive energy, affecting pain and happiness; It is a tool for education, learning, knowledge, and growth. It can change people's futures and destinies. Money can measure the value of most concrete things, and it has also made a significant contribution to human civilization, making mankind progress from barter business to modern society with open trading platforms such as stocks, real estate, finance and so on. (b)What role do physical work and machines play? Manual labor is of great value. Labor creates the world, wealth. Labor is the first basic condition of the entire human life. In a sense, labor creates man himself. Language comes out of and with labor. Similarly, it is labor that makes our hands more flexible. It can be said that physical labor is the foundation of all labor. It turned Western technology into a “spiritual technology” that justifies China’s own cultural and philosophical past while simultaneously placing this past in a distant future which seems to go even “beyond” the one imagined by Western writers. That is, finally China will be technologically superior to the West on account of its age-old moral and spiritual superiority.(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? The state is the irreconcilable product of class contradictions, and the need of class rule is the root cause of the state. In the struggle between slaves and slave owners at the end of primitive society, slave owners gradually established violent institutions and management institutions, such as the army, to pressure slaves to resist and maintain their own economic interests and social status, forming a state and establishing a national system. Countries did not always exist. It emerged when the productive forces developed to a certain stage and classes came into being. Fundamentally speaking, the creation of private ownership, class and state is the result of the development of productive forces. China maintains that "dialogue" is the right way to peacefully settle international disputes. Meanwhile, the role of the United Nations in conflict prevention should be strengthened. (c)What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? Chinese scientific and technological superiority is especially linked to China’s moral superiority. In ancient China, people thought knowledge and virtues are inseparable. But in western nations, it’s not the same. (d)What is China's position in Asia / the world? Since the reform and opening up, China's economic strength has grown significantly. Foreign economic exchanges and international trade have developed rapidly, and with scientific and technological progress and economic development, China's strategic military strength has also been continuously enhanced, and its defense combat capability under modern conditions has been greatly enhanced. China is one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council and one of the core powers. China's position in Asia and the world cannot be ignored. (e)What government system prevails? How did it come about? Democracy is prevailing. It first arose in ancient Greece and has developed over time. The ancient Athenians believed that all citizens, excluding slaves, were equal in all respects. Modern democracy means that the people are the masters of the country, and democracy (people's democracy) is periodically elected by the people (the masses) by universal suffrage. Democratic candidates are nominated by a margin of political parties that control society. (f)How is peace assessed? Peace is people's demand and desire for a happy life, while war is an extreme solution to human social contradictions. The relationship between war and peace has always been one of the fundamental issues of human civilization because it concerns the survival and development of mankind and the future of civilization.(g)How are differences between people treated? To look at the gap between people dialectically, some things are similar, for example, human nature is similar; Some things are impossible to compare, such as innate resources. Therefore, we should treat the gap between people objectively and rationally, which is normal and objective.

英语笔译邝雨琪 Kuang Yuqi 202170081572

(a) What role does money play?

1. Money can facilitate human collaboration. First, money promotes the exchange of value, which promotes the cooperation between people, that is, win-win cooperation. Second, money facilitates the storage of value, which promotes collaboration between the present individual and his future self, delaying gratification and creating wealth. 2. The damage of money to human society: Due to the contradiction of money itself, while promoting human cooperation, it has also caused vicious competition.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play?

Physical work: Manual labor has changed from savage labor to intelligent labor. Human beings have created magnificent buildings, enriched food materials, the application of metals in their daily lives and so on, which are inseparable from physical work. Since the existing industrial equipment can not completely replace human work, the whole process of the work can only be completed with the direct or indirect participation of human beings. Physical work is an indispensable main body or technical supplement in the current industrial development process. Machines: 1. Reduce the intensity of human physical labor, which is conducive to the development of other human activities. 2.Improve the work efficiency per unit time. 3.Make large-scale operations a reality, greatly accelerating the ability and possibility of human beings to transform nature. 4.Shorten the socially necessary labor time and reduce the production cost.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

A nation is composed of four elements: territory, people (nationality, residents), culture and government. It is also a term of political geography. In a broad sense, a nation is a social group that shares a common language, culture, race, descent, territory, government or history. In a narrow sense, a nation is a community formed by a certain range of people. Conflicts between nations can be resolved in four ways: 1.communication and negotiation. 2.Diplomatic negotiations. 3.Public opinion pressure. 4.Military means.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

For some western nations, with technical superiority, their moral pressure begins to diminish. The United States, which has mastered high technology, waged wars against Iraq and Afghanistan with high moral superiority. While in China, it’s different.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world?

China is the largest developing country in the world. Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has grown rapidly. Although there is still a large gap compared with developed countries, China has great potential and bright prospects. Besides, China has become an important force for maintaining peace and stability, and has established an image of a responsible major country in today's world.

(f) What government system prevails? How did it come about?

Socialist system with Chinese characteristics. It is a scientific institutional system formed by the Party and the people in the course of long-term practice.

(g) How is peace assessed?

The balance between war and peace in the 21st century depends on internal stability and the avoidance of military conflict. Wars in the 21st century are unlikely to be as bloody as those in the 20th. However, armed violence that has caused suffering and losses is still rampant in many parts of the world. We are still some distance from the prospect of a peaceful century.

(h) How are differences between people treated?

In fact, there are differences between people. For example, differences in appearance, IQ, moral quality and so on. We should treat others as equals and respect them. We should never take these differences as a reason to look at others differently or disrespect them.

英语笔译李思源 Li Siyuan 202170081575

(a) What role does money play? It acts like a boost to make our life better. But, it doesn't mean that more is better. People chasing it all the time can seldom get true happiness, because things they have sacrificed are much more important, like, time, health, friends... Views on money can definitely influence our life. (b) What role do physical work and machines play? Thanks to those manual workers, we are able to develop fields on all sorts of machines. Integration of the two factors plays an important role in developing our country. Both cannot be less. (c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? A country should be inclusive, positive, open and peace-loving. Mutual respect is the key to resolve conflicts between nations. (d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? For many years, western countries reckon that they are superior, neglect the development of China. When they realized it, they can do nothing but defame the Oriental Dragon, because they know that their many aspects in technology are left behind China. (e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? Since ancient times, China has been a peace-loving country that pursues progress. Therefore, China will never seek hegemony. Inviting the rest of countries in Asia, China has always been committed to contributing to the progress of Asia. (e) What government system prevails? How did it come about? Of course socialism. It spares no effort to pursue happiness for all socialist members. (f) How is peace assessed? People across the world are living with happiness. No conflict, no racism, no war. (g) How are differences between people treated? Mutual respect is the most important part between people.

英语笔译李婷 Li Ting 202170081576

(a) As the saying goes, money is not everything, but without money you can do nothing. I think this sentence can describe the contradiction of money. If you pay too much attention to money, utilitarianism is inevitable, while ignoring the role of money makes it difficult to do anything. What money does is transaction, which means that everything, even emotions, can be exchanged with the consent of both parties. This is an extreme statement, but it does exist. But when it comes to people who don't have a strong desire for money, money has little effect.

(b) First of all, as far as physical labor is concerned, in China, schools generally emphasize the all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor, which shows the importance of labor in student training. Work can not only help people exercise, but also enable people to understand the difficulties of manual workers and learn to put themselves in others' shoes. In addition, about the role of machines, I believe that now we have really realized its beauties, such as washing machines, dishwashers, sweeper and so on have greatly liberated human hands; And mobile phones, TV sets, refrigerators and so on provide the ultimate enjoyment of human beings. However, while seeing the function of its function, we can not completely rely on the machine, which will gradually make us lose the ability to do things or even think.

(c) In a broad sense, a country is a social group that shares a common language, culture, ethnicity, territory, government, or history. In a narrow sense, a country is a community formed by people within a certain range. Generally, conflicts between countries end in war or peace negotiations.

(d) First of all, it was the development of western science and technology that opened the door to modern China and brought misery to China. But there is no denying that it also opened the horizon of modern Chinese people and brought scientific knowledge to China. In addition, western political and ethical thoughts have also greatly influenced China, and the concept of democracy and freedom is deeply rooted in people's hearts. All of this has had an important impact on China today.

(e) First, China is an independent political power, a developing country with rapid economic growth, and a country with strong military defense capabilities. Second, China is a permanent member of the UN Security Council and the only permanent member among developing countries. China is playing an increasingly important role in promoting justice and upholding justice through the forum of the United Nations. Third, as the largest socialist country in the world, China has always pursued an independent foreign policy of peace and firmly followed the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and reform and opening up. China has become a country with great characteristics and influence in the world. Fourth, as the largest developing country, China has provided successful experience for developing countries to get rid of poverty. Politically, China has strengthened solidarity and cooperation with other developing countries and made important contributions to the cause of opposing hegemonism and safeguarding peace. At present, China is the largest developing country with the strongest comprehensive strength in the world. Its status and influence in international affairs are constantly rising, and China has become an important force on the international stage.

(f) The government system varies from country to country. It is impossible to say which is more popular. It is determined according to the political system and basic national conditions of each country.

(g) Peace means the absence of war or other armed conflicts. The way to evaluate peace is to see whether people can live and work in peace and whether a country can maintain prolonged stability.

(h) Everyone is different, including personality, hobbies and so on, are unique. Therefore, we need to treat the differences between people in a correct way, and respect that others have different preferences from our own. We should not to ridicule, comment, and slander others' preference.

英语笔译李颖 Li Ying 202170081578

(a) Money is just a tool, it is of no real meaning and no roles in our daily life. The role of money depends on the users, the whole environment which users live.Maybe now, from most Chinese perspective, money symbolize personal success in his or her whole life. That means ,from one hand, different level of wages matches different social success. If one earns more, it means he's or she's of the supreme social status that no one could reach it. If one earns 800-1000 RMB a month, although it's meaningful for our environment or society, there's no doubt that no one would agree that people who did such job are a successful members of society, for example, a janitor, nobody would admitted to cleaner is a successful work, even though they may acclaim that the dustman is a meaningful job, almost of us aren't willing to select a kind of job, because the salary is low.

(b) They all have their respective impacts in our society, Firstly, physical work have its own peculiar allure, so as machines. The relationship between them was complementary not opposite. Machines work sometimes better than physical work, vice inverse.

(c) A nation is composed of four elements: territory, people (nationality, residents), culture and government. It is also a term of political geography. In a broad sense, a nation is a social group that shares a common language, culture, race, descent, territory, government or history. In a narrow sense, a nation is a community formed by a certain range of people. Conflicts between nations can be resolved in four ways: 1.communication and negotiation. 2.Diplomatic negotiations. 3.Public opinion pressure. 4.Military means.

(d) For some western nations, with technical superiority, their moral pressure begins to diminish. The United States, which has mastered high technology, waged wars against Iraq and Afghanistan with high moral superiority. While in China, it’s different.

(e) I have no idea.

(f)Socialist system with Chinese characteristics. It is a scientific institutional system formed by the Party and the people in the course of long-term practice.

(g) All nations need to make efforts to keep peace.

(h) There are no same leaves in our world .We treat different things with different ways, but respect is our fundamental principle.

英语笔译廖诗韵 Liao Shiyun 202170081582

(a) What role does money play?

Money is a mixed bag. In modern life, money acts as an indispensable medium in our access to food, water, school… almost everything a decent life requires. However, money, in my opinion, is among the culprits of most evil deeds happening in the world. People with weak willpower let money control their actions. For instance, profit-oriented companies produce products that are bad for people’s health, and money-oriented people commit crimes like theft and robbery.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play?

As far as I am concerned, physical work is the source of the invention of machines. Throughout history, people have always gotten inspiration and needs from physical work to invent machines that make work more efficient, such as the steam engine in the First Industrial Revolution. On the other hand, machines play a vital role in our work or even life, which bring a lot of convenience and efficiency.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

Different nations have different characteristics. Through dialogue, communications, and cooperation, nations try to find their common interests and reach a compromise, so that conflicts can be resolved.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

I have no idea.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world?

China is working hard to develop into a responsible major country in Asia/ the world. China has always been committed to safeguarding world peace and promoting common prosperity. China is trying to be a supporter and contributor in Asia/ the world.

(e) What government system prevails? How did it come about?

Nowadays, different countries have developed their own government system according to their national conditions, histories, and culture.

(f) How is peace assessed?

No war. No violence. No economic or political blockade. All in all, no war or conflict in any form.

(g) How are differences between people treated?

It is natural that there are differences between people. We can seek common ground while reserving differences. Respecting each other, consulting equally, and striving for common development.

英语笔译刘唱 Liu Chang 202170081583

(a) What role does money play?

Money has always played the role of the medium of exchange in all times. it's a kind of material power and is very important for the fluncet running of the whole human society.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play?

In a word, these two have both played the role of producing material goods, and to a large extent, machines make physical work much easier and less toilsome.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

Firstly, the reason why a nation is a nation is not because all the people of the nation have the same color of skin, eyes or hair, however, it is because people of the same nation have been influenced by the same culture and the same value of the world so that they basically have similar ethical ideas and follow the similar tradition. It's a matter of cultural identity. Secondly, there are two main ways to resolve the conflicts between nations: on the one hand, there are violent ways which refer to wars; on the other hand, there are peaceful ways which include negotiation, connections through marriage, cultural exchange and so on. However, the people who make decisions in history frequently would chose to the seemingly easier way to deal with the conflicts between nations--wars, however, they have ignored the real solution--peace talk, which give rise to the very short peaceful time in human history.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

Western nations and China both boast their own advantages in some technical and moral things, so we should learn from each other to make great progress.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world?

As the largest developing country in the world and permanent memeber of UN security counsil, China is always willing to makes efforts to maintain a peaceful international environment in all aspects and promote the development of all countries.

(e) What government system prevails? How did it come about?

In western countries, democratic republicnism prevail. It's origin could be taced backed to the democratic system of ancient Greece. As for China, we implement the system of people's congress, which makes it possible for people to participate in the administration and management of the country.

(f) How is peace assessed?

Peace is very precious. In the whole human history, there is only a very short time not happening wars. Peace gives people to take a break, to cure the pain of wars and to embrace another round of development of human civilization in all aspects.

(g) How are differences between people treated?

Under ideal conditions, people could put the differences aside and try to seek the common ground, but in most cases, people just focus on the differences and try to fix them,but not willing to accept them.--Liu Chang (talk) 06:14, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译刘乐乐 Liu Lele 202170081584

a. Money acts as a regulator of all societies. And for individuals money is necessary because man can not work without eating.

b. Physical work is the source of all resources and products that we use. Machines can be a great help in saving physical work.

c.Nations are characterized by their state system. Conflicts between nations can be solved through dialogue and consultation during which certain military and economic strength is necessary too.

d.I don't know.

e.China is now a major country in the world and of course in Asia too with its growing economic and technological strengths. But it is an emerging country at the same time which needs to learn the strengths from other countries as well.

f.No war in any forms, economically, politically and militarily.

g.I don't know what the question implies.--Liu Lele (talk) 08:36, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译刘双英 Liu Shuangying 202170081585

(a) What role does money play? Money is a kind of currency. It palys an important role in people's daily life. Individuals have to use it to support their basic living needs. Sometimes with enough money, people can do something they like, like travelling. (b) What role do physical work and machines play? Phycial work needs human efforts while machines liberate humans from broing and tiring work, and then people can pay more attention to more significant and skilled activities. To some extent, people might be fired and lost their jobs for machines replace their positions, especially for those who receive little education. (c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? A nation is that people share the same language and culture there. People live in certain territories. The conflicts between nations may be caused by differnt factors, interest infringed by others is one of them. Sometimes wars would go up on the stage to settle the conflicts, it's the worst situation. Sometimes, the two countries would reach an agreement to defuse the conflicts, which would not bring about death. (d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? As i's known to all, the technological development was much earlier in western nations than in China. Thence, it's natural that technologies in western nations are more advaced than in China. As for this point, China should learn new and advanced technologies from the western nations to help improve itself both in economic sector and people's living. China has a long history so western nations can also learn something realted to morality from China. In this way, both party can create a better future. (e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? In recent years, China has made great contributions to the world. While the globe was facing the Covid-19 epidemic, China appealed that the whole world should work together to fight against the pandemic. China also did its utmost to help those countries in need, like sending masks and vaccines to them. Besides, China shared the successful practices for preventing and controlling the pandemic to the world. In my view, gradually,China is as an intergal part in both in Asia and in the world.

(e) What government system prevails? How did it come about? At present, there many countries are capitalist countries. Among their political structures, republic and democratic parties are always the two main parties. Each parties represents differet people's interests, some western countries insist that individual freedom is the most important thing for citizens but, in reality, the freedom is not good as they said. In China, people do benefit a lot under the system of socialism. (f) How is peace assessed? When there is no war, no killing, no fighting, no violence and people lead a happy life with no worries about food. The peace is for the world not for a single country so that in order to create a peaceful world every effort and contribution from each counrty is the right way to reach that goal. (g) How are differences between people treated? Eeryone is equal and should be treated equally. While confronting differences, we should respect them.

英语笔译刘婷 Liu Ting 202170081586

(a) What role does money play? I think money is very essential in our life. It is the supporter of our living. We need money to receive education, get marriage, buy food, clothes and everything we need in our daily life. But in some cases, money is a devil, which triggers numerous disputes.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play? Labor production activities play a vital role in human society, which produces our daily necessities. They are mainly conducted by the way of man's physical work and machines. With the development of technology, there are many physical work being replaced by machines.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? Each nation is characterized by its unique culture, history, ideology, international prestige and so on. Conflicts between nations were settled by war and are settled by peaceful dialogue.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? They are equal and make up for each other.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China plays an increasingly important role in Asia and the world. It makes its own contributions to the world and Asian development.

(e) What government system prevails? How did it come about? Each government system has its own advantages and disadvantages. At least it should be benefit for the people.

(f) How is peace assessed? The steability of commodity price;tariff;people's living standard; economic development rate;welfare system; military affaris and so on.

(g) How are differences between people treated? There is no the same people. We just need to accept the difference and try to make our society more justice and fair.--Liu Ting (talk) 13:12, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译刘瑶 Liu Yao 202170081587

(a) What role does money play? Money works as a tool to meet people’s basic needs and further desires.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play? Physical work contributes a lot to our daily life, while machines are playing a more and more important role assisting humans. Life will be better with the effective cooperation between the two.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? Personally, a nation is more characterized by its culture and politics, which depend mainly on its history and ideology, than its economy and other issues. When there are conflicts, nations related should act peacefully, exchange ideas positively and strive to solve the problems instead of avoiding the facts and giving violent response.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? Western nations undoubtedly lead the way in the technical industry for their great success in the Industrial Revolutions, while China is getting stronger with tireless explorations. Owing to thousands of years of history, Chinese people admire traditional virtues and valuable revolutionary spirits, which are of great significance and worth. In short, western nations and China should learn from each other and make joint efforts to create a better world in all respects.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? Whether in Asia and the world, China is a major country that contributes a lot economically and in many other factors. With its unswerving efforts and great progress, it plays an increasingly important role in the world.

(f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? As for China, it advocates socialism. While in most western countries, capitalism plays a dominant role. The government system of a nation is fundamentally linked with its history and culture, which will have a further influence on its response to global issues.

(g) How is peace assessed? If we say a nation is peaceful, then there is no war and acts of any kind of violence. Meanwhile, people in this nation suffer no discrimination and live equally and happily regardless of their ethnics and status.

(h) How are differences between people treated? People are born to be different. Just let it be.

英语笔译刘珍 Liu Zhen 202170081588

(a) What role does money play? MOney is an important tool for poeple to choose a life they want and they could. In our daily life,money can act act as a way to help people realize their dream.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play? Physical Labour refers to human labour that is primarily the work of the muscles and bones of the body, supplemented by the work of the brain and other physiological systems. The so-called machine-capable work means that machines are still replacing human work, and it is artificial intelligence that gives machines this ability.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved?The state has five characteristics: 1. a distinct class character; 2. a historical character; 3. the organisation of the state, which enjoys special social powers; 4. a tightly organised system; and 5. a coordinated character. The conflicts between nations are resolved through military or sonsutations and so on.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? Typically, Werstern countries have more cutting-edge technologies in the world, and sometimes this will become a tool for them to use when put a sanction on other countries. Thus, they will gain more advantages. While as a country boasting long history, China has a tradition oof paying attention to morality, influencing the country and the people how to react to the thingis around them.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China is the largest developing contry in the world.

(f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? There is no prevailing government system, while each country can choose a system suiting their national realities. But through China's development , I believe the socailism has its obvious advantages.

(g) How is peace assessed? There is no war in any form, there is peace.

(h) How are differences between people treated? The differences between people are treated differently. Some people will get understanding, while other people will face misunderstanding.

英语笔译马艳焕 Ma Yanhuan 202170081591

(a) What role does money play?

Money, the quantitative expression of the ability to control the material world， is probably the greatest invention of mankind. Because money can measure the value of most specific things, it has also made a significant contribution to human civilization, enabling mankind to progress from bartering business practices to modern society with open trading platforms for stocks, real estate, finance, etc. This is all due to the work of money. In modern society, money can be said to be ubiquitous, it has long penetrated all aspects of people's clothing, food, housing, and transportation. If a person doesn't have money, he can't get around in society; if he has money, he can get material enjoyment. Since money has this role, it has maddening magic and is covered with a mysterious veil. Money is something that many people aspire to, but money is not everything.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play?

In the long history, the ancestors have created countless miracles to promote the continuous progress of mankind. Physical work developed from barbaric work to intelligent work so human beings have created magnificent buildings, rich ingredients, metal applications in life, etc， all of which are inseparable from physical labor. Nowadays, people rely on wisdom to invent machines, which can liberate part of physical labor and improve efficiency.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

Nations are characterized by distinct class character, historical character, special social powers possessed by state organizations,a tightly organized system and coordination. China believes that "dialogue" is the right way to resolve international conflicts peacefully. Obviously, the form of dialogue that China advocates is the method of negotiation and consultation, which is an important method of political settlement of international disputes. In this day and age, no matter what disputes or conflicts arise between equal sovereign states, they should seek to resolve them by means of dialogue. This is because it not only helps to enhance mutual understanding among the countries involved, clarify the facts and resolve conflicts but also avoids the deep disasters that may be brought to the people of both sides. But some nations prefer war.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

To some extent, the West believes that it has more advanced technology and thus has a proud sense of superiority and oppresses other countries for its own greater benefit. It is true that China was not as skilled as others before, and after a series of reforms and opening up, China's technology is slowly improving, and it is also true that confidence occurs but not a sense of superiority.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world?

As a regional power, China has a special interest and a pivotal position in promoting regional cooperation in Asia. China provides a huge market for the development of Asian countries. China is an important force in maintaining regional stability and security. Politically, China, as the world's largest developing country, plays a unique role and has an important influence in the international political arena. China's development and power promote the process of multi-polarization in the world and the establishment of a new international order. As one of the five permanent members of the United Nations, China has an important influence on maintaining world peace and resolving international disputes and regional conflicts. China has always taken strengthening solidarity and cooperation with the Third World as the basic foothold of its foreign work and enjoys high political prestige and wide influence in the Third World. In science and technology and culture, breakthroughs in extreme fields such as space activities and giant computers have made the nation proud and impressed the whole world; there is a certain degree of Chinese language fever internationally and the number of Confucius Institutes is increasing. For one thing, China is an important force in promoting world economic prosperity. The successful experience of China's reform and opening-up has made an important contribution to the world's economic development. China's development cannot be separated from the world, and the world's prosperity and stability cannot be separated from China.

(f) What government system prevails? How did it come about?

There are many systems of government, including dictatorship, constitutional monarchy, republic, presidential system, general system, and socialist republic. I can't say which system prevails because each country has chosen today's system according to its own historical development or for some reason.

(g) How is peace assessed?

Peace usually refers to the absence of war or other acts of hostile violence.It is a fact that all mankind is pursuing peace. But the "peace" that people pursue is not the same peace. Before Trump, the peace for Americans was that "freedom and democracy" was the ultimate goal of the world. My military should be so strong that no one can challenge democracy and threaten democracy. If such challenges and threats no longer exist, there will be peace in the world.What is the peace of the great powers of the East? All countries, big or small, are equal.

(h) How are differences between people treated?

I think differences are inevitable, and we should respect and tolerate existence of differences.--Ma Yanhuan (talk) 09:12, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译聂薇 Nie Wei 202170081592

(a) What role does money play? In literature, money can be viewed as the patron, who support the work of those writers. So to some extent, their writings are confined to a specific topic, and sometimes they have to write something conforming to the ideas of those providing the money rather than their own thoughts. (b) What role do physical work and machines play? Physical work and machines are the symbol of the coming of the Industrial age. They promoted the massive production and technological improvements, thus bringing about social revolution. (c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? Every nation’s characteristics derive from its historical traditions and realities. Its own culture, history, political system, technological base and other traditions, as well as its current situation in many aspects, including economic, political and cultural fronts, have a bearing on its characteristics. Conflicts between nations have to be solved by effective communication and mutual understanding. They have to respect each other’s interests and rights, and then pursue common development rather than harming others to benefit itself. (d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? Some Chinese writers believe that western technology is more advanced than China, and China is morally and spiritually superior to western countries. But this is not always the case. China’s technology is developing rapidly, and in western countries, their moral and spiritual standards are improving. So there is no concrete relationship between them, I think, the belief mentioned above is just based on prejudice. (e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China has always been a firm force for safeguarding world peace and stability. China has made important contributions to world economic development and cultural diversity, has always respected the sovereignty and interests of all countries, and has played an important role in both Asia and world peace. (f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? Now, capitalism prevails the world, but in China, we will always adhere to the road of socialism and let the people run the country. This is in line with China's historical reality and realistic national conditions, and it is the right path found in the years of exploration, and it is originated from Marxism. (g) How is peace assessed? Peace refers to a state of no war or hostile violence, with countries focusing on their own development and the common development of the world, rather than infringing on the interests of other countries and provoking wars. (h) How are differences between people treated? We should respect the differences between people, understand each other and be inclusive, learn from each other, and not adopt a hostile attitude.--Nie Wei (talk) 08:38, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译孙丽君 Sun Lijun 202170081593

(a) What role does money play? Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a particular country or socio-economic context, or is easily converted to such a form. Though in our daily life, money is essential for us to maintain the orderly operations, it can be an exaggerator too, it depends on different outlooks of life. (b)What role do physical work and machines play? Physical work is a factor of production and people need to perform with their strength, while machines are the outcomes of industrial revolution, helping people free their hands and reduce working hours and save labor costs to some extent. Both are very important in today’s world to make our life better if combing the two ways. (c)How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? The nature of a nation is related to its long-lasting history and culture, and which is presented through the ideology. The conflicts between nations can be solved via peaceful talks and negotiations. (d)What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of western nations and China? From the China’s perspective, many Chinese people think that the westerners are lack of moral cultivation even though their technologies have advanced by leaps and bounds. However, some think that those people are just tempted to deal with the inferiority complex with the West. And I think no matter the technical superiority in the west or moral superiority in China, both are prejudice-oriented and both need to respect each other’s tenets on an equal basis. (e) What is China’s position in Asia/ the world? Throughout the history, we can learn that China has undergone periods of prosperity and decay and nowadays China is the largest developing country in the world, playing an increasingly important role in world’s economy, politics, environmental protection and other aspects. China is the main force to maintain the peace and stability in Asia and even worldwide. (f)What government system prevails? How did it come about? In China, the people’s status as masters of the country is the essence of people’s democracy, and in China, people implement the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the system of People’s Congress under the leadership of CPC, which is due to the China’s special national conditions and the result of historical development and the support of Chinese people. (g)How is peace assessed? Peace means that there is no conflicts or confrontations, and peace is determined by a process of adjustment between what people, groups or states will do. And peace is based on a consequent powers and equal communications. Someone said that peace is achieved through war, thus we should cherish the hard-won peaceful life nowadays. (h)How are differences between people treated? People in different countries have differences in skin colors, religious beliefs and speak different languages and receive different education. The whole world is full of differences, what we should do is respect each other, learn from each other and exchange more on the equal and inclusive basis.--Sun Lijun (talk) 11:13, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译仝雨梦 Tong Yumeng 202170081594

(a) What role does money play?

Money provides us the basic material foundation in our life. Furthermore, it can assure us of living with high quality, freedom and happiness. But money is not the aim of our existence. We must not regard money as the only pursuit of life, otherwise we will live very tired and even become slaves to it.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play?

In the human history, physical work has created innumerable material wealth for us and that situation will continue. Machines started to enter into human life in the period of the Industrial Revolution, and they developed so rapidly within just two centuries. Nowadays, more and more industries use machines instead of laborers to finish those repeated and complicated work. In the future, it is still unknown whether machines will completely replace physical workers.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

There are three characters of modern nations. First, specialization of rulers and officials. Second, power centralization. At the same time, a unified and pyramid shaped legal system has been formed throughout a modern nation. Third, the institutionalization of political power. Usually, there are four methods to resolve conflicts between nations. The first is by communicating. The second is to resort to diplomatic negotiation. The third way is to turn to public opinion at home and abroad. And the last and also the extreme way is to resort to military options.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

Honestly, China indeed cannot be compared with western countries in technology for the time being. And Western nations, compared with China might pay less attention on the moral development of their citizens, like hegemonism and ethnocentrism still prevail in some western places. We all have our own disadvantages, but it is important that we should learn from each other rather than always have a sense of superiority.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world?

In Asia, China is the biggest country, which is not only embodies in its huge population but also in its noticeable influence on politics and economy. But China is still a developing country nowadays. That is to say, there are still some gaps in economic strength and other aspects between China and developed countries in Asia, like Japan. In general, China is a big country today, but it can not be seen as a powerful country for the time being. In the world, people always say that China is the only power that can compete with the United States. Actually, China is indeed about to catch up with America on many fronts, like economic strength and military power. But in fact, China still has a long way to go to surpass the U.S.A. on more fronts, especially when the international environment ruled by America seems bad for China today.

(e) What government system prevails? How did it come about?

There are two main types of government systems in today’s world: constitutional monarchy and democracy. The latter, democracy, prevails. Democracy originated in ancient Greek, with Athens at that time as a typical example.

(f) How is peace assessed?

No wars. No violence. No invasion. All Countries lived in the world in harmony.

(g) How are differences between people treated?

People are born different, and it is the difference which makes the world interesting and wonderful. We should respect the differences between people.

英语笔译童略雅 Tong Lueya 202170081595

(a) What role does money play? Money plays an essential role in our life. With money, we can buy foods, clothes and houses to satisfy our basic needs. Besides, it can also help us to get more advanced education, to travel around the world, to make more friends and so on. Thus, our spiritual world can be well satisfied. But at same time, money is not omnipotent. It cannot buy genuine friendship, happiness and also health.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play? Physical work is the basis for the survival and development of human society. Machines can make physical work more efficient, save more time and liberate humans from boring and tiring work. They improve productivity and promote social revolution.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? A nation is characterized by its culture, history and economy. conflicts between nations can be resolved through communication and consultation based on mutual trust.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? As the Industrial Revolution in Western countries was earlier than China, so in some extent, some of their technology was indeed more advanced and modern than us. However, China also has some professional fields more advanced than that of the West. On the other hand, China has a long history of its traditional virtues, but some of the west countries also pay great attention to morality.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? As the largest developing country, China has provided successful experiences for developing countries to deal with poverty; politically, it has strengthened cooperation with developing countries and made important contributions in the course of opposing hegemony and maintaining peace. At present, China is the world's largest and most powerful developing country in terms of comprehensive strength, and its status in the international arena is constantly improving, and its influence in international affairs is increasing, making it an important force on the international stage.

(f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? Government system varies among different countries, which depends on their national conditions. A prevailing government system is the one that protects people’s basic rights and interests and supported by people.

(g) How is peace assessed? No war, no conflicts of any excuses between countries.

(h) How are differences between people treated? Everyone is different and should be treated equally. Because of the differences, the world has been so colorful. We should respect differences. --Tong Lüeya (talk) 13:31, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译庹树梅 Tuo Shumei 202170081596

(a) What role does money play?

Money is the material basis for my life, which is indispensable and can help me realize many things.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play?

physical work and machines complement each other, it's the physical work that drives the development of machines.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

Nations are characterized by their culture, mentality and environment. And conflicts between nations should be resolved by mutual understanding and tolerance.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

Western nations tend to feel much technical superiority than moral superiority and China is likely to think that technology is as much as important as morality.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world?

A responsive major country in Asia that pursues common development and a peace-loving country in the world that never seek hegemony.

(e) What government system prevails? How did it come about?

Socialism. It's was put forward and developed by Marx and Engels. In China., Socialism is developed and adjusted further in accordance with its national conditions.

(f) How is peace assessed?

Peace can be assessed by people's livelihood and economic development.

(g) How are differences between people treated?

we should respect differences between people and people are born equal regardless of their age, skin color or gender.

英语笔译王思琪 Wang Siqi 202170081597

(a) What role does money play? Money is the material conditions that support people's survival and can meet the basic needs of human beings, such as food, clothing, housing and transportation. To a certain extent, the economy affects the quality of life and spiritual needs, and the economic foundation determines the superstructure,but money is not omnipotent. (b) What role do physical work and machines play? Machines are unconsciously following human procedures to complete specified tasks, machines can save time and labor costs, and physical work provides more job opportunities for those with little knowledge compared to mental labor. (c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? The soft and hard power of a nation has a profound impact on a nation's status in the international arena, and economic, cultural, and military aspects may be the hallmarks of a nation; one way to resolve conflicts is to insist on seeking common ground while reserving differences and resolving national conflicts in a peaceful manner. (d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? In terms of certain technologies, the West is indeed better than us at the moment, and it is worth learning. However, Chinese economy is developing steadily and rapidly, with advanced high-speed rail technology, aerospace technology, quantum technology, and rice technology, etc. The West cannot match China in certain technological fields, so it is not clear whether Western technology will continue to lead in the future; in terms of morality, we cannot generalize, and some Western countries are standing on the moral high ground and trying to disturb the situation of world peace, and some Western countries are morally less superior. (e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China's role as a developing power in Asia and the world is to maintain the international order while providing innovative solutions to global governance, assuming the responsibility of a great power and being an important force for peace in Asia and the world, and China's economic growth plays a positive role for the people of Asia and the world. (e) What government system prevails? How did it come about? A system that always puts the people first prevails, the people are in charge and their legitimate rights and interests are protected. (f) How is peace assessed? There are no wars or conflicts, the country is prosperous and the people are at peace，and everything is running smoothly and orderly. (g) How are differences between people treated? people are inherently different in various ways and we should not treat them unfairly because they are different from us.we should give them equal treatment.--Wang Siqi (talk) 14:42, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译王亚娟 Wang Yajuan 202170081598

(a) Money plays an indispensable role in our daily life. Money can be used to buy all our daily necessities, to participate in recreational activities, to treat diseases, etc. Money is the basis of all material life. (b) Engagement in manual labor is very common in production, and the function of machines overlap with that of manual labor to a large extent. The advent of machines has greatly increased productivity and has replaced some of the manual labor. At present, both manual labor and machines are present in some production activities. In the future, machines will replace more manual labor and play a greater role in people’s life. (c) The nation is distinctly class-based and has a tightly organized system. Conflicts between nations are generally resolved through negotiation (a common way in modern societies) or war (a common way in history), or war followed by negotiation. (d) There is a conflict between the two views. The underlying reasons behind it are related to their different histories and cultures. But it also shows that both sides recognize that technology and morality can be in contradiction in many situations. (e) As an influential player in Asia and the world, China has always been a promoter of peace and development. (f) Democracy is prevailing. It first arose in ancient Greece and has developed over time. (g) There is no war, no conflict between countries. (h) In economic, political, and social terms, colored people are discriminated against in comparison to Caucasians; women are discriminated against in comparison to men.--Wang Yajuan (talk) 08:22, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译肖冬晴 Xiao Dongqing 202170081599

(a) Money plays an important part in people’s everyday life and serves as the basis on which individuals sustain themselves. In the entangled literary circle where multiple powers interact, money takes its form of sponsorship from the patron and to some extent dictates the ideology and content of the writing.

(b) Physical work and machine play as the supplement of each other. Hard and strenuous as physical works might be, users may feel much relieved as proper aid from machines set them free.

(c) The air of its people, citizens, the profound history and culture, alongside with territories of certain scale serve as the attributes which jointly characterise a nation. Conflicts arise mainly from the discrepancies in national interests. In today’s world where peace remains the common aspiration of all, it is through dialogue and negotiation featuring win-win cooperation that would help end the tension.

(d) The western countries may take the lead in the development of science and technology for the early start of industrial revolutions and with that boast their acclaimed liberty, democracy, and fraternity of starry origins from a superior perspective, disdaining the rest part of the world. Yet China is progressing and outperformed many western countries in the prevention of the covid-19 pandemic with the belief of people priority, protecting to the largest extent the life and health of its people. The accusations from the west against China of “no freedom” and “no human rights” are made with condescension and is completely groundless.

(e) China ranks as the largest country in Asia and the third largest in the world. With continuous efforts and development over the years, China now becomes the second largest economy in the world and has greatly enhanced its comprehensive national strength.

(f) It is only the government system chosen by the people that will prevail regardless of the ups and downs in the course of history. The government system of each country didn’t come as a bolt of the blue. Instead, it was through the fighting of generations that it was finally settled.

(g) Peace refers to a situation or period of time in which there is no war or violence in a country or an area. Today’s world is witnessing an era of peace and development.

(h) Everyone is born different with differences in races, gender, personality and skin colour. There used to be wrong ways to treat these differences in history and what is sadly true is that these prejudices and discriminations still pervade in certain parts of the world. But the thing is, it is differences that makes the world charming and colourful.--Xiao Dongqing (talk) 08:49, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译肖佳莉 Xiao Jiali 202170081600

(a) What role does money play? Sometimes, in literature, money gives birth to literary creation; literary creation reversely leads to monetary material (happens to writers with wealthy status and talent), money becomes the purpose of literary creation. As writers and readers keep changing, this relationship will be constantly new and will take different forms in different regions and cultures.(b) What role do physical work and machines play? Previously, the entire production power relied on human and animal power. As the market demand increased, manual production in factories could no longer meet the demand, and there was an urgent need for large factory production. Machines then replaced human labor, driving the industrial revolution. (c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? The nation’s characteristics derive from its history, we can summarize them like Chinese virtues: loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, compassion, fidelity, righteousness, peacefulness, equality. Conflicts between nations can be solved by mutual benefit and effective communication. (d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?The West is earlier than our industrial revolution, so in technology, we have to learn from the West, and in the field of moral, we have a longer history than the West, some ideas may be more specialized after a long time of accumulation.The last but not least, it's a mutual learning, mutual integration process between East and West(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world?We are a developing country now, we adhere to the policy of independent and peaceful diplomacy, adhere to the five principles of peaceful coexistence, and resolutely maintain peace and oppose war. (f) What government system prevails? How did it come about?We adhere to socialism, which is related to our history and national conditions, and socialism is the right path for us(g) How is peace assessed? Peace usually means a state where there is no war or other hostile acts of violence, where each person is focused on himself, and each nation is focused on itself. (h) How are differences between people treated? We should think more about the reasons for the differences,, and understand these differences in a more tolerant manner.--Xiao Jiali (talk) 10:28, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译谢晓莹 Xie Xiaoying 202170081601

(a)What role does money play? As a necessary tool for humankind to buy things, money has been attached great importance since ancient times. Money can support people’s daily life by providing the resource of material wealth, education, medicine, entertainment, etc. Moreover, it shows the value of life and can change people's destiny. But we must manage and use it in a legal way.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play? Physical work refers to the work by a person’s body rather than their mind, which is the major means of livelihood for the people in the past. While with the rapid development of science and technology, the machine have been developed and put into use, which not only improved the production efficiency of the industry, reduced the cost of enterprises, but also brought benefits to consumers. Therefore, the trend of machines replacing physical work is becoming more and more obvious.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? 1.A nation is a country considered as a group of people with the same language, culture and history, who live in a particular area under one government. 2.On the one hand, try to resolve the conflicts peacefully through negotiation and consultation. On the other hand, strengthen the role of the United Nations in conflict prevention.

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? It is undeniable that Western nations have achieved great success in the Industrial Revolution. And they have brought much advanced technology to ancient China, which led to the fast development of science in China. While it doesn’t mean that Western nations is superior to China morally. China has a long history and rich cultural deposits, which serves as a huge pride of Chinese people. And China also has its place in the world nowadays when it comes to the development of science and technology.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China is the largest developing country with the strongest comprehensive strength in the world. China is also the world's second largest economy, the world's largest industrial country and the world's largest agricultural country. China is becoming an more and more important force on the international stage with its increased international status and international influence.

(f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? Nowadays, there are many countries promoting capitalism, which stresses innovation, competition and individualism. While China is a socialist country. It adheres to public ownership as the main body, and insists that the people are the masters of the country. After the New-democratic Revolution and the Socialist Revolution, China has finally established socialism.

(g) How is peace assessed? Peace refers to a situation or a period of time in which there is no war or violence in a country or an area. Peace is conducive to safeguarding human rights and creating a better life for humankind. World peace is an important foundation for promoting the common development of all countries. Only in a peaceful international environment can all countries in the world maintain normal economic exchanges and successfully realize their own development plans.

(h) How are differences between people treated? Men are born different. It is quite natural that people differ in race, gender, appearance, personality, etc. But men are born equal, too. We should accept such difference, respect each other and learn from each other.--Xie Xiaoying (talk) 15:36, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译熊嘉玲 Xiong Jialing 202170081602

(a) What role does money play? Money plays an important role in the material world. Money is not essential to happiness. (b) What role do physical work and machines play? Physical work is essential in our daily life. As for machines, they are playing an important role in assisting humans. We cannot live well without them. (c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? From my point of view, a nation is characterized by its history, culture, economy and so on. If there are any conflicts between nations, they should deal with them peacefully to seek mutual benefits. (d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? Western nations are successful in the technical industry, while China is getting stronger with tireless efforts. In a word, western nations and China are supposed to learn from each other and work together to create a better world. (e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China is a major country which makes great contributions to the economy in Asia. With its unremitting efforts and great progress, it plays an increasing important role in the world. (f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? China advocates socialism. While in most western countries, capitalism is popular. (g) How is peaceassessed? If there is peace in a country or in the world, there are no wars or violent conflicts going on. (h) How are differences between people treated? In my opinion, people are born to be different. We need to accept the fact and treat them equally.

英语笔译杨心怡 Yang Xinyi 202170081604

(a) What role does money play? Money is very important to people, it plays an important role . There is a saying that money is not everything, but you can't do without it. We have many uses for money in the course of our lives. So we need to study hard and work hard to earn money. (b) What role do physical work and machines play? Since ancient times, people have relied on physical work to create food and create wealth. And machines are a product of modernity. Machines can never replace humans. In the process of learning to translate, we often resort to human interaction to assist in the translation process. (c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? Every nation has its own beliefs. The economic base determines the superstructure and conflicts between nations are usually resolved through conversation or war. (d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? China and Western nations can learn from each other's strengths. (e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China is the first economy in Asia and the second largest in the world. (e) What government system prevails? How did it come about? China is a country with a socialist system and it has adopted a policy of peaceful development and opening up to the outside world. The socialist system was proposed by Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto. (f) How is peace assessed? Peace is relative and we have to cherish it. The peaceful China now is the result of the lives of countless forefathers. In times of epidemics, first of all we have to start with ourselves, listen to our country and take precautions. (g) How are differences between people treated? We need to be open-minded to differences. Some people are rich and some are poor, but they are all people for the first time. Life is in your hands. --Yang Xinyi (talk) 05:35, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译杨紫微 Yang Ziwei 202170081605

(a)In our soceity, money plays an important role. It supports our daily life as an inseparably material wealth. with money, we can live a relatively good life without worries about basic living demands such as starvation and cold. Money provides us with physical and material entertainment but it can not bring us spiritual satisfaction and elevation.Therefore, money can buy almost all matarial things but it can not buy the most precious things such as value, emotions, love and so on. It's just an important tool for life. (b)Physical work helps people train and exercise their strength and body so that they can keep healthy at first, at the same time, it is also an activity that people try to work hard for a better life. As for machines, it is invented to simplify and relieve men's work load so that human beings can emancipate themselves from repeated and endless physical work to do more creative thinking and have more freedom. In the Utopian world,physical work and machines do not serve as the purpose of seek a livelihood since people there pursue higher-quality life spiritually, so they serve as a kind of exercise to keep fit. (C) The nation is the irreconcilable product of class contradictions. It is pointed out that the disintegration of primitive social system is a gradual process, the development of material production, the emergence of family private ownership and the formation of slave class are the preconditions for the emergence of the nation. In primitive society, when production developed to the first division of labor (separation of agriculture and animal husbandry), there were already slaves, and in the second division of labor (separation of agriculture and handicraft industry), slaves had become the main labor force in agriculture and handicraft industry. At this time, the state did not appear, only after the formation of classes, when the conflict between the two opposing classes reached irreconcilable state. The state is the irreconcilable product of class contradictions, and it is the economically dominant class that has "acquired new means of suppressing and exploiting the oppressed." When there are conflicts between nations, generally we will resolve it through negoatiation, dislogue and consultaion on an equal footing. Because China has always stayed committed to the priciple of equality and peaceful coexistence. (d)Technical progress will bolster people's confidence and moral superiority. The western nations think they are superior nations in the world since they have advanced technologies. (e)As the biggest developing country in the world, China has always help to promote the economic and social development of neigboring countries. And it stays committed to keep a friendly relationship with other countries in the world on an equal basis.China has no intention to hegemony or power politics, it tries to build a peaceful and prosperous world for all. (f)The socialst system previals in the world. According what Marx had said, the socialist will prevail someday and history has proved and will continue to prove that it is indeed a good road to a better future for mankind which people can enjoy freedom, democracy, security and other benfits. (g)Peace means a state of absence of war and hostility to violence. (h）People may be treated unfairly in different places or under different circumstances because of their complextion, religions, cultural backgrounds, educational levels and so on. These are what we called discrimanation. Since ancient times, people tried to be treated as equal. It is natural for people being treated fairly. But even if in modern times, we can not get rid of being treated differently. Some people always have their previledges with their power or social status. And some even hold gender inequlity ideology today. No matter how the society and the world develop, we can not realize truely equal treatment to everyone. Because except this kind of unequal treatment, we treat intimate friends differently from srangers too and we are accustomed to it.--Yang Ziwei (talk) 08:22, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译张国浩 Zhang Guohao 202170081606

(a) What role does money play? Money is very important for us but is not the most important things in our life. Many things are more important than money ,such as friendship ,love ,and family ,and so on .We can use money to buy many things but for people's hearts. A people only care the money ,which is very sorrowful.Gradually,he will lose many things that is more important than money.And last,he will become lonely. Sometimes money can let many people gather and make friends with you .However,you have to know they may be not your true friends and they just want you money. A true friend never care whether his friend is poor or rich.A firend in need is a friend indeed.Having some sincere friends is the true happiness. (b) What role do physical work and machines play? Physical workcreates civilization and wealth, including material wealth and spiritual wealth. It can also promote human development and promote the continuous progress of history. Machines are indispensable in society. In our society, there are many dangerous jobs that can be replaced by machines. In this way, personal safety can be guaranteed and labor force can be liberated. The efficiency is higher than that of people and quality can be guaranteed. (c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? The nations have five characteristics. The first one is distinct class character. The second is that nations are historic. The third one is state organizations enjoy special social rights. The fourth one is that nations have a strict organizational system. The fifth is coordination. For countries with friendly relations, based on the basis of trust and cooperation and the overall situation, when there is a contradiction between them, it can be solved by means of communication and consultation. For countries that are neither enemies nor friends, if there are contradictions with such countries, they can be solved through diplomatic negotiations based on the overall relationship of seeking truth from facts and maintaining equal transactions. For hostile arrogant and unreasonable countries, if there is a contradiction with such countries, newspapers, magazines and radio stations are used to expose, criticize and mobilize public opinion, forming huge international and domestic public opinion pressure. (d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? The rapid development of science and technology in western countries has contributed to their sense of moral superiority, that is, they believe that they are the highest race in the world, and other races should submit to themselves. (e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China is the objective geographical center of Asian regional cooperation. China provides a huge market for the development of Asian countries. China is an important driving force for regional cooperation in Asia.China is an important force in maintaining regional stability and security. As a responsible big country in the world, China plays a vital role in safeguarding world peace and stability. At the same time, China is also one of the important driving forces driving world economic growth. (f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? There are three kinds of government system: autocracy, democracy and oligarchy. When it comes to China, Chinese government stands up for socialism. A system suitable for one's own national conditions is a good system. (g) How is peace assessed? Peace and development have become the theme of our times, which is the result of the development and changes of various contradictions in the world and the rational role of the world in restraining the growing factors of war. (h) How are differences between people treated? Everyone has his own personality. I think the differences between people are inevitable, but don't look at other people's personality with different eyes, which will embarrass others. So we should treat them equally.--Zhang Guohao (talk) 14:34, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译张姣玲 Zhang Jiaoling 202170081607

(a)What role does money play? Money is a necessity in our daily life. We need it to buy foods, to pay bills, to support family, basically, we can do nothing without it, but that is not to say that we can do anything if we have it.

(b)What role do physical work and machines play? Physical work deals with more delicate jobs where machines fail to work, while Machines have a better performance in some fields which are simple but boring and repetitive works.

(c)How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? History and culture are formed in the process of nation’s development, and in turn a nation is also characterized by its history and culture which exert a great impact on the development of a nation. As to conflicts, dialogue and compromise can contribute to peace.

(d)What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? It was indeed western countries which made modern China realized its ignorance but they also brought misery to China. However there is no denying that they opened the horizon of modern Chinese people and brought scientific knowledge to China. In addition, western political and ethical thoughts have also had great impact on China, as the concept of democracy and freedom is deeply rooted in people's hearts.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? As a firm believer of Peace and Love, China always engages in safeguarding world peace and strives to resolve conflicts through peaceful negotiation and consultation.

(f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? It is only the government system chosen by the people that will prevail regardless of the ups and downs in the course of history. Currently, all government systems are in the process of evolving, and it is time that gets to decide which will prevail at last.

(g) How is peace assessed? It is only assessed when all parties involved rest content with what they have and are willing to stay in that position. (h) How are differences between people treated?

Everyone is unique and the best way to deal with the differences is to respect them and even to appreciate them because it is these difference that make the world so beautiful and interesting.--Zhang Jiaoling (talk) 14:14, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译张瑞 Zhang Rui 202170081608

(a) What role does money play? Money plays a huge role in the society in variety of ways such as in business, at peoples job, and even in education. Money helps people achieve a better quality of education, larger chance of business success, and higher work output.People value education highly in their lives and a quality education is dependent on the amount of money spent on this type of investment. Every single person in this world has to invest their money on education for them to gain learning. (b) What role do physical work and machines play? Physical work can refine machines work and improves work quality. Machines make work easier. Machines make tasks simpler by reducing the amount of effort it takes for humans to perform certain tasks. (c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? A nation is a large group of people who inhabit a specific territory and are connected by history, culture, or another commonality. A nation-state is a cultural group.Public conflicts can also be resolved by an international body, such as the U.N., but that does not occur very often. More often, the countries engage in diplomacy, negotiating a settlement to their differences, or they continue their conflict at varying degrees of intensity and violence. (d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? China views the global governance system as a direct outcome of the distribution of power among nations. According to the Chinese view, powerful nations design global institutions, rules, and norms to reflect and further their own national interests. Since the United States and other Western developed nations designed many of today’s institutions in an era when China was a much weaker power.Their superiority over China in many aspects would lead to a conflict in the international community. (e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China has taken on an outsized role in international economics and politics. As its economy expands, the world’s most populous nation is branching out in efforts ranging from transportation infrastructure expansion in Asia—known as the Belt and Road Initiative—to significant investment in Africa and South America. (e) What government system prevails? How did it come about? Democratic socialism.Democratic socialism is defined as having a socialist economy in which the means of production are socially and collectively owned or controlled, alongside a liberal democratic political system of government. Democratic socialists reject most self-described socialist states and Marxism–Leninism. (f) How is peace assessed? We can achieve world peace through having international bodies that will ensure that every nation upholds world peace. Such a body is United Nations and other world organizations that ensure every country has the responsibility of promoting peace. We can also achieve world peace through upholding democracy. The main cause of world violence is dictatorship. When countries have the freedom to vote, they are able to choose the right leaders who are peace friendly. World peace is also achieved through globalization. When globalization is encouraged, countries will uphold peace since they will avoid going into war with countries that have economic ties with them. (g) How are differences between people treated? We should focus on each other's strengths. Focusing on core values, beliefs and perceived strengths can motivate people to succeed, and may even buffer the negative effects of bias. Overcoming hardship can also make people more resilient and better able to face future challenges.--Zhang Rui (talk) 02:44, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译赵宇翔 Zhao Yuxiang 202170081609

(a) What role does money play？ Money is a kind of equivalent between different things, only in human society. It symbolizes the value of a certain thing and the cost to get it.

(b) What role do physical work and machines play? Machines can make physical work easier for human being, and can even replace human in some basic or regular work. Machines can reduce the risk of getting injured from dangerous work. And physical labor is to create social wealth.

(c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? In my opinion, a country is a community formed by people within a certain range. The state power is the embodiment of the state and the understanding of the state in general sense. It is an institution with the power to govern a society, with external and internal sovereignty within a given territory. I believe that in today's era, no matter what disputes or conflicts arise between equal sovereign states, they should be resolved through dialogue. This is because it will not only help enhance mutual understanding between the countries concerned, clarify the facts and resolve the contradictions, but also avoid serious disasters that may be brought to the people of both sides. Dialogue is the right way to peacefully settle international disputes。

(d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? Western countrys have taken the lead in the Revolution of Science and Technology, so they think they're superior to the east. As power-driven countries, they believe power is of great significance, so they view technical superior to moral. While in China people put morality in the first place in tradition.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China stands in the east of Asia in the world. Harmony has been valued since ancient times in China. Nowadays China has always engaged in safeguarding world peace and promoted to resolve conflicts through peaceful communication. China is committed in creating a community with a shared-future and sticking to the principle of win-win cooperation.

(f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? The prevalent government system is the democracy. It originated from Athens in Ancient Greek.

(g) How is peace assessed? We may get support from GPI(Global Peace Index). It's a kind of index to measure the relative position of nations’ and regions’ peacefulness. The index gauges global peace using 3 broad themes: the level of safety and security, the extent of domestic and international conflict and the degree of militarization Peace is not static but contextual.

(h) How are differences between people treated? We should learn to respect others with different beliefs and views of value first. Then we can receive respect from them.

英语笔译郑冬琴 Zheng Dongqin 202170081610

a)What role does money play? In the age of money worship, money is the master of literature. In the 1990s, the commercialization of Chinese literature resulted in a lack of quality and artistic skills. So literature remained enslaved, although its master changed from politics to money.b)What role do physical work and machines play? Physical work and machines accelerated the Industrial Revolution, which greatly increased the productivity of western countries. However, it also promoted the outbreak of the war of aggression to some extent.c)How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? A state is a social group with settled people, defined territory, an independent government, and complete sovereignty. Conflicts between states should be resolved in a peaceful manner. We should seek the greatest common good and adopt a diplomatic attitude of mutual respect.d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? They influence and transform each other. Some Chinese writers believe that western technology is more advanced than China, but China is morally and spiritually superior to western countries. Finally China will be technologically superior to the West on account of its age-old moral and spiritual superiority.e)What is China's position in Asia / the world? China is playing an increasingly important role in the world, which has contributed greatly to promoting world economic growth, maintaining world peace and promoting world cultural prosperity.f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? Socialism is the most popular system of government. China, for example, is a socialist country. In China, all the power of the state belongs to the people. Our country is committed to protecting all the rights and interests of the people.g) How is peace assessed? Peace is evaluated by different people in terms of technology, the pace of national development, new global order and universal values. But what we really need for world peace is universal morality and a pure human nature.h) How are differences between people treated?All men are born to be equal. All people should be treated equally no matter what color of skin we are, what religion we believe in, or how rich we are. People should live in harmony, respect, accept and tolerate each other.--Zheng Dongqin (talk) 06:25, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译钟青 Zhong Qing 202170081611

(a) What role does money play？ Many opportunities. (b) What role do physical work and machines play? Both are indispensable in meeting basic needs and pursuing more comfortable life. (c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? There is no need to create the concept of nations and the conflicts between nations may be partly solved by a great disaster. (d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? Both are entwined with each other and superiority is relative. (e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China rises as a superpower and a binding intermediary to unite many areas. (f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? It's built on social contract for the benefits of most people. (g) How is peace assessed? Less hostility between people of different countries. (h) How are differences between people treated? Be tolerant.

英语笔译周皓熙 Zhou Haoxi 202170081612

(a)What role does money play?

Money is equivalent. It is the son of commodity economy as well as a spur to economy. With money, commodities could be sold and bought.

(b)What role do physical work and machines play?

Physical work was simple labor which entails less brain. With the development of techonology, machines was invented, which greatly extended human's physical strength. Therefore, physical work and machine could be combined together to advance effectiveness. They both helped the production of products.

(c)How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

Nataions are charaterized by history, geography and culture cultivated by them. In ancient times, conflicts between nations were mainly resolved by war and conquer. While in modern time, we suggest solving conflicts through discussion and negotiation.

(d)What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

Technical superiority defines moral superiority. Whether western nations or China, the stronger nations distinguish right and wrong.

(e) What is China's position in Asia / the world?

China is a huge country and a ancient nation in east Asia and also the world. China believes itself to be a developing country and partner of nations around the world.

(f) What government system prevails? How did it come about?

Political system is determined by history, classes and ideology. Constitutionalism is the most prevailing system in the world. Government system changes with productivity.

(g) How is peace assessed?

When war is ceased.

(h) How are differences between people treated?

People are born different. Many methods have been taken to narrow gaps between different nations and classes. It has to be admitted that differences exist but active methods have to be taken.

英语笔译周哲 Zhou Zhe 202170081613

a)What role does money play? Money is a necessity for us, because we cannot sustain ourselves without the food we brought with money. But relentless material desires do not bring us happiness.So money is important, but there's something more important than money.

b) What role do physical work and machines play? Machines can help us do repetitive and complicated work, which spare human of those efforts. Physical activity can be done by machines, while the person is responsible for machine adjustment.Where the machine can't reach, people can do it. People can get a sense of satisfaction by doing physical work.

c) How are nations characterized, how are conflicts between nations resolved? Nations are characterized by their hard power and soft power, the former ensures its sovereignty, and the latter ensures its cultural prosperity. Before nuclear weapons were invented, nations resolve their conflicts by wars, negotiations and so on. After that, when there is cross-border conflicts, the UN try hard to help relevant countries solve it peacefully.

d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? Technical advancement does not stand for intellectual superiority, not to mention moral superiority. Given the same initial conditions, Chinese will not fall behind when competing with Western nations.

e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China is the most influential country in helping to handle Asian Affairs, and China provides positive energy for the development of the world.

f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? In order to work together to achieve something, the government came into being.With the government, the division of labor is more clearer.

g) How is peace assessed? Peace is only relative, and even today, there are still military operations large or small, in where we can see or not. h) How are differences between people treated? Seek common ground while preserving differences and taking a positive and constructive attitude. --Zhou Zhe (talk) 05:41, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

英语笔译朱丽娟 Zhu Lijuan 202170081614

(a) What role does money play? ⑴ Money is useful, and it enables people to engage in many meaningful activities. While individuals create wealth, they also contribute to others and society. (b) What role do physical work and machines play? ⑴ It can bring us material wealth and promote the development of the national economy. ⑵ It can enrich our spiritual wealth, reflects the spirit of wisdom and struggle. ⑶ It can promote people's all-round development, promote historical progress, and is the source of social progress and development. (c) How are nations characterized？ How are conflicts between nations resolved？ ⑴Influenced by different social elements of politics, economics, cultures, customs, history and geography, people of different nations, however, have different notions and values which characterize their linguistic vehicles of a unique national nature. ⑵The settlement of disputes should be sought through dialogue .On the one hand, this will not only help to enhance mutual understanding among the countries concerned, clarify the facts, and resolve contradictions. On the other hand, it can also avoid the profound disasters that may be brought to the people of both sides. (d) What is the relationship between the technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China? The development of western science and technology has a positive effect on development of Chinese. At first, the isolation of science and technology will hinder the development of the country. Secondly, the development of science and Technology must remain original. Finally, the development of science and Technology should be based on the material condition. (e) What is China's position in Asia / the world? China is the world’s largest developing country. (f) What government system prevails? How did it come about? China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship. (g) How is peace assessed? All countries should coordinate and cooperate with each other in international and regional affairs, and they are good neighbors and friends. (h) How are differences between people treated? ⑴ Only by recognizing the differences between people can we better view the advantages of others. ⑵ Only by recognizing the differences between people can we get along better with others ⑶ Recognizing the differences between people is the process of improving cognition--Zhu Lijuan (talk) 05:57, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

英语口译段小蝶 Duan Xiaodie 202170081615

(a)Money can be as a provider with which you can get a lot of resourses.Without it, people may find themselves in a disadvantage state in the society. They may not be able to support their family or send their children to school.But being rich with plenty of money doesn't mean we can do everything.A lot of rich people break the law like refusing to pay taxes.We should use money as a tool to do good and right things. (b)Physical work is a comtributor to economy and till today some physical works can only dbe done by man.But thanks to the invention of machine, man can get rid of some boring and hard physical work. (c)Different nations have different characters which is beacuse they have different histories.Take China for example, it has a long history and values harmony between man and man as well as amn and nature. While America is a major power which is well-developed. Conflicts between nations can be resolved through various ways like negotiations and dialogues. (d)They can learn from each other's strong points to offset their weakness. (e)China is the largest developing country in Asia as well as the world.It contribute a lot to the world's development together with other countries. (f)Republicanism.It is a form of government originated from capitalist countries in the 16th century and was formally established during the French bourgeois Revolution at the end of the 18th century, and was accepted by most capitalist countries in the following 200 years. (g)There is no war or conflict and all countries are in harmony with each other. (h)We should realize differeces between different people and treat them in a right and inclusive way.It is the differences that make the world more interesting and colorful. For example, there are diffrent skin colors and cultures around the world. we should respect those who are diffrent from us.

比较文学与跨文化研究 Mahzad 202021080004

外国语言文学 Muhammad Numan 202121080002

英语语言文学 TOURE MARIAM 202021080005

A) what role does money play: Money is the essence of life .it’s play’s a major role in our existence,without money here is practically no existence because human needs it to trade for everything education accommodation health .money contribute in 90% of people happiness. B)what role do physical work and machines play?: it doesn’t matter in the past or present nor the futur physical work is the first

How are nations characterized,how are conflicts between nations resolved:

外国语言文学 UDDIN NIZAM 202121080007

翻译学 201911080004 SAGARA SEYDOU

Questions on answers referring to contemporary China (what was not asked for)

Peace

In the eyes of the world: Why island conflicts and 9-dotted line, military spending, 6.5% spending on inner security, not supporting sanctions against Russia to invade Ukraine?

Morality in the eyes of the world

Why is China considered by the majority of nations in the world as "the bad guy"? [There are different reasons for it, one may be that the other nations are less powerful and fear the power of China. Other reasons do not sound so pleasent, but since we need to seek the truth in the facts, we have to face these reasons in order to be able to change them.]

How clean is a country in regards to corruption? Russia 28, China 39, India 41, South Africa 43, USA 71, HK (China) 76, Germany 80, Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/ [China has started an anti-corruption campaign.]

Is morality internationally also judged by how China is voting with the other nations in the Security Council and in the General Assembly to allow a human corridor to Iraq and condemn war against Ukraine? [China has always voted against or neutral on humanitarian corridors, only on March 23, 2022, it has voted in favor of a humanitarian corridor.]

Is morality internationally also judged by how China is dealing with (ethnic) minorities?

Is morality internationally also judged by how China is dealing with different opinions and dissidents?

Is morality internationally also judged by how China is dealing with her own past? (Coming to terms with the past, setting up museums to remember historical mistakes...)

Is morality internationally also judged if China is the biggest polluter in the world? [First political measures to correct this.]

=> How to win the world's respect and become attractive as soft power?

Discussion topics regarding the texts

Questions regarding the texts read in the reader for Session 6

英语笔译 卞王倩 Bian Wangqian 202170081563

英语笔译 曹姣 Cao Jiao 202170081564

英语笔译 陈路瑶 Chen Luyao 202170081565

英语笔译 邓阳林 Deng Yanglin 202170081567

英语笔译 何丽娜 He Lina 202170081569

英语笔译 胡良明 Hu Liangming 202170081570

英语笔译 黄琼 Huang Qiong 202170081571

英语笔译 邝雨琪 Kuang Yuqi 202170081572

英语笔译 李思源 Li Siyuan 202170081575

英语笔译 李婷 Li Ting 202170081576

英语笔译 李颖 Li Ying 202170081578

英语笔译 廖诗韵 Liao Shiyun 202170081582

英语笔译 刘唱 Liu Chang 202170081583

英语笔译 刘乐乐 Liu Lele 202170081584

英语笔译 刘双英 Liu Shuangying 202170081585

英语笔译 刘婷 Liu Ting 202170081586

英语笔译 刘瑶 Liu Yao 202170081587

英语笔译 刘珍 Liu Zhen 202170081588

英语笔译 马艳焕 Ma Yanhuan 202170081591

英语笔译 聂薇 Nie Wei 202170081592

英语笔译 孙丽君 Sun Lijun 202170081593

英语笔译 仝雨梦 Tong Yumeng 202170081594

英语笔译 童略雅 Tong Lueya 202170081595

英语笔译 庹树梅 Tuo Shumei 202170081596

英语笔译 王思琪 Wang Siqi 202170081597

英语笔译 王亚娟 Wang Yajuan 202170081598

英语笔译 肖冬晴 Xiao Dongqing 202170081599

英语笔译 肖佳莉 Xiao Jiali 202170081600

英语笔译 谢晓莹 Xie Xiaoying 202170081601

英语笔译 熊嘉玲 Xiong Jialing 202170081602

英语笔译 杨心怡 Yang Xinyi 202170081604

英语笔译 杨紫微 Yang Ziwei 202170081605

英语笔译 张国浩 Zhang Guohao 202170081606

英语笔译 张姣玲 Zhang Jiaoling 202170081607

英语笔译 张瑞 Zhang Rui 202170081608

英语笔译 赵宇翔 Zhao Yuxiang 202170081609

英语笔译 郑冬琴 Zheng Dongqin 202170081610

英语笔译 钟青 Zhong Qing 202170081611

英语笔译 周皓熙 Zhou Haoxi 202170081612

英语笔译 周哲 Zhou Zhe 202170081613

英语笔译 朱丽娟 Zhu Lijuan 202170081614

英语口译 段小蝶 Duan Xiaodie 202170081615

比较文学与跨文化研究 Mahzad 202021080004

外国语言文学 Muhammad Numan 202121080002

英语语言文学 TOURE MARIAM 202021080005

外国语言文学 UDDIN NIZAM 202121080007

翻译学 201911080004 SAGARA SEYDOU

Questions on answers referring to contemporary China (what was not asked for)

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英语笔译卞王倩 Bian Wangqian 202170081563

英语笔译曹姣 Cao Jiao 202170081564

英语笔译陈路瑶 Chen Luyao 202170081565

英语笔译邓阳林 Deng Yanglin 202170081567

英语笔译何丽娜 He Lina 202170081569

英语笔译胡良明 Hu Liangming 202170081570

英语笔译黄琼 Huang Qiong 202170081571

英语笔译邝雨琪 Kuang Yuqi 202170081572

英语笔译李思源 Li Siyuan 202170081575

英语笔译李婷 Li Ting 202170081576

英语笔译李颖 Li Ying 202170081578

英语笔译廖诗韵 Liao Shiyun 202170081582

英语笔译刘唱 Liu Chang 202170081583

英语笔译刘乐乐 Liu Lele 202170081584

英语笔译刘双英 Liu Shuangying 202170081585

英语笔译刘婷 Liu Ting 202170081586

英语笔译刘瑶 Liu Yao 202170081587

英语笔译刘珍 Liu Zhen 202170081588

英语笔译马艳焕 Ma Yanhuan 202170081591

英语笔译聂薇 Nie Wei 202170081592

英语笔译孙丽君 Sun Lijun 202170081593

英语笔译仝雨梦 Tong Yumeng 202170081594

英语笔译童略雅 Tong Lueya 202170081595

英语笔译庹树梅 Tuo Shumei 202170081596

英语笔译王思琪 Wang Siqi 202170081597

英语笔译王亚娟 Wang Yajuan 202170081598

英语笔译肖冬晴 Xiao Dongqing 202170081599

英语笔译肖佳莉 Xiao Jiali 202170081600

英语笔译谢晓莹 Xie Xiaoying 202170081601

英语笔译熊嘉玲 Xiong Jialing 202170081602

英语笔译杨心怡 Yang Xinyi 202170081604

英语笔译杨紫微 Yang Ziwei 202170081605

英语笔译张国浩 Zhang Guohao 202170081606

英语笔译张姣玲 Zhang Jiaoling 202170081607

英语笔译张瑞 Zhang Rui 202170081608

英语笔译赵宇翔 Zhao Yuxiang 202170081609

英语笔译郑冬琴 Zheng Dongqin 202170081610

英语笔译钟青 Zhong Qing 202170081611

英语笔译周皓熙 Zhou Haoxi 202170081612

英语笔译周哲 Zhou Zhe 202170081613

英语笔译朱丽娟 Zhu Lijuan 202170081614

英语口译段小蝶 Duan Xiaodie 202170081615