20221231 LangCult 6
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202270081706 汪世博 Wang Shibo 日语笔译(Japanese translation)
The Phenomenon of Student Confucian Rituals and the Reasons Behind It
Abstract
Many of today's student population will worship Confucius before major exams and use stationery with Confucius-related elements on it in order to get the desired results. This paper will focus on this cultural phenomenon, analysing the contemporary status of Confucius in ancient Chinese education and the impact of his words and actions on contemporary students.
Key Words
Chinese culture，Confucius，Examination culture
Introduction
The worship of Confucius originated in China and spread to the East Asian cultural circle and overseas Chinese Confucian traditions. Because Confucius and his Confucian education are so deeply rooted in Chinese culture, in recent years many students have chosen to pay homage to Confucius prior to their exams in order to obtain the desired grades in the exams. This paper will focus on this theme, outline the phenomenon and analyze the reasons behind it.
1.Worship to Confucius before the examination
Such activities have been reported not only in mainland China, but also in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and other areas where Chinese people live. Its activities are also very flexible and can be simple or grand.
1.1 Major regions where Confucius rituals are held
Rituals to Confucius in the traditional sense are distributed all over the world in places where Chinese people have settled or are deeply influenced by Confucianism, such as mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the United States. However, the activities of worshipping Confucius before examinations are mainly concentrated in predominantly Chinese societies, especially in mainland China and Singapore, where the activities of worshipping Confucius before examinations are frequently seen in news reports.
1.2 Event Flow
Generally speaking, there are several processes for pre-examination prayer rituals.
(1) Lining up in line
(2) Cross the “Lingxingmen”
(3) Cross the “Panchi” and walk through the “Zhuangyuanqiao”
(4) Stand alone and touch the “Aotou”
(5) Cross the “Dachengmen”
(6) Pray for blessing and ring the bell
(7) Offer incense to worship Confucius
(8) Tie the red ribbon, issue the blessing bag, wishing sign.
(9) Take a group photo and a small video.
The above activity flow is not universal, but only one of them can be done as a representative. In the specific implementation, according to the site conditions and facilities can be adjusted accordingly.
1.3 Other expressions
In recent years, it has become increasingly common to use stationery with relevant patterns and characters for examinations instead of paying homage to Confucius on site. To meet this market demand, Chinese stationery brand Chenguang has launched the "Confucius Temple Prayer" series of stationery, which has been widely welcomed by the student community. The stationery is often seen on major social media platforms in mainland China.
2.Reasons for the pre-examination worship activities of Confucius
This article analyzes the reasons why students worship Confucius before exams from both the past and present
2.1The Status of Confucius' Educational Thought in China
Confucius enjoys a high status and respect in Chinese educational circles. Confucius' approach to education, its content, principles and objectives have been an important inspiration for the development of contemporary teaching. His policy of 'teaching without discrimination' has laid the foundations for contemporary educational equity, while his teaching of “word and deed” emphasises contemporary moral education in China. Therefore, students choose to worship Confucius before exams in order to get the desired grade.
2.2 The pressure of exams on students under the test-based education system
Under the test-based education system, students are generally overburdened. In some provinces and cities of primary and secondary schools, some elementary school first and second grade students book bag mail more than ten pounds heavy, every day to do homework until 11 or 12 o'clock late at night. In test-based education, the function of the test is alienated from the means of testing to the purpose and motivation of learning. Ultimately, the test can neither test the quality of teaching and students' level, nor effectively select talents. At the same time, the secondary and high school exams under the test-based education system are "once-in-a-lifetime", i.e., one exam alone has a great impact on the tone of future development, so students and parents are ripe with great pressure before the exams and will do anything to get a good score. It is driven by this logical relationship that students and their parents go to the ritual of Confucius.
Conclusion
In areas with a large Chinese population, it is gradually becoming a trend to worship Confucius before exams. The reasons behind this are mainly divided into two parts, historical factors and social factors. The historical factor is the status of Confucius in Chinese education, and the social factor is the pressure that the examination-based education system puts on students, especially primary and secondary school students.
References
[1].Reichenbach, R., & Kwak, D. J. (Eds.). (2020). Confucian perspectives on learning and self-transformation: international and cross-disciplinary approaches (Vol. 14). Springer Nature.
[2].You, Y. (2020). Learning experience: An alternative understanding inspired by thinking through Confucius. ECNU Review of Education, 3(1), 66-87.
[3].侯金亮.（2012). 考前集体“拜神”只是娱乐节目？.河北教育：综合版(1),48-48.
[4].陈定山.(2015).别把“考前文庙祭孔”太当回事． 湖南教育：中旬(B), (6), 15-15.
[5].王营.（2018). 拜孔子像祈求通过考研是迷信不是仪式．甘肃教育,(2),6-6.
[6].周颖. (2015). 橡皮外衣. 中学生博览, (1), 86-86.
[7].(2009).考试笔打出“孔庙祈福”招牌. 共产党员(16),37.
[8]孙复初.(2006).应试教育的危害、风源、及其治理思路. 湖北招生考试(04),33-37+63.
202270081654 王雅姝 Wang Yashu 英语笔译(English translation)
Swear Words in Ancient China
Abstract
Most words were not offensive at first. In some situations, at some time, they acquired taboo properties and became swears. Swear words tell a lot about society, gender, class, etc. This paper aims to explore the typical swear words in ancient China, discuss about their origin, background and usage, and try to conclude the development of those filthy words. Such information may offer a fascinating insight into Chinese language and culture.
202270081655 王植碧 Wang Zhibi 英语笔译(English translation)
Post-editing of Machine of Translation
Abstract
As a new language service technology, machine translation will certainly replace human translation in the long run. However, due to its imperfect technology, machine translation still has a lot of room for development. Post editing is a new translation method based on machine translation, which realizes the "intelligent+manual" cooperative translation mode and can make up for the defects of machine translation to a certain extent. Therefore, in a considerable period of time, post editing translation will become the dominant translation mode.
Key words
Machine translation; Post-editing; Cognitive effort.
1. Introduction
After the implementation of rule based, instance based and statistical methods, machine translation has ushered in neural network based machine translation (referred to as neural machine translation NMT). (JIA Yanfang et al, 2022) With the development of technology, the quality of neural network machine translation is better than that of previous generation machine translation. However, due to the inevitable mistakes of machine translation, the post editing system of "machine+manual" came out. There is no doubt that post editing really realizes the human-computer interaction translation mode, which can effectively reduce the errors of machine translation. At present, the mainstream translation mode in the market is post editing. This paper attempts to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of post editing by analyzing its current development.
2. The difficulty measurement system of post editing
JIA Yanfang et al, (2022) believed that there were three main types of factors affecting the difficulty of post editing: (1) material factors, namely, the quality of machine translation and the complexity of the original text; (2) Translator's individual factors; (3) Post editing tools. In addition, JIA also believes that the working memory and cognitive resources that people can allocate when engaging in complex work are limited, so the difficulty system of post editing should be determined by the above four factors. The direct manifestation of post editing difficulty is the cognitive effort(认知努力) of editors. Generally speaking, the more cognitive efforts translators put in, the greater the difficulty of post editing. Daems et al. (2017) found that the total amount of machine translation errors was negatively correlated with the total fixation times and the number of production units, and positively correlated with the average pause ratio. The low score machine translated versions need to consume more task time and total fixation time in post editing, and the total fixation times are more, which indicates higher cognitive effort. The methods for measuring the difficulty of post translation editing can be divided into introspection (subjective evaluation, retrospective report, etc.), behavior observation (editing behavior, pause behavior, fixation, task duration, etc.), and physiological measurement (brain function response, pupil response(瞳孔反应), skin response, blood pressure, heart rate, etc.) Vieira (2014) and Cumbreno & Aranberri (2021) compared the correlation among four cognitive effort indicators: eye movement, pause, editing time and subjective score. They found that although all indicators had some correlation, there was a strong correlation between editing time, pause word ratio, and focus number word ratio, with high reliability. Compared with other methods, the correlation is weak and the reliability is low. JIA, (2022) believes that the cognitive processing of post editing is affected by multiple factors, but most of the existing studies fail to take this feature into account, splitting the influence of the original and machine translation materials on post editing, and often studying the role of the other party without controlling the original or the translated party.
3. The development status of Post editing
3.1 Professional development Post editing is not only an important way to improve the quality of machine translation, but also a manifestation of human-computer interaction translation. The application fields of post editing can mainly include the fields that attach importance to translation efficiency, quality and cost, such as patents, product manuals, art design and other professional materials. The 2022 Report on the Development of China's Translation and Language Service Industry shows that the scale of China's translation and language service industry is expanding, the application of AI technology is more extensive, translation education is developing rapidly, and industry standardization is steadily advancing. The Report shows that artificial intelligence technology is constantly innovating, and machine translation is more and more widely used in the industry. There are 252 enterprises with machine translation and artificial intelligence businesses. The service model of "machine translation+post editing" has been widely recognized by the market. More than 90% of enterprises said that adopting this model can improve translation efficiency, improve translation quality and reduce costs. It can be seen that post editing is gradually becoming a mainstream translation profession, and the training of post editors also needs to be accelerated. 3.2 Technological development JIA et al (2022) believes that the new generation of NMT is superior to previous generations of machine translation in quality, especially in fluency. Assisted by manual post translation at different levels, errors in translation can be greatly reduced. Post editing is a new type of human-computer interaction translation model. Its cognitive processing is more complex than traditional manual translation, and it is different from computer-assisted translation based on fuzzy matching(模糊匹配) of translation memory. The task difficulty of post editing is affected by many factors. (JIA Yanfang et al, 2019) NMT post editing is faster than manual translation, but only for professional texts. However, the average pause times, time and density of NMT post editing are less than those of human translation, which shows that compared with human translation, NMT post editing requires less cognitive effort. The complexity of source language materials is an important factor affecting post editing. JIA Yanfang et al (2022) said that the complexity of materials and the quality of machine translation have a very significant interactive response to the difficulty of post editing. For low quality machine translation, the more complex the materials are, the more difficult the task of post editing is. 3.3 Existing problems of PE The error types of NMT are more difficult to predict. Such errors are hidden in smooth text, which makes it more difficult to identify and correct machine translation errors during post editing. In addition, the existing post editing tasks are generally integrated into computer aided software. The availability of its tool functions and interface design directly affects the external cognitive load needs of post editing. Functions or interfaces that do not meet the cognitive needs and habits of translators will increase cognitive friction and increase task difficulty. At present, post translation pricing is mainly based on task duration and efficiency. However, post editing is influenced not only by task duration, but also by material complexity, cognitive effort, etc.
Conclusion
Post editing is a new translation mode that truly realizes human-computer interaction. Although it has some problems, it is gradually becoming the dominant translation mode. The translation and quality of interactive machine translation change dynamically with the interaction with the translator. The industry urgently needs to increase the research on the latest machine translation methods. Colleges and universities should focus on training MTI oriented post editing and translation talents.
References
Cumbreno, C.& N. Aranberri. What do you say? Comparison of metrics for post-editing effort [A]. In M. Carl (ed). Explorations in Empirical translation Process Research [C]. Switzerland:
Springer, 2021;57-79.
Daems, J, S. Vandepitte, R. J. Hartsuiker & L.Macken. Identifying the machine translation error types with the greatest impact on post-editing effort [J]. Frontiers in Psychology,
2017,8:1282.
Jia, YF. & Zheng, B. (2022). The interaction effect between source text complexity and machine translation on the task difficult of NMT post-editing from English to Chinese: Amulti-
method study. Across Language and Culture, 23 (2022) 1, 36-55.
Jia, YF. & Michael, C. (2019). How does the post-editing of neural machine translation compare with form-scratch translation? A product and process study. The Journal of
Specialised Translation, Issue 31-January 2019, 60-86
Jia, YF. & Michael, C. & Zheng, B. Post-editing neural machine translation versus phrase-based machine translation for English-Chinese. Machine Translation, 08 March 2019. Vieira, L. N. Indices of cognitive effort in machine translation post-editing [J]. Machine translation, 2014(3/4):187-216. 贾艳芳，孙三军，机器翻译译后编辑难度测量体系构建研究，[J] China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. 16-24
3. The development status of Post editing
3.1 Professional development
202270081656 王智灵 Wang Zhiling 英语笔译(English translation)
王智灵 Wang Zhiling 202270081656
Abstract Ink and wash is a unique genre of traditional Chinese painting. It uses little or no color but applies black ink in different shades to white paper or silk. As a typical representative of traditional Chinese painting, it is one of the styles that best represent the spirit of China’s fine arts. This paper aims to first explore the origin of ink and wash, then discuss the development of ink and wash in different dynasties.
202270081698 吴博涵 Wu Bohan 英语口译(English interpretation)
Ancient Chinese's Wisdom in Water Conservancy Projects
Abstract
The water management today is no longer confined to one place or one country. There is still a long way to go to properly understand the water situation and future trends, objectively analyse the relationship between water and nature and human social development, and from the perspective of national public affairs management, this paper seriously sums up the experience and lessons of history, scientific planning and comprehensive management.
Key Words
Water conservancy, Wisdom of ancient China, Society govenance, Human and nature, Comprehensive management
202270081659 伍超穎 Wu Chaoying 英语笔译(English translation)
Lavish Burials in Chinese Funeral Culture
Abstract
Throughout long Chinese history, lavish burials have basically occupied a dominant position in Chinese funeral culture. The lavish burials of the ancients were related to their soul concepts, ancestor worship and Chinese concept of filial piety. In addition, the rise of lavish burials has led to the spread of the concept of filial piety, the emergence of professional grave robbers and environmental impact. This paper makes a brief introduction on lavish burials.
Key Words
lavish burials; views on death; ancestor worship
202270081658 吴敏 Wu Min 英语笔译(English translation)
Chinese Kung Fu
202270081657 巫佳琳 Wu Jialin 英语笔译(English translation)
202270081707 伍晓莉 Wu Xiaoli 日语笔译(Japanese translation)
The reason why Chinese online novels go overseas - represented by WebNovel
Abstract
In 2016, WebNovel became the first official platform for the overseas dissemination of Chinese online literature. Network literature has been given a new mission to help people read, and it needs to show its due social responsibility. This article is represented by WebNovel, explains the current situation of contemporary online novels, analyzes the reasons why online novels can go abroad, and lists some representative works.
202270081660 席书涵 Xi Shuhan 英语笔译(English translation)
Lying Flat Culture in China
Abstract
“Lying Flat” is a translation of the Chinese phrase tang ping which refers to a social movement and attitude towards life that goes viral among Chinese youngsters who adopt a more leisurely and nonmaterialistic life in rejection of professional demands and societal expectations. This chapter is on the reasons behind Lying Flat culture, and its influence on our society and country.
key words
Lying Flat; Involution; Lifestyle; Subculture