20221231 LangCult 3
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202270081637 李鸿 Li Hong 英语笔译(English translation)
The Transformation of Taoism in Modern Times
Abstract
After the founding of New China, through the democratic reform of the religious system, Taoism gained a new lease of life and gradually embarked on the path of adapting to socialist society. Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the the Communist Party of China and government's religious policies, Taoism has taken on a new and unprecedented appearance, making positive contributions to the promotion of economic development, social harmony, reunification of the motherland and world peace.
= = Key Words = =
Egg, Hen
= = 题目 = =
= = 摘要 = =
= = 关键词 = =
= = Introduction = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under References.
= = The Egg = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = The Hen = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = Conclusion = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = References = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona Muenster: LIT
= = Terms and Expressions = =
Egg 鸡蛋 . Hen 鸡
= = Questions = =
1. What was first, egg or hen? (preferrable are multi choice questions) . A Egg. B Hen. C Eggs were already produced by animals before chicken occured. D This is a rhethorical question, there is no answer to it, I refuse to answer. . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ... .
= = Answers = =
Correct answers are: . 1. C . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ...
202270081638 李佳珺 Li Jiajun 英语笔译(English translation)
Chinese Nuptial Tradition of Bride Price
Abstract
The bride price is usually paid by the man to the woman in modern China, which preserves the old marriage custom. The bride price originated in the Zhou Dynasty and has continued to be an integral part of nuptial culture for most Chinese people. This article mainly focused on the changes in the content of Chinese bride price in different times.
Key Words
bride price, content, change
题目
中国婚礼习俗之彩礼
摘要
在现代中国，彩礼通常由男方付给女方，这保留了古老的婚俗。彩礼起源于周朝，对大多数中国人来说，彩礼一直是婚礼文化中不可分割的一部分。本文主要研究了中国彩礼内容在不同时期的变化。
关键词
彩礼，内容，变化
Introduction
Bride price has been an indispensable custom in the process of marriage since ancient times. It was deprived from the “Six Rites” of the Western Zhou Dynasty. It is the etiquette for the male family to send property to the female family for betrothal. Once the female family accepts the property sent by the male family, they announce engagement. In the Modern Chinese Dictionary, bride price is defined as “the property given by the man to the woman at the time of engagement”.（Li Xia 2008, 254) The content of bride price are changing with the changes of times.
the Change of Contents
“Bride price” is also called “betrothal gift” in ancient times. The traditional marriage is divided into six steps: propose, ask name, divination, send bride price, set a date for the wedding，welcome the bride. These are commonly known as the “six rites”. These rituals were often strictly carried out by aristocrats during the Western Zhou Dynasty, because it was related to their “face”. However, for the average people whose family situation is not ideal, there may not be too much procedure. Most of the ordinary people would try to get some deer skin, or find two wild geese. According to the Book of Rites, except for the bride price, the other five rites can be replaced with wild geese. Thus it can be seen that the ancients made complicated wedding was not for money, but to get a good luck.(Chen Mingpei 2022, 7) So for the rich or poor, bride prices are about the heart, not the amount of wealth. As for the content of betrothal gifts, it is recorded in Etiquette · Shihun as five pieces of black and red cloth and two pieces of deer skin. It can be seen that ancient people paid more attention to the symbolic meaning and connotation of betrothal gifts.
In the Han Dynasty, the betrothal gifts began to be complicated, and the “Thirty betrothal gifts” appeared , including sheep, wild geese, white wine, clear rice, etc., symbolizing a golden harvest and not worrying about food and clothing. On this basis, noble families would add gold and silver jewelry to show their status and wealth ability, so the bride price in this period began to focus on economic value. In the prosperous era of the Tang Dynasty, instead of becoming more complicated, the content of betrothal gifts was reduced to nine things: dry paint, cotton wool, donkey-hide gelatin, albizia julibrissin, good rice, etc. These objects are symbolic, meaning that the couple is close to each other and family is in harmony. They send people’s good wishes to the marriage. In the Tang Dynasty, wild geese became less and less, and people were not easy to catch them, so later generations replace the wild goose with goose, called “yan’e(雁鹅)”.
In the Song Dynasty, the requirements for bride price became more interesting. “Witness Record” recorded: “the engagement usually takes tea as the bride price.” Tea has become an indispensable part of the betrothal gifts. When the bride receives the betrothal gifts, it is called “giving tea”. When the bride receives the betrothal gifts, it is called “eating tea”. When it comes to the wedding day, it is call “gathering tea”. This is the “rite of three tea”. In the Yuan Dynasty, the betrothal gifts had Mongolian cultural characteristics. Cattle, horses and other livestock appeared in the betrothal gifts, which also continued the “rite of three tea” in the Song Dynasty.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, betrothal gifts were mostly based on money. “Wedding Magazine” recorded: “sixty-four tael of silver for bride price, eight liang of silver for escorting the bride, four liang of silver for knocking the door, six liang of silver for net increasing of bride price, two liang of silver to the officiator, eight liang of silver for the gift list, and a number of items.” It can be seen that in this period, silver became an important part of the betrothal gifts, and the regulation is 64 taels. Base on the purchasing power, 64 taels of silver equals to 50 thousand yuan today, and it was acceptable for the ordinary family. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, betrothal gifts also included gold and silver jewelry, cakes, liquor and so on.
Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the content of bride price has changed every decade. In 1950, the Marriage Law has forbidden that people ask for property in marriage, but the custom of bride price is still popular among the people.(Li Feilong 2017, 19) However, the bride price in the early years of China was different from that in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the 1950s, the bride price was called as “four ‘one’ project”, including bed, washbasin, spittoon and hot water kettle.(Li Feilong 2010, 93) By the 1960s, it was “36 legs”, including wardrobe, cabinet, tables, chairs, and bed. Then in the 1970s, the bride price became “three turns and one ring”, including watch, bicycle, sewing machine and tape recorder. In the 1980s, it became the "four big items", including refrigerator, TV, washing machine and tape recorder. Later came the “new four big items”, including color TV, refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioner. In the 1990s, as China’s economy developed, wedding photos, wedding rings, bridal gowns and banquets became indispensable. With the acceleration of the reform and opening up process and the continuous development of China’s economy, it is understandable for people to pursue higher quality weddings, but nowadays the bride price is more endowed with material meaning, losing the spiritual connotation contained in the bride price itself.(Wang Xiaoke 2018,7)
References
Li Xia 李霞.(2008). 民间习俗中的彩礼及其流变[Bride price and its evolution in folk customs]. 民俗研究 Folk Customs Research(03) 253-262.
Chen Mingpei 陈铭佩.(2022). 民国时期彩礼制度研究[A Study on the Betrothal price System in the Republic of China]. Tianjin: Tianjin Normal University 天津师范大学.
Li Feilong李飞龙. (2017). 社会变革与婚姻支付：20世纪50-80年代中国农村的彩礼和嫁妆[Social Change and Marriage Payment: Betrothal Gifts and Dowry in Rural China Between 1950s and 1980s]. 古今农业 Ancient and Modern Agriculture (03)19-25.
Li Feilong李飞龙. (2010). 社会变迁中的中国农村婚姻与家庭研究[A Study of Marriage and Family in Rural China during Social Change]. Beijing: Party School of the Central Committee of C.P.C. 中国中央党校. Wang Xiaoke
王笑珂.(2018) 彩礼制度的社会功能变迁[The social function change of betrothal price system]. Chongqing:Southwest University of Political Science & Law 西南政法大学.
Terms and Expressions
bride price 彩礼
betrothal gifts 聘礼
the Book of Rites 礼记
propose, ask name, divination, send bride price, set a date for the wedding，welcome the bride 纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎
Questions
1.What is “six rites”? A.propose B.ask name C.divination D.send bride price E.set a date for the wedding F.welcome the bride.
2.In ancient time, what did people pay more attention to when they prepare betrothal gifts? A.money B.good wishes C.jewelry D.the symbolic meaning and connotation of betrothal gifts
3.How much money people prepared for bride price in Qing Dynasty? A.64 taels of silver B.64 taels of gold C.8 taels of silver D.50,000 yuan
4.What is in “four big items”? A.refrigerator B. telephone C.air conditioner D.tape recorder
Answers
1.ABCDEF
2.D
3.A
4.AD
202270081690 李可依 Li Keyi 英语口译(English interpretation)
202270081709 李玮瑶 Li Weiyao 朝鲜语笔译(Korean translation)
Chinese martial arts novels–Taking Mr. Gu Long's works as example
Abstract
Gu Long is one of the grandmasters of Hong Kong and Taiwan new-style martial arts novels, as well as a prolific writer. He has created more than 70 martial arts novels in his life, with a total of more than 10 million words, which makes people amazed by his powerful creative power. He was influenced by the techniques of foreign detective and mystery novels, combined with the "classical" basis of traditional Wuxia novels, created the characteristic Wuxia mystery novels, and established his own unique style in narrative, language, plot construction and other aspects, which opened a new situation for the modern transformation of martial arts novels.
Key Words
Egg, Hen
题目
摘要
关键词
Introduction
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under References.
The Egg
Bla, bla, bla
The Hen
Bla, bla, bla
Conclusion
Bla, bla, bla
References
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona Muenster: LIT
Terms and Expressions
Egg 鸡蛋 . Hen 鸡
Questions
1. What was first, egg or hen? (preferrable are multi choice questions) . A Egg. B Hen. C Eggs were already produced by animals before chicken occured. D This is a rhethorical question, there is no answer to it, I refuse to answer. . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ... .
Answers
Correct answers are: . 1. C . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ...
202270081639 李心田Li Xintian 英语笔译(English translation)
Chinese Traditional Vernacular Dwellings
Abstract
Since 500 thousand to 400 thousand years ago’s Longgushan Mountain Cave, the first human habitat found in China till now, Chinese traditional vernacular dwellings have experienced a long and splendid development history. This article is designed to give a general description of various traditional vernacular dwellings across the vast land of China.
Key Words
Chinese vernacular dwellings, Beijing courtyard houses, northwestern cave dwellings, Huizhou dwellings, Fujian earthen houses, Mongolian yurt
题目
中国传统民居
摘要
从中国发现迄今最早的人类栖息地以来，即四五十万年前的龙骨山岩洞，中国传统民居经历了漫长而又辉煌的发展历程。本文旨在对广袤中国大地上种类各异的中国传统民居做一个简要描述。
关键词
中国传统民居 北京四合院 西北窑洞 徽派建筑 福建土楼 蒙古包
Introduction
Chinese traditional vernacular dwellings refer to the residences of Chinese ancient common people. The external and internal layouts of these buildings are greatly influenced by local natural environment, the doctrines of yin-yang and five elements, patriarchal ideology and so on. They are also closely linked with daily life of people and a manifestation of Chinese civilization. Across the vast land of China developed a variety of traditional vernacular dwellings with their own distinct styles. For example, Beijing courtyard houses (siheyuan), northwestern cave dwellings, Huizhou dwellings, earthen houses of Fujian, the Mongolian yurt, upland dwellings in Sichuan-Chongqing region, Xinjiang’s Aywang, Tibetan stone houses and the bamboo houses of Dai ethnic group in Yunnan. (Cai Yanxin, 2010, 144-165) This passage mainly introduce the first five buildings.
Beijing Courtyard Houses (Siheyuan)
The basic layout of Beijing courtyard houses is the courtyard as the core, external entity and internal emptiness as the principal and an axial symmetry characteristic. The main gate of a courtyard house is located at the southeastern corner of the long and narrow building. Within it, all the rooms are assigned to the members of the family according to seniority with the principal rooms for the seniors and the side rooms for the juniors. While the vacant, spacious courtyard can be used as a convenient and comfortable playground. With the development of a family, one or more courtyards can be easily added behind to make more room for living. (Yang Xianmei, 2021, 122, 124, 126)
Northwestern Cave Dwellings
The formation of northwestern cave dwellings is influenced greatly by local natural environment and history. Located at the center of the Loess Plateau, the earth there is proper to dig and to build cave dwellings. Besides, a cave dwelling is inexpensive and easy to construct, making it a priority of the local common people. According to the main constructing materials, cave dwellings can be classified into stone caves, brick caves and earth caves. What is unique is that in front of a cave dwelling is an arch structure where the door and windows are located. Traditional gate is an important way to showcase family image and social status. Therefore, the dwelling owners tended to pay special emphasis on the construction and decoration of the gate. What’s more, the opening direction of the gate has to be in accordance with the birth day and hour of the male owner. Worth mentioning is that kang, a heatable brick bed is an indispensable part of a cave dwelling as well as the local people, forming a special Kang culture. (Li Yanjun, etc. 2022, 22-30)
Huizhou Dwellings
Huizhou dwellings are popular in the regions of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Jiangxi. They also employ the layout of a courtyard house but have two floors. (Cai Yanxin, 2010, 144-165) Besides, they are known for their wood, brick and stone carvings and the decorative and undulating high wall (Horsehead Wall) as well. (Wang Xiaohua, 2012, 41-43)
Earthen Houses of Fujian
Fujian earth building is widely used in Wuyi mountain and is known as “the only one on the world, fabulous mountain building model”. The clay-made building looks like a castle seen from outside while is a peaceful and comfortable living space seen from inside. The overall shape of it can be round, square, pentagon, octagon and so on. The center of an earth building is a large yard used for residents to hold various ceremonies. The fan-shaped rooms are densely located at the periphery of the yard. (Zhang Pengcheng, etc. 2011, 3567-3570)
Mongolian Yurt
Mongolian yurt is the traditional home of nomadic people living in the Mongolian steppes. The wooden lattices compose the cylinder-shaped wall and the wooden toon makes the cone-shaped roof. The roof of the Mongolian yurt symbolizes heaven and the center hole of the roof can work as an exit for smoke evacuation as well as indicate time and season, which are two essential signals for nomadic life. At night, the roof is covered with a felt to retain the heat and prevent it from unwanted weather conditions. As to the inner organization, the front door is usually oriented to the south, facing the sun. In the very center of a Mongolian yurt is the stove used for cooking and heating. On the north side is the most honorable place where shrines, altars, photos of ancestors, sacred objects and other religious articles are placed. Then the residents live around the circle wall according to their status, age and genders. (Benoit Mauvieux, etc. 2014, 151-153)
Conclusion
In conclusion, no matter the great distinctions in the layout and overall design, the various Chinese traditional vernacular dwellings are all a precious gem of Chinese history and a perfect presentation of Chinese people’s intelligence and wisdom.
References
Cai Yanxin 蔡燕歆. (2010). Chinese Architecture Palaces, Gardens, Temples and Dwellings. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press 五洲传播出版社. Yang Xianmei 杨贤梅. (2021). 中国四合院建筑特色及属性分析 [Analysis of Architectural Features and Attributes of Chinese Quadrangle Courtyards]. 江西建材, 122, 124, 126. Li Yanjun 李琰君. (2022). 陕北榆林地区窑洞民居形态与建筑文化解析 [An Analysis on the Architectural Form and Culture of Cave Dwellingsin Yulin Area of Northern Shaanxi]. 西安建筑科技大学学报( 社会科学版)(41), 22-30. Wang Xiaohua 王小华. (2012). 从徽州文化看徽派建筑 [Dwellings in Huizhou Culture]. 建筑与结构设计, 41-43. Pengcheng Zhang, Kai Luo & Wenbin Liao. (2011). Study on The Material and The Structure of Earth Building in Fujian. Advances in Civil Engineering and Architecture Innovation, 3567-3570. Benoit Mauvieux, Alain Reinberg & Yvan Touitou. (2014). The yurt: A mobile home of nomadic populations dwelling in the Mongolian steppe is still used both as a sun clock and a calendar. Chronobiology International, 151-153.
Terms and Expressions
northwestern cave dwellings西北窑洞 Huizhou dwellings徽派建筑 Fujian Earthen houses福建土楼Mongolian yurt蒙古包 Xinjiang’s Aywang新疆阿旺 birth day and hour生辰八字 kang炕 Horsehead Wall马头墙
Questions
1. What’s the first human habitat found in China till now? . A Longgushan Mountain Cave. B Choukoutien Cave. C Yunnan fossil remains. D Shaanxi Sinanthropus lantienensis site. . 2. What have greatly influenced the external and internal layouts of Chinese traditional vernacular dwellings? . A local natural environment. B the doctrines of yin-yang. C the doctrine of five elements. D patriarchal ideology. . 3. The main gate of a courtyard house is located in which corner? . A southwest. B southeast. C northeast. D northwest. . 4. Which vernacular dwelling is known as “the only one on the world, fabulous mountain building model”? . A Beijing courtyard houses. B northwestern cave dwellings. C Huizhou dwellings. D Fujian earthen houses. .
Answers
Correct answers are: . 1. C . 2. ABCD . 3. B . 4. D
202270081691 李彦 Li Yan 英语口译(English interpretation)
Corrupt Customs in Ancient China
Abstract
Every country has its own corrupt customs, and China is no exception. In ancient China, there were many corrupt customs in society that seriously imprisoned human thought and freedom, and also reflected the backwardness of the old society from the side. This chapter introduces ancient Chinese corrupt customs such as foot-binding, child brides, ghost weddings and the social harm brought by these corrupt customs.
Key Words
Corrupt customs, ancient china, influence
Foot-binding
It is also known as the folklore of foot-binding. Since the Song Dynasty, when feudalism flourished in China, women began to live deep in their chambers, and so many traditional customs began to proliferate. Su Dongpo has a poem called “The double feet are stuck side by side, and it is difficult to tell how delicate they are, they must be seen from the palm of the hand”. (Chen Mingdi 2022, 80) Later on, Qin Shaoyou has a poem that reads, “The shoes on my feet are four inches long”. It is clear that in the mid-Song period, small feet had become an expression of the morbid aesthetic of the upper classes. It was probably from this period that foot-binding began to spread to the people, but this took some time, and until the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, foot-binding women were still a social minority. In other words, it was not until the middle and end of the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty that there were small-footed shoe shops in Bianjing. The foot-binding custom became widespread, naturally, in the Southern Song Dynasty, when the theory of Cheng Ying Zhu Xi was widely disseminated, and with the aesthetic changes in society, the foot-binding of women became a feudal custom accepted and followed by society at large. (Liu Yuting, Jiang Yanglin, Wu Huimin, He Biao 2021, 204) A large number of bow shoes were unearthed during the Southern Song Dynasty, generally around fourteen centimetres long and five centimetres wide. In a large number of folk paintings from the Southern Song Dynasty, the feet of women are mostly small, so it is clear that foot binding was widely practised. During the Yuan Dynasty, as foot-binding continued to develop, the view that it was shameful not to wrap one's feet began to emerge, resulting in the Ming Dynasty, when foot-binding became a bad habit that women had to follow, and all sectors of society, regardless of respectability, took small feet as beautiful, and the saying “three inch golden lotus” took root in people’s hearts. When the Qing dynasty was first established, the Manchu dynasty explicitly forbade foot-binding for women, but as it was difficult to reverse the long-standing folklore and the social trend was bound by the science, it was not until the late Qing dynasty, with the influx of Western ideas, that the foot-binding trend was lifted among the upper classes and intellectuals. However, this was a long process and it took decades to completely reverse the morbid folk aesthetic. In the early years of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen also explicitly banned foot-binding, but with little success among the people.
Child Brides
Child brides were girls raised by their in-laws and married when they reached adulthood. China has a long history of child brides. As a result of the development of productive forces, men gradually became dominant in production and took control of social wealth. The “child bride” can be considered a derivative of this phenomenon. Child brides were very popular in ancient times, when society was poor and backward, and the production level of the people was particularly low, and many could not even ensure normal food, clothing and housing. In order to provide for the normal life of the family, many poor families sold their girls to large families, or to those richer than themselves, in exchange for food. (Pan Jun 2021, 107) Because of the ancient practice of monogamy and multiple concubinage, the man who took a child bride as a concubine was able to take a wife when she became an adult, and for this reason child brides became a normal part of life for the wealthier families in ancient society. There were also poor families who could not afford to marry and would buy child brides for their sons, often choosing to buy the daughters of poorer families so that in the future they would not have to spend money on banquets or bride price for their in-laws. These child brides were abandoned at an early age and forced to leave their parents, but to be honest it was not entirely without its benefits, at least they did not have to freeze and starve in their original homes. (Zhu Xiaohui 2021) When they are bought, they become a member of someone else's family after signing a contract and are at the disposal of their in-laws. Of course, there are two kinds of treatment after being sold. If they are sold to an ordinary family, the family has an additional mouth to feed, and they have to behave like servants, not only doing household chores all day long, but also taking care of their young husbands, and at the age of eight or nine they have to get up every morning and cook for the family.
Ghost Marriage
Ghost marriages are for people who have died to find a spouse. Some young boys and girls die before they are married. At that time, the old people believe that if the marriage is not consummated for him or her, his or her ghost will be haunted and make the family uncomfortable. Therefore, it was necessary to hold a marriage ceremony for them, and finally bury them together as husband and wife, with the bones being buried together. It is also important to avoid the appearance of a lonely grave in the grave of both the man and the woman. In the old days, people were superstitious about the so-called “feng shui”（风水） of graveyards, believing that the presence of a lonely grave would affect the prosperity of the family's future generations. (Su Xiao 2021) At that time, some "feng shui masters" (the ancient name for “geomancy”) tried their best to encourage this kind of marriage in order to make a few more dollars. These marriages usually took place in the homes of noblemen or wealthy families, while poor families generally did not engage in such activities. The marriage has been practised since the pre-Qin period. They were banned because they were a drain on society and were meaningless. The Rites of Zhou says: "It is forbidden to move the funeral and marry the dead." During the Song dynasty, the most prevalent marriage was underworld. According to Kang Youzhi’s “Yesterday’s Dream”, where unmarried men and women died, their parents must entrust “ghost matchmakers” to talk about marriage, and then divination, divination in the allowed marriage, each for the ghost to make the underworld clothes, held a joint marriage ceremony, the male and female and bones buried together. In the Qing Dynasty, this custom of women being buried together was still prevalent as the concept of chastity was strengthened. It was not until the late Qing dynasty that feudal rituals faded under the impact of Western spiritual civilization. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, in Beijing and Tianjin, there were still remnants of the custom of ghost marriages, and individual families held “happy events” where the dead were married to the dead, called “bone and corpse”, and men and women were in-laws, called “bone and corpse relatives”. (Ying Yue 2021, 59) The man and the woman are inseparable, called “bone and corpse marriage”. In the early years, the wedding ceremony was mostly held at night. Sometimes, when people were sleeping peacefully, they were suddenly woken up by drums and music in the streets and alleys. A paper palanquin is carried, with a single drum, a single horn and a single suona playing in front of it. Some do not use this form, but still use the eight-legged palanquin, with a full share of golden lantern deacon, and originally only a picture of a woman was married.
Conclusion
A closer look at foot binding, child brides and ghost marriage. All three of the corrupt customs introduced in this section are closely related to Chinese women and all are bound to women in some way. As the old Chinese society was characterised by a strong belief in the superiority of men over women, women were seen as subordinate to men, and as a result, most of these practices were disrespectful to women and caused irreversible damage to their bodies and minds. Because of space constraints, there are many other corrupt customs that cannot be cited, so I have only listed a few that I think are representative. In short, we should fight for women's legal rights, make men and women equal, and let the corrupt customs that are no longer in line with the progress and development of the times completely disappear from China.
References
[1]陈鸣镝.论冯骥才《三寸金莲》中的缠足恶俗[J].名作欣赏,2022(17):80-82. [2]刘雨婷,蒋杨林,吴慧民,何标.缠足对女性足部形态的影响研究[J].当代体育科技,2021,11(35):204-206+211.DOI:10.16655/j.cnki.2095-2813.2103-1579-9727. [3]潘珺.从童养媳视角出发看女性对自由追求[J].芒种,2022(11):107-109. [4]朱小慧. 清代童养媳法律地位研究[D].西南政法大学,2021.DOI:10.27422/d.cnki.gxzfu.2021.001643. [5]苏晓. 配冥婚中的规范与秩序[D].西南政法大学,2021.DOI:10.27422/d.cnki.gxzfu.2021.001199. [6]应悦.论冥婚现象的刑法规制[J].西部学刊,2021(11):59-62.DOI:10.16721/j.cnki.cn61-1487/c.2021.11.017.
Terms and Expressions
Foot-binding缠足 Three inch golden lotus三寸金莲 bow shoes弓鞋 Child bride 童养媳 Ghost marriage冥婚 The Rites of Zhou 《周礼》 Yesterday's Dream 《昨梦录》 ghost matchmakers 鬼媒人 bone and corpse marriage 尸骨亲 Single-drum 单鼓 Single horn 单号 Single suona 单唢呐
Questions
1.“The three-inch golden lotus refers to what corrupt customs in ancient China?”
A. Pawing wife B. Child brides C. Foot-binding D. Ghost marriage
2. when was foot-binding banned?
A. During the Southern Song Dynasty B. During the Qing Dynasty C. During the early years of the Republic D. After the liberation of New China
3. What does a child bride mean?
A. A girl who was raised by her in-laws and married when she reached adulthood B. Anormal marriage when she reached adulthood C. A wedding after death D. A marriage arranged by her parents
4. From what period of time did the marriage of ghost marriage to appear?
A. In the Qing Dynasty B. In the Ming Dynasty C. In the pre-Qin Dynasty D. In the Republic of China
Answers
1.C 2.D 3.A 4.C
202270081640 李梓玉 Li Ziyu 英语笔译(English translation)
Introduction to the Lanting Xu
Abstract
This chapter is on ....
Key Words
Egg, Hen
题目
摘要
关键词
Introduction
The Lanting Xu, also known as the Lantingji Xu, is written in Chinese characters as "兰亭序 / 兰亭集序". The character "Lanting" refers to a pavilion called "Orchid" which was located in Shanyin County, Zhejiang Province, and the character "Xu" means preface. It is a work of calligraphy and literature by Wang Xizhi, a famous calligrapher and writer during the Eastern Jin Dynasty of China. The text of the Lanting Xu is of great importance in Chinese literature, and its script is widely regarded as "the best running-style script in the history of Chinese calligraphy." Over the past 1,600 plus years, the study of the classic piece of work Lanting Xu has gone far beyond the field of calligraphy and has gradually developed into an independent discipline "lantingology"; it has long been an important part of China's traditional history and culture. (He Laisheng 2015, 3)
the Origin of the Lanting Xu
Bla, bla, bla
the Literature Merit of the Lanting Xu
Bla, bla, bla
the Aesthetic Merit of the Lanting Xu
Bla, bla, bla
Conclusion
Bla, bla, bla
References
He Laisheng 何来胜. (2016). 《兰亭序》及其书法文化意义 [The Lanting Xu and its Calligraphic and Cultural Significance]. Hangzhou: China Academy of Art 中国美术学院, PhD dissertation.
Terms and Expressions
Egg 鸡蛋 . Hen 鸡
Questions
1. What was first, egg or hen? (preferrable are multi choice questions) . A Egg. B Hen. C Eggs were already produced by animals before chicken occured. D This is a rhethorical question, there is no answer to it, I refuse to answer. . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ... .
Answers
Correct answers are: . 1. C . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ...
202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpretation)
202270081641 廖璐佳 Liao Lujia 英语笔译(English translation)
Chinese Rural Education
With the reform and economic development of China’s rural areas, rural education has undergone tremendous changes. However, in the process of economic transformation, China’s rural education development is facing serious challenges. Children in poor areas have difficulties in attending school, the dropout rate of rural primary and secondary schools is high, the gap between urban and rural education is yawning and investment in rural education is insufficient, which plague the sound development of Chinese rural education.
202270081642 刘丛领 Liu Congling 英语笔译(English translation)
Chinese Superstition in Numerals
Abstract
Chinese people have been superstitious about numerals since ancient times. Some numbers are believed by some to be auspicious or inauspicious based on the Chinese word that the number sounds similar to. Even now Chinese people living in socialist China which means that most of them are nominally atheists still take a rateher traditional outlook on numbers and will try their best to choose the best number for the purpose of good luck.
Key Words
Chinese Superstition, Numerals
introduction
Superstition in numerals are a rather common phenomenon all over the world. For example, people in Christian culture detest the number 13 and 666, viewing them as the signs of the devils. However, in China, the number 666 is a good sign for most people, for which some even spend loads of money on a car plate with such a number. To have a better understanding of Chinese cultures requires a holistic acquaintance with the connotation of Chinese numerals.
Zero
The number 0 (零, pinyin: líng) is the beginning of all things and is generally considered a good number, because it sounds like 良 (pinyin: liáng), which means 'good'.
One
The number 1 (一, pinyin: yī) is neither auspicious nor inauspicious. It is a number given to winners to indicate the first place. But it can also symbolize loneliness or being single. For example: November 11 is the Singles' Day in China, as the date has four ‘1’ which stand for singles.
Two
The number 2 (二, pinyin: èr ) is most often considered a good number in Chinese culture. There is a Chinese saying: "good things come in pairs". It is common to repeat characters in product brand names, such as the character 喜 (pinyin: xǐ), can be repeated to form the character 囍 (pinyin: shuāng xǐ).
Three
The number 3 (三, pinyin: sān) sounds like 生 (pinyin: shēng), which means "to live" or "life" so it's considered a good number. It's significant since it is one of three important stages in a person's life (birth, marriage, and death). On the other hand, number 3 (三,pinyin: sān) sounds like 散 (pinyin: sàn) which means "to split" or "to separate" or "to part ways" or "to break up with" so it is a bad number too.
Four
The number 4 (四, pinyin: sì; ) is considered an unlucky number in Chinese because it is nearly homophonous to the word "death" (死 pinyin: sǐ). Thus, some buildings in East Asia omit floors and room numbers containing 4, similar to the Western practice of some buildings not having a 13th floor because 13 is considered unlucky. Where East Asian and Western cultures blend, such as in Hong Kong, it is possible in some buildings that the thirteenth floor along with all the floors with 4s to be omitted. Thus a building whose top floor is numbered 100 would in fact have just eighty one floors. [1]
Five
The number 5 (五, pinyin: wǔ) sounds like "me" in Mandarin (吾, pinyin: wú) 53 (pinyin: wǔ sān) sounds like "my life" in Mandarin (吾生, wú shēng) 54 (pinyin: wǔ sì) sounds like "my death" in Mandarin (吾死, wú sǐ) 58 (pinyin: wǔ bā) sounds like "me prosper" in Mandarin (吾发, pinyin: wǔ fā) Five is also associated with the five elements (Water, Fire, Earth, Wood, and Metal) in Chinese philosophy, and in turn was historically associated with the Emperor of China. For example, the Tiananmen gate, being the main thoroughfare to the Forbidden City, has five arches.[2]
Six
The number 6 (六, pinyin: liù) in Mandarin sounds like "slick" or "smooth" (溜, pinyin: liū), which means that things will be done successfully. Therefore 6 is considered a good number for business.
Seven
The number 7 (七, pinyin: qī) in Mandarin sounds like "even" in Mandarin (齐, pinyin: qí), so it is a good number for relationships. It also sounds like "arise" (起, pinyin: qǐ) and "life essence" (气, pinyin: qì) in Mandarin. Seven can also be considered an unlucky number since the 7th month (July) is a "ghost month". It also sounds like "to deceive" (欺, pinyin: qī) in Mandarin.
Eight
The number 8 (八, pinyin: bā) sounds like "發" (pinyin: fā； 'to prosper'). There is also a visual resemblance between 88 and 囍 (pinyin: shuāng xǐ； 'double joy'), a popular decorative design composed of two stylized characters 喜 (pinyin: xǐ； 'joy'). The number 8 is viewed as such an auspicious number that even being assigned a number with several eights is considered very lucky. Atheist Chinese government even chose to hold the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games at 8 pm, 08/08/2008 for a good sign.[3]
Nine
The number 9 (九, pinyin: jiǔ) was historically associated with the Emperor of China, and the number was frequently used in matters relating to the Emperor, before the establishment of the imperial examinations officials were organized in the nine-rank system, the nine bestowments were rewards the Emperor made for officials of extraordinary capacity and loyalty, while the nine familial exterminations was one of the harshest punishments the Emperor sentenced; the Emperor's robes often had nine dragons, and Chinese mythology held that the dragon has nine children. Also, the number 9 sounds like "long lasting" (久, pinyin: jiǔ), so it is often used in weddings.[4]
Ancient Chinese regarded odd numbers as being masculine and even numbers as being feminine. "Nine", which is the largest single digit number, was taken to mean the "ultimate masculine" and was, therefore, symbol of the supreme sovereignty of the emperor. For this reason, the number "nine" (or its multiples) is often employed in palace structures and designs. A noticeable example is the number of studs on palace gates. The studs are usually arranged in nine rows of nine each, totaling eighty-one.[5]
The number “nine” can also be seen in ancient Chinese architectures. Ancient palaces generally consist of nine courtyards or quadrangles which are the same as the Temple of Confucius in Qufu, Shandong Province—a magnificent architectural complex worthy of an imperial household and testifying to the importance attached to the great sage by the courts of various dynasties.
The number "nine" was sometimes combined with "five" to represent imperial majesty. The great hall on Tiananmen is 9 bays wide by 5 bays deep. An extreme example of the "game of nine" is perhaps the Circular Mound Altar (Huanqiu Tan) in the Temple of Heaven. Site for the Ming and Qing emperors to worship Heaven, the altar is arranged in three tiers. The upper terrace is made up of nine concentric rings of slabs. The first ring or the innermost circle consists of nine fan-shaped slabs, the second ring 18 (2 × 9) slabs, the third 27 (3 × 9) … until the last or ninth ring which is made up of 81 or 9 × 9 slabs.[6]
Combinations
514 (pinyin: wǔ yī sì) in Mandarin sounds like "我要死" (pinyin: wǒ yào sǐ; 'I want to die').
168 (pinyin: yī liù bā) sounds like "一路发" (pinyin: yī lù fā) meaning "fortune all the way".
7456 (pinyin: qī sì wǔ liù) in Mandarin sounds like "气死我了" (pinyin: qì sǐ wǒ le) meaning "to make me angry" or "to piss me off".
9413 (pinyin: jiǔ sì yī sān) sounds like "九死一生" (pinyin: jiǔ sǐ yī shēng; 'nine die one live') meaning 90% chance of being dead and only 10% chance of being alive, or survived such situations (a narrow escape).
1314 (pinyin: yī sān yī sì) sounds like "一生一世" (pinyin: yīshēngyīshì; 'one life one lifetime') meaning "forever" and is often used romantically.
520 (pinyin: wǔ èr líng) in Mandarin sounds similar to "我爱你" (pinyin: wǒ ài nǐ; lit. 'I love you').
5201314 (pinyin: wǔ èr líng yī sān yī sì) in Mandarin sounds like "我爱你一生一世" (pinyin: wǒ ài nǐ yīshēngyīshì; 'I love you a lifetime').
748 (pinyin: qī sì bā) in Mandarin sounds like "去死吧" (pinyin: qù sǐ ba; . 'go die').
518 (pinyin: wǔ yāo bā) in Mandarin sounds like "我要发" (pinyin: wǒ yào fā) which means "I am going to prosper".
Conclusion
Arithmophobia is a common phenomenon across the world. To know more about the differences between the West and China is essential to bridge the cultural gaps during intercultural communication. For example, fear of 666 (hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia) i widespread in Western cultures, and the book of Revelation in the Bible lists 666 as the “number of the beast”, while in China 666 is a sign of auspiciousness. To have a comprehensive understanding of the connotation of Chinese numerals can not only avoid cultural shock but also boost cultural exchanges.[7]
References
[1] "Australian New Business Visa Subclasses". Australian Department of Home Affairs. 2019-08-14. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
[2] "China's 'lucky' phone number". BBC News. 2003-08-13. Retrieved 24 December 2013
[3]李锦全.无“4”要“8”是传统心理吗?——关于数字迷信问题的思考[J].科学与无神论,2004(03):26-27.
[4]王瑞良.不吉利数字:迷信还是科学?[J].青少年科技博览(中学版),2007(Z1):26-27.
[5]McKinney L. Arithmophobia: symptoms, causes and treatments[J].
[6]常俊跃.《中国文化》[M].2016：112-113.
[7]Wegrocki H J. A case of number phobia[J]. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 1938, 19: 97-99.
Terms and Expressions
atheist 无神论者
Singles' Day 双十一；单身节
the five elements(Water, Fire, Earth, Wood, and Metal) 五行（金木水火土）
the Forbidden City 紫禁城
ghost month 鬼月（七月）
the Temple of Confucius 孔庙
the Temple of Heaven 天坛
Arithmophobia 数字恐惧症
hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia 666恐惧症
Questions
1.When is the Chinese ghost month? A.July B.June C. September D. August
2.When were the 2018 Beijing Olympic Games held? A.04/04/2008 B.06/06/2008 C.08/08/2008 D.09/09/2008
3.What does “58” mean? A.My father B. I prosper C. My death D. My life
4.What was the number 9 historically associated in ancient China? A.the Heaven B. the Emperor C. the God D. the Devil
Answers
B C B B