20221231 LangCult 4

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202270081643 刘佳玉 Liu Jiayu 英语笔译(English translation)

Chinese Traditional Cultural Elements in Animation

刘佳玉 Liu Jiayu, 202270081643.

Abstract

Originating in the 1920s, Chinese animation has always been committed to creating a road with national characteristics and adhering to the tradition of national painting. By exploring the connection between animation creation and Chinese traditional cultural elements, this chapter mainly analyzes the application, inheritance and innovation of Chinese traditional cultural elements in Chinese animation.

202270081644 刘婷婷 Liu Tingting 英语笔译(English translation)

The Comparison of Chinese and Western Dream Interpretation Theory

刘婷婷 Liu Tingting, 202270081644

Abstract

Everybody dreams. Though it is a common phenomenon during our sleep, different cultures have different theories to interpret it. Besides, every theory of dreams carries a country’s unique culture. Dreams may can foretell something, or may not, which depends on people’s attitude. Therefore, through comparing Chinese and Western interpretations of dream can make us know what are they based on and their opinions of dreams, and also their attitudes of life.

Key Words

Huangdi Neijing, The book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams, The Interpretation of Dreams, dream

题目

中西方释梦理论的对比

摘要

每个人都会做梦。尽管在日常生活中这是一个常见现象，但是不同的文化会有不同的理论对其进行解析。此外，每一种释梦理论的背后都有着该国独特文化的支撑。梦是否可以预示未来，这取决于人们的态度。因此，将中西方释梦理论进行对比，可以使我们知道它们的理论依据、人们对于梦的看法，以及人们对生活的态度。

关键词

《黄帝内经》，《周公解梦》，《梦的解析》，梦

Introduction

Dream, a common physiological phenomenon, happens during our sleep. It is a mixture of real and unreal, attracting many scholars through all ages to make researches on it. In China, the book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams and Huangdi Neijing are two famous books in dream’s interpretation. “Dating back to the Zhou Dynasty, dream officers gave a great push to dream classification. According to Zhouli Chunguan, dream officers divided dreams into six types by observing the positions of the sun, the moon and the stars.” (王健 2012，217) As for Huangdi Neijing in the pre-Qin period, it related dreams to people’s the five internal organs and Yi Yang, etc. (王健 2012，217). For the West, the most famous book of dream interpretation is The Interpretation of Dreams, which was written by Sigmund Freud. This book is based on Artemidorus’ book—Interpretation of dreams, and combines with Freud’s clinical experience. Whereafter, many masters in psychoanalysis like Carl Gustav Jung and Alfred Adler have shown up, starting to study dreams from different perspectives.

The book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams

The book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams is a fortune-telling book according to people’s dream. Because the book is of uncertain day, so some would be doubtful for its existence. After reading the remark of Chang Feng-i, Roberto Keh Ong “tentatively proposes that the Chou-kung chieh meng was already in existence, and quite popular at that, in the sixteenth century.” (Roberto Keh Ong 1981, 6) Since the beginning sentence of the book is “夜有纷纷梦，神魂预吉凶”, “This sets the tone of the text, which means that those good fortune or bad fortune symbolized by dream are omens presented by spirits or ghosts.” (贠培基 2012, 46) But what is affirmative is that the book has a great influence in China, providing the basis of dream interpretation and enlightening people to focus on dream. In Zhouli Chunguan, it divided dreams into six different types, they are 正、噩、思、悟、喜、惧, which indicates that how the dreams come into existence and their nature. “正梦” means an ordinary dream without causing any pulse; “噩梦”，means a stunning dream; “思梦”means a dream that misses others or thinking about something; “悟梦”means a daydream; “喜梦”means a dream that makes you feel happy; “惧梦” means a horrible dream that makes people frightened. In the book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams, there are four methods of dream interpretation:  The method of Zhi Meng. It means what you see in the dream will happen in the reality.  The method of Ce Zi. “The oneiromancer departs a Chinese character into several parts and endows them with special symbolic meaning, and uses these meaning to tell the fortune.” (汤叶舟 2015, 84）  The method of Xie Yin. It means the oneiromancer compare the dream with the omen in reality, and find out the same pronunciation of them to judge the dream is good or not good.  The method of Yi Xiang. It means to highlight a single thing in the dream then endow it with special meaning. And the omen from the dream would be got after comparing it with the reality.

Huangdi Neijing

Huangdi Neijing is the first medical book in China, which contains Lingshu and Suwen these two sections. “This book uses Huangdi as a part of its name, which is finished between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Qin and Han Dynasties. It is not finished in a short time, an also be done with only one man. It comprehensively summarizes medical achievements before the Qin and Han Dynasties, laying the foundation of theoretical basis of TCM.” (王凤香 2007，23) Though it is a medical book, it also refers to oneirology, and analyzes the causes of dream, the mechanism of dream formation and the syndrome differentiation and treatment of dream syndrome. Huangdi Neijing explores the reason why dreams happen in many aspects, and there are six points about it:  The attack of Liu Yin Xie Qi. In TCM, Liu Yin Xie Qi means six pathogenesis cause by eternal stimulus: wind, coldness, heat (often happens in the summer), wetness, dryness, and heat. When failing to adapt to the changeable weathers, people may feel ill and then dreams occur.  The influence brought by the change of Qiqing. Qiqing refers to seven emotions: happiness, anger, concern, missing, sorrow, scare and fear. Huangdi Neijing reckons that they would happen in dreams, thus their variations in dreams could reflect the physiological and pathological basis of different viscera.  The dysfunction of viscera.  The qi of yin and yang in the human body becomes over strong or over weak.  The state of the body itself.  Inappropriate treatment. About the mechanism of dream formation, the book uses these four theories to analyze it: Yin Yang theory, Five-element theory, viscera picture theory and Ying Wei theory. In terms of the syndrome differentiation and treatment of dream syndrome, Huangdi Neijing takes Yin and Yang as the general principle of dream syndrome differentiation, brings the syndrome differentiation of viscera into the system of dream syndrome differentiation, and carries out the etiological analysis and differentiation. For the treatment of dream syndrome, the book states that one is to implement the general principle of “实则泻之，虚则补之”; and the other one is “合于五诊”.

The Interpretation of Dreams

The Interpretation of Dreams is a psychological work by Sigmund Freud, a psychologist from Austria and the founder of psychoanalysis. He interprets dreams by many experiments with a rational thinking, and pioneers modern dream interpretation. In this book, “Freud argues that dreams contain meaningful information about the dreamer’s unfulfilled, unconscious wishes.” (William J. Jenkins 2017, 10) That is to say that in Freud’s perspective, dream represents a wish-fulfilment. And he also uses an example to explain it: “If, in the evening, I eat anchovies, olives, or other strongly salted foods, I am thirsty at night, and therefore I wake. The waking, however, is preceded by a dream, which has always the same content, namely, that I am drinking.” And he draws a conclusion on it: “From this sensation arises the wish to drink, and the dream shows me this wish as fulfilled.” (Sigmund Freud 1999, 25-26) Therefore, Freud mainly uses psychoanalysis to interpret dreams, which is quite different from Chinese dream interpretation methods. And what is the most different point is that he uses sex to interpret dreams from a perspective of a psychologist, so he presents the famous Oedipus complex and Electra complex in this book.

References

 Freud, Sigmund. (1999). The Interpretation of Dreams. New York: Oxford University Press.  Jenkins, W. J. (2017). An Analysis of Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams. London: Macat Library.  Ong, R. K. (1981). The interpretation of dreams in ancient China. Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.  Tnag Yezhou 汤叶舟. (2015). 以《周公解梦》和《梦的解析》为例研究中西方释梦差异性. [Taking the book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams and The Interpretation of Dreams as examples to study the differences between Chinese and Western dream interpretation.] 文化学刊 Culture Journal, (11):84-86.  Wang Fengxiang 王凤香. (2007). 黄帝内经梦象研究 [A Study on the dream image of Huangdi Neijing]. 北京中医药大学 Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 2007.  Wang Jian 王健. (2012). 中西方释梦的差异—以《周公解梦》和《梦的解析》为例 [Differences between Chinese and Western Dream Interpretation—A Case study of the book Duke of Zhou Interpreting Dreams and The Interpretation of Dreams]. 北方文学(下半月) Northern Literature, (09):217-218.  Yun Peiji 贠培基. (2012). 以陈明主编的《周公解梦》为例剖析花样繁多的现代版周公解梦 [Taking Chen Ming's The book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams as an example, the modern version of the book Duke of Zhou interprets dreams with various patterns]. 科学与无神论 Science and Atheism, (03):46-49.  Zhai Shuangqing, Chen Zijie 翟双庆, 陈子杰. (2008). 有关《黄帝内经》梦学理论的总结 [A summary of the dream theory in Huangdi Neijing]. 中华中医药学会第九届内经学术研讨会论文集 Proceedings of the 9th Seminar on Neijing of Chinese Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2008:141-147.

Terms and Expressions

The Book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams 《周公解梦》 Zhouli Chunguan 《周礼春官》 Huangdi Neijing 《黄帝内经》 The Interpretation of Dreams 《梦的解析》 TCM 中医 Oneirology 梦学 Yin and Yang 阴阳 Liu Yin Xie Qi 六淫邪气 Qiqing 七情

Questions

1. How many methods of interpreting dreams in the book Duke of Zhou interprets dreams? A. One B. Two C. Five D. Four 2. Huangdi Neijing is a __________________. A. Medical book B. Mystery novel C. short novel D. story book 3. The Interpretation of dreams is written by ___________. A. Jung Carl Gustav B. Sigmund Freud C. The Duke of Zhou D. Alfred Adler 4. How many kinds of dreams in Zhouli Chunguan? A. Seven B. Five C. Four D. Six 5. Freud interprets dreams by _____________. A. Asking for the God B. Psychoanalysis C. the position of the moon and stars D. physical condition

Answers

Correct answers are: 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. B

202270081693 刘雅琴 Liu Yaqin 英语口译(English interpretation)

     Topic: Translation strategies of English animal idioms

     Abstract: Idioms are an indispensable part of language, which is the crystallization of languages, carrying a lot of cultural factors and concentrating in the culture factors, with plenty of idiomatic expression. Throughout the history, animals plays an important role in our life, bringing joys and company to us and become part of family. Therefore, especially in western cultures, there are many English animal idioms, which containing specific cultural meanings. People use different animals to express their feelings and ideas. This paper will first analyze the definition of English animal idioms. Also, the author will talks about some English idioms with classified animals. What’s more, the author will provide some translation strategies in translating those animal idioms.

The Imperial Examination System in Ancient China

刘映辰 Liu Yingchen 202270081645

Abstract

The Imperial examination is a system in which feudal dynasties selected officials and talents through examinations. The Imperial Examination System had a profound impact on ancient China. Therefore, it is very necessary and significant to understand and study the Imperial Examination System. This paper will introduce the origin and development of the Imperial Examination System, describe the types and contents of it in detail, and finally, expound its significance.

Key Words

The Imperial examination system, ancient China, history, culture

题 目

中国古代的科举制度

摘 要

科举考试是封建王朝通过考试选拔官员和人才的制度。科举制度对中国古代产生了深远的影响。因此，了解和研究科举制度是非常必要和有意义的。本文将介绍科举制度的起源和发展，详细描述科举制度的类型和内容，最后阐述科举制度的意义。

Origin

During the Wei, Jin dynasties, the emperor adopted the method of "Nine-rank system" to select talents. However, the system was controlled by powerful families, and only the children of senior officials could be officials, which led to the solidification of the class and the inability to appoint people on the basis of capability. Whereas, in order to consolidate their rule, the rulers also gradually changed their talent selection. Some contents of the imperial examination had already sprout in the Han Dynasty, but this paper still considers the Sui Dynasty as the real origin. The book Datang Xinyu wrote by Liu Su said:" Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty changed the Ming and Jin two subjects"(周 奇 金滢坤, 2022). It was the Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty who changed the examination to regular, held every year, further carried forward, and finally became a clear beginning of the system. Emperor Yang Jian of Sui dynasty understood the danger of being subject to the high rank and nobility, abolishing the "Nine-rank system". He carried out the system of selecting scholars by subject, and set up state and county schools to test students, and the state could also send talents to the central government for examination and employment. Emperor Yang set up Jinshi Branch, the school students can directly apply for the school, not to the state, county entrance examination, after passing the state, county sent to the central examination(李亚彬, 2020). Sui Dynasty broke through the old rules of the previous dynasties and created a considerable number of new subjects, which started the system of the Tang Dynasty. The standard of selecting talents gradually changed from morality to examination.

Development

However, Sui dynasty lasted only thirty-seven years, which meant that the imperial examination system had been introduced in the Sui dynasty but could not be further developed. Therefore, the important task was carried out by the rulers of the Tang dynasty. Tang dynasty attached great importance to the cultivation and selection of talents. After the founding of the Tang dynasty, several generations of rulers put the emphasis on to the imperial examination and took relevant measures. The first emperor of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan put forward the regular date of“every october”to go to the court for examination, and clarified the local pre-examination of the state and county, which is equivalent to the "Provincial Examination" method of later generations. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, greatly expanded the scale of the college, the school cottages and increased the number of students. Wu Zetian set up a military examination. It held by the Ministry of War examiners, mainly to assess students 'military strength. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, poetry and Fu became the main examination content of Jinshi. Also, during his reign, the court admitted many talented people. The method of selecting scholars by poetry and Fu also greatly promoted the prosperity of Tang poetry(王一汕, 2010).  Song Dynasty was also an important period for the development and reform of the imperial examination system. After the development of Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system of Song Dynasty became mature and complete(邓叶倩, 2019). For one thing, in terms of the form, in Song dynasty, the emperor's personal visit to the palace examination turned into a custom. At the same time, reform measures such as sealing and transcription were taken. Sealing(Mi Feng), that is, the examinee's name, native place and other records on the examination paper sealed up. Transcription is that the palace examination papers will be sent to copy by other people, and then examine the official review. These measures greatly increased the fairness of the examniation, so that more talented and learned people can enter the officialdom, and these reforms even had a profound impact on the modern examination system. However, these measures required a large amount of manpower and material resources, so by the reign of Emperor Yingzong of the Song dynasty, the imperial examination was officially held every three years. For another, as for the content, Song dynasty strengthened the status and importance of Ce Lun in the imperial examination. With the rise of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty, the ability of thinking also became an important standard for assessment. In the Song Dynasty, the emperors abolished the examination of poetry and Fu, and replaced it with the examination of the meaning, theory and policy of the classics. Since then, the basic form and content of the imperial examination system tend to be complete. The imperial examination was held every three years, mainly divided into the provincial examination, the metropolitan examination and the palace examination. In the autumn, the provincial examination was held by each state, The first name is Jieyuan. The metropolitan examination was held in the spring of the following year by the Ministry of Rites, the first name will be called Huiyuan. The palace examination was held in the following month and presided over by the emperor. The first name was Zhuangyuan. Getting the first place three times in a row is known as the "the three consecutive Yuan(Lian Zhong San Yuan)", and ancient China has also appeared such talents. Through the layer upon layer selection at district, provincial and national levels, outstanding talents are called “jinshi”. Such elites obtained qualifications to enter the final examination hosted by the emperor, and were conferred different ranks official positions according to their performance. Because of this, the imperial examination system (keju) had become the main way for all civilians to start their official careers (Ho, 1962).

Completion

The Yuan dynasty saw an eighty-year suspension of the imperial examinations, which were later restored, but with increasing inequality, mainly to protect the privileges of the Mongols and reduce the number of Han officials. This phenomenon did not change until the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the period when the imperial examination system was flourishing, but it was also the period when it was ending. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial power gradually reached its peak. In order to consolidate the imperial power, the rulers took the imperial examination system as the most important tool to absorb talents. The social atmosphere gradually changed, and many scholars took the imperial examination as their lifelong goal, and "To be a scholar is to be the top of society." became the motto of most scholars at that time. With the increasing importance of the imperial examination, the emperors carried out a series of reforms on it. First, the imperial examinations in the Ming and Qing dynasties became a huge system with various levels, rules and regulations. In addition to the above-mentioned several types of examinations, there are new types of examinations: the imperial examinations to admit scholars and county examination(Barry O’Sullivan, 2022), a total of five types of examinations. As a result, many people began to study hard for the imperial examination from a very young age, devoting their whole lives to the imperial examination system. The minimum age for the examination was greatly lowered during this period. In terms of examination content. To further strengthen their rule and control over the people's thoughts, the rulers of the Qing dynasty limited the imperial examinations to stereotyped writing(bagu). The stereotyped writing(bagu) are that the paragraphs written in the examination articles are fixed, and the scope of the examination is also set and limited to the Four Books and Five Classics, and no other ideas are allowed to exist. Under the implementation of this kind of policy, the stereotyped writing fettered the scholar's thought, and the theory of Chengs and Zhu Xi became rigid under the guidance of the imperial examination system. Scholars have spent their whole lives studying the writing of stereotyped writing, lacking understanding of politics and social reality. Intellectuals 'thinking is solidified and they weren’t able to think out of box. Gu Yanwu, the great mind in late Ming dynasty, once said: "The harm of stereotyped writing is equivalent to burning books." From the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the advantages of selecting scholars from stereotyped writing increasingly decreased and the disadvantages gradually increased, which became one of the important factors for the stagnation of national development and the decline of national strength in the late Qing Dynasty.

End

In the late Qing Dynasty, due to foreign aggression, China continued to cede territory and pay reparations, and popular discontent ran high. The Qing Dynasty was in serious crisis and emperors wanted to consolidate the rule through reform. Meanwhile, the westernization movement continued to develop, and many western thoughts and ideas spread to China as well(徐云, 2022). Therefore, in order to meet requirements of national development, the content of the imperial examination was constantly adjusted, and the stereotyped writing was gradually abolished. However, the disadvantages of the imperial examination system had been irreversible detrimental and could not become beneficial through reform. Thus, The imperial examination system, frst administered in 605 CE during the Sui dynasty, continued almost uninterrupted until it was finally abandoned in 1905 CE(Barry O’Sullivan, 2022). At this point, the imperial examination system completely withdrew from the stage of history. Although the imperial examination system had been abolished, it still has had great significance to the modern civil service examination system. This paper thinks that it is meaningful to study and analyze the development and abolition of the imperial examination system.

Reference

[1]O’ Sullivan, Barry, and Liying Cheng. "Lessons from the Chinese imperial examination system." Language Testing in Asia 12.1 (2022): 1-20. [2]Ho, P., 1962. The Ladder of Success in Imperial China: Aspects of Social Mobility. Columbia University Press. [3]周奇, 金滢坤."论隋代察举制向科举制的转变." 人文杂志 .05(2022):129-140. [4]李亚彬."问史——科举制何以终结门阀士族." 博览群书 .06(2020):37-41. [5]王一汕."唐朝科举制与文化繁荣." 历史学习 .03(2010):19-20. [6]邓叶倩."论中国古代科举制度及其影响." 汉字文化 .14(2019):66+79. [7]徐云."科举制度废除：过程、原因及影响探讨." 今古文创 .43(2022):64-66.

Reference

The Imperial Examination System 科举制度 Nine-rank system 九品中正制 Datang Xinyu 《大唐新语》 Jinshi 进士 Provincial Examination 乡试 Wu Zetian 武则天 Ministry of War 兵部 Sealing and transcription 弥封和誊录 Neo-Confucianism 儒家理学 Metropolitan examination 会试 Palace examination 殿试 Ministry of Rites 礼部 The three consecutive Yuan (Lian Zhong San Yuan) 连中三元 To be a scholar is to be the top of society 万般皆下品，惟有读书高 the imperial examinations to admit scholars 童试 county examination 院试 stereotyped writing 八股文 The harm of stereotyped writing is equivalent to burning books. 八股之害，甚于焚书

Questions

1.When was the imperial examination system abolished？ A.1905 B.1907 C.1904 D.1908 2.What are the types of imperial examinations in Ming and Qing Dynasties? A.the imperial examinations to admit scholars B.county examination C.provincial examination D.metropolitan examination E.palace examination. 3.What are the reasons for the abolition of stereotyped writing?

Questions

Correct answers are： 1.A 2.ABCDE 3. (1) Foreign invasion and compensation caused the Qing Dynasty to fall into crisis. (2) When western ideas were introduced into China, the stereotyped writing was already backward and could not meet the needs of national development. (3) The Qing government's policy was weak and the reformon keju was useless.

202270081694 刘雨晴 Liu Yuqing 英语口译(English interpretation)

刘雨晴Liu Yuqing, 202270081694

Abstract

Chinese people attach great importance to family, which makes family an important part of Chinese culture. The traditional family structure in China mainly consists of Joint Family, stem family, and nuclear family. However, along with the profound changes that have occurred in modern China, the Chinese family structure is also changing, with the nuclear family gradually becoming the dominant family structure and marriage becoming more liberal and the divorce rate increasing. At the same time, there is a growing trend toward gender equality in family relations. Of course, the reasons behind the changes in family structure cannot be separated from the development of society, policy changes, transition in social ideology and even the influence of globalization. In turn, the transition in family structure also has an impact on education and social and economic development.

Key Words

family structure;changes; nuclear family

题目

中国传统家庭结构的变化

摘要

中国人非常重视家庭，家庭是中国文化的重要组成部分。中国的传统家庭结构主要包括联合家庭、直系家庭、核心家庭。然而，伴随着现代中国发生的深刻变化，中国的家庭结构也在发生变化，核心家庭逐渐成为家庭结构的主导，婚姻变得更加自由，离婚率不断上升。同时，家庭关系中的性别平等趋势也越来越明显。当然，家庭结构变化背后的原因离不开社会的发展、政策的变化、社会意识形态的转型，甚至全球化的影响。反过来，家庭结构的转型也会对教育和社会经济发展产生影响。

关键词

家庭结构；变化；核心家庭；

I. The main types of traditional Chinese family structures

1.Joint Family A joint family is usually a large undivided family where members of more than two generation live together under one roof (grandparents, parents, uncles, aunts, their children or even grandchildren). This kind of family is large in size and is usually headed by the eldest member of the family. The responsibility of making decisions rests with the head of the family, although family members can give suggestions. After marriage, the children also live in the same house along with other family members. This family structure was common among wealthy families in ancient China. For example, the family structure in the Dream of the Red Chamber is a typical joint family. 2. Stem family A stem family consists of parents and one married child, his or her spouse and offspring. It has three generations (or even four), but each generation has at most one couple. It is also known as a medium-sized family. For example, in a stem family, there are grandparents, parents and children, but it does not include uncles and aunts. In terms of size, it is smaller than a joint family while bigger than a nuclear family. 3. Nuclear family Nuclear family refers to the core members of a family, usually two parents and their children. Children are included only while they’re young enough to live with their parents. This family unit became widely recognized because it’s where many of society’s rules and norms are passed along from parent to child. Sociologists see the concept of a nuclear family as a fundamental building block of society.

II. Characteristics of traditional family structure

According to the records, in the mid to late 18th century of China, the proportion of nuclear family was over 50%, stem family about 30% and joint family less than 10%. This indicates that nuclear family had become the dominant family form in the society at that time. And the following are the main features within the traditional family structure: 1. Men are Superior to Women and husband guides wife .This feature constitutes the basic structure of the traditional family. As Fei Xiaotong said, the core of a tradition family relationship is the parent-child relationship while the relationship between husband and wife is unimportant. 2. The eldest son has equal inheritance rights with the other brothers. The family became smaller and smaller. Finally, it stayed in the model of a nuclear family. The daughter has no right to inherit, but has the right to get a dowry. The so-called wealth only within three generations is the embodiment of this inheritance system of dividing family assets and the reason why there are few large families in China. 3. Marriage is decided by parents Children have no marital autonomy. Marriage is often decided by parents. The daughter may have never had any contacts with the husband's family before marrying him, and the wife should be subordinate to her husband. 4. The traditional family has mixed functions, including economic, nurturing, support, affection, support, etc.

III. The transition of family structure from traditional to modern.

Since the reform and opening up, social resources have been relatively abundant and every aspect of the family has changed dramatically. 1. The family is becoming more nuclearized. Since many of the functions of the family, such as production, education, and support of elders, have been replaced by society. Society has built a large number of nursery schools and nursing homes, it is not necessary to maintain a large family size to perform these functions. 2. Some other types of family structures have emerged. These are: single person families, cohabiting families and even some homosexual cohabiting families. 3. Marriage tends to be autonomous and divorce rate increases. In contemporary times, divorce has also become common, the way of divorce has become more civilized, and more and more divorces are initiated by the wife. In addition, remarriage in old age has been widely accepted by the society, and there is a new trend of the younger generation matching and organizing weddings for their parents. 4. Increasing trend of gender equality in family relations. In today's families, the traditional patriarchy is disappearing and the concept of male superiority over female has been fundamentally changed. There is a tendency for family members to discuss with each other, to make democratic decisions, and to be democratic and egalitarian.

IV. Causes behind the changes in family structure

1. The One-Child policy has had a huge impact on the structure and size of families in China. In the late 1970s, The One-Child policy was introduced in China as a national policy. This policy has had a decisive effect on the structure and size of families in China, promoting the trend of the nuclear family. Since the main purpose of the One-Child policy was to reduce the birth rate of each family. Only one child is allowed in urban families and no more than two in rural families (except for ethnic minority areas) and the government was promoting the concept of equality between men and women. A large number of “the only child” are born in cities. In addition, most young married couples live apart from their parents after marriage, thus more and more nuclear families have emerged. The number of empty nest families has also increased. 2. With the development of economy, many responsibilities of the family were assumed by the society, thus nuclear family became more dominating. The tradition family assumed responsibilities such as nurturing children, support the elders and production. But in modern times, economic development has also promoted the division of labor and the development of the social welfare system, and various institutions have emerged in society to help assume some of the family obligations. For example, nursing homes can help take care of the elders, and nurseries or schools can help care for the children. In this way, the adult workforce in the family can devote more energy to their work. In addition, since older couples have pensions and retirement funds after retirement, they can live without relying on their children after retirement, and they prefer to live separately from their children to avoid the tension that may arise between the two generations of couples. 3. The influence of globalization on the family concept in China since the reform and opening up. Since the opening up, western ideas have come into China, and the younger generation has been increasingly influenced by western family concepts. The emphasis on self-independence in the Western family concept has a great influence on young people. For example, premarital cohabitation, trial marriage, free love, celibacy, gender equality and so on. These concepts have caused an unprecedented impact on the traditional family concept in China. A lot of media reports about western families flooded into our lives, which also had an important impact on our young generation.

V. Influences follow the changes

1. Impact of changing family structure on family education The size of the family has shrunk and parents have become more concerned with their children's development. Children are seen as an individual with a sense of independence, personality and individuality, and the goal of parents in raising their children shifted from “glorifying their ancestors” to achieving the all-round development of the child, freedom of personality and perfection of character. 2. The impact of changes in family structure on the economy As the basic consumption unit of society, the family not only creates new social demand, but also influences social supply. As the population grows and the joint family gradually divides, many new families are created. The rapid increase in the number of households inevitably leads to a simultaneous increase in the demand for many goods, such as housing and furnishings, matching kitchen and sanitary equipment, high-end durable household appliances, furniture sets, cars and household services. In addition, smaller families have more needs for enjoyment and development, higher expectations for their children, and relatively higher expenditures for their children's education and training; With the number of elderly families, especially empty nesters t, continues to increase, there will be a significant increase in elderly living goods and facilities to serve the elderly. These changes in demand structure provide an important basis for corresponding adjustments in the supply structure.

References

[1] 王跃生，当代中国家庭结构变动分析[J].中国社会科学，2006（01） [2] 王跃生，中国家庭结构变动与特征[J].人口与计划生育，2017（09） [3] 胡亮，由传统到现代---中国家庭结构变迁特点及原因分析[J].西北人口，2004（2） [4] 童辉杰，黄成毅，当代中国家庭结构的变迁及其社会影响[J].西北人口，2015（06） [5]吴愈晓，王鹏，杜思佳，变迁中的中国家庭结构与青少年发展，中国社会科学，2018（2）

Questions

1. What are the main types of traditional Chinese family structures? A. Stem family B. Joint family C.nuclear famliy D.composite family 2. When was the One-Child policy was introduced in China? A.In the late 1970s B.In the early 1970s C . In the late 1980s D. In the early 1980s. 3. Which type of family structures are realistically depicted in Dream of the Red Chamber? A. Stem family B. Joint family C.nuclear famliy D.composite family 4. Which types of family structure is the dominating one nowadays?A. Nuclear family B. Joint family C.Single-parent famliy D.Stem family

Answers

1. A,B,C  2. A  3.B 4. A

202270081710 鲁思 Lu Si 朝鲜语笔译(Korean translation)

Evolution and Characteristics of Ancient Currency in China

鲁思Lu Si，202270081710

Abstract

Currency is the cultural essence of the development of civilizations of all nations for thousands of years, and is also the common material and spiritual wealth of mankind. China has been using money for 5,000 years. Due to the evolution of history, nearly tens of thousands of currencies (banknotes and coins) and colorful Chinese currency culture have been created, and a system with its own unique style has been formed.

Chinese Imperial Harem Rivalry Drama

陆玉琴Lu Yuqin, 202270081711

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Abstract

Chinese Imperial Harem Rivalry Dramas are dramas set in ancient China's feudal dynasties, with female characters such as harem concubines or female officials as the main subjects of the story, and with characters' emotional entanglements or political power struggles as the main plot lines.

The development of Chinese Animation

马明宇Ma Mingyu, 202270081705

Abstract

Chinese animation started in the 1920s, inspired by French, German, Russian and mostly American productions. After decades of development, many excellent animations have been created, such as The Princess of Iron Fan, The Monkey King, Baby Tadpoles Look for Their Mother, Calabash Brothers and so on. Some of these have become household names and a symbol of Chinese culture.

Key Words

China, animation, history

题目

中国动画发展历程

摘要

中国动画起源于20世纪20年代,其灵感来自于法国、德国、俄罗斯和美国的大多数作品。经过几十年的发展，中国动画产业制造出许多优秀的动画作品，如《铁扇公主》、《大闹天宫》、《小蝌蚪找妈妈》、《葫芦兄弟》等等，其中一些作品已经家喻户晓，成为中国文化的一种象征。

关键词

中国，动画，历史

The Egg

Bla, bla, bla

The Hen

Bla, bla, bla

Conclusion

Bla, bla, bla

References

Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona Muenster: LIT

Terms and Expressions

Egg 鸡蛋 . Hen 鸡

Questions

1. What was first, egg or hen? (preferrable are multi choice questions) . A Egg. B Hen. C Eggs were already produced by animals before chicken occured. D This is a rhethorical question, there is no answer to it, I refuse to answer. . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ... .

Answers

Correct answers are: . 1. C . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ...

Impact of Chinglish on standard English

彭琦Peng Qi,202270081646

Abstract

English is one of the major common languages in the world. With the development of economic globalization, more and more people are learning and using English for communication, and in this process, Chinese English has gradually emerged, which has led to many ludicrous incidents in the process of foreign communication in China. This paper discusses the concept of Chinglish, its causes, and its impact on standard English, and also analyses measures to reduce the emergence of Chinglish in order to provide a reference for English learners.

Key Words

Chinglish Impact Standard English

Introduction

With the development of the times, English has become one of the ways of communication in the world, and learning English has become one of the compulsory courses in China. However, many people, in the process of learning English, will have the problem of Chinglish due to the influence of the Chinese language, which affects their subsequent English learning. what's more important is that it lays a great impact on today's standard English in its development.

Cause of Chinglish

Chinese English is the English of Chinese learners who, in the process of learning and using English, are disturbed by their mother tongue, their culture and their communicative habits, as well as their limited English proficiency, and have to combine English phrases according to their own subjective imagination, thus appearing in English that does not conform to the standard English expressions or communicative style. The degree of error also depends on the level of English learners and the difficulty of the communicative content. This phenomenon has been studied in the past and the theory of negative transfer of language and culture has been used to explain the reasons for the production of Chinglish. First of all, it is due to the interference of native language habits. The second is the clamping down of Chinese communication styles, behavioural habits, ways of thinking and social codes of conduct; the third is that the learners' English is so poor that they have to make up random English sentences to express themselves. If we look at this issue from multiple perspectives, we may have a better understanding of it.

The Hen

Bla, bla, bla

Conclusion

Bla, bla, bla

References

Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona Muenster: LIT

Terms and Expressions

Egg 鸡蛋 . Hen 鸡

Questions

1. What was first, egg or hen? (preferrable are multi choice questions) . A Egg. B Hen. C Eggs were already produced by animals before chicken occured. D This is a rhethorical question, there is no answer to it, I refuse to answer. . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ... .

Answers

Correct answers are: . 1. C . 2. ... . 3. ... . 4. ...

202270081647 漆羿鑫 Qi Yixin 英语笔译(English translation)

                              Traditonal Revolutionary Songs in China

Rising in the revolutionary war period, traditonal revolutionary songs in China,or "red Song", mainly focusing on praising the party and the country, told the difficult course of the revolution, as well as the heroic deeds of the predecessors. It expressed the deep feelings of the majority of people for the motherland, and described the Chinese nation's confidence in social undertakings to overcome difficulties.