20230630 final exam culture 05

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Wu Ting 吴婷 Nightlife in Ancient and Modern China

Abstract: This chapter is on the development of nightlife in China. According to the development and changes of curfew system and cultural customs, the nightlife in several major periods is described, including in Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties. As a transition to modern times, the nightlife in the Republic of China is also depicted. This chapter will help people better understand Chinese nightlife culture. Keywords: Nightlife, Chinese culture, Curfew system 摘要：本章主要讲述了中国夜生活的发展。根据不同时期宵禁制度和文化习俗的发展变化，描述了几个主要时期中国的夜生活，包括唐宋、明清时期。同时也涉及到了民国时期的夜生活，是古代夜生活发展到现代的过渡。本章会帮助大家更好地了解中国夜生活文化。 关键词：夜生活，中国文化，宵禁制度

1.Introduction

Nightlife is becoming more popular among young people in China as the economy develops and entertainment options diversify. At night, under the neon lights of the city, the night markets, bistros, barbecue stalls, and KTV are especially crowded. Song and dance shows and street performances emerge one after another. When the evening lights are lit, for many young people, it signals the beginning of "nightlife". Many cities, such as Changsha, are well known for their colorful nightlife. Then we can't help wondering how the nightlife has developed into such a colorful scene. Did the ancient people have nightlife? Of course they had, and enjoyed rich and colorful nightlife. Although life in ancient times was far less prosperous than it is today, ancient people had different arrangements for their nights in different periods and regions, enjoying themselves.

2.Nightlife before the Song Dynasty

Before the Song Dynasty, China had strict curfews, that is, at certain times, soldiers would patrol the streets. And if anyone was found strolling in the streets, it was a felony. This system was particularly strict in the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an (today's Xi 'an) practiced the square city system. The central axis and symmetrical division of the city formed a checkerboard layout of streets. At dusk, people stroke gongs or beat drums in the streets to remind pedestrians to go home quickly, and the gates of Chang 'an and each fang would be closed. Therefore, before the Song Dynasty, people did not have a rich nightlife. Only three days before and after the Lantern Festival would the curfew be lifted and all the citizens were allowed to go on the street for fun. Curfews were good for the rulers to control the people, but bad for business. By the Mid-tang Dynasty, Chang 'an was densely populated and bustling with commerce, already in conflict with the curfew system. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, although the rulers still emphasized curfews, they were no longer able to tell the people what to do with their nightlife, which paved the way for the breaking of the curfew system in the later Song Dynasty.

3.Nightlife in the Song Dynasty

In the Northern Song Dynasty, the curfew system was broken. At that time, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianliang (today's Kaifeng in Henan Province), was the most prosperous commercial city in China. It was natural to extend business hours in order to accommodate consumers' feelings and satisfy their needs, and the "night market" reached its peak during this period. There were numerous restaurants in the capital Bianliang, of which Fan Lou was the leader. It is said that its base was so high that it overlooked the imperial palace. Only in this period did people dare to construct such a building in the capital. From the night market in the Northern Song Dynasty to that in the Southern Song Dynasty, people's nightlife was greatly enriched. The nightlife of the Song people was not only about wandering, shopping, eating and drinking, but also formed a unique and vivid night market culture. Various entertainment activities emerged in endless stream: watching lanterns, watching Zaju, kicking Cuju, listening to music, enjoying dance, getting drunk and so on. If the literati get together, they would talk about the court and their aspirations. When their spirits rose, they would also recite a poem. Of course, the flourishing nightlife of the Song Dynasty was only limited to the "super cities" such as Bianjing and Lin’an, while the night in ordinary cities was still very quiet.

4.Nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

During the Yuan Dynasty, the night market culture once ceased and faded. The Yuan Dynasty lasted less than one hundred years and implemented the curfew system. After the canal transportation between the north and the south was constructed, the night market flourished, which was suppressed to a certain extent later. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the unprecedented development of industry and commerce as well as the prevalence of the idea of enjoyment and luxury, that the night market culture was restored. Different from the Song Dynasty, nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties broke through the restrictions of regions, and was not limited to the prosperous areas. Food, laughter and fireworks were everywhere in the city, and strangers from all over the country could gather together even if they had never met. For example, the Dutch mission to China during the reign of Kangxi clearly recorded the nightlife of Linqing in Shandong Province at that time. As an important town along the canal, Linqing was famous for its prosperity. Every night, all the local inns and teahouses were open all night, with lively performances. What’s more, the guests only needed to pay a few bucks to enjoy the nightlife there.

5.Nightlife during the Republican Period

Although the Republic of China only existed for thirty-eight years, it left precious reminiscences for the later generations. If we analyze the nightlife of the Republic of China from the historical point of view, it is not difficult to find that the culture and customs at that time contained a combination of China and Western elements. When it comes to nightlife in the Republic of China, we can't help but think of nights in Shanghai, the so-called "city that never sleeps". The decadent music of the "Ten Miles of foreign land" filled the atmosphere, and the prosperity of old Shanghai was vividly displayed in the city of lights. With the lingering music and romantic fox trot, this was the unforgettable old Shanghai. It is obvious that the nightlife in big cities like Shanghai and Beijing at that time, due to the influence of foreign culture, has been very close to the popular nightlife nowadays.

6.Nightlife in Modern China

When night falls, people can say goodbye to the fast pace of city life during the daytime, and let off steam at night. Young people are becoming the protagonists of nightlife. Nightlife culture has developed so far that many of the old night-time businesses are gradually being abandoned by the young. For example, KTV, Internet bar and dance floor, which were very popular 10 years ago, have become less welcomed now. Nowadays, the young consumer groups’ extensive demands in leisure, social and other aspects, have stimulated the rise of more new forms of entertainment at night. Free and diversified social spaces are popular among the young. The popularity of script kill, Secret Room escape, small concert, electric sound and bistro industry is just a microcosm of the rapid development of the current night economy. From first-tier cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen to Hangzhou, Chengdu, Changsha, etc., nightlife culture is gradually expanding to all parts of the country.

7.Conclusion

The night is not heavy, and this moment breeds a different kind of flavor and imagination. The story of night has never been broken since ancient times. In the future, China's night will continue to export wonderful cultural stories.

1.引言

在中国，随着经济水平提高、娱乐方式多样化，夜生活受到越来越多年轻人的追捧。夜晚城市的霓虹灯下，夜市、小酒馆、烧烤摊、KTV人头攒动，歌舞秀、街头表演层出不穷。每到暮色四合，华灯初上时，对于不少年轻人而言，这就是“夜生活”开始的讯号。许多城市，比如长沙，就因为丰富多彩的夜生活而广为人知。 这时我们不免好奇，现在的夜生活如此丰富多彩，是如何发展起来的呢？古代人也有夜生活吗？当然有，而且很丰富。虽然古时候的夜晚远不如今日的繁华，但古人在不同的时期、不同的地区，以不同的身份，都对于夜晚生活有着不同的安排，各得其乐。--（百度 历史百小生 2021）

2.宋朝之前的夜生活

在宋朝之前，历朝历代都是有严格的宵禁制度的，即到了一定时间点，大街上会有士兵巡逻，一旦发现有人在大街上溜达，那就是重罪。这样的制度在唐朝尤为严苛。唐朝时期的长安(今西安)，实行坊市制度。全城中轴分明，区划匀称，形成了犹如棋盘一样的街道布局。每到黄昏时分，就有人在街上鸣金或者击鼓，提醒行人迅速各回各家，长安的城门及每个坊的大门都会关上。所以宋朝之前，人们并没有丰富的夜生活，只有上元节(元宵节)前后3天，才会解除宵禁，允许全城百姓上街游乐。--（百度 历史百小生 2021） 宵禁制度有利于统治者对民众的管理，却不利于商业的发展。唐朝中期，长安城人口稠密，商业繁华，已经与宵禁制度产生了矛盾。唐朝末期，统治者虽然一再强调宵禁，但他们已经没有能力对老百姓的夜生活指手画脚了，为之后宋朝宵禁制度被打破作了铺垫。--（百度百科 宵禁）

3.宋朝时期的夜生活

从北宋开始，宵禁制度就被打破了。当时北宋的都城东京汴梁（今河南开封），是全国商业最繁华的城市。为了照顾消费者的情绪和满足他们的需要，延长营业时间是很自然的事情，“夜市”也是在这个时期走向了巅峰。东京汴梁的酒楼数不胜数，而“樊楼”是头牌，类似现代版夜总会，据载它的基座很高，在它上面能俯瞰皇宫，在首都敢造这样的建筑，也只有宋朝。从北宋的东京夜市到南宋的临安夜市，老百姓的夜生活得到了极大的丰富。--（孟元老 1982） 宋人的夜生活不仅仅是逛街、购物与吃喝，还形成了一种独特而生动的夜市文化，各种娱乐活动层出不穷：看花灯、看杂剧、踢蹴鞠、听曲、赏舞、买醉等等。若是文人墨客相聚，还会谈朝廷、聊志向，兴致来时，便吟诗一首。--（孟元老 1982） 当然，大宋这“耍闹去处，通宵不绝”的繁华夜生活，其实也只局限在汴京临安大名等“超级城市”里，普通城市的夜晚还是非常冷清。（搜狐网 2018）

4.明清时期的夜生活

元朝时期，夜市文化曾经一度中断消退。元朝立国不足百年，并实行宵禁制度，南北漕运开通后夜市逐兴，后受到一定抑制。直到明清时期，适逢工商业的空前发展和享乐崇奢思想的盛行，夜市文化才得以恢复。与宋朝不同的是，明清时期的夜生活突破了地域的限制，不仅局限于经济繁荣的地区，美食、欢笑、烟火气息遍布城市每个角落，来自五湖四海的陌生人，即使素不相识也能汇聚一堂。--（赵雪峰2021） 比如康熙年间出使中国的荷兰使团，就清楚记录了当时山东临清的“夜生活”。作为当时运河沿线的重镇，临清以富庶繁华著称。每天晚上，当地所有的客栈茶馆都通宵营业，戏曲弹唱演出热热闹闹，甚至客人们只需付几文钱，就可以愉快享受这里的“夜生活”。--（百度 巴巴说历史 2019）

5.民国时期的夜生活

民国虽然仅存在了三十八年，却给后世留下了珍贵的回忆录。如果从历史角度去分析民国夜生活，不难发现当时的文化习俗蕴含着中西合璧的韵味。提到民国夜生活，我们都会不由自主地想到“夜上海”，人们口中的“不夜城”。灯红酒绿的“十里洋场”弥漫着靡靡之音，老上海的繁华与歌舞升平在不夜城里得到了淋漓尽致的展现。缠绵的百乐门、浪漫的狐步舞，这是让人怀缅的老上海。不难看出，那个时候像上海北京这样的大城市中的夜生活，由于受外来文化的影响，已经与现在普遍流行的夜生活十分接近了。--（夜上海 百度百科）

6.现代中国的夜生活

每当夜幕降临，告别白日快节奏的城市生活，人们可以在夜晚尽情释放压力。年轻人正在成为这场“夜生活”的主角。夜生活文化发展至今，许多旧的夜间经济业态正在逐渐被年轻人抛弃。例如10年前很受欢迎的KTV、网吧、舞池等，现在已经变得不那么炙手可热。现如今年轻消费群体在生活休闲、社交等方面的广泛需求，催生了更多夜间经济新业态的兴起与火热。自由多元化的社交第三空间备受年轻人的喜爱，剧本杀、密室逃脱、小型音乐会、电音节和小酒馆行业的火爆，恰恰是当下夜间经济快速发展的一个缩影。从北上广深等一线城市，到杭州、成都、长沙等，夜生活文化逐步向全国各地扩张。--（朵朵 2021）

7.结语

夜晚并不沉，这一时刻孕育着别样的风情与想象力。关于夜晚的故事，从古至今未曾断绝，未来中国的夜晚也将持续输出精彩的文化故事。

References:

[1]孟元老. (1982). 东京梦华录注. 中华书局. [2]赵雪峰.(2021).中国古代的夜市. 文史春秋(02),49-51. [3]宋朝人的夜生活. 搜狐网. (2018-11-13). [4]古代人有没有夜生活？有，而且很丰富. 历史百小生. 百度网. (2021-01-20). [5]宵禁. 百度百科 [6]古代人的夜生活是什么样的？浅谈夜市的发展. 巴巴说历史. 百度网. (2019-12-30). [7]夜上海. 百度百科 [8]这届年轻人，“玩”出了超30万亿的夜间经济. 朵朵. 微信公众号“连线Insight”. (2021-10-08).

Terms and Expressions:

Curfew 宵禁，是基于公共安全秩序为由，由立法机构、政府或军方决定并由军警具体负责实施的一种在戒严期间禁止夜间行动的宪法行为。 the square city system 坊市制度，主要表现为将住宅区（坊）和交易区（市）严格分开，并用法律和制度对交易的时间和地点进行严格控制。 Bianliang 汴梁，北宋东京城遗址，位于河南省开封市鼓楼区朱雀苑广场。 Fan Lou 樊楼，位于宋都御街北端，是据史书记载于1988年复建的一组庭院式仿宋楼阁，是开封最大的仿宋游乐中心。 Zaju 杂剧，是一种把歌曲、宾白、舞蹈结合起来的中国传统艺术形式。 Cuju 蹴鞠，指古人以脚蹴、蹋、踢皮球的活动，类似今日的足球。 Lin’an 临安县，建置始于东汉建安十六年（211年），时称临水县，县治在高虹镇高乐村。 Kangxi 康熙，清朝第四位皇帝，清定都北京后第二位皇帝。 Fox trot 狐步舞，是结婚典礼上、宴会上和社交会上的流行舞蹈。 script kill 剧本杀，起源于西方宴会实况角色扮演“谋杀之谜”，是玩家到实景场馆，体验推理性质的项目。 Secret Room escape 密室逃脱，实景逃脱类游戏。

Questions:

1.When did the curfew system start to break? 2.Did the Lantern Festival also have a curfew? 3.Has the nightlife always been rich since the Song Dynasty? 4.Why did night market culture flourish again in the Ming and Qing Dynasties?

问题：

1.宵禁制度是什么时候开始被打破的？ 2.元宵节也有宵禁吗？ 3.宋朝之后的夜生活一直很丰富吗？ 4.为什么明清时期的夜市文化再次繁荣起来？

Answers:

1.In the Northern Song Dynasty. 2.No. 3.No. 4.It was because of the unprecedented development of industry and commerce as well as the prevalence of the idea of enjoyment and luxury.

回答：

1.北宋时期。 2.没有。 3.不是。 4.因为工商业的空前发展和享乐崇奢思想的盛行。

Hu Yiqiang 胡艺镪 Education: The Stone Drum Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies)

Abstract

As one of the "Four Most Prestigious Academies", the Stone Drum Academy is an important cultural treasure of China. However, due to various reasons, the Stone Drum Academy is rarely known. Even fragrant wine is afraid of deep alleyways. This article aims to give readers a more comprehensive and three-dimensional understanding of the Stone Drum Academy by introducing its history, main buildings, etc.

Key words

the Stone Drum Academy

1. Introduction

The definition of the "Four Most Prestigious Academies" has varied all over the history. Some people said they are "Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, White Deer Grotto Academy and Songyang Academy", while others asserted other versions like "Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, Stone Drum Academy, and White Deer Grotto Academy" or "Zulai Academy, Maoshan Academy, Stone Drum Academy and Yuelu Academy". In any case, among the three most widely circulated versions, two of them included the Stone Drum Academy, which is enough to prove the popularity and capability of the Stone Drum Academy. Accordingly, the Stone Drum Academy deserves the name of the "one of the Four Most Prestigious Academies". However, even so, there is very little knowledge in human mind about the Stone Drum Academy in comparison. The purpose of this article is to introduce the Stone Drum Academy both horizontally and vertically, so that readers can better understand that "thousand-year-old academy". (Baidu baike the Four Most Prestigious Academies)

2. The History of the Stone Drum Academy

The history of the Stone Drum Academy can be traced back to more than 1000 years ago. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907), an intellectual named Li Kuan who was a literati of Tang Dynasty studied in the Truth-seeking Temple on Stone Drum Hill, and then it was turned into an academy. In the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), the emperor bestowed a plaque of "Stone Drum Academy", which was called the Four Most Prestigious Academies, together with Yingtianfu Academy, White Deer Grotto Academy and Yuelu Academy at that time, attracting considerable famous scholars to come here, such as Zhu Xi who is a master of Confucianism and an ideologist in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), Xin Qiji who is the official, general and poet of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), Wen Tianxiang who is the statesman, poet and national hero of the Southern Song Dynasty and so on. In the following hundreds of years, the Stone Drum Academy experienced many wars and conflicts, was destroyed and rebuilt again and again, and finally became what we see today. (Ling Feifei 2007 1-3)

3. The Main Buildings of the Stone Drum Academy

The Stone Drum Academy, hidden in the Stone Drum Park today, covers an area of around 4000 square meters. It contains many places of interest, for example, the Stone Book, the Old Gingko Trees, the Front Gate, the Temple of Marquis, the Lecture Hall and the Daguan Tower, to name a few. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy) The Stone Book, 2.4 meters long and 1.8 meters wide, is a landmark building of the academy on the park square. The shape of the Stone Book is an open book made of marble, which is engraved with the Story of the Stone Drum Academy written by Zhu Xi, when he came the academy to give a lecture. People call it "a book whose page cannot be turned" because of its material, indicating the thousand-year academy's long history, and it is difficult to be shaken by the world. (Excellent interpretation of scenic areas丨the Stone Drum Academy in Hengyang) Next to the Stone Book is the Old Ginkgo Tree, which is still lush after the 1000-odd years vicissitudes of life, just like the academy itself. It is like a detached old man who looks coldly at the grievances of the world. It has seen the prosperity and decline of feudal dynasties, the brief prosperity of the Republic of China, the arrogance and embarrassment of foreign invaders, and the prosperity of the People's Republic of China. The flames of war did not destroy it, and peace enabled it more prosperous. It stands in the "Peach Blossom Source" of the Stone Drum Academy, which in Chinese culture stands for a place at peace with the rest of the world. Ten thousand years are just like one second. (Excellent interpretation of scenic areas丨the Stone Drum Academy in Hengyang) After entering the academy and walking through the stone steps at the end of the corridor, there is the Front Gate of The Stone Drum Academy. The two sides of the Front Gate are guarded by two stone drums standing on both sides, while other places use the stone lion generally to ward off evil spirits. I think this is also aimed at reflecting the "Stone Drum" Academy. In Chines culture, if there are stone drums at door, people can enjoy good health, happiness and contentment. There is also a big stone drum inside the door, 2.8 meters high and 1.6 meters in diameter. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy) Next to the Front Gate is the Temple of Marquis, which was built in memory of Zhuge Liang who the Prime Minister of Shu Han during the three Kingdoms period (220-228). He once stationed troops in Hengyang in which the Stone Drum Academy locates, and he lived on the Stone Drum Mountain. His loyalty and dedication to his country is admirable and touching to all the Chinese people. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy) The Lecture Hall, built in the Song Dynasty, is the main lecture place of the academy. In the hall, there are wood carvings of Li Kuan, Han Yu who was an official and writer in Tang Dynasty, Li Shizhen who was a scholar of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Dunyi who was the Neo-Confucianism of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi, Zhang Xian who was a scholar and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty and Huang Xian whose stone statues of them can be seen in the Stone Drum Park. In the extraordinary temperament and lifelike statues, they sit or stand, or hold books to study, or caress beard to meditate. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy) The Daguan Tower is the core building of the Stone Drum Academy, which is used to collect books upstairs and give lectures downstairs. "Daguan" in Chinese means that after going upstairs, you can overlook the world and care about the world. In front of the building stands a statue of Confucius who is the founder of Confucianism. (Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy)

4. Conclusion

The thousand-year-old academy has been reborn through the vicissitudes and tribulations of time and fire. Whether it is the stone books, ancient trees, gates and other famous monuments, or famous scholars such as Confucius, Li Kuan and Han Yu, they crossed the long river of time and met because of the Stone Drum Academy, and coincidentally contributed to the transmission and dissemination of the Hunan culture behind the academy.

Terms and Expressions

Four Most Prestigious Academies 四大书院 Yingtianfu Academy 应天府书院 Yuelu Academy 岳麓书院 White Deer Grotto Academy 白鹿洞书院 Songyang Academy 嵩阳书院 Stone Drum Academy 石鼓书院 Zulai Academy 徂徕书院 Maoshan Academy 茅山书院 Truth-seeking Temple 寻真观 Stone Drum Hill 石鼓山 Stone Drum Park 石鼓公园 the Front Gate 山门 the Temple of Marquis 武侯寺 the Lecture Hall 会讲堂 the Daguan Tower 大观楼 Story of the Stone Drum Academy 《石鼓书院记》 Peach Blossom Source 桃花源

Questions

1. What are the three most popular definitions of the "Four Most Prestigious Academies"? 2.Among these definitions, how many times does the Stone Drum Academy be mentioned? 3. What is the landmark building of the academy on the park square? 4. Who is the Temple of Marquis used to be built in memory of?

Answers

1. "Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, White Deer Grotto Academy and Songyang Academy "; "Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, Stone Drum Academy, and White Deer Grotto Academy"; "Zulai Academy, Maoshan Academy, Stone Drum Academy and Yuelu Academy". 2. two times. 3. The Stone Book. 4. Zhuge Liang.

Reference

[1] Baidu baike the Four Most Prestigious Academies百度百科 中国四大书院 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2/5919919 [2] Ling Feifei 凌飞飞."论石鼓书院的历史沿革与作用." 船山学刊 .03(2007):22-24. [3] Baidu baike the Stone Drum Academy 百度百科 石鼓书院 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9F%B3%E9%BC%93%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2/5155506?fr=aladdin [4] Excellent interpretation of scenic areas丨the Stone Drum Academy in Hengyang 景区优秀讲解词丨衡阳石鼓书院 https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1739413931232770626&wfr=spider&for=pc

摘要

作为中国四大书院之一，石鼓书院是中国重要的文化瑰宝。然而，由于各种原因，石鼓书院很少为人们所熟知。酒好也怕巷子深，本文通过介绍石鼓书院的历史、主要建筑等等，让读者对石鼓书院有一个更加全面、立体的认识。

关键词

石鼓书院

1. 引入

历史上，关于中国古代四大书院究竟是哪四大，有着几种不同的说法。有人说是“应天府书院、岳麓书院、白鹿洞书院和嵩阳书院”，然而，还有人认为是“应天府书院、岳麓书院、石鼓书院和白鹿洞书院”，或是“徂徕书院、茅山书院、石鼓书院和岳麓书院”。不管怎样，在上述三种流传最广的说法中，有两种都包含了石鼓书院。这足以证明石鼓书院的知名度和实力。因此，石鼓书院“中国四大书院”之名当之无愧。然而，即便如此，相比较而言，人们对石鼓书院所知甚少。本文旨在通过对石鼓书院进行横向、纵向的介绍，让读者更加了解这个“千年书院”。

2. 石鼓书院的历史

石鼓书院的历史，可以追溯到距今一千多年。唐朝时期，当时有个叫李宽的知识分子在石鼓山的寻真观里读书，于是就把那里改成了书院。到了北宋时期，皇上赐“石鼓书院”匾，并与当时的睢阳书院、白鹿洞书院和岳麓书院并称为四大书院，吸引了许多著名的学者到此云集，如：朱熹、辛弃疾、文天祥等等。而后，经历多次兵火、战乱，石鼓书院多次被毁坏，又多次被重建，最后成为了今天我们所看到的样子。

3. 石鼓书院的主要建筑

今天，石鼓书院位在石鼓公园中，总占地面积约40000平方米。其中包含许多名胜古迹，例如：石书、古银杏树、山门、武侯寺、会讲堂、大观楼等等。 石书在书院最外侧的广场上，长2.4米，宽1.8米，是书院的标志性建筑。石书的外形是一本巨大的摊开的大理石做的书，上面刻有朱熹来此讲学时写的《石鼓书院记》。人们叫它“有书翻不动”，除了因为其客观原因不能翻阅，还寓意千年书院源远流长，难以被世人轻易撼动。 石书旁边，是一株千年银杏树，历经沧桑却仍郁郁葱葱，同书院一样，历久弥新。它就像是一个超然物外的老者，冷眼看人间恩怨。它见过封建王朝的鼎盛和没落，见过中华民国的短暂繁荣，见过外国入侵者的嚣张和狼狈，见过中华人民共和国的蒸蒸日上。战火没有摧毁它，和平让它更加繁盛。它矗立在石鼓书院这个“桃花源”中，一眼万年。 进入书院后，走过长廊尽头的石阶，就到了石鼓书院的山门。山门的两侧由两面竖着的石鼓护卫，这在其他地方一般是用的镇灾辟邪的石狮，我想这应该也是为了体现这里是“石鼓”书院吧。在中国文化中，门前的石鼓寓意健康、幸福和满足。门内还有一面大鼓，同样是石头做的，高2.8米，直径1.6米。 山门旁边是武侯祠，是为了纪念诸葛亮修建的，诸葛亮曾驻军衡阳，住在石鼓山上，他对国家的忠诚与奉献令人敬佩与感动。 会讲堂建于宋朝，是书院主要的讲学场所，堂内有李宽、韩愈、李士真、周敦颐、朱熹、张栻、黄斡七贤的木刻像，石鼓公园内还有他们七人的石刻像，雕像中的他们或坐或站，或捧着书学习，或抚须沉思，气质非凡，栩栩如生。 大观楼是石鼓书院的核心建筑，楼上用来藏书，楼下用来讲学，“大观”寓意登上楼之后可以俯瞰天下、心系天下。楼前还立有儒家创始人孔夫子的塑像。

4. 结语

千年书院，历经沧桑，久经磨难，浴火重生。无论是石书、古树、山门等名胜古迹，还是孔明、李宽、韩愈等著名学者，他们跨越时间长河，因石鼓书院而相聚，不约而同地为书院背后的湖湘文化的传承传播贡献力量。

参考文献

[1] 百度百科 中国四大书院 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2/5919919 [2] 凌飞飞."论石鼓书院的历史沿革与作用." 船山学刊 .03(2007):22-24. [3] 百度百科 石鼓书院 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9F%B3%E9%BC%93%E4%B9%A6%E9%99%A2/5155506?fr=aladdin [4] 景区优秀讲解词丨衡阳石鼓书院 https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1739413931232770626&wfr=spider&for=pc