20230630 final exam culture 02
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Liu Xinwen 刘欣雯 - Nüshu：a letter that belongs exclusively to women
Nvshu：a letter that belongs exclusively to women
Abstract Nvshu, also known as Jiangyong Nvshu, is a letter circulated in Jiangyong, Hunan Province, China, which is only used by women. As an intangible cultural heritage, Nushu has high value in various fields. This article gives a brief overview of the basic situation, status and value of Nvshu.
Keywords Nvshu; Intangible cultural heritage; Language
Brief Introduction to Nvshu
The origin of Nvshu
"Nvshu", also known as "Nvzi", is a letter that is only circulated among women in Jiangyong County, Hunan Province and the around areas, so it is also called "Jiangyong Nvshu". Nvshu is unique among all kinds of scripts in the world, and it can be called an unparalleled female script symbol system.
Records of Nushu
Regarding Nvshu, the earliest documented record is the "Investigation Notes of Hunan Counties" (Volume 1) (《湖南各县调查笔记》上册) which was printed by Heji Printing Company and edited by Zeng Jiwu in July of the 20th year of the Republic of China (1931). "(Yongming County) Huashan Mountain is at the foot of the ridge. The stone is as exquisite as a flower. It is said that the sisters surnamed Tan in the Tang Dynasty learned Buddhism and practiced truth. (Temple) worship it... Every year in May, women from all townships burn incense and worship, hold singing fans and sing at the same time to mourn him. The small characters written on the fan are like Mongolian. No men in the county can understand this kind of characters”. According to subsequent textual research, “Written on the fan” is what we now call “Nvshu”, and “Small Characters” are “Nvzi”.
Form of Nvshu
The shape of Nvshu is peculiar, similar to deformed Chinese characters, but distinct from Chinese characters. Its appearance is in the shape of an oblique rhombus slightly inclined to the left, with the left part low and the right part high, resembling the character "多"; its strokes are uniform, the lines are slender, and there are four strokes: dot, vertical, oblique and arc. There are single characters. There are also combined characters. She is free and beautiful, like the wind blowing through willow leaves, also as the tip of a dancing knife--light and sharp, elegant and tough.
Voice of Nvshu
The language recorded in Nvshu is a distinctive dialect in the place where Nvshu is popular; it has unique means and methods of marking language, which can be used for homophonic borrowing, and more than a thousand characters of seven-character rhyme can be written with only more than 400 characters. According to experts' research, there are only about 500 single characters in Nüshu sorted out from original Nvshu works, arts and handicrafts, and it is said that there are at most about 2,000 characters in Nvshu. Female characters are similar to syllable characters, one character corresponds to one syllable, and corresponds to one or several Chinese characters with homonyms but different meanings in the local dialect. But there is not a one-to-one correspondence between female characters and syllables, and there may be multiple characters corresponding to the same syllable.
The meaning of Nushu
Status of Nvshu
Nvshu has distinctive regionality, uniqueness, endangerment, and important research value for many fields of humanities. Nvshu has become a bright pearl in the cultural heritage of mankind.In April 2002, Nvshu was included in the "List of Chinese Archives and Literature Heritage" by the State Archives Administration; in October 2005, Nvshu was selected as the most gender-conscious writing candidate in the world by Guinness World Records; on May 20, 2006, The State Council announced the first batch of 518 items on the national intangible cultural heritage list, and "Nvshu custom" is impressively listed; in 2007, Nvshu became one of the "Memory Project" projects of the Ford Foundation in the United States; in 2008, Nvshu was declared as a The only representative work in Hunan Province of "Masterpieces of Human Oral and Intangible Heritage" is submitted to the national cultural department, and is expected to sprint for world-class intangible cultural heritage.
The value of Nvshu
Nvshu reflects the pursuit and practical exploration of talented and intelligent women to express their thoughts and enrich their spiritual world under the patriarchal system. From the content point of view, Nushu works have distinct characteristics of the times, regions and genders, and can be divided into three types: self-created, recorded and translated. For example, the Three Dynasties and biographies are self-created works composed of local women's own words and sentences. Nursery songs, folk songs, weeping wedding songs, riddles and other recorded works, as well as Nvshu texts translated from works such as "The Flower Girl". These all present the real life and rich spiritual world of local women, and reflect women's independent consciousness of pursuing individual freedom and sound personality. In terms of function, Nushu is not only a communication medium for local women to seek friendship and meet their own social interaction needs, but also a lubricant to enhance emotions and exchanges between women. In the common life field, women in Jiangyong County communicate and communicate with Nvshu, realize self-education imperceptibly in sharing knowledge and wisdom with each other, and then complete the individual socialization process, which reflects the profound education of Nvshu significance. In short, Nvshu, as a tool of expression, closely connects women living in different fields and spaces, and serves as a cultural bridge and a medium for exchanging information between sworn sisters. At the same time, Nushu portrays the awakening of women's self-awareness, embodying women's spirit of breaking through cultural confinement and pursuing freedom and equality.
Inheritance of Nushu
Inheritance of Nushu
Nvshu culture takes women as the carrier, and is inherited by singing female songs, reading Nvshu, writing Nvzi, and being a female celebrity. Nvzi, Nvshu, and Nvshu culture are dynamically passed down from generation to generation among female groups. Nushu is handed down from generation to generation in the form of family inheritance and teaching from relatives and friends; it is closely integrated with women's unique folk activities such as marriage, festivals, temple fairs, etc., and fully demonstrates its function and value. Every Nvshu work not only inherits the collective wisdom condensed in words and writing, but also contains individual innovations in thought, emotion and language. In a specific geographical space, in a specific female group, relying on a specific ecological environment and folk traditions, Nvshu has been passed down from generation to generation and is endless. The world is independent, but it is closely related to the people who were born and raised here. The users of Nushu are all women. In the patriarchal society, they have equal status and similar fate. They are sisters in the same disease emotionally. For them, Nushu is a "common discourse" for exchanging feelings and pouring out their hearts, and it is an equal tool and resource for every member. There is no more "authoritative" or "superior" font version.
The Inheritance Value of Nushu
Nvshu, as a secret means of communication between women, has become a thing of the past, but the vitality of Nvshu will not cease. The radiation of Nvshu culture itself has gone far beyond the scope of small groups who worship sisters. In terms of belief, the incense is very strong. Every year, women in villages and even towns far and near bring Nvshu manuscripts to pray to the goddess; in terms of customs, using Nvshu couplets and Nvzi patterns to decorate homes, and the transformation of Nvshu has been handed down from the land. In terms of industrial development, the trademark of Nvshu has been preemptively registered and the craftsmanship of Nvshu is constantly innovating, and the art of Nvshu and Nvshu tourism are hot; In terms of academic research, philology, linguistics, folk literature, history, and archaeology , Folklore, Anthropology, Sociology, Feminology, Ethnic Culture History and other disciplines have explored and studied Nvshu one after another.
The situation of Nushu
However, the inheritance of Nvshu’ situation is not optimistic. With the passing away of the last natural inheritor, Yang Huanyi, Jiangyong Nvshu once fell into a crisis of inheritance fault. And now there are voices of doubt denying that Nvshu is a female-only language, denying its group uniqueness and gender characteristics, and even denying that it was created and inherited by women, claiming that its inventor is a man, and that the official name of Jiangyong Nvshu should be changed to "Long-legged text" is not only a kind of cultural deprivation, but also a kind of alienation of history. Jiangyong Nushu is not optimistic in terms of the inheritors or the current inheritance situation. The precious educational value contained in the Nushu culture also needs to wait for an opportunity to revitalize.
Conclusion
Nushu is the only text created and used by women in the world. It is the resistance of women in the face of the social discipline and the traditional concept of suppressing women, and the efforts to seek self-breakthrough and independent growth. As an intangible culture and production, Nushu has important social and historical value as well as cultural and artistic value, and its protection and inheritance are worth people's efforts.
Terminology
archaeology n. 考古学，古物 rhombus n. [数] 菱形；[数] 斜方形Question Intangible Heritage 非物质文化遗产 natural inheritor 自然传承人
Question
1.What is the shape of Nvshu? 2.Which year was Jiangyong Nvshu listed as an intangible cultural heritage? 3.What is the functional value of Nvshu?
Answer
1. Its appearance is in the shape of an oblique rhombus slightly inclined to the left, with the left part low and the right part high, resembling the character "多". 2. 2006. 3. In terms of function, Nushu is not only a communication medium for local women to seek friendship and meet their own social interaction needs, but also a lubricant to enhance emotions and exchanges between women.
References
[1]He Xianghua何华湘. 非物质文化遗产的传播研究[D].华东师范大学,2010.[ Research on the dissemination of intangible cultural heritage] [2]Zhang Yueming章悦茗.江永女书及其文化传承[J].新疆艺术(汉文),2023(01):114-120.[ Jiangyong Nvshu and its cultural inheritance] [3]He Yan何研.江永女书传承人制度探析[J].文化遗产,2021(03):48-55.[Investigation and analysis of Jiangyong Nushu Inheritor system] [4]Shan Xiaoting. Introduction to Jiangyong Nvshu[J]. Translating China,2017,3.0(4.0). 女书：独属于女性的文字
摘要： 女书，又称作江永女书，是在中国湖南省江永一带流传的，仅被女性使用的文字，作为非物质文化遗产，女书在多种领域具有极高的价值。本文对女书的基本概况和地位、价值进行简单概述。 Abstract Nvshu, also known as Jiangyong Nvshu, is a letter circulated in Jiangyong, Hunan Province, China, which is only used by women. As an intangible cultural heritage, Nushu has high value in various fields. This article gives a brief overview of the basic situation, status and value of Nvshu.
关键词：
女书；非物质文化遗产；语言
Keywords
Nvshu; Intangible cultural heritage; Language
女书的简介
女书的起源
“女书”，也被称为“女字”，它是只流传在湖南省江永县及其近邻一带妇女之间使用的文字，故也被称之为“江永女书”。 女书在世界各种文字中具有独特性,堪称举世无双的女性文字符号体系。
女书的记载
关于女书，目前最早的文献记载是民国二十年(1931年)7月由和济印刷公司印刷、曾继梧编的《湖南各县调查笔记》(上册),其中永明部分的“花山”条载道:“(永明县)花山,在层岭之麓,石玲珑若花然,相传唐时谭姓姊妹,学佛修真,人山采药,相与坐化于此,土人于山巅立(庙)祀之……每岁五月,各乡妇女焚香膜拜,持歌扇同声歌唱,以追悼之。其歌扇所书蝇头细字,似蒙古文。全县男子能识此种字者，余未之见。”根据之后的考证，“其歌扇所书”就是我们现在说的“女书”,“蝇头细字”就是“女字”。
女书的形态
女字形体奇特,类似变形的汉字,但与汉字又有鲜明的不同。其外观形态呈向左微倾的斜菱形，左部低右部高,形似“多”字;其笔画均匀,线条纤细,共有点、竖、斜、弧四种笔画，有独体字,也有合体字。她自由而美丽，像轻拂过柳叶的风，又如起舞的刀尖。柔美而锋利，飘逸而坚韧。
女书的语音
女书记录的语言是女书流行地的与众不同的方言；它标记语言的手段和方法奇特，可以同音借代，用仅有的四百多个字符可以写出千余字的七字韵文来。 据专家考证，从女书作品、艺术手工品等原件中整理出来的女书单字只有五百个左右，据说最多总共有两千左右女书字符。女字类似音节文字，一个字符对应一个音节,对应当地方言中的一个或若干个同音不同义的汉字。但是女字和音节之间并非一一对应的关系同一个音节也可能存在多个字符与之对应。
女书的意义
女书的地位
女书具有鲜明的地域性、唯一性、濒危性,以及对于多个人文学科领域的重要研究价值,女书成为人类文化遗产中一颗璀璨的明珠。2002年4月,女书被国家档案局列人“中国档案文献遗产名录”;2005年10月,女书作为世界上最具性别意识的文字人选吉尼斯世界纪录;2006年5月20日,国务院公布第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录518项，“女书习俗”赫然在列;2007年,女书成为美国福特基金会“记忆工程”项目之一;2008年,女书作为申报世界“人类口述和非物质遗产代表作”的湖南省唯一代表作品上报国家文化部门,有望冲刺世界级非物质文化遗产。
女书的价值
女书反映了有才华、有智慧的女性在父权制度下对表达思想、充实精神世界的追求与实践探索。 从内容上看，女书作品具有鲜明的时代、区域与性别特征，可以分为自创、记录与翻译三种，例如三朝书、传记等由当地女性自行遣词造句而成的为自创作品，儿歌、山歌、哭嫁歌、谜语等记录作品，以及《卖花女》等著作翻译而成的女书文本。这些都呈现了当地女性真实的生活与丰富的精神世界，体现女性追求个性自由与健全人格的独立意识。 就功能而言，女书既是当地女性寻求友情、满足自身社会交往需要的传播媒介，又是增进女性之间情感与交流的润滑剂。在共同的生活场域中，江永县妇女们借助女书进行交往、沟通，在互相分享知识与智慧中潜移默化地实现自我教育，进而完成个体的社会化过程，体现了女书深远的育人意义。 总之，女书作为一种表达工具，将生活在不同场域、不同空间的女性紧密联结，是维系结拜姐妹之间的文化桥梁与互通信息的媒介。与此同时，女书刻画了女性自我意识的觉醒，体现了女性勇于突破文化禁锢、追求自由与平等的精神。
女书的传承
女书的传承方式
女书文化以女人为载体，以唱女歌、读女书、写女字、做女红为传承方式，女字、女书,以及女书文化,在一代代女性群体之间动态传承。女书采取家传、亲朋相教的方式世代相传；它和妇女特有的婚嫁、岁时节日、庙会等民俗活动紧紧融合在一起，充分表现了自己的功能和价值。 每一份女书作品既秉承了凝聚在文字和章法间的群体智慧，又包含了思想、情感和语言上的个体创新。在特定的地理空间，在特定的女性群体,依赖特定的生态环境、民俗传统,女书代代传承,生生不息。遗世独立,却又与生于兹长于兹的一方水土戚戚相关。女书的使用者皆为女性,在男权社会,她们地位平等,命运相仿,在情感上同病相怜,互为姊妹。女书在她们这里,是交流感情、倾吐心声的“共同话语”,是对每一个成员平等的工具和资源,不存在比较“权威”或比较“优越”的字体版本。
女书的传承价值
女书作为女性之间秘密的交流通讯方式已经成为过去，但女书的生命力并不会终止。女书文化自身的辐射已经远远超出结拜姊妹的小群体范围。在信仰方面,香火旺盛,每年都有远近村庄甚至城镇里的妇女携了女书文稿去向女神祈愿;在习俗方面,用女书楹联、女字图案装点家居、化已是女书传地的普遍风尚;在产业开发方面,女书商标连遭抢注,女书工艺不断创新,女书艺术、女书旅游炙手可热;在学术研究方面，文字学、语言学、民间文学、历史学、考古学、民俗学、人类学、社会学、女性学、民族文化史等等学科领域对女书的探索和研究此起彼伏。
女书的传承现状
但女书的传承并不容乐观，随着最后一位自然传承人阳焕宜先辈谢世，江永女书一度陷入传承断层危机。并且如今有质疑之声否认女书是女性的独属文字，否认其群体独特性和性别特质，甚至否定其由女性创造传承，称其发明者为男性，认为江永女书官方名当改为“长脚文”，这不仅是一种文化剥夺，也是一种对历史的异化。江永女书无论是在传承人还是当下的传承情况方面都不容乐观，女书文化中蕴含的宝贵育人价值也需要等待一个焕发生机的契机。
结论
女书是世界上唯一由女性创作和使用的文字，是女性面对社会固存的规训和压抑女性的传统观念的反抗，是努力寻求自我突破与独立成长。作为非物质文化与产，女书具有重要的社会历史价值和文化艺术价值，其保护与传承值得人们为之努力。
Question问题
1. What is the shape of Nvshu? 女书的形态是什么样的？ 2. Which year was Jiangyong Nvshu listed as an intangible cultural heritage? 女书在哪一年被列入非物质文化遗产名录？ 3. What is the functional value of Nvshu? 女书有什么功能价值？
Answer回答
1. Its appearance is in the shape of an oblique rhombus slightly inclined to the left, with the left part low and the right part high, resembling the character "多". 其外观形态呈向左微倾的斜菱形，左部低右部高,形似“多”字 2. 2006. 3. In terms of function, Nushu is not only a communication medium for local women to seek friendship and meet their own social interaction needs, but also a lubricant to enhance emotions and exchanges between women. 就功能而言，女书既是当地女性寻求友情、满足自身社会交往需要的传播媒介，又是增进女性之间情感与交流的润滑剂。
References参考
[1]He Xianghua何华湘. 非物质文化遗产的传播研究[D].华东师范大学,2010.[ Research on the dissemination of intangible cultural heritage] [2]Zhang Yueming章悦茗.江永女书及其文化传承[J].新疆艺术(汉文),2023(01):114-120.[ Jiangyong Nvshu and its cultural inheritance] [3]He Yan何研.江永女书传承人制度探析[J].文化遗产,2021(03):48-55.[Investigation and analysis of Jiangyong Nushu Inheritor system] [4]Shan Xiaoting. Introduction to Jiangyong Nvshu[J]. Translating China,2017,3.0(4.0).
Qin Anni 秦安妮 - Economy: Zibo Barbecue
Introduction
Many domestic media has reported that Zibo, a city in East China's Shandong Province, has topped the chart of China's hottest travel destinations during this year's May Day. You can eat meat wuth scallions and sauces there. And with the "small cake oven and dip" barbecue three-piece set, "Zibo barbecue" quickly went out of the circle. Tens of thousands of tourists from home and abroad come here for a taste of the popular Zibo barbecue. "Zibo Barbecue" nowadays is a buzzword and the popularity of Zibo barbecue also drives the rapid transformation of the whole city. Local government officials said they hope to make Zibo Barbecue a name card of Shandong Province, shifting from the former industrial base into a tourist city to serve tourists better. Local residents such as barbecue stall owners and taxi drivers, also warmly welcome tourists, hoping that their hometown would become more prosperous.
据国内各大媒体报道，今年五一小长假山东淄博位居中国热门旅游地榜首。蘸酱、卷肉、放葱、用手一撸，凭着“小饼烤炉加蘸料”灵魂烧烤三件套，“淄博烧烤”迅速出圈。数以万计的国内外游客慕名而来，为的是尝一口火出圈的淄博烧烤。如今，“淄博烧烤”已成为一个热门词汇，淄博烧烤的火爆也带动整座城市的迅速转型。当地政府官员表示希望把“淄博烧烤”打造成山东省的名片，实现旧工业基地向旅游城市的转型，更好地服务接待游客。当地居民如烧烤摊摊主、出租车司机也向游客们表示热烈欢迎，希望家乡能发展得越来越繁华昌盛。
Reasons for its popularity
Social medias
Chinese people are good at cooking food. The Eight Cuisines are perfect in color, flavor and taste, each with its own characteristics and among it Shandong cuisine is the first. As a Shandong cuisine city, Zibo is unique and charmful, and its barbecue is also slightly different from other areas, which attracts numerous tourists. However, it is undeniable that Zibo has been widely disseminated through social media and other new media platforms, which has enhanced its brand awareness and influence. At the same time, it also drives the extension effect and topic of the barbecue industry by creating a unique barbecue cultural IP.
中国人在做美食方面是一把好手。八大菜系色香味俱全，各具特色，其中鲁菜位于八大菜系之首。淄博是一座独具魅力的鲁菜名城，它的烧烤也与其他地区略有不同，吸引来大批游客。但也不可否认，淄博通过社交媒体等新媒体平台进行广泛传播，提升了其品牌的知名度和影响力。同时，也通过打造独特的烧烤文化IP，带动了烧烤产业外延效应和话题性。
Rich ingredients and unique way to eat
Zibo barbecue initially went viral because of its rich ingredients and unique way of eating it. On the Zibo barbecue table, roasted skewers of meat, vegetables, seafood and all kinds of food can be seen everywhere. Compared with barbecue in other places, Zibo barbecue is medium cooked before serving. So customers can process it on their own table stoves according to their personal tastes and preferences, which enhances their experience of eating barbecue. In addition, the food is often eaten rolled with pancakes, scallions and other sauces, which provides a rich taste and you are never feel enough of it. "The air is fragrant with cumin." This is the first impression on Zibo barbecue for many visitors to Zibo.
淄博烧烤最初走红的原因是其食材丰富，吃法独特。在淄博烧烤的餐桌上，烤肉串、烤蔬菜、烤海鲜和各种美食随处可见。相比于其他地方的烤串，淄博的烧烤在上桌前只烤到了七八分熟，这样顾客就可以根据个人口味和喜好在自己桌上的火炉上进行加工，增强吃烧烤的体验感。另外，各种烤串通常会搭配饼皮、大葱和其他酱汁一起卷起来吃，口感层次丰富，同时饼皮和大葱也恰到好处地解腻。“空气里都是香喷喷的孜然味。”这是许多游客到淄博的第一感受。
Prices and tastes
Another reason is that Zibo barbecue is cheap and delicious and vendors there are sincere. Roast vegetables are mostly 1 yuan a bunch with meat about 2 yuan, and even two chicken wings only sells for 4 yuan. Compared with other celebrity tourism cities, which raise prices during holidays and deceive customers at random, Zibo has always stabilized prices to impress consumers with sincerity. And accept barbecues, cheating customers is rare in Zibo's markets and other small stalls. Once found, the government will immediately give a warning to strengthen their management.
另一个原因是烧烤便宜好吃，商家真诚良心。烤蔬菜大部分是一元一串，肉类也是两元左右，两个鸡翅只要四元。相较于其他网红旅游城市每逢节假日提高售价，胡乱宰客的现象，淄博始终稳定物价用诚意打动消费者。除此，不仅仅是烧烤，在淄博的菜市场和其他小摊位上，也很少存在缺斤少两、欺骗顾客的行为。一经发现，政府立即会予以警告，加强管理。
Policies
The last reason is the policy for convenient tourism. Since the popularity of Zibo barbecue, government officials have continuously implemented many relevant policies to strengthen market management, calling on Zibo people to serve tourists together and contribute to the construction of their hometown. There are free mobile phone charging plugs in streets and free sanitary napkins provided in public toilets. When taking a taxi, the driver showes a good attitude and takes the initiative to introduce the culture and scenic spots of Zibo as well as the daily life style of Zibo people. He said frankly, "Zibo Barbecue is greatly related to the strong execution force of the government. And the prices for hotels never go up, and even many residents rent out their homes cheaply to tourists. Even the director of the Zibo Culture and Tourism Bureau in person took the sign to the station to welcome tourists from all around the country.
最后一个原因是当地便民利民的旅游政策。自从淄博烧烤走红后，政府官员一刻不停地出台相关政策，加强市场管理，号召淄博人民一起为游客服务，为家乡的建设出力。街道边安置着免费使用的手机充电插头，公共卫生间里提供免费的卫生巾。出门打车，网约车司机态度很好，主动介绍淄博的文化和景点，也介绍淄博人的日常生活方式，坦言“淄博烧烤，跟政府的执行力很强有很大的关系。酒店住房和烧烤价格从不上涨，还有不少居民把自己的房子低价出租给游客。就连淄博的文旅局局长也亲自拿着牌子到车站亲自迎接来自全国各地的游客。
The history and culture
Zibo Barbecue has promoted the development of 16 prefecture-level cities and the quality of life of more than 100 million people in Shandong Province. The history of Zibo barbecue can even be traced back to the Neolithic Age. The Zhaojia Xuyao Site in Linzi District, Zibo City has been included in the list of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in the country in 2022. The remains of barbecued food dating back about 13,000 years were found here.
淄博烧烤带动了整个山东省16个地级市和1亿多人的文旅生态。淄博烧烤的历史，甚至可以追溯到新石器时代。淄博市临淄区赵家徐姚遗址，被列入2022年全国十大考古新发现名单，这里发现了距今约1.3万年的烧烤食物遗存。
Zibo is located in Shandong Province of China, which is rich in Qilu culture. Qi culture advocates utilitarianism while Lu culture attaches importance to ethics; Qi culture emphasizes innovation while Lu culture emphasizes tradition. The two cultures blend together and nourish Chinese culture. Qilu culture focuses on the relationship between man and man, between man and nature and between man and society. It is the spiritual food for people to cultivate their moral character and improve their ideological realm. The principles of Confucius and Mencius of benevolence, justice and propriety, wisdom and faith, and the vigorous spirit of unremitting self-improvement have been passed down for thousands of years. It was, it is and it will be passed forever. That is why Zibo is a city with strong cultural atmosphere and touching humanistic feelings, and it has great potential for development. In addition to that, Zibo also has many intangible cultural heritages. And what is more, it is also the birthplace of football in China and even the world.
淄博位于中国山东，蕴含着丰富是齐鲁文化。齐文化崇尚功利，鲁文化重视伦理；齐文化讲求革新，鲁文化重视传统。两种文化交融在一起，滋养着中华文化。齐鲁文化关注人与人、人与自然及人与社会的关系，是民众修身养性、提升思想境界的精神食粮。仁义礼智信的孔孟之道，自强不息的刚健精神得以千百年传颂，经久不衰。淄博的城市人文气息浓烈，人文情怀动人，它的发展潜力巨大。同时，淄博还有很多非物质文化遗产，它也是中国乃至世界的足球发源地。
Conclusions
After all, behind the popularity of Zibo Barbecue is the cheap and delicious barbecue, conscientious vendors and pragmatic and enthusiastic policy-makers. With the steady acceleration of China's modernization, Chinese people's demand for a better life is growing. During the holidays, many people choose to travel to different places. And with the beautiful scenery and delicious food, which is of equal importance in the tourist area is the local customs. It is Zibo people's diligence, kindness and warm hospitality that win them the reputation of good city, good people and good tourist destinations .
说到底，淄博烧烤走红的背后是一串串便宜好吃的烧烤，一个个良心做生意的淄博人民，一位位务实热情的政府人员。随着中国现代化进程稳步加快，人民对美好生活的需求日益提高。每逢节假日，许多人都会选择去各地旅游。而和旅游区的风景、美食一样重要的是当地的风土人情。淄博人民的勤劳善良、热情好客和淄博烧烤一样，也是这座城市的名片。
When Zibo Barbecue went viral and took off, many people predicted Zibo would soon lose a lot of tourists and its reputation. There are a bunch of reasons. For example, because they held the ideas that there are not so many tall buildings in Zibo and there are not so many bright and beautiful lights in the city. But what they ignored was that this city is a historical city, where the people are simple and kind, where the environment is beautiful and vigorous, and where the culture is enduring. We hope that Zibo barbecue can become better and better, and hope that Zibo will continuously creat its development potential to spread excellent Chinese culture and promote the development of the city and the improvement of people's living standards. At the same time, we also hope that many cities around our country can take Zibo as a example and bring more humanistic care to us.
当淄博烧烤兴起时，许多人预测不久后淄博就会失去大批游客。因为淄博没有很多高楼大厦，没有璀璨的灯光。但是他们忽视的是这座城市是一座历史古城，这里的人民淳朴善良，这里的环境美丽宜居，这里的文化历久不衰。我们希望淄博的烧烤能够越做越好，期望淄博不断挖掘它的发展潜力，传播优秀的中国文化，促进城市的发展和人民生活水平的提高。同时我们也希望全国各地许多城市能像淄博学习，带来更多的人文关怀。
Terms and Expressions
chart 排行榜
Zibo barbecue 淄博烧烤
buzzword 热词
a name card 名片
the former industrial base 旧工业基地
skewer 烤串签子
scallions 大葱
pragmatic 务实的
sanitary napkins 卫生棉
intangible cultural heritages 非物质文化遗产
unremitting 坚持不懈的
benevolence 仁爱
vigorous 充满活力的
enduring 历久不衰的
Questions
1. Why has Zibo become the hottest travel destinations in China during this year's May Day?
2. What are the reasons for the popularity of Zibo barbecue?
3. How long is the history of Zibo barbecue?
4. What is Qilu culture?
Answers
1. Because Zibo Barbecue went viral.
2. Social medias, Rich ingredients and unique way to eat, Prices and tastes and policies.
3. About 13,000 years.
4. Qilu culture focuses on the relationship between man and man, between man and nature and between man and society.
References
[1]李刚,王惜纯,胡立彪,张文礼,朱文达. “淄博烧烤”火爆的质量密码[N]. 中国质量报,2023-05-18(001).DOI:10.28164/n.cnki.nczlb.2023.001442.
[2]兰馨. 淄博烧烤：一场烟火气的服务营销布局[N]. 中国贸易报,2023-05-09(005).DOI:10.28113/n.cnki.ncmyb.2023.000531.
[3]吴刚. 淄博烧烤与城市秉性[N]. 团结报,2023-05-28(001).
[4]赵华.传承齐鲁文化 提升中华民族凝聚力[J].黄河.黄土.黄种人,2023(04):36-38.
Xie Shiyi 谢诗祎 - Literature：Yuan- dynasty zaju
Introduction
Yuan-Dynasty Zaju, also known as Northern Zaju, is a traditional form of opera sung in the Yuan dynasty using the Northern Song. It was formed during the Song Dynasty and flourished during the Yuan period (second half of the 13th century to 14th century). The main representative writers include Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu. As the representative literature of the Yuan dynasty, Yuan Zaju are on a par with poetry in Tang dynasty, lyrics in Song dynasty and novels in Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty. Its content focuses on exposing the darkness of society and reflecting the plight of the people, combining realism and romanticism. 元杂剧_百度百科 (baidu.com) 元杂剧，又称北杂剧，是元代用北曲演唱的传统戏曲形式。形成于宋代，兴盛于元代（13世纪后半期-14世纪）。主要代表作家有，关汉卿、郑光祖、马致远、白朴等。元杂剧作为元代的代表性文学，与唐诗、宋词、明清小说齐名。其内容以揭露社会黑暗，反映人民疾苦为主，现实主义与浪漫主义相结合。
The origin and the development of Yuan Zaju
The Yuan Zaju is a complete form of drama that was formed under the direct influence of the Song Zaju and the Jin Yuanben, and is a fusion of various performing art forms. It is also a mature literary play based on the script, lyrics and sung literature of the Tang and Song dynasties. The development of Yuan Zaju has gone through a process from the incipient stage to the mature stage. In the early stages, Yuan Zaju were mainly performed by a number of wandering artists and folk actors and underwent many changes before becoming definitive until they gradually formed their own complete performance form and artistic style. In the mature stage, Yuan Miscellaneous Opera gradually reached its peak. What distinguishes Yuan Zaju from previous forms of opera is that it incorporates many different performance forms, such as singing, dancing, rapping, vaudeville and comedy. In addition, the storylines of Yuan operas are often based on folklore, historical stories and famous operas, and are highly cultural in nature. 元杂剧的起源与发展历程 元杂剧在宋杂剧和金院本的直接影响下，融合了各种艺术形式而形成的一种新的表演艺术形式。其剧本在唐宋以来话本、词曲、讲唱文学的基础上形成了成熟的文学剧本。元杂剧的发展历程中，经历了从初创阶段到成熟阶段的过程。在初期，元杂剧主要由一些流浪艺人和民间演员表演，在定型前经历了多次变革，直到逐渐形成了自己完整的表演形式和艺术风格。在成熟阶段，元杂剧逐渐走向了高峰。元杂剧与以往的戏曲形式不同之处在于它融合了许多不同的表演形式，如唱歌、舞蹈、说唱、杂耍和相声等。此外，元杂剧的故事情节常常取材于民间传说、历史故事和戏曲名著等，极具文化内涵。
The reasons for the flourishing of Yuan Zaju
What were the reasons for the flourishing of Yuan Zaju? There are the reasons as follows. Firstly, the prosperity of the market economy and the artistic performance socialize and commercialize. The rapid economic development of the cities in the Song and Yuan dynasties and the abundance of material conditions provided the necessary material conditions for the flourishing of Yuan Zaju. Secondly, The Yuan dynasty was characterised by social and ethnic tensions, and a 'four-class system' was introduced, dividing all people into four classes: Mongols, Scythians, Han Chinese and Southerners, with different classes enjoying different social rights and economic status. Many of the literati also suffered from such persecution and, as a result, they were in close contact with the lower classes, which provided them with a wealth of material for their writing and also contributed to the language of Yuan Zaju, which is very colloquial and easy to understand. Thirdly, the creators and actors are numerous. The Yuan Dynasty was a period of great ethnic integration, with a vast territory and many people-to-people communications. Also, the law was brutal and there was a strong sense of rebellion. 原因类（元杂剧兴盛原因） (baidu.com) 那元杂剧为什么在元朝兴盛呢？以下是具体原因：首先，市场经济与艺术表演形式社会化、商业化。宋代、元代的城市经济发展迅速，物质条件丰富，为元杂剧的兴盛提供了必要的物质条件。其次，元朝社会矛盾与民族矛盾突出，在民族上实行“四等人制”，将所有人分为蒙古人、色目人、汉人、南人四个等级，不同等级享有不同的社会权利与经济地位。许多文人同样遭受了此类的迫害，因此，他们与底层人民的联系同样十分密切，为其创作提供了丰富的素材，同样也造就了元杂剧的语言特色——通俗平易，极具口语化。最后，创作者与演员众多，元朝是一个民族大融合时期，人口众多，民间交流多，法令残酷，人们的反抗意识强烈。
Masterpieces of Yuan Zaju
The masterpieces of Yuan Zaju include Dou E ’s Grievances, Autumn in the Han Palace and The Western Chamber. Among them, Dou E ’s Grievous is regarded as a classic among Yuan operas. It tells the story of Dou E, a beautiful and chaste widow who suffers great misfortune and injustice because she refuses to be pestered by the powerful and rich, and eventually commits suicide because she cannot bear it anymore. The play profoundly reveals the darkness and cruelty of society at the time and has had a profound impact on Chinese cultural traditions.
Through Dou E's tragic ordeal, Dou E exposes the cruelty of usury, the chaos of society and the darkness of the government during the Yuan Dynasty. It successfully portrays the tragic heroine Dou E, making her a representative of the oppressed, exploited and damaged women of the Yuan Dynasty, and a typical example of the kind, strong and rebellious women at the bottom of the Yuan Dynasty. 感天动地窦娥冤_百度百科 (baidu.com)
The main content of Autumn in the Han Palace is a depiction of Emperor Han Yuan's love for Wang Zhaojun and, at the same time, of Wang Zhaojun's feelings for her motherland, intertwining these two aspects of the depiction. It also criticizes the faint-hearted and incompetent civil and military officials of the feudal society, denouncing their cowardly attitudes when they are overwhelmed by enemies; it criticizes them for sharing a banquet of peace in times of peace, but being inferior to a woman in times of national tragedy. 破幽梦孤雁汉宫秋_百度百科 (baidu.com)
The Western Chamber has a strong anti-feudal ritualistic undertone, as the author writes about the desire of young people for love, about the inexorable and legitimate nature of love and desire, and about the conflict between young people's own aspirations and the will of their parents; he expresses the idea of love as 'may all lovers in the world become lovers'. 崔莺莺待月西厢记_百度百科 (baidu.com) 元杂剧代表作 元杂剧的代表作有《窦娥冤》、《汉宫秋》和《西厢记》等。其中，《窦娥冤》被誉为元杂剧中的经典之作。该剧讲述了一个美丽贞洁的寡妇窦娥，因为拒绝权贵纠缠，遭受极大的不幸与冤屈，最终因不堪忍受而自杀身亡的故事。这部戏深刻揭示了当时社会的黑暗和残酷，对中国文化传统产生了深远影响。
《窦娥冤》通过窦娥的悲惨遭遇，揭露了元代社会高利贷盘剥的残酷、社会的混乱、官府的黑暗。 成功地塑造了悲剧女主人公窦娥的形象，使其成为元代被压迫、被剥削、被损害的妇女的代表，成为元代底层善良、坚强而走向反抗的妇女的典型。
《汉宫秋》的主要内容是描写了汉元帝对王昭君的爱情，同时，又写出了王昭君对祖国的感情，并把这两方面的描写交织在一起。此外还批判了封建社会昏庸无能的文武百官，痛斥他们存大敌压境时的怯懦态度；批判了他们在太平时可以共享太平宴，国难时却不如一个女子。 《西厢记》具有很浓的反封建礼教的色彩，作者写青年人对爱情的渴望，写情与欲的不可遏制与正当合理，写青年人自身的愿望与家长意志的冲突；表达了“愿天下有情的都成了眷属”的爱情观。
Chinese Ideas in Yuan Zaju
Through the introduction of the main works of these Yuan Zaju, we can find that the central idea expressed in most of them is to punish evil and promote good, with good people getting a happy ending and bad people being punished. Close to the Chinese concept, it can be said, "Whatever you put out there comes back to you." At the same time, there is much depiction of the rebellion of the underclass against the powerful and the traditional feudal rituals. It also shows the aspirations of the underclass for equal rights. In modern times, although Yuan Zaju is no longer a mainstream form of opera, its deep historical and cultural heritage and exquisite performance art continue to attract large audiences and artists. Many traditional Yuan opera works have been adapted and innovated and are still showing their charms on stage. At the same time, more and more young performers are beginning to learn and pass on this traditional cultural art of Yuan Zaoshi opera, taking it upon themselves to preserve and promote China's excellent traditional culture. More importantly, the Yuan Zaju were written by artists who observed the lives of the people, not just glorifying the high society of the highbrow drama but were truly integrated into our daily lives and were recognized and known by the people.
元杂剧中的中国思想
通过这几部元杂剧主要作品的介绍，我们可以发现大多数作品表达的中心思想都是惩恶扬善，好人得到了圆满的结局，坏人得到了报应与惩戒。贴近中国人的观念，可谓是， “善有善报，恶有恶报。”同时，在这其中，有着不少描绘出了底层人民对于权贵的反抗与对传统封建礼教的反叛，表现出了底层人民对于平等权利的渴望。在现代，尽管元杂剧已不再是主流戏曲形式，但其深厚的历史文化底蕴和精湛的表演艺术仍然在吸引着大量的观众和艺术家。许多传统元杂剧作品经过改编和创新后，仍然在舞台上展现着自己的魅力。同时，也有越来越多的年轻演员开始学习和传承元杂剧这一传统文化艺术，以保护和发扬中华优秀传统文化为己任。更重要的是，元杂剧是艺术家们通过观察人民生活所作，而不仅仅是歌颂上流社会的阳春白雪，而是真正地融入我们的日常生活中，而被人们所认可与熟知。
Terms
four classes 四等人制 Dou E ’s Grievances 《窦娥冤》 Autumn in the Han Palace 《汉宫秋》 The Western Chamber 《西厢记》
References
[1] Baidu Baike Yuan Zaju 百度百科 元杂剧 元杂剧_百度百科 (baidu.com) [2] Zhong xiaoshu 钟小书 百度 原因类（元杂剧兴盛原因）原因类（元杂剧兴盛原因） (baidu.com) [3] Baidu Baike Dou E ’s Grievances 百度百科 窦娥冤 感天动地窦娥冤_百度百科 (baidu.com) [4] Baidu Baike Autumn in the Han Palace 百度百科 汉宫秋 破幽梦孤雁汉宫秋_百度百科 (baidu.com) [5] Baidu Baike The Western Chamber 百度百科 西厢记 崔莺莺待月西厢记_百度百科 (baidu.com)
Questions
1.When was the Yuan Zaju formed? When did it flourish? 2.Who are the main writers of Yuan Zaju? 3.What are some of the masterpieces of Yuan Zaju?
Answers
1.Yuan Zaju were formed in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty. 2.The main representative writers include Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu. 3.It includes Dou E ’s Grievances, Autumn in the Han Palace and The Western Chamber.