Cult Ov 2 Fin Exam 2024

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Please write here a textbook chapter about a Chinese cultural phenomenon until June 15 and start writing now, with unlimited revisions possible until June 15. When you find your topic listed here it means it has been approved by the teacher. It can be either in traditional culture or today. It cannot be a topic already published in the textbook.

Please do not forget to put it into context and relation in the beginning, e.g. where it emerged and how it spread, if it is unique to Chinese or Asian cultures, if it is well-known or exotic, when it occured and how it developed throughout history.

Please write 1000 English words, and on top of it write Terms and Expressions, Questions, References. The References should contain also paper books or papers and also at least one Western source. You also need to provide a Chinese version of the text and questions.

Yang Zixuan | Chinese Science Fiction:The three body problem

Chinese science fiction: The three body problem

Brief introduction

The Body Problem is a series of long science fiction novels written by Liu Cixin, consisting of the Body Problem, the Body Problem II - The Dark Forest, and the Body Problem III - Death Forever. The first installment was serialized since May 2006 in Science Fiction World magazine. The series of novels tells the story of the exchange of information between the human civilization on Earth and the three-body civilization, the life-and-death struggle and the rise and fall of the two civilizations in the universe. The first installment was translated by Liu Yukun and won the 73rd Hugo Award for Best Long Story.

Liu Cixin, born in Beijing in June 1963, is originally from Luoshan County, Xinyang City, Henan Province, and a native of Yangquan, Shanxi Province. He graduated from North China University of Water Conservancy and Hydropower and is a senior engineer as well as a science fiction writer. Liu Cixin is one of the representative writers of Chinese science fiction, and his works have been awarded the Galaxy Award for Chinese Science Fiction for the years 1999-2006, and he has won many other important awards at home and abroad, such as Zhao Shuli Literary Award and Chinese Science Fiction Nebula Award, etc. He is also a member of the Chinese Science Fiction Association.

The Place and Influence of The the Body Problem in Science Fiction Literature

The success of the Body Problem series has greatly contributed to the popularization and prosperity of science fiction literature in China. More and more readers have begun to pay attention to and fall in love with science fiction literature, and the quantity and quality of science fiction works have been significantly improved. With its unique scientific concepts, rich imagination and profound insight into human nature, society and civilization, the the Body Problem series has provided new ideas and directions for the creation of Chinese science fiction literature. More and more writers have begun to try to combine scientific theories with storylines, tap into human culture and historical connotations, and explore new ways of literary expression. the Body Problem has also inspired the creative enthusiasm of Chinese science fiction writers, and more and more writers have begun to try their hand at science fiction literature, injecting new vitality into Chinese science fiction literature. Meanwhile, more writers are encouraged to pursue depth and breadth to enhance the overall level of Chinese science fiction literature.

The international success of the Body Problem series has raised the status and influence of Chinese science fiction literature. Chinese science fiction literature has begun to receive attention and recognition from the international community, opening up a new way for the international dissemination of Chinese culture. The success of the "the Body Problem" series has enhanced the cultural confidence of Chinese science fiction writers. They began to face international readers and judges with more confidence, showing the unique charm and depth of Chinese science fiction literature. At the same time, "the Body Problem" also shows the world the creativity and thinking power of Chinese people, and wins more praise and respect for the international dissemination of Chinese culture.

"The Body Problem" embodies Chinese cultural values

The belief that man can win

"For more than 5,000 years, the Chinese people, in the course of exploring nature and seeking survival, have honed the spiritual character of robustness, diligence and courage, positivity and perseverance. In the face of difficulties, we believe that man will prevail over God. Flooding, do not ask the prophet, their own dredging; disease epidemic, do not seek miracles, their own taste of all kinds of herbs; Houyi shoot the sun, Jingwei fill in the sea, Yugongyishan ...... these ancient myths are embedded in the Chinese people's philosophy of survival and spiritual strength.

In "the Body Problem", there is a huge gap between the scientific and technological levels of human civilization and that of the the Body Problem. The the Body Problem send out only two "Homo sapiens" to interfere with all the particle gas pedals on Earth, making it difficult for humans to take a further step forward in basic science. The three-body world also sends the most contemptuous message to human beings - "you are bugs". The gap between bugs and human beings is much larger than the gap between Earth and the the Body Problem, but human beings have not completely eliminated bugs by using all sorts of methods, and the three-body people seem to have forgotten one thing, that bugs have never been truly defeated. Even though human beings are as weak as ants in front of the three-body world, human beings have never given up the struggle, which is exactly the vivid embodiment of the spirit of resilience in the bones of the Chinese people.

Planning a profound legacy for future generations

The concept of the family has an important place in traditional Chinese culture. In the traditional Chinese political structure, the family and the state are isomorphic: the "family" is the small "state" and the "state" is the big "family". The "family" is the small "state" and the "state" is the big "family". The family-centered culture of Chinese society has given rise to a whole set of ways of thinking and living, and the heroes in "the Body Problem" often have the traditional meaning of "father and ruler", they are cold and rational, and they are able to save the day when there is a crisis, and they act as the "head of the family". As the "head of the family" of human beings, they shoulder the heavy burden of resisting foreign enemies and continuing human civilization, and almost all of them end up sacrificing their lives for the survival of the whole human race. The spirit of family inheritance extends to the country and becomes the historical inheritance of the Chinese nation that has lasted for thousands of years. In "the Body Problem", many of the plans designed by mankind to resist alien invasions lasted for dozens to hundreds of years, and only a nation with a civilized history of 5,000 years would be more inclined to design and imagine these plans that need to be passed down from one generation to the next, and the novel has an epic feel to it as a result. In the setting, the three-body fleet arrived on Earth after 400 years, accordingly, the human struggle with the three-body world strategy is also measured in hundreds of years, for example, the use of the "hibernation" technology of the Pacific Air Force to send talents to the future, the bunker program, the black field program, the development of curvature drive spaceships, and so on.

Chinese character

There are also uniquely Chinese protagonists in The the Body Problem that readers remember, such as Wang Miao, Zhang Beihai, and Cheng Xin all of whom are characters that appear more frequently in Amazon reader book reviews.

Zhang Beihai is a very typical Chinese soldier, he is strong and intelligent, with a strong sense of justice, and comes from a military family. His father is a member of the future history school, who predicts that mankind will lose the battle of Armageddon, and he hints at the end of the battle with the cryptic words "think more". Inheriting his father's legacy, Beihai leaves behind a spark of hope for mankind in the midst of an inevitable war. One reader commented that Zhang Beihai "came up with a shocking and inhumane solution to save mankind at the most critical moment". Readers resonate with the human rationality of Zhang Beihai in the context of the book, and at the same time gain a new understanding of the Chinese people's heightened sense of mission, dedication, and spirit of sacrifice.

And Cheng Xin has been described by readers in English-speaking areas as "the best protagonist in the series, she is the most memorable. Maybe not the best, but she's the character that is most likely to remain unique in your mind." Each of Ching-Hsin's choices does indeed implement the concept of "goodness" in the moral system that human society has constructed. Respecting human life, loving and caring for all people, Cheng Xin has practiced her concept of "humanity", which in Cheng Xin's context is of course the same as "goodness"! --In Cheng Xin's context, "humanity" is of course the same as "goodness" - rather, Cheng Xin redefines "humanity" through her choices, and in the end, it is this "humanity" that Cheng Xin truly protects, rather than humanity itself. For Cheng Xin, the loss of humanity is the loss of everything.

Bibliography

[1]LI Jianfu,GAO Xuying. Analyzing the Realism Thought and Chinese Narrative in Liu Cixin's the Body Problem[J]. Modern Communication,2023,(06):89-97+123-124.

[2]Xie Zhonghui. "The Loss and Reinvention of the Hero--The Thought of Humanity in the Body Problem[J]. Masterpiece Appreciation,2024(15):143-146.

[3]Cui Bo,Chen Zixin. Research on the Overseas Diffusion Mechanism of Chinese Literary Works--An Examination Based on The the Body Problem[J]. Digital Publishing Research,2024,3(01):104-112.

Mou Yihong |Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale--Gong,Shang,Jue,Zhi,Yu

Abstract: This paper examines the ancient Chinese pentatonic scale, comprising the notes Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, and Yu. We delve into the historical background, musical characteristics, and instrumental applications of this scale in traditional Chinese music. By exploring the role of these five notes in various musical genres and instruments, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pentatonic scale in ancient Chinese music and its cultural significance.

Introduction: The ancient Chinese pentatonic scale, consisting of Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, and Yu, is a fundamental component of traditional Chinese music. This scale, with its unique sound and symbolism, has been utilized in various forms of Chinese music for centuries. It is not only a musical construct but also deeply intertwined with Chinese culture, philosophy, and cosmology. This paper explores the pentatonic scale in ancient Chinese music, focusing on its historical evolution, musical characteristics, and instrumental applications.

Historical Background: The pentatonic scale in ancient Chinese music dates back to the prehistoric era, where it was likely first used in primitive folk music and rituals. Over time, this scale became a fundamental component of traditional Chinese musical theory and practice. The earliest recorded mention of the five notes, Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, and Yu, appears in ancient texts such as the "Book of Rites" and the "Book of Songs." These notes were associated with the five elements of nature (earth, metal, wood, fire, and water) and the five directions (center, west, east, south, and north), reflecting the ancient Chinese belief in the interconnectedness of all things in the universe.Gong, the first note, represents the element of earth and is characterized by its stability and grounding sound. Shang, the second note, corresponds to metal and has a bright and resonant sound. Jue, the third note, represents wood and is associated with a clear and piercing tone. Zhi, the fourth note, corresponds to fire and is known for its lively and energetic sound. Yu, the final note, represents water and is characterized by its smooth and flowing melody.

Musical Characteristics: The pentatonic scale in ancient Chinese music is characterized by its simplicity, purity, and balance. Each note in the scale has a unique sound and symbolism, creating a harmonious and balanced musical structure. The ancient Chinese five tones, namely Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, and Yu, correspond to the Western musical scales as follows: Gong to C, Shang to D, Jue to E, Zhi to F, and Yu to G. These correspondences are based on the perceived similarity in pitch and musical characteristics between the two systems.The ancient Chinese musical scale having two fewer notes than the Western scale is not a matter of mathematical or physical limitation but rather a result of cultural and aesthetic preferences. The five-tone system in ancient China was based on the concept of "five elements" (wood, fire, earth, metal, water) and their corresponding relationships with the human body and nature. This system emphasized balance, harmony, and simplicity, which were reflected in the musical scale as well. The two omitted notes, Fa and Si, in the Western scale are considered semi-tones, and their absence in the ancient Chinese scale contributes to a more harmonious and balanced sound.The lack of semi-tones in the ancient Chinese scale has a profound impact on the character and expression of Chinese music. It contributes to a more serene, harmonious, and meditative quality that is often associated with traditional Chinese melodies. The absence of sharp dissonances and the emphasis on balance and simplicity allow the music to flow smoothly and evoke deep emotional responses. This unique aesthetic is a defining characteristic of Chinese music and has influenced its development and evolution throughout history.In summary, the ancient Chinese five-tone system, while differing from the Western scale in terms of note count, possesses its own unique aesthetic value and influence on Chinese music. Its simplicity, balance, and harmonious sound have contributed significantly to the rich cultural heritage of Chinese music.

Instrumental Applications: The pentatonic scale has been utilized in various traditional Chinese musical instruments, including the zither (guqin), the bamboo flute (dizi), and the pipa. These instruments have unique playing techniques and expressive capabilities that bring out the distinctive sounds and characteristics of the five notes. The zither, for example, utilizes plucking and finger-pressing techniques to create the rich and resonant tones of the pentatonic scale. The bamboo flute, on the other hand, relies on breath control and fingering to produce the clear and piercing melodies of the scale. The pipa, a four-stringed plucked instrument, utilizes plucking and strumming techniques to create a lively and energetic soundscape within the pentatonic scale.

Cultural Significance: The pentatonic scale in ancient Chinese music is not merely a musical construct; it is also deeply rooted in Chinese culture and philosophy. The five notes correspond to the five elements of nature and the five directions, reflecting the ancient Chinese belief in the interconnectedness of all things in the universe. The pentatonic scale also embodies the Chinese concept of harmony and balance, representing the harmonious coexistence of different elements and forces in nature. This cultural significance has been passed down through generations, influencing the development and evolution of traditional Chinese music and instruments.

Conclusion: The ancient Chinese pentatonic scale of Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, and Yu is a unique and fundamental component of traditional Chinese music. This paper has explored the historical background, musical characteristics, and instrumental applications of this scale, revealing its deep connections with Chinese culture and philosophy. By understanding the pentatonic scale and its role in traditional Chinese music, we gain a deeper appreciation of the richness and complexity of this ancient musical tradition.

Li Sijin |Literature:Qu Yuan

Introduction

Qu Yuan is a famous great patriotic poet in Chinese history, the founder of Chinese romantic literature, and the founder and representative writer of "Chu Ci". 2,300 years ago, the great patriotic poet Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River. The spirit of Qu Yuan has been continuously interpreted since the Han Dynasty, showing distinctive characteristics of the times in each era; The activities and festivals commemorating Qu Yuan have become important cultural traditions of the Chinese nation, and people have increased their sense of belonging and identity through commemorating Qu Yuan. The spirit of Qu Yuan has been widely disseminated and recognized abroad, and the Chinese Dragon Boat Festival has been included in the "Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage".

Main Part

In 340 B.C., Qu Yuan was born in the state of Chu. When he was young, he received a good education and had a big ambition. After entering politics, he advocated for "good governance", advocating for internal governance with clear laws and external alliances to resist the state of Qin. Later, he was marginalized by the aristocracy and exiled to the region of the Yuan and Xiang rivers. However, like a warrior, he steadfastly upheld his ideals, practiced the ways of a nobleman, never allowing worldly corruption to tarnish his lofty and noble character. In 278 BC, when there was no way to serve the country , Qu Yuan committed suicide in the Miluo River in complete despair. The poet has become Qu Yuan's primary label throughout the ages. From his life and works, people have summarized and continuously expounded the "Qu Yuan spirit", and with the changes of the times, it has been constantly endowed with new connotations of the times. 1.Qu Yuan's virtue Qu Yuan used his own name to reflect the moral standards he pursued. According to the opening of "Li Sao," "My father gave me the name 'Zheng Ze,' and called me 'Ling Jun'." "Zheng Ze" signifies integrity and righteousness, adhering strictly to principles of conduct: "Ling Jun" denotes intelligence, wisdom, fairness, and justice. In the "Song of the Orange Tree," he further exemplifies his character by the steadfastness of the orange tree: for the sake of his noble ideals, he would never compromise, even unto death. Qu Yuan's eternal aspiration lies in his literary works and political ambitions, all of which stand on the side of the people. His greatness lies in his unwavering compassion for the country and its people, and his profound love for his homeland. The reason his deeds and works are intertwined with the daily lives of the people and have become a significant commemoration of a traditional festival is because his words and actions overflow with boundless love for the motherland, the people, and the native culture. Deeply embedded within them lies the enduring strength of national spirit and culture. "No one in the country knows me, why cling to the old capital?" Qu Yuan once pondered the question of "why not leave the country," but ultimately, he did not embark on distant travels, which truly reflects his steadfastness to his spiritual and cultural heritage. 2.Qu Yuan's political advocacy and contributions Qu Yuan was a great politician. On the one hand, he set up the ideal and ambition of "good governance" very early, and the political goal for which he fought for all his life. He advocated internal governance with clear laws and the reform of politics. At this time, Qu Yuan, who was honest, upright and selfless, was supported by King, and the six reform measures he carried out made the state of Chu stronger and stronger. On the other hand, Qu Yuan advocated external alliances to resist the state of Qin. His foreign policy made the state of Chu once present a situation of national wealth and strong army. 3.Qu Yuan's poems Poet is Qu Yuan's primary label throughout the ages. Qu Yuan integrated his life with his homeland, and his specific works are full of deep feelings for his country, which are worthy of praise and learning for future generations. He recounted in "Li Sao": "Long did I sigh and wipe away my tears, to see my people bowed by griefs and fears." The poet expressed deep sympathy for the difficult life of the people. And this kind of love and sorrow intertwined also made Qu Yuan refuse to leave his hometown until he died. His feelings for the country and the people also erupted uncontrollably in a series of poetic works such as "Jiu Ge" and "Jiu Zhang". Therefore, Qu Yuan's poetry has incomparable cultural value. 4.The embodiment of Qu Yuan's spirit in modern times Today, during the Dragon Boat Festival, various regions across China highlight the theme of honoring Qu Yuan, praising his upright path and his spirit of patriotism and love for the people. Through storytelling about the festival and Qu Yuan, reciting poetry, and participating in dragon boat races, they lead the public in learning about traditional culture and nurturing patriotic sentiments.Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, he has praised his honest and noble personality on different occasions, andhas repeatedly quoted famous sentences from Qu Yuan's poems to expound his thoughts.Today, as we commemorate Qu Yuan, we honor the traditional Chinese scholar's spirit of confronting life and death, boldly striking at the unknown, represented by Qu Yuan's "Questions to Heaven" spirit. In his epic poem "Questions to Heaven," Qu Yuan delves from the separation of heaven and earth, the changes of yin and yang, to natural phenomena like the sun, moon, and stars, directly questioning mythological legends and historical tales of sages and villains, prosperity and decline. Through his inquiries, he expresses his cosmological, historical, and political views. Not confined by doctrines but driven by reality, daring to question and critique, such exploratory spirit is truly admirable.This shows the Chinese's critical spirit of existing traditional concepts and the spirit of exploring scientific truth. Today, we commemorate Qu Yuan to honor the loyal and unswerving patriotic spirit of Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan's name has become an important label for patriotism. The greatest charm of Qu Yuan's personality lies in the spiritual core with the spirit of patriotism as the core, which allowed him to transcend the value pursuit of scholars at that time to abandon the country and pursue profits, closely link personal ideals with the destiny of the nation, and strive to unite and struggle for the realization of the people's yearning for a better life. Today, we commemorate Qu Yuan to honor the perseverance and struggle spirit of Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan has been worried the Chu State all his life, whether he is in the imperial court or not, he does not forget to think about the country and the people.Unwilling to take a detour, nor willing to compromise, he finally proved his loyalty with his life, and he never regretted it.

Conclusion

"Qu Yuan," as a spiritual symbol, plays an extraordinary role in the construction of the Chinese national community consciousness, spanning from the past to the present and even into the future. Without a great sage like Qu Yuan, the entire Chinese scholarly community would inevitably lack a certain spiritual strength, and Chinese history would lose many tragic hues.