User:Zhang Shuai

English Interpretation postgraduate student at HNNU.

Nov 1, 2024

• Activity: Reviewed translation theories relevant to literary texts, focusing on Skopos Theory application. • Outcome: Gained insights into adjusting translation strategies based on target audience expectations.

Nov 2, 2024

• Activity: Translated an excerpt from a novel. • Focus Areas: • Retaining the original tone and style of the author. • Ensuring cultural nuances were properly conveyed. • Outcome: Successfully completed the translation. Identified challenges in maintaining poetic expressions.

Nov 5, 2024

• Activity: Practiced interpreting dialogues from English to Chinese with literary contexts. • Outcome: Improved ability to interpret implied meanings and character emotions.

Nov 7, 2024

• Activity: Explored tools for improving translation efficiency, such as CAT tools and style guides. • Outcome: Experimented with new tools to enhance translation speed and consistency.

Nov 9, 2024

• Activity: Conducted a comparative analysis of translated literary texts to identify stylistic differences. • Outcome: Learned techniques for better stylistic alignment with the original text.

Nov 14, 2024

• Activity: Worked on improving fluency in oral translations of literary works. • Outcome: Noticed significant progress in delivering translations naturally and confidently.

Nov 19, 2024

• Activity: Refined previously translated novel excerpts based on feedback. • Outcome: Enhanced accuracy and polished language to better suit the target audience.

Nov 21, 2024

• Activity: Prepared a report summarizing translation strategies used for the novel excerpt. • Outcome: Documented key lessons learned and outlined areas for further improvement.

Nov 28, 2024

• Activity: I practiced interpreting for 30minutes today.

Dec 1, 2024

• Activity: I watched 1h of English news today.

Dec 4, 2024

• Activity: I talked to AI software about food security.

Dec 5, 2024

• Activity: Studied interpretation strategies for improving accuracy and fluency in simultaneous interpretation. • Outcome: Enhanced understanding of real-time translation techniques and improved delivery speed.

Dec 7, 2024

• Activity: Worked on analyzing the Chinese dragon’s influence in modern media for presentation. • Outcome: Gathered references and examples of the Chinese dragon’s cultural symbolism in global films, laying the groundwork for the presentation.

Dec 9, 2024

• Activity: Practiced interpreting from English to Chinese, focusing on fluency and avoiding stuttering. • Outcome: Increased confidence and smoother speech during interpretation, with a noticeable reduction in hesitation.

Dec 11, 2024

• Activity: Refined understanding of translation theory and its application in practice, specifically in literary texts. • Outcome: Improved ability to apply Skopos Theory in practical translation tasks, adjusting strategies for different texts.

Dec 13, 2024

• Activity: Continued with English-Chinese interpretation exercises, particularly focusing on complex vocabulary and idiomatic expressions. • Outcome: Boosted vocabulary retention and improved handling of idiomatic expressions in both languages.

Dec 15, 2024

• Activity: Studied Japanese language materials, focusing on kanji and sentence structure. • Outcome: Expanded kanji knowledge and deepened understanding of Japanese syntax, enhancing reading comprehension.

Dec 17, 2024

• Activity: Practiced simultaneous interpretation from English to Chinese using news broadcasts. • Outcome: Improved speed and accuracy in translating fast-paced speech, while reducing stuttering.

Dec 19, 2024

• Activity: Reviewed the final draft of the Chinese dragon presentation, focusing on global relevance and cultural connections. • Outcome: Refined key points for a more engaging delivery, ensuring clarity in linking Chinese heritage to modern media.

Dec 24, 2024

I watched English news for 1h.

Dec 27, 2024

I talked to AI about education.

Dec 31, 2024

I talked to AI about Chinese online culture.

期末作业 中文版

科技：弹幕文化 姓名：张帅 1.概览 弹幕（日文写作だんまく）是由线上视频平台的用户所发送出的一种评论。近年来，弹幕在中国颇受欢迎。（He, M., Ge, Y., Chen, E., Liu, Q. and Wang, X., 2017.）弹幕起源于日本线上视频网站Niconico，该网站在2021年是日本国内浏览量排行第34名的网站。

弹幕不同于传统的在线评论。后者通常展现在视频的下方同时是在用户看完视频之后发表的。但是弹幕则是展现在视频之上的一连串滚动的文字评论，同时与用户在发送弹幕时的视频时间线是同步的，通常弹幕从视频右方滚动向视频左方。 (Wang, R., 2022.)

在众多拥有弹幕评论功能的视频平台之中，哔哩哔哩规模最大。在约2008年至2009年期间，中国的ACG网站AcFun和哔哩哔哩在自己的视频服务中推出了弹幕系统。至此弹幕在中国的ACG观众群体中大受欢迎。不久后，中国其他的视频平台，比如爱奇艺，优酷以及腾讯视频都推出了弹幕功能自2017年年底，哔哩哔哩与中国社会科学院官方机构合作，每年会发布《年度弹幕报告》。如今是发布报告的第七年，在报告中能够清晰看到在哔哩哔哩中所流行的文化现象，也让我们更好地理解Z世代在过去的一年中的社会情绪和情感表达。

数据显示，在2017和2018年哔哩哔哩用户发送了超过1,000,000,000条弹幕，在2019和2020年分别发送了超过1,400,000,000条以及2,200,000,000条弹幕。2021年，弹幕总量超过100亿条，几乎是过去四年总和的两倍。 2.特征 界面 观众发送的弹幕通常覆盖在视频之上，同时在屏幕上滚动播放。弹幕与用户在发送时的对应视频时间线同步展示。在视频之中，弹幕只会覆盖屏幕的大部分面积，形成像子弹雨一样的画面。弹幕的移动性以及时间同步性，创造了一种众多观众在一起观看视频的体验，而发送弹幕的观众并不是同时同地一起观看的。弹幕的独特形式，也让其区别与传统的视频评论体制，让更多多模态文本在视频页面中展示，比如弹幕可以拥有不同的字体、颜色以及出现不同的位置。

弹幕内容 弹幕内容不仅有观众对于视频内容的评价，并且还有与实时视频内容同步的背景知识拓展，甚至还有弹幕内容之间的互动。同时，弹幕的多模态性也让其有了更多和视频内容互动的可能。弹幕发布者可以利用特殊符号，不同字体颜色等等来创造出类似于图形的内容，来更加生动地表达自己的想法。

因为弹幕与视频同步，这也让观看用户能够为与视频添加翻译过后的字幕。形成了一种独特的“草根文化”，自发翻译字幕的用户也被其他的用户亲切地称为字幕君。

影响 弹幕文化创造了一种独特的虚拟网络社区 Lee et al. (2003) 对于虚拟社区给出了可行的定义，即：虚拟社区是一种网络空间，受到计算机信息技术的支持，同时以参与者之间的沟通以及融合为中心，其目的是创造以社区成员为核心的内容，同时缔造独特的人际关系，通过发送弹幕，哔哩哔哩的用户集聚在一起，生出了社会纽带，同时也缔造了一种归属感，从而创造了一种虚拟社区。

B 站作为“Z 世代”群体集合的网络场所，弹幕集中反映了当下青年们关注的社会议题以及流行文化的发展趋势。在中国网络环境之中，有许多的流行词都来源于弹幕：例如数字“23333”代表用户觉得内容有趣发出笑声；数字“666”则代表用户对于视频内容的赞赏，在某些情境之下，也代表着用户对于视频内容的调侃。

在该虚拟社区中，用户们通过发送弹幕，会营造出一种众人一起观看的感觉，这也让观看线上视频，这一活动变得更像一种集体社会活动。而在这样的虚拟社区中能够提高用户之间的交流频率，也能够让视频创作者更快的收到观众的反馈。同时在这一集体社会活动中，拥有不同文化背景的用户，会从各自不同的角度来对视频内容进行解读以及再创造，这也再度鼓励了网络社区中看待事物角度的多样化趋势。同时在虚拟社区中，对于视频作品进行的弹幕讨论，也会进一步提高作品的热度，对于视频内容的宣传有一定的帮助作用。

同时，一个虚拟社区对于社区内个体以及整个社会有好处，也必然有不利之处。比如因为用户可以在各个平台，比如PC、平板电脑，手机等等设备上随时随地发送弹幕，这也让弹幕评论里信息良莠甄别更加困难。并且，在该网络社区之中，可能会包含低俗以及攻击性的内容。而弹幕社区中的审核制度也存在一定的不即时性，在不良弹幕内容接受到审查而筛选出去之前，它们很有可能已经对于社群用户带来了不同程度的心理伤害。

弹幕也会对于观看用户带来视觉干扰。例如过多过密的弹幕，以及不同颜色不同字体的弹幕会遮挡住不同比例的画面，从而影响观影过程。而用户也需要在短时间内既要观看视频内容又要兼顾过多的弹幕内容，这也会导致信息过载，增加用户观影时的理解负担。

     弹幕作为一种形式独特的在线视频评论，在中国网络文化中发挥着越来越重要的作用，弹幕具有独特的创新性以及同时性，塑造了中国独有的虚拟社区，一方面加强了用户之间的沟通，也塑造了用户之间的归属感与连接，另一方面也带来了诸多的问题，比如不实信息，不友善内容以及用户观影期间受到干扰等等。弹幕系统出现在越来越多的视频平台，也会随着社会的演变而不断更新，弹幕不仅可以让我们从中了解到自己的网络文化，也能够为我们的文化生活服务。

术语: 弹幕：Danmu

问题： 1.弹幕是什么？ 2.弹幕与传统视频评论有何不同? 3.虚拟社区是什么? 4.弹幕虚拟社区有何影响?

参考文献： 1.He, Ming, et al. "Exploring the emerging type of comment for online videos: Danmu." ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB) 12.1 (2017): 1-33. 2.刘臻睿.B站弹幕文化与“Z世代”集体记忆的建构[J].新媒体研究,2022,8(05):75-77+88. 3.杨晓玉.“后亚文化之后”视角下弹幕文化与主流文化的关系研究[J].新媒体研究,2024,10(21):100-104. 4.[苑蕤.寄托情感的互联网文化符号——基于B站2017—2019年度弹幕的文本分析[J].新媒体研究,2020,6(17):35-37. 5.Wang, Rui. "Community-building on Bilibili: the social impact of Danmu comments." Media and Communication 10.2 (2022): 54-65.

The Paper

Science and Technology: Danmu Name: Zhang Shuai 1.Introduction Danmu, or Danmaku(だんまく) a type of comment generated by users on online video platforms, has gained wide popularities in China in recent years.(He, M., Ge, Y., Chen, E., Liu, Q. and Wang, X., 2017.) Danmu originated from the Japanese online video platform Niconico, which is the 34th most-visited website in Japan as of 2021.

Unlike traditional online comments placed below the video frame and typically posted by viewers after watching the video, danmu comments are displayed as streams of scrolling comments overlaid on the screen and synchronized to the specific playback time at which the users sent the comments, moving horizontally from right to left. (Wang, R., 2022.)

Among all the video platforms which adopted danmu comments, Bilibili is the biggest in terms of scale. Around 2008–2009, Chinese ACG websites AcFun and Bilibili introduced the danmu system to their video streaming services. Danmu rapidly gained popularity among ACG users in China. Soon, other major Chinese platforms, such as iQiyi, Youku and Tencent Video, followed suit to deploy danmu.Since late 2017, Bilibili has partnered with official institutions like the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to release annual danmu reports. Now in its seventh year. It reveals the prevailing pop culture trends on Bilibili over the past year, offering insights into the social sentiments and emotional expressions of Gen Z during that period.(杨晓玉, 2024)

Data showed that Bilibili users sent over 1 billion danmus in both 2017 and 2018, more than 1.4 billion in 2019 and reaching 2.2 billion in 2020. In 2021, the total number of danmus reached over 10 billion, nearly double the combined total of the previous four years. 2.Characteristics Interface Danmus left by viewers are overlaid directly on the videos and are scrolled across the screen, synchronized specifically to the playback time point where the users input the comments. At certain moments of the videos, user comments fill up the screen giving the appearance of a bullet curtain, or danmaku in Japanese and danmu in Chinese. This movement and synchronization of text creates a co-viewing experience for users who watch the same videos, but at different locations and times. The format also allows more "multi-modal" text than traditional video comment systems - e.g. different font color or screen position. (Wang, R., 2022.)

Content Danmus serve as more than just viewer feedback on video content; they also provide real-time background knowledge extensions that sync with the video, and even some Danmus interact among themselves. Moreover, the multimodal nature of Danmus enables a wider range of interactions with the video content. Users can type in special symbols with different font colors, and other elements to create graphic-like content, thereby expressing their thoughts more vividly.

As danmus are automatically synced to video, the technology provides opportunity for users to spontaneously create translation subtitles for foreign language videos, leading to a sort of "grassroot practice" in which amateur subtitlers are respectfully regarded by others as "caption-kun" (字幕君).

Effects Creating a virtual online community Lee et al. (2003) gave a working definition for virtual community: a cyberspace supported by computer‐based information technology, centred upon the communication and integration of participants to generate member‐driven contents, resulting in the building of relationships. Through the danmu interface, Bilibili users “gather together,” generate social ties,and cultivate a sense of belonging, thereby constituting a virtual community.Bilibili, as an online platform gathering members of Generation Z, showcases danmus that reflect the social issues and cultural trends young people are concerned about. In China’s online culture, many popular expressions originate from danmu. For example, the number “23333” represents laughter at humorous content, while “666” shows appreciation for a video, or in some cases, playful teasing.

In this virtual community, users create a sense of collective viewing by sending danmu, transforming watching videos online into a social group experience. This enhances interaction among users and enables video creators to receive feedback more quickly. Moreover, users from diverse cultural backgrounds interpret and recreate video content from their unique perspectives, fostering diversity in viewpoints within the community. Discussions through danmu can also increase the popularity of video content, serving as a promotional tool.

However, virtual communities bring both benefits and challenges to individuals and society. Since users can send danmu at any time from various devices such as PCs, tablets, and smartphones, distinguishing between reliable and unreliable information becomes more difficult. Additionally, danmu may include offensive content, and the review mechanisms in such communities often require some time. Harmful danmu might already cause psychological harm to users before being screened and removed.

The format of danmu, which scrolls over the video content, can also cause visual interference. For instance, excessively dense danmu or those with varying colors and fonts can block parts of the video, disrupting the viewing experience. Users need to focus on both the video and the danmu simultaneously, which may lead to information overload and increase the cognitive burden during viewing. Conclusion Danmu, as a unique type of online comment created by users and platforms, is playing an increasing important role in Chinese online culture. With its creativity and synchronicity, it shaped a virtual community which, on the one hand, strengthened users’ interactions, and built a sense of belonging and ties between users. On the other hand, it brought challenges such as misinformation, unfriendly content and interruption during users’ watching experience. With its deep adoption by most major online video platforms in China, it will adapt itself as the ever evolving society. It can be utilized as an effective indicator of our online culture, and to serve us in our culture lives.

Terms: Danmu (Danmaku) 弹幕

Questions： 1.What is danmu? 2.How is danmu different from traditional online commets? 3.What is a virtual community? 4.What are the pros and cons of the virtual community created by danmus?

References: 1.He, Ming, et al. "Exploring the emerging type of comment for online videos: Danmu." ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB) 12.1 (2017): 1-33. 2.刘臻睿.B站弹幕文化与“Z世代”集体记忆的建构[J].新媒体研究,2022,8(05):75-77+88. 3.杨晓玉.“后亚文化之后”视角下弹幕文化与主流文化的关系研究[J].新媒体研究,2024,10(21):100-104. 4.[苑蕤.寄托情感的互联网文化符号——基于B站2017—2019年度弹幕的文本分析[J].新媒体研究,2020,6(17):35-37. 5.Wang, Rui. "Community-building on Bilibili: the social impact of Danmu comments." Media and Communication 10.2 (2022): 54-65.