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PAPER The Plaques and Couplets in Chinese Garden

The Plaques and Couplets in Chinese Garden Jiang Chenmei/Lilian

Introduction A plaque, also called a “biane” or a “e”, is often hung above the portal of a building, just like a person's forehead. The plaque is generally used to point out the name of the building, but also can borrow the scene lyric. Couplets, that is, antithetical couplets, duzi, often composed of two sentences in opposition, hanging on the lintel of the building, walls, etc. Generally speaking, plaques and couplets complement each other. Plaques are the enrichment of couplets, and couplets are the expansion of couplets. The two are indispensable components of Chinese gardens. In the natural and cultural landscape of gardens, they often play a finishing role and are often used to express the pursuit and interest of the garden owner, whether in the real garden or in the garden presented in classical literature and art. There is no shortage of plaques and couplets.

Major garden plaques and couplets

Plaques and couplets in the “A Dream in Red Mansions” The Grand-view garden is the main scene where major characters live,and it a clean place without worldly impurity, and it is also a great quintessence of Chinese garden architectures and culture. In the chapter 17, we can see Jia baoyu writing plaques and couplets for this garden. The plaque of Xiaoxiang Guan is “you feng lai yi”, coming from “Shangshu”, “xiao shao jiu cheng, feng huang lai yi” which means the voice of xiao is so great that even phoenix dancing to it. Phoenix is a auspicious sign in ancient tale, and also a sign of the wife of king. As Xiaoxiang Guan is the first place for yuanfei to visit, this plaque meets the need to extoll her. The couplets are “bao ding cha xian yan shang lv, you chuang qi ba zhi you liang”, means after boiling tea there seems still green vapor,when the chess game ends person still feel cool in fingertip,which expresses there are many bamboo here. The plaques and couplets not only write the landscape characteristics of Xiaoxiang Pavilion with green bamboo, but also imply that the people who live here have a noble character, echoing the greatness of the imperial concubine. The plaque of Daoxiang Village is presented in the form of a flag and stone, corresponding to the idyllic scenery here. In the stone here writes “Daoxiang Village” as the name of this place, and in the flag writes “xin lian zai wang”, which comes from “hong xin shao tou gua jiu qi” meaning not far from here locates a tavern, soon you will see it. The couplets are “xin zhang lv tian huan ge chu, hao yun xiang hu cai qin ren”,means in spring the river swells, someone is washing clothes in the water,here are apricot flowers blossom, around students just like clouds.The plaques and couplets here together show the landscape and quiet scenery of Daoxiang Village. Plaques and couplets in the Summer Palace The Summer Palace is the representative of Chinese royal gardens, in which the landscape architecture is magnificent or graceful, with different plaques and couplets, adding a touch of cultural charm to the natural scenery. The couplets of Yulan Tang is “zhu xiang xi yi lian xu yu, xiao se qing tuan zhu ling yan”, means lotus in Kunming Lake are more pleasant in fine rain and bamboos in the Yulan Tang are greener in the morning mist.It not only describes the natural landscape of lotus flowers and the bamboo forest, but also takes flowers and plants as the symbol of a gentleman, indicating the noble quality of the people living here. Lotus and bamboo are more beautiful in a good environment, and the character of a gentleman is also more noble in a good environment. In the Xiequ Garden, the couplets of Chengshuang Zhai are “zhi qi chun guang lan chi xia qi, ju han qiu fu gui yin dong rong”, means here in the Chengshuang Zhai, in spring grow reishi, summer grow orchid,autumn grow chrysanthemum and winter grow laurel, describing the different scenery of the year. The couplets of Yinlv Pavilion are “yun yi xi shu qin shu huang, feng song yan quan run mo chi”,means white clouds float, seems to come from the treetops of the stream through the curtain of the door of the study, the breeze blowing, the wind from the spring water soaked the inkstone, writing a leisurely and quiet scenery of the study. The plaque of Yangyun Xuan is “chuan yong yun fei”,which comes from “yu chuan yong er niao yun fei”,means before there(Yangyun Xuan) are fish swimming in the water, the birds flying in the clouds. And the couplets are “ tian wai shi yin he yan bo wan zhuan, yun zhong kai cui wo xiang yu fei wei”, which means (Yang Yunxuan) as if facing the Milky Way, the river is vast, locates in the clouds, the green curtain pull open and drizzle with fragrance blowing on the face.A plaque and a couplet, two phases echo, together to depict the Yangyun Xuan is located high, living near the water, and mist around. Plates and couplets in Suzhou gardens Suzhou Gardens are the largest and most complete preserved classical garden in China, among which the Humble Administrator's Garden, Lion Garden, Net Master's Garden, Lingering Garden etc., are the representative works. Different from the Summer Palace in Beijing, most of these gardens are in private ownership, so the landscape layout, plaques and couplets, etc., not only describe the scenery, but also embody the spiritual and cultural pursuit of the garden owners. In the Lingering Garden,there is a “Musweet Xiang Xuan”,which means you can smell the fragrance of laurel here. And the couplets are “ qi shi jin han qian gu xiu, gui hua xiang dong wan shan qiu”,means there are many stones in various figures,and in autumn laurel blossom the smell is full of thousands of mountains, which describes a scene of a viewer sitting there and enjoy the stone and sweet smell. In the Humble Administrator's Garden,there is a “Hefengsimian Pavilion”, the couplets of it are “si bi he hua san mian liu, ban tan qiu shui yi fang shan”, means the pavilion is around by lotus,willow,water and mountain.in this couplets we can see the number of one, two,three,four being used skillfully,expressing the scenery here in year. A visitor here can enjoy willow in spring, lotus in summer, autumn water and winter mountain. The couplets describe the landscape artfully. Conclusion Plaques and couplets are important parts of Chinese garden art, good plaque and couplets can not only benefit the role of landscape, but also an expression of the spirits of the garden owners, these plaques couplets not only have precious aesthetic value, also has a rich cultural value, are the treasure of Chinese gardens and Chinese culture.

中国园林中的匾额楹联

介绍 匾额，也称扁额或单称额，常悬挂于建筑物的门户正上方，正如人的额头。匾额一般用于点明建筑物的名称，也可借景抒情。楹联，即对联，对子，常由对仗的两个句子组成，悬挂于建筑的门楣、墙壁等处。通常来说匾额与楹联相辅相成，匾额是楹联的浓缩提炼，楹联是匾额的扩充说明，二者是中国园林不可或缺的组成部分，在园林的自然与人文景观中，常有画龙点睛的作用，也常被用于表明园主的追求与志趣，无论是在现实的园林，还是在古典文学艺术中所呈现的园林中，都不乏匾额与楹联的影子。

各大园林匾额楹联

《红楼梦》中的匾额楹联 《红楼梦》中的大观园是男女主人公们主要的生活场景，是一处不染尘俗的清净之地，同时，它也是中国园林建筑与文化的一座瑰宝。在“大观园试才题对额，荣国府归省庆元宵”一回中，即描写了贾宝玉为园中各处景观拟匾额楹联的情景。 如潇湘馆的匾额为“有凤来仪”，用典《尚书》“箫韶九成，凤凰来仪”，凤凰在古代传说中象征着祥瑞，同时也是后妃的象征，潇湘馆是元妃归省时第一处临幸之地，“有凤来仪”用在此处正合“颂圣”的要求；楹联为“宝鼎茶闲烟尚绿，幽窗棋罢指犹凉”，意为烹茶宝鼎茶闲之时仍觉绿烟袅袅，临窗棋局结束之后依然幽绿生凉，旨在写此处绿竹之深之茂。匾额楹联相衬，既写出了潇湘馆绿竹掩映的景观特征，又暗含着住在此处的人拥有高贵高洁的品性，呼应贵妃的临幸。 稻香村的匾额则以酒幌石碣的形式呈现，与此处的田园景致相应，石碣上题“稻香村”为此处之名，酒幌上则写“杏帘在望”，用典“红杏梢头挂酒旗”，楹联则书“新涨绿添浣葛处，好云香护采芹人”，意思是春天新涨上的河水边有人浣葛，杏花如云霞一般围绕着读书之人。此处的匾额楹联共同表现出稻香村的山水田园，淡泊恬适的风景。

颐和园中的匾额楹联 颐和园是中国皇家园林的代表，其中山水建筑草木风景或气势恢宏，或清丽婉约，不同的匾额楹联点缀其中，为自然风景增添了一抹人文韵味。 玉澜堂的楹联为“渚香细裛莲须雨，晓色轻团竹岭烟”，意为昆明湖的荷花在细雨的滋润下更加秀丽清香，玉澜堂的竹林在晓雾的笼罩中愈发苍翠欲滴。既写出了玉澜堂四周有荷花围绕，竹林森森的自然景观，也以花草为君子的象征，表明了住在这里的人的高洁品质，荷花竹子在良好环境的孕育中愈发美好，君子的品格也在良好的环境中愈发高尚。 谐趣园中的澄爽斋的楹联为：“芝砌春光兰池夏气 ，菊含秋馥桂映冬荣”，意为（澄爽斋）春有灵芝萌发，夏有兰香馥郁，秋有菊花满斋，冬有桂树长青，写出了澄爽斋一年四季的不同风景；同在谐趣园中的饮绿亭上的楹联则书：“云移溪树侵书幌，风送岩泉润墨池”，意为白云浮动，似乎从溪边树梢上要穿过书房的门帘而来，清风吹拂，随风而来泉水的湿气浸润了砚台，写出了一副悠闲恬静的书斋风景。 养云轩的匾额题为“川泳云飞”，用典“鱼川泳而鸟云飞”，意为（养云轩）前有鱼儿在水中畅游，鸟儿在云中翱翔，楹联：“天外是银河烟波宛转，云中开翠幄香雨菲微”，意为（养云轩）仿佛面对着银河，河中烟波浩渺，坐落在云间，翠绿的帷幄拉开菲菲细雨带着香气扑面而来。一匾一联，两相呼应，共同刻画出养云轩坐落高处，临水而居，云雾氤氲的出尘画面。

苏州园林中的匾额楹联 苏州园林是我国现存规模最大，保存最完整的古典园林，其中拙政园、狮子园、网师园、留园等，都是其中的代表作。不同于北京颐和园的是，这些园林多属私人所有，因而其中山水布置，匾额楹联等，除了描写景色，还额外寄托着更多园主的精神文化追求。 留园“闻木樨香轩”：“奇石尽含千古秀，桂花香动万山秋”。意为奇峰怪石千奇百怪自古以来钟灵毓秀，秋桂木樨香飘十里万山秋色更添馥郁，与匾额“闻木樨香轩”对应，写出了观赏者在此轩静坐饱览奇石怪峰，细闻木樨芳香的悠闲自在。 拙政园荷风四面亭抱柱联：四壁荷花三面柳，半潭秋水一房山。此联巧蕴“一、二、三、四”之数，描绘了四季之景，且切合此亭之景。写出了游人独坐亭中，观赏者田田荷叶、依依垂柳、清风徐来、荷香沁人的情态。

结语 匾额楹联是中国园林艺术的重要组成部分之一，好的匾额楹联不仅能够为景观起到画龙点睛的作用，而且还能寄托园主的精神追求，这些匾额楹联不仅有珍贵的审美价值，也有着丰富的文化价值，是中国园林乃至中国文化的瑰宝。

Reference 参考文献 [1]Liu H ,Bin G ,Wang X , et al.Research on the restorative effects and perception of privacy driven activities in Chinese classical gardens—Case studies of three Suzhou gardens[J].Frontiers in Public Health,2024,121462077-1462077. [2]Kiani K ,Khakzand M .The structure, concept and identity of traditional Chinese gardens[J].Landscape History,2024,45(2):101-120. [3]Zhang Z .Practical Research on Developing Experiential Teaching in Landscape Architecture Course——Taking the Interpretation of the Beauty of Gardens with the Composition of Chinese Landscape Paintings as an Example[J].Frontiers in Educational Research,2023,6(18): [4]伍怡君,黄少华,胡惠蓉.颐和园景名和匾额楹联中植景的初步调查[J].现代园艺,2022,45(13):113-115.DOI:10.14051/j.cnki.xdyy.2022.13.072. [5]曹林娣.苏州园林匾额楹联鉴赏[M].华夏出版社:202108.346. [6]原可.空间的语言[D].南京艺术学院,2022.DOI:10.27250/d.cnki.gnjyc.2022.000140. [7]曾刚.楹联匾额的哲理性和实用性——以《红楼梦》为例[J].非遗传承研究,2024,(01):39-42.