Basics of Chinese Culture

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Manual

• What to prepare for next session?

1. Tuesday+Wednesday: In the textbook, please read the texts of the next unit and try to answer the questions beneath.

2. Thursday+Friday: Find a Chinese sentence for each topic, translate it into English and paste it here until Friday.

3. Saturday+Sunday: Look at the translations of your fellow students. Correct at least one sentence for each topic.

4. In the session, please be quick when the questions are posed, to answer the questions on the texts.

Unit 8 Literature

A. Classical Literature

Questions

1. What does classical Chinese literature refer to?

Classical literature refers to the Chinese literature of a period of around 3,000 years between the beginning of Chinese history and the Opium War of 1840. --LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:07, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

3. What is Sima Qian’s greatest achievement?

He wrote the "Annals of the Grand Historian" (Shiji).--Root (talk) 09:08, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

4. Who are the representatives of Jian’an Literature?

Cao Cao , Cao Pi, Cao zhi--Evelyn (talk) 09:16, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

7. Who are the Eight Great Writers of Tang and Song”?

Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong, together with the late Tang writers Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, are known as the Eight Great Writers of Tang and Song.--Evelyn (talk) 09:12, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

8. What is the greatest literary achievement in the Yuan Dynasty?

zaju or poetic drama set to music.--Skyler (talk) 09:19, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

9. Can you name some representative Yuan writers and their masterworks ?

Guan Hanqing’s Snow in Midsummer (also known as The Wrongs Suffered by Dou E), Wang Shifu’s The Western Chamber and Ji Junxiang’s The Orhpan of Zhao.--Zoey YangQing (talk) 09:23, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

11. Can you name some of the great Qing novelists and their masterworks?

My answer is: Cao Xueqin.--Root (talk) 09:03, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

两弯似蹙非蹙笼烟眉，一双似喜非喜含情目。

Her mist-wreathed brows at first seemed to frown, yet were not frowning; her passionate eyes at first seemed to smile, yet were not merry.

Chen Qiuxu

中国古典文学有诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种表现形式，在各种文体中，又有多种多样的艺术表现手法。

There are many forms of expression in Chinese classical literature, such as poetry, prose, novels, ci, fu and qu. In all kinds of literary forms, there are a variety of artistic expression techniques.

Hu Jingchen

汉赋其主要特点是铺陈写物，不歌而诵，是中国古代特有的一种文学体裁。

The main features of Han Fu are to lay out the writings and recite them without singing. It is a literary genre unique to ancient China.

Li Leyi

林黛玉是书中一位富有诗意美和理想色彩的悲剧形象,她美得让人由衷地心疼和爱怜，更具艺术魅力的是她无与伦比的丰富而优美的精神世界。

Lin Daiyu is a tragic image of poetic beauty and ideal brilliance in the book, she is so beautiful that people sincerely love her and feel pitiful for her, and her unparalleled abundant and elegant spiritual world is more artistically charming.

Li Qi

《红楼梦》是一部具有世界影响力的小说，举世公认的中国古典小说巅峰之作，中国封建社会的百科全书。

A Dream of Red Mansions is a novel of global impact, which is universally recognized as the peak of Chinese classical novels and as an encyclopedia of Chinese feudal society.

Luo Xiaodi

中国古典文学广义的指自先秦至清代末年的中国文学，包括作家、作品、文学事件，文体起源与发展历程，文学运动、流派，文学理论，作家作品的考据、研究等等。

In a broad sense, Chinese classical literature refers to Chinese literature from the pre-qin period to the end of the Qing Dynasty, including writers, works, literary events, the origin and development of literary style, literary movements, schools, literary theory, Textual Research and so on.

Li Haowen

儒林外史全篇没有贯穿始终的主要人物和故事框架，而是一个个相对独立的故事的连环套；前面一个故事说完了，引出一些新的人物，这些新的人物便成为后一个故事中的主要角色。

The whole book of Scholars has no main character who shows up from the beginning to the end, nor did a story structure. But it has several separate stories. They are connected by some new characters showing up in the previous story and then they will be the main characters in the next.

Liu Li

汉赋其主要特点是铺陈写物，不歌而诵，是中国古代特有的一种文学体裁。

The main characteristic of Han Fu is to lay out and write things without singing. It is a special literary genre in ancient China.

Qin Ruijing

《离骚》把最为生动鲜艳、只有在原始神话中才能出现的那种无羁而多义的浪漫想象，与最为炽热深沉，只有在理性觉醒时刻才能有的个体人格和情操，最完满地溶化成了有机整体。

Translation: “Li Sao”perfectly combines the most wild, vivid and colorful romantic imagination, which can only appear in the primitive myths, and the most intense and deep individual personality and sentiment, which can only be found in the moment of rational awakening, into an organic whole.

Shi Shuwen

《诗经》三百零五篇中，有一百四十四篇涉及植物，唯有诗歌最能释木。

Of the 305 passages in The Book of Songs, 144 passages relate to plants, only poetry can explain wood best.

Zhang Yuanling

《桃花扇》写李香君和侯方域的离合之情的部分不多，反而是国家兴亡之势的描写占了上风。因此他们之间的爱情，便成了沧海中的一粟，最后化作一缕云烟。

The Peach Blossom Fan is not long in the length of depicting the vicissitudes of Li Xiangjun and Hou Fangyu, but long in describing the fate of Ming Dynasty. Then their love was no more like a drop in the ocean, and finally disappeared as a cloud of vapor.

Luo Feng

Records of the Historians covers the world as it was then known to the Chinese and a 2500-year period from the age of the legendary Yellow Emperor to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in the author's own time.

《史记》记载了自黄帝至汉武帝太初年间（即司马迁所处朝代）共2500年的历史。

Ma Qian

《史记》被称为“史家之绝唱，无韵之离骚”。

Records of the Historian has the reputation of " the masterpiece of the history, the Li Sao without rhythm."

Li Xiangyun

中国诗词闻名世界，却也极难翻译。

Chinese poetry and ci lyric are famous all around the world, but they are very difficult to translate.

Ai Xin

《诗经》是我国第一部诗歌总集。编成于春秋时期，大抵是西周初年至春秋中叶500年间的作品，共305篇，代表了2500多年以前诗歌创作的最高成就。

The Book of Songs is the earliest anthology of verse in China, which presents the top achievement of poetic creation more than 2500 years ago. It is compiled during the Spring and Autumn period about 305 works, roughly composed from the early Western Zhou dynasty to the middle of the spring and autumn period.

Xia Ke

可怜无定河边骨，犹是春闺梦里人。

Those miserable piles of bones near the Wuding lake, are still sweet husbands in their wives’ dreams.

士为知己者死，女为悦己者容。

A man would die for someone appreciates him, a woman will dress up for someone she likes.

但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。

I wish the one I care about will live long and healthy, so we can share the same moon no matter how far apart we are.

Liu Siyu

《诗经》里的作品多方面描写了现实生活，表现了不同阶层人民在现实生活中的各种感受，真实地反映了现实生活。

Compositions in The Book of Songs depicted real life from various perspective, showed the feelings of people of different classes in it, and truly reflected it.

Sun Rui

《诗经》的作者身份十分广泛，有上层的公卿大夫，也有中下层的“士”，“风”类诗歌的作者大多是下层的平民百姓，同时这类诗歌大多是集体创作的。

The authors' identities of The Book of Songs are very broad, which include aristocracy of the upper class and also scholars of the middle and lower class. The authors of Wind Poetry are mostly common people of lower class. At the same time, this kind of poetry is mostly collective creation.

Yang Yuxin

《诗经》里的作品多方面描写了现实生活，表现了不同阶层人民在现实生活中的各种感受，真实地反映了现实生活。

The book of songs mainly described real life, showing all kinds of feelings of different people at different classes, truly reflecting people's real life at that time.

Yang Qing

在艺术上，窦娥冤体现了现实主义与浪漫主义风格的融合，反映了广大人民伸张正义、惩治邪恶的愿望。

Artistically, the Snow in Midsummer reflects the combination of realism and romanticism, and reflects the desire of the people to uphold justice and punish evil.

Yang Jiani

Journey to the West is a Chinese novel published in the 16th century during the Ming dynasty and attributed to Wu Cheng'en. It is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. In English-speaking countries, the work is widely known as Monkey, the title of Arthur Waley's popular abridged translation.

《西游记》是一部写于16世纪的明朝的中国小说, 作者是吴承恩。他是中国古典文学的四大名著之一。在英语国家，这部小说通常被称为“猴子”，源自Arthur Waley广为人知的翻译。

Yin Tanwen

中国古代四大名剧分别是《牡丹亭》、《桃花扇》、《长生殿》、《西厢记》。

There are four famous operas in ancient China, which called the Peony Pavilion, the Peach Blossom Fan, Palace of Eternal Youth, the Romance of the Western Chamber.

Yu Jing

文学是用语言塑造形象反映社会生活的一种语言艺术，是文化中极具强烈感染力的重要组成部分。

Literature is a kind of language art, using language to shape figures to reflect social life, and it is an important component with strong infection in culture.

Zhou Xiaolan

中国古典文学是中华民族最宝贵的文化遗产之一。

Chinese classical literature is one of the most precious cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.

Zhu Wenhao

甩发功，多为男性角色甩动头顶扎束的一绺长发，表现惊慌失措、悲愤交加、疼痛欲绝以及仓皇逃命、垂死挣扎等激烈异常的情绪和情境的一种表演特技。

Hair swing is a acting skills in Beijing opera. Usually, the male character whips a stunt of long hair from the top of his head to express abnormal emotions, such as panic, a mix of grief and anger, extreme pain, and to show fierce situation like rushing to escape and struggling desperately

Peng Lu

中国传统文化养育了中国古典文学，中国古典文学又大大丰富了中国传统文化，使传统文化更具有深刻的影响力。

Thanks to traditional culture, Chinese classical literature has become fertile, which, at the same time, enriches traditional culture and wins it more profound influence.

Guo Xinyi

《诗经》里的作品多方面描写了现实生活，表现了不同阶层人民在现实生活中的各种感受，真实地反映了现实生活，这是它的一大特色。

It is one of the most prominent characteristics of The Book of Songs that the real life is portrayed from more than one aspect in the poems and it manifests different feelings of different classes of people in their real life, so that the reality has its truly reflection.

Tips: 英文长句中一般评论在前，事实在后，所以可先翻译最后一句

英文中更喜欢用被动句，所以中间两句用被动形式更说得通

Liu Qinyu

The majority of the Odes date to the Western Zhou period (1046–771 BC), and were drawn from around 15 kingdoms, those which were mainly provinces and cities in the Zhongyuan area.

这本诗集可以追溯到西周时期（公元前1046-771），且其内容源自当时的15个王国，他们主要位于中原地区。

Liu Ying

原文：《尚书》的主要内容是尧舜至春秋时代一些君主和大臣的讲话，誓词，政令的记录，反映上古时代的政治观念和某些统治者的经验。

The Book of History mainly records the speeches, oaths and decrees of monarchs and ministers from Yao Shun period to Chunqiu period. It reflects political ideas in the ancient times and experiences of some governors.

Du Peixi

The Chinese classical poetry is a gem in the treasure house of Chinese literature as well as an important component of the Chinese traditional culture.

中国古典诗歌是中华文化宝库的一颗明珠,也是中华民族优秀传统文化的重要组成部分。

Tip：gem of the treasure house 的意思为珠宝屋里的宝石，为了使句子更多美感，翻译为宝库的一颗明珠。

Jiang Yun

水浒世界里只有一种颜色，那就是黑色。（中译英）

There is only a kind of color in Shui Hui Huan: black.

Li Shuo

《诗经》反映了劳动与爱情、战争与徭役、压迫与反抗、风俗与婚姻、祭祖与宴会，甚至天象、动物、植物等方方面面，是周代社会生活的一面镜子。

The Book of Songs is a mirror of social life in Zhou Dynasty, which reflects labor and love, war and corvee, oppression and resistance, customs and marriage, ancestor worship and banquet, even celestial, animal, plant and other aspects.

Peng Yu

The Dream of the Red Chamber was very highly regarded when it was published both in China and Japan and is reminiscent of a psychologically complex work like Dostoyevskiy’s.

《红楼梦》在中国和日本出版时都受到高度评价，让人联想到陀思妥耶夫斯基那样的心理复杂作品。

B. Modern Literature

Text

Chinese literature from the Opium War of 1840 to the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 is known as modern Chinese literature. It is divided into 2 stages: the first stage, lasting from the Opium War to the May 4th Movement of 1919, features progressive literature, while the second stage, extending from 1919 to 1949, is marked by the rise of revolutionary literature.

With the invasions by foreign powers since 1840, China was gradually changed into a semi-feudal, semi-colonial society, and Chinese people rose heroically against foreign aggressions. Meanwhile, progressive literature appeared. Its works reflect the then political struggles and the extraordinary events of social life. 3 representative writers of modern progressive poetry are Gong Zizhen (1792-1841), Huang Zunxian (1848-1905) and Liu Yazi (1887-1958). Other reformers who wrote good poems too include Lin Zexu, Kang Youwei, Tang Sitong and Qiu Jin.

Fiction constitutes an important part of the literature of this period and features the condemnation of social evils. Of the more than 1,000 novels of the time, the best are Exposure of the Official World by Li Boyuan, Strange Events of the Last 20 Years by Wu Jianren, The Travels of Lao Can by Liu E, and A Flower in an Ocean of Sin by Zeng Pu. These works are known as “the 4 great novels of exposure.” As a result of the increase of contacts with foreign countries and the efforts of progressive people to learn from the West, many foreign works were translated into Chinese. The leading translators were Yan Fu (1854-1921) and Lin Shu (1852-1924). Their influential translations include On the Origin of the Species by Charles Darwin and Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. During this period, about 1,000 works of fiction from foreign countries were translated into Chinese, promoting the development of new literature in China.

Drama flourished during this period. With the decline of kunqu, a form of southern opera which had dominated the theater from the 17th century to the 19th century, many more popular types of local operas came into being and developed. One of them was Beijing Opera. It took shape as an independent opera between 1840 and 1860. As it appealed to both the feudal rulers and ordinary people, it spread from north to south and from cities to villages, and thus became a “national opera.” The most famous Beijing operas include Empty City Ruse, Women Generals of the Yang House, The Fisherman’s Revenge, The Gathering of Heroes, The Jade Bracelet, and Havoc in Heaven.

On May 4, 1919, a massive anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement broke out in China. It aimed at overthrowing Confucianism and promoting science, democracy, and writing in the vernacular. The movement brought about the birth and development of a new Chinese literature. A group of progressive intellectuals treated literature as weaponry in their efforts to oppose feudalism and imperialism, and to reflect the sufferings of the working people and their struggle for liberation. Among them were the leading writers of the time, Lu Xun (1881-1936) and Guo Moruo (1892-1978). The important works of the 1920’s include Lu Xun’s Call to Arms and Wandering (short stories) and Guo Moruo’s The Goddesses, a collection of new poetry.

With the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921, the proletariat began to exercise its leadership in the new literary movement. Such well-known members of CCP as Deng Zhongxia, Yun Daiying and Qu Qiubai and such famous writers as Mao Dun (1896-1981), Guo Moruo and Lu Xun all advocated what they called “revolutionary literature.” In 1930, in order to wage more effective struggles against the Kuomingtang reactionaries, the Chinese League of Left-Wing Writers was established in Shanghai. The literary periodicals which the League writers published, such as The Dipper, Literature Monthly and Sprouts Monthly, played an important part in the development of Chinese revolutionary literature. Important works of this period include Mao Dun’s novel Midnight, Ba Jin’s (1904-2005) “Trilogy of Love”: Fog, Rain and Lightning and “Trilogy of Turbulent Currents”: The Family, Spring and Autumn, Lao She’s (1899-1966) novel Camel Xiangzi (also known as Richshaw Boy), Cao Yu’s (1910-2008) plays Thunderstorms and Sunrise, Tian Han’s (1898- 1968) play The Death of a Star, and poems by Yin Fu, Ai Qing and Zang Kejia.

In May 1942, during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Invasion, the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art was convened. In his famous “Talks at the Yan’an FLA,” Mao Zedong (1893-1976) emphasized that art must serve the people, mainly workers, peasants and soldiers, and explained the relationship between art and politics and that between art and life. Inspired by the “Talks,” writers and artists went in groups to the front and among the masses, living and working with them. As a result, a large number of outstanding works came out. Famous novels were Zhao Shuli’s (1903-1970) The Marriage of Young Blacky and Rhymes of Li Youcai, Ding Ling’s (1904-1986) The Sun Shines Over the Sanggan River, and Zhou Libo’s (1908- 1979) The Hurricane. Li Ji’s (1922-1980) Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang was an excellent long narrative poem. And the opera The White-Haired Girl by He Jingzhi (1924- ) and Ding Yi was most popular among the people, and it has been translated into several foreign languages and performed in many foreign countries ever since.

Liu Xiaoting

During the War of Liberation, themes of literature are generally the rural life in liberation areas and Chinese peasant’s struggle against the feudal rule and the system of exploitation.

解放战争时期，文学的主题一般是解放地区的农村生活和中国农民反对封建统治和剥削制度的斗争。

Chen Qiuxu

《狂人日记》是中国第一部现代白话文小说，首发于《新青年》月刊。文中讽刺了中国封建礼教和中国人的陋俗。

A madman's diary is Chinese first modern vernacular novel published in the monthly magazine New Youth. It satirizes the Chinese feudal ethics and the Chinese rotten customs.

Hu Jingchen

现代文学为中国的近现代社会创造了民族共同的想象空间，对中国近现代民族精神的形成和凝聚，民族国家的形成具有不可替代的重要作用。

Modern literature has created a common imagination space for China's modern and contemporary society, and it plays an irreplaceable and important role on the formation and cohesion of China's modern and national spirit and the formation of a nation-state.

Li Leyi

祥子是个绝对的好人，同时他的生活愿望又是那么普通，但是这样的祥子在当时的社会里却无法生存。

Xiang Zi was an absolutely good man, and his desire for life was so ordinary, but such a person could not survive in the society at that time.

Li Qi

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Chinese modern literature is a new literature formed with the influence of foreign literature, when great changes were taking place within Chinese society.

Luo Xiaodi

中国现代文学既是作家作品的历史，也是文学和文化思想的历史，也是中国社会接受和运用现代文学的历史。

Modern Chinese literature is not only the history of writers'works, but also the history of literature and cultural thought, as well as the history of the acceptance and application of modern Chinese literature.

Li Haowen

但是小凤仙在小有名气之后却心猿意马，“不在玩意儿上用功夫，专在交际上用功夫”，成了流氓绅士杨大爷的玩物，背叛了先生为之呕心沥血的戏剧事业。

However, Xiao Fengxian become absent minded when he gets a little famous. He doesn’t bury himself in Beijing Opera, but spares no effort in socializing. Finally, he ends up with being a toy to rich hooligan Yang, betraying the works in which Liu Zhensheng has devoted his whole life.

Liu Li

社会政治事件往往成为现代文学创作的题材源，引发文学创作和理论论争。

Social and political events often become the source of the subject matter of modern literary creation, causing literary creation and theoretical debate.

Qin Ruijing

相对于超越了特定地域审美趣味的昆曲而言，京剧更多地是特定地域文化的产物；相对于昆曲所代表的文人士大夫趣味，它更接近于底层和民间的趣味。

Compared with “kunqu” which transcends the regional aesthetic, Beijing Opera is the product of a specific region’s culture. Compared with “kunqu” that represents the interest of literati and officialdom, Beijing Opera is more closer to the interest of the lower class people.

Shi Shuwen

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Chinese modern literature is a new literature which is widely influenced by foreign literature under the condition of historical changes in Chinese society.

Zhang Yuanling

昆曲是一门集歌唱、舞蹈、道白、动作为一体的综合性很高的艺术形式，在刻画人物性格、表达人物心理状态等方面，形成了完整而独特的表演体系。

Kunqu is a category of art that high in comprehensiveness for integrating singing, dancing, narrating and action in one. It formed a complete and unique performing system in the aspects like depicting one’s character, expressing one’s mentality, and so on.

Luo Feng

Fiction constitutes an important part of the modern literature and features the condemnation of social evils.

在中国近现代文学史上，小说作为其重要组成，以针砭时弊为著。

Ma Qian

京剧的腔调以西皮和二黄为主，主要用胡琴和锣鼓等伴奏，被视为中国国粹。

Beijing Opera is regarded as Chinese national theater, of which the tune mainly are Xipi and Erhuang, and it accompanied with Huqin and drum for most of the time.

Li Xiangyun

近现代文学作品开始使用白话文。

Modern literature works began to use vernacular.

Liu Siyu

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Contemporary literature is a new literature which is widely influenced by foreign literatures under the condition of the historical changes within Chinese society.

这首诗对商妇的各个生活阶段，通过生动具体的生活侧面的描绘，在读者面前展开了一幅幅鲜明生动的画面。

This poetry showed readers a vivid picture by depicting a profile in different life period of the business woman vividly and specifically.

Xia Ke

一位本地英雄，

在废弃的停车场上，

唱歌，

玻璃晴朗，桔子辉煌。

A local hero, is singing in the abandoned parking lot, he is as clear as the the glass in the sun , and as gleam as the glowing orange .

酒进到嘴里，爱进到眼里，

这就是在衰朽和死亡之前，

我们应该学会的全部真理。

We drink with our mouths, we show love with our eyes,

and this is the truth we need to learn,

before we get old and die.

为了寻找你，我搬进鸟的眼睛，经常盯着路过的风。

To look for you, I moved into a bird’s eyes, and staring at the passing wind.

Ai Xin

20世纪70年代末的“伤痕小说”主要是指暴露“文革”十年灾难、揭露“文革”十年的黑暗现实给党和国家造成危害、给人们心灵造成创痛的小说，其主题是彻底否定“文化大革命”，揭露林彪“四人帮”，鞭挞丑恶灵魂，同情人民的遭遇，礼赞美好的情操。

"Scar literature" mainly refers to novels in the late 1970s, which expose the "cultural revolution" disaster and dark reality, which reveal the country’s harm and people’s heart trauma of the ten years. The themes completely deny "culture revolution", criticize Lin Biao "Gang of Four", lash ugly soul, sympathize with unfortunate experience and praise noble sentiment.

我先前总以为人是有罪的，所以枪毙或作监的。现在才知道其中的许多，是因为被人认为可恶。这才终于犯罪了。 --《可恶罪》 一九二七年

I had often thought that a man was shot or put into prison for his guilty; but now I know many of them crime at last because they are considered guilty. -- The Crime of Hate In 1927

Sun Rui

在文革前和文革当中，中国大陆的当代文学一直存在着潜在的创作，历次政治运动中被剥夺了写作权力的知识分子仍然在用笔表达内心的理想之歌和感情世界。

In the period before and during the cultural revolution, potential creation had always existed in the contemporary literature in Chinese mainland. The intellectuals who had been deprived of the right to write in all the political movements were still expressing their inner idea lsongs and emotional world with the pen.

Yang Yuxin

创作实践上要求反映现实政治社会内容，歌颂广大人民和英雄人物对外国侵略者的英勇抵抗。

In practice, composition is supposed to reflect realistic contents of political and social, praising people and heroes' brave resistance to foreign invaders.

Yang Qing

《激流三部曲》，包括《家》、《春》、《秋》，表达了巴金对自由、民主、尊重人格、人性解放的呼吁。

The Trilogy of Turbulent Currents, including The Family, Spring and Autumn, shows Ba Jin's appeal for freedom, democracy, respect for personality and liberation of human nature.

Yang Jiani

Lu Xun was born into a family of landlords and government officials in Shaoxing, Zhejiang; the family's financial resources declined over the course of his youth. Lu aspired to take the imperial civil service exam; but, due to his family's relative poverty, was forced to attend government-funded schools teaching "Western education".

鲁迅出生在浙江绍兴的一个官宦地主家庭里。在他年轻的时候，家里的财力逐渐衰退。鲁迅立志去参加科举考试，然而由于家庭的贫穷，他被迫参加了由政府资助承办的“西式教育”学校.

Yin Tanwen

新文化运动后，一群先进的知识分子将文学作为反帝反封建运动的武器，也用文学来反映劳动者的疾苦和他们为了自由所做的斗争。

After the new culture movement, a group of advanced intellectuals used literature as weaponry against imperialism and feudalism, and also to reflect the sufferings of the workers and their struggle for liberation.

Yu Jing

新民主主义文学中所孕育的社会主义因素﹐保证了文学的社会主义发展方向﹐到中华人民共和国成立后﹐便形成了社会主义文学的洪流。

The socialism factor bred in new democratic literature assured the literature socialism developing direction and formed socialism literature current after the founded of New China.

Zhou Xiaolan

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Chinese modern literature is a new literature which is widely influenced by foreign literature under the condition of historical changes in Chinese society.

Zhu Wenhao

梅兰芳的哑剧表演和服装展示的演出真是精美优雅，可爱绝伦，美妙得就像中国古老的花瓶或是刺绣的帷幔。这是一次接触，与一种在数世纪中不可思议地圆熟起来的文化的接触。

Mei Lanfang ’s pantomime performances and costume show performances are exquisitely elegant, lovely. They are as beautiful as ancient Chinese vases or embroidered curtains. This is a contact with a kind of culture, which formed and developed incredibly in centuries.

Peng Lu

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

With historical changes happening inside in China , Chinese modern literature is developed to a new literature though widely accepting foreign achievements.

Guo Xinyi

可以说，没有外国文学、文化的影响，中国现代文学的产生是无法想象的。

To say the least, the advent of Chinese modern literature is hard to imagine if without the impact of foreign literature and foreign culture.

Tips：“可以说”: to say the least

“产生”不一定都用production或者appearance，也可以用advent或emergence

Liu Qinyu

Lu Xun was born into a family of landlords and government officials in Shaoxing, Zhejiang; the family's financial resources declined over the course of his youth.

鲁迅出生于浙江绍兴的一个官僚地主之家。在他年少时，家道中落。

Liu Ying

虽然现代小说是全新的，但并不意味着它是孤立的，恰恰相反，它得益于对中国传统小说的继承和吸取。

Although contemporary literature is brand-new, it isn’t isolated; contrarily, it benefits from inheriting and absorbing the edges of traditional literature.

Du Peixi

In the field of poetry, Guo Moruo is the figure initiated the modern Chinese poetry with his outstanding example, The Goddess.

在诗歌领域，郭沫若是中国现代诗的首要人物，他杰出的代表作是《女神》。

Jiang Yun

这就是中国文学目前的问题，搞文学的在搞艺术，国家希望它服务于社会（中译英） People who belongs to literary are working on arts, but our country hopes it serve the society. This is the question lying in Chinese literature.

Li Shuo

《茶馆》结构上分三幕，以老北京一家叫裕泰的大茶馆的兴衰变迁为背景，展示了从清末到北洋军阀时期再到抗战胜利以后的近50年间，北京的社会风貌和各阶层的不同人物的生活变迁。

The structure of Teahouse is divided into three acts. With the rise and fall of a big tea house called Yutai in old Beijing as the background, it shows the social features of Beijing and the life changes of different figures in every class in about 50 years from the late Qing Dynasty to the period of the Northern warlords, then to the victory of the War of Resistance.

Peng Yu

Lu Xun, the harbinger and master of modern literature, composed the Madman's Diary, which was the first work set completely in exoteric language and which sharply revealed the essence of society.

鲁迅是现代文学的先驱和大师，《狂人日记》是第一部完全以通俗语言为背景，深刻揭示社会本质的作品。

C. Contemporary Literature

Text

Literature from the founding of New China in 1949 to the present day is referred to as contemporary literature. Guided by the literary policy of “letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend,” a great number of good works were produced from the early 1950’s to the mid 1960’s. Best examples are the novels Builders of a New Life by Liu Qing, Keep the Red Flag Flying by Liang Bin, Red Crag by Luo Guangbin and Yang Yiyan, The Song of Youth by Yang Mo, Tracks in the Snow Forest by Qu Bo, Great Changes in a Mountain Village by Zhou Libo, and Sanliwan Village by Zhao Shuli. The best plays include Teahouse by Lao She (1899-1966), Guan Hanqing by Tian Han (1898-1968) and Cai Wenji by Guo Moruo, the opera The Red Guards of Honghu, and the song and dance epic The East Is Red, and popular poems written by Ai Qing, Li Ji, Wen Jie, Guo Xiaochuan and He Jingzhi. All these works faithfully reflect the features of the age and people’s aspirations for a new life. They were of a great influence in inspiring people’s enthusiasm about and participation in the socialist construction.

During the 10-years Great Cultural Revolution, literature withered. But the great victory in smashing the Gang of Four in 1976 ushered in a new period. Various forms of literature began to flourish again. Take novels and short stories for example. From 1980 to 1986, more than 100 novels were published each year, while the number of short stories published each year since 1978 reached 10,000. Enormous progress was also made in reportage literature, poetry, essays, children’s literature, science fiction and minority literature. Meanwhile a large number of middle-aged and young writers emerged, such as Wang Meng, Jiang Zilong, Zhang Xianliang, Chen Rong, Zhang Jie, Gao Xiaosheng, Jia Pingwa and Wang Anyi.

Literature of the new period reflects various aspects of life of the changing society. “Wound Literature,” with “The Wound” by Lu Xinhua as its representative, exposes the persecution of people under the tyranny of the Gang of Four. Another type concentrates on the experience and Units gained during the 17 years after the founding of New China. “A Story out of Sequence” by Ru Zhijuan, “Lishunda Builds a House” by Gao Xiaosheng, “Lunar Eclipse” by Li Guowen, and A Tale of Mt. Tianyuan by Lu Yanzhou belong to this type. The new period literature is also featured by works about the reforms carried out in all fields. Among them are “Manager Qiao Assumes Office” by Jiang Zilong, Leaden Wings by Zhang Jie, and “30 Million Yuan” by Ke Yunlu. Well-known works on life and love include At our Middle Age by Chen Rong, “A Corner Forsaken by Love” by Zhang Xian, and Love Must Not Be Forgotten by Zhang Jie.

Multi-expressionism can be regarded as one of the characteristics of the works of this period. Many writers, especially older writers, still cling to realism. However, many middle-aged and young writers have been borrowing Western modernist techniques, such as stream-of-consciousness, symbolism and black humor. They have been trying to combine realism with modernism and even post-modernism to depict social life more profoundly from personal points of view.

Liu Xiaoting

"Remembering Past Times" is the management thought of the teahouse and "Reappearance of Traditional Folk Craft" is its style, so here has already been an ideal place in Beijing for foreigners to come as a guest and know about Chinese culture today.

“忆往昔”是茶馆的经营思想，“再现传统民间工艺”是茶馆的风格， 因此这里已经是来北京的外国人作为客人了解中国文化的理想场所。

Chen Qiuxu

巴金的长篇小说以描写家庭生活为主，家即社会，家庭是构成社会机体的细胞，家庭生活是社会生活的缩影。

Ba Gin's novels are mainly about family life. Family is the society, family is the cell of social organism, and family life is the epitome of social life.

Hu Jingchen

现代文学为中国的近现代社会创造了民族共同的想象空间，对中国近现代民族精神的形成和凝聚，民族国家的形成具有不可替代的重要作用。

Modern literature has created a common imagination space for China's modern and contemporary society, and it plays an irreplaceable and important role on the formation and cohesion of China's modern and national spirit and the formation of a nation-state.

Li Leyi

杨子荣是曲波以现实战斗中的真人为原型而塑造出的人物形象，更是一位革命斗争经验丰富、智勇双全的侦察英雄。

Yang Zirong is a character created by Qu Bo with a real image in the real battle, and he is also a reconnaissance hero, who contains rich experience and wisdom and courage in the revolutionary struggle.

Li Qi

《红岩》反映的是全国解放前夕光明与黑暗之间展开的一场生死较量。

Red Rock reflects a battle of life and death between light and darkness in China on the eve of national liberation.

Luo Xiaodi

中国当代文学体制沿袭1949年以后的官方文学体制，培养出大量庸俗腐朽，阿谀逢迎体制内作家。

The Chinese contemporary literary system follows the official literary system after 1949, and has produced a large number of writers who are vulgar, corrupt and sycophantic.

Li Haowen

贾平凹说，磁铁只对螺丝帽、铁钉起作用，不对石头、木块起作用，文学也同样。“我从来没有考虑过读者，越考虑，书越卖不动。”

Jia Pingwa says that, the magnet can only work with nails and screws. It can do nothing to the stone and the rock. It is just the same as literature. “ I have never ever thought of readers. The more I think, the less the book can be sold.”

Liu Li

中国平民作家直面现实，深层揭示社会矛盾，以文学的方式推动社会的发展与进步。

Chinese civilian writers face the reality directly, reveal the social contradictions deeply, and promote the development and progress of the society by means of literature.

Qin Ruijing

“伤痕”文学最初是带有贬斥含义的称谓，这些作品的感伤的、悲剧性的情感基调以及揭露性的取材趋向，被一些批评家看做五六十年代“暴露文学”“写阴暗面”等在80年代的重演。

"Wound literature” is a derogatory term at first. Some critics in 1980s regard it as a replay of the 1950s “exposure literature” and “writing dark side” because its sentimental and tragic emotional tone and revealing materials.

Shi Shuwen

中国当代文学，首先指的是1949年以来的中国文学；其次指的是发生在特定的社会主义历史语境中的文学，它限定在“中国大陆”这一范围之中。

Firstly, Chinese contemporary literature refers to the Chinese literature since 1949; Secondly, it refers to the literature that takes place in the specific historical context of socialism, which is confined to the scope of "Chinese mainland".

Luo Feng

Guided by the literary policy of “letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend,” a great number of good works were produced from the early 1950’s to the mid 1960’s.

在“百花齐放，百家争鸣”方针的指导下，20世纪50年代初至60年代中期，中国涌现了一大批优秀文学作品。

Zhang Yuanling

当某个集体的成员觉得他经历了可怕的事情，在群体意识上留下了难以磨灭的痕迹，成为永久的记忆，根本且无可扭转地改变了未来的认同，文化创伤就发生了。

Cultural trauma takes place when one of the group believes himself has experienced something horrible. It will make a irremovable mark on the group identification, which turns into a permanent memory, and changes their recognition of the future radically and irreversibly.

Ma Qian

中国当代著名作家王蒙点评贾平凹时说：“事实上，他的农民模样掩盖了他的精明、智能。他是个聪明、善于不露痕迹搞幽默的作家。”

When giving comments on Jia Pin'ao, a famous contemporary Chinese writer Wang Meng said:" In fact, his shrewdness and intelligence are covered by his looking of a peasant. He is a smart writer who is good at making fun of people in no trace."

Li Xiangyun

当代文学大致可分为四个阶段：新时期文学、80年代文学、90年代文学、新时代文学。

There are mainly four stages of contemporary literature: new-era literature, 80’s literature, 90’s literature, new-age literature.

Xia Ke

人生就像一场舞会，教会你最初舞步的人却未必能陪你走到散。

Life is just like a dance party, the one who taught you how to dance may not keep dancing with you until the end of the party.

人间没有永恒的夜晚，世界没有永恒的冬天。

There is no eternal darkness in the life, there is no eternal winter in the world.

我不配做一盏灯，那么就让我做一块木柴吧。

I’m not good enough to be a lamp, then, let me be a match.

Liu Siyu

近代文学的政治性、战斗性，随着近代社会的发展，愈来愈加强和显著了。

With the development of society, modern literature’s political nature and militancy became more and more strong and remarkable.

Ai Xin

《呐喊》中的阿Q是辛亥革命时期的农民典型。他是赤贫的雇农，被地主压迫，他不正视现实，常以精神胜利法自我陶醉，而忘却了自己失败者的悲惨屈辱的处境。

In the Cry to Arms, Ah-Q is a typical peasant during the Revolution of 1911. As a destitute farmhand oppressed by landlords, he did not face the reality, but often indulged himself in spiritual triumph to forget his own miserable and humiliating situation.

Sun Rui

中国现代文学以一九一七年发难的文学革命为开端。自此，中国文学发展历史进入一个新的时期。

The beginning of Chinese Modern literature is the literature revolution in 1017. Since then, the development of Chinese literature has entered a new period.

Yang Yuxin

尽管这一时期的文学在多样性发展上有所不足，并存在着粉饰现实的偏差，但具有中国民族特色及时代特色的主导性风格。

Although literature of this period is defective in diversity, and tries to gloss over realistic deviation, it possesses a dominant style with Chinese national characteristics and the characteristics of the times.

Yang Qing

《山乡巨变》具有浓郁的南国的地方特色，湖南山村清秀俊美的乡风水色和当地特有的风情民俗，赋予小说一种特殊的文化蕴涵，并创造出令读者心驰神往的优美意境。

Great Changes in a Mountain Village has strong local characteristics of southern China. The clear and beautiful scenery and unique local folklore of the mountain village in Hunan give this novel a special cultural meaning and create an attractive artistic conception.

Yang Jiani

Jia Pingwa is a Chinese novelist and short story writer. He was born in Dihua Town, Danfeng County, Shaanxi, graduated from Northwest University School of Arts in 1975, began to publish works in 1972. His novels includes "Shang State", "White Night", and the autobiographical "I am a Farmer". His 1993 novel, Deserted City was banned for its explicit sexual content by the State Publishing Administration. The novel was released 17 years later. His most famous novel is Shaanxi Opera, which won the Mao Dun Literature Prize.

贾平凹是中国小说和短篇小说家。出生于陕西省丹凤县翟华镇，1975年毕业于西北大学艺术学院。他的小说包括《商州》，《白夜》和自传《我是农民》。他1993年的小说《荒城》由于露骨性内容被国家出版总局禁止出版。这部小说于17年之后得到解禁。他最著名的小说是《陕西戏曲》，使他获得了茅盾文学奖。

Yin Tanwen

伤痕文学是20世纪70年代末到80年代初在中国大陆文坛占据主导地位的一种文学现象。

Wound Literature is a dominant literary phenomenon in China from the late 1970s to the early 1980s.

Yu Jing

自二十世纪末期开始，具有独立思想的中国自由文学的出现，使得中国当代文学大踏步进入世界先进文化行列，成为引领世界文学的先锋。

Since the late 20th century, Chinese Liberalism Literature with independent idea has appeared, making Chinese modern literature entered the world’s advanced culture ranks and became the pioneer of leading world literature.

Zhou Xiaolan

自二十世纪末期开始，具有独立思想的中国自由文学的出现，使得中国当代文学大踏步进入世界先进文化行列。

Since the end of the 20th century, the emergence of independent-mind Chinese liberal literature has made Chinese contemporary literature stride into the ranks of the world’s advanced literature.

Tips: we don’t need to translate the sentence exactly according to the original text, and inversion and reversion are useful method in translation.

Zhu Wenhao

中国杂技艺术以它无与伦比的精湛技艺，绚丽多层的传统节目，独特鲜明的民族风格，博得了国内外广大观众的赞赏和喜爱。人们从这项传承数千载，历万劫而不衰的形体表演艺术中，看到了中华民族勤劳、勇敢、智慧、乐观和不断追求超越自身与客观束缚的民族性格。

Chinese acrobatic art has won the appreciation and affection of the audience at home and abroad for its unparalleled superb skills, gorgeous multi-layered traditional programs, and unique and distinctive ethnic style. People have seen the Chinese people's diligence, bravery, wisdom, optimism, and constant pursuit of a national character that transcends their own and objective constraints from this form of performance art that has been passed on for thousands of years.

Peng Lu

自二十世纪末期开始，具有独立思想的中国自由文学的出现，使得中国当代文学大踏步进入世界先进文化行列，成为引领世界文学的先锋，并使中国当代文学达到历史的顶峰。

From late 20th century, the appearance of Chinese liberal literature featured individual ideas has made contemporary literature step into advanced culture of the world, the pioneer of world literature and reach the peak of history.

Guo Xinyi

“文化大革命”中政治生活的逆转，人为地遏止了正在发展着的上述文学趋势，粉饰与歪曲现实的文学逆流却获得恶性发展，造成了灾难性的后果。

Because of the reversion of the political life in the Great Cultural Revolution, the upward trend of literature was held back artificially while the countercurrent of literature that whitewashed and distorted the reality obtained vicious development, bringing about catastrophic consequences.

Tips: 翻译长句时先分析每个分句的关系，这个句子中有因果关系，因此可用because of连接。

Liu Qinyu

With the advent of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, Jia Yanchun was accused of being a counter-revolutionary and he spent the next ten years in a labor camp.

1966年文化大革命兴起后，贾彦春被打为反革命分子，并在一个劳动营中度过了十年。

Tip：有的地方中文语义上下文中包含了这层意思，就不需要直译出来了。

Liu Ying

原文：在市场的体制下，纯文学和通俗文学都无法离开出版运作和文化消费市场的选择

Under the current marketing system, pure literature and light literature are unable survive without choices from publication and consumers.

《尚书》The Book of History 政令 decree [C] an official order from a ruler or government that becomes the law 继承 inherit v. 通俗文学 light literature 反思：在翻译“体现”，“政治观念”或“什么理念”时，常常词语匮乏，不能想到更地道贴切的词语，如reflect, political ideas, political opinions, 这一方面要多积累。还有连接词也贫乏，句与句之间常常只会用简单的因果关系，转折与并列关系，接下来要多积累。

Du Peixi

When the individualism thought streams into China from the west, it influenced the creations of the Chinese contemporary literature deeply.

晚清以来，个人主义思想从西方传入中国，极大地影响了中国现代文学的创作。

Jiang Yun

《红岩》是一部为时代而生的小说，但是却缺乏对人性的思考，对生活的探索，树立价值观的色彩过浓。(中译英)

Red Crag a novel born for its era, of which the values are emphasized too much is lacking in the exploration if humanity and life.

Li Shuo

《彷徨》贯穿着对生活在封建势力重压下的农民及知识分子“哀其不幸，怒其不争”的关怀。

The concern of “mourn for their unfortunate, anger for their cowardice”to those farmers and intellectuals who was living under the weight of feudal forces runs through Wandering.

Peng Yu

Modern Chinese poems are also called “new poetry”. They usually do not follow any prescribed pattern.

现代中国诗歌也被称为“新诗”，通常不遵循任何规定的模式。

D.李白《长干行》and its Translations

Liu Xiaoting

大林寺桃花 Peach Blossoms in the Temple of Great Forest

白居易 Bai Juyi

人间四月芳菲尽，

All flowers in late spring have far and wide,

山寺桃花始盛开。

But peach blossoms are full-blown on this mountainside.

长恨春归无觅处，

I oft regret spring’s gone without leaving its trace,

不知转入此中来。

I do not know it’s come up to adorn this place.

Chen Qiuxu

唐诗是中华民族珍贵的文化遗产之一，是中华文化宝库中的一颗明珠，对于后人研究唐代的政治、风俗、文化等都有重要的参考意义。

Tang poetry is one of the precious cultural heritages of the Chinese nation and a pearl in the treasure house of Chinese culture. It has important reference significance for the later generations to study the politics, customs and culture of the Tang Dynasty.

Luo Xiaodi

十四为君妇，羞颜未尝开。

I'm so shy when I marry you at the age of fourteen.'

Li Haowen

“门前迟行迹”以下八句，通过节气变化和不同景物的描写，将一个思念远行丈夫的少妇形象，鲜明地跃然于纸上。

The eight lines, which are below the line “you wavered yourself before the gate”, depict a young married woman who misses her leaving husband dreadfully through the description of the changing solar terms and different objects.

Liu Li

李白善于从民间文艺和神话传说中吸取营养和素材，以此构成其诗特有的瑰玮绚烂的色彩。

Li Bai is good at absorbing nutrition and material from folk literature and mythology to form the unique magnificent and gorgeous color of his poems.

Qin Ruijing

在两年光景中，河商之妻从女孩变成为女人，充分认知到当两个成年人把各自的童年留在背后，需要做什么才能在时间的侵凌中保全一个人类家园。

In two years, the merchant’s wife grew up into a woman, and gully understood what should be done to preserve a homeland in the invasion of time whn two adults left their childhood behind.

Shi Shuwen

长干，在今天的南京市，位于秦淮区中华门外秦淮河南，在唐代，这里曾是商人们聚集的繁华地区，李白亲眼目睹了这里的是市井人情，看到商人的孩童们在这里玩耍嬉戏，感慨地写下了《长干行》。

Changgan, today's Nanjing city, is located in the south of Qinhuai river. In the Tang dynasty, it was a prosperous area where merchants gathered.

Zhang Yuanling

李白的《长干行》，通过一系列富有生活情趣的细节和心理侧面，成功地展现了一个丈夫远行的商妇丰富的内心世界。

In The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter, Li Bai successfully showed the inner world of a merchant’s wife by a series of details and mental side descriptions which are rich in the delight of life.

Luo Feng

十四为君妇，羞颜未尝开。

I became your bride when I was fourteen. I was bashful still at that time.

Li Xiangyun

庞德翻译的《长干行》被誉为20世纪美国最美的译诗。

The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter, translated by Ezra Pound, is regarded as the most beautiful translated poetry in 20th century in America.

Ma Qian

商妇的爱情有热烈奔放的特点，同时又是那样地坚贞、持久、专一、深沉。

Love of the businessman's wife is passionate and enthusiastic, but faithful, everlasting, pure, and deep at the same time. Tips: Dividing the sentence into several parts, and rearrange the order if necessary.

Yang Yuxin

这首诗对商妇的各个生活阶段，通过生动具体的生活侧面的描绘，在读者面前展开了一幅幅鲜明生动的画面。

This poem describes each lifeq stage of the merchant woman in a specific and vivid way, depicting vivid pictures to readers.

Yang Qing

诗人李白写过许多反映妇女生活的作品，《长干行二首》就是其中杰出的诗篇。 The poet Li Bai has written many poems reflecting women’s life, the two Ballad of a Merchant’s Wife are the outstanding poems.

Yang Jiani

妾发初覆额，折花门前剧；

While my hair was still cut straight across my forehead I played about the front gate, pulling flowers.

Yin Tanwen

《长干行》这首爱情叙事诗以商妇独白自述的手法，反映古代商人妻子的生活与情感。

The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter reflects the life and emotion of an ancient merchant's wife by the way of monologue as a love narrative poem.

Jiang Yun

李白是最早介绍到西方，并产生巨大影响力的中国诗人。（中译英）

Li Bai, the first Chinese poet introuduced to the Western countries, has a great influence on them.

Tips

When translating historical events, due to cultural differences, the translation of specific historical periods needs special attention.

在翻译有关文学的句子时，对于有些文学术语，我们自己要有一定的了解，才能把它翻译成合适的英语。因此，积累真的很重要。

Long sentence---short sentence

Li Haowen

“杨大爷”的翻译让人苦恼。Mr. Yang感觉用在一个流氓身上不太对，去电子词典里搜出来的是Uncle Yang， 这看起来也不对。记得曾见过将人的姓氏直接接在他的职业后面的用法，于是在此处便采用这种用法。

“节气”的翻译本想自己用climate，后觉得意思上有所偏差，在词典中查询得到solar terms的用法，但也有cycle的说法。后因为cycle只找到两处是做节气的意思，因此还是选用solar terms。

Qin Ruijing

The differences between Chinese and English makes it really hard to translate Chinese short sentences into English. One of the most important things is to place the modifiers in a proper position.

Shi Shuwen

I read the translation of the poems written by Li Bai and had some reflections. First, translate classical Chinese into modern Chinese, and then translate modern Chinese into English; Second, on the basis of 1, when translating into English, I should think carefully about the words and keep up with the rhythm of English poetry.

Zhang Yuanling

“最后化作一缕云烟”: 此句在中文中，大家都明白云烟会消散，所以作者省略了“消散”这个动词。再翻做英文时，应该把动词补上; 道白其实就是戏剧里读的旁白。

Dividing the sentence into several parts, and rearrange the order if necessary.