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Machine Translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?

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Abstract

With deeper globalization, international sports competitions become more frequently. Translation plays an important role in sports communication. Nowadays, machine translation has been widely applied in many fields because of the rapid development of artificial intelligence. This essay will expound the current situation of the application of machine translation in sports events and the future of it as well as make a comparison with human translation.

Key words

Machine Translation; Human Translation; International Sports Events；Artificial Intelligence

摘要

随着全球化的推进，世界的交流增多，国际体育比赛也日渐频繁。语言翻译是体育比赛时重要的沟通工具。随着人工智能的快速发展，机器翻译已经广泛应用于许多领域。本文将探讨机器翻译在体育比赛中的应用现状与未来的发展前景，并将其与人工翻译进行对比。

关键词

机器翻译；人工翻译；国际体育赛事；人工智能

1. Introduction

With the speeding of globalization, not only does economy develop, but China has participated in more and more international sports competitions in order to build a leading sports nation. In the chapter 11 of Genesis of the Bible, it was recorded that men united to build the Tower of Babel with the purpose of reaching heaven. In order to stop the humans' plan, God determined the human beings to speak different languages, so that they could not communicate with each other any longer. The humans' plan finally failed because of the newly created language barrier. Therefore, language communication and translation exert an enormous influence on exchange. The level of language service not only shows the capability of a country to host events, but also a way to show cultural soft power (Liu Yuanyuan 2016).

Since artificial intelligence has developed so fast, whether machine translation will replace human translation one day has been a heated debate for several years. Machine translation has been applied in Tokyo Olympic Games and other individual events, such as football and tennis. It will also be applied in Beijing Winter Olympic Games and Hangzhou Asian Games in the coming year. Though it effectively solves the shortage of translators, there are still many problems existing.

2.The History of Machine Translation

Machine translation means to process a natural language by artificial intelligence. Since 1949, the 'father' of machine translation Warren Weaver put forward the concept, that there were three periods in the development of machine translation. The first period is rule-based machine translation. Linguists at that time believed that there could be rules to follow in a language, so they summarized the rules of different natural languages and used computers to transfer them. The second period is statistical machine translation. It is a data-driven approach by establishing of probability model to calculate the translation(SUTSKEVER I,VINYALS O, LE Q V 2014:3104-3112) (BAHDANAU D, CHO K, BENGIO Y 2014:1409.0473).

And nowadays, neural machine translation has been applied in machine translation since 2014, which is the third period. It adopts the continuous space representation to represent words, phrases and sentences. In translation model, it doesn’t need word alignment, phrase extraction, phrase probability calculation and other statistical machine translation processing steps, instead, it only converts source language to target language by neutral network. It can imitate the human brain’s simple information processing, through self-learning of pre-translated materials, constantly improve the quality of translation (Gao Minghu, Yu Zhiqiang 2019: 72-76)（Du Xue 2019:2） .

Nowadays, in the market, Youdao, Baidu and Google are popular electronic dictionary apps in search engine, whose core technology is neural machine translation. And Sogou Company has released two types of physical translation machine, which can be taken to everywhere. iFLYTEK Company is a well-known intelligent voice and artificial intelligence listed company in the Asia-pacific region, committed to enabling machines to hear and speak, understand and think, and use artificial intelligence to build a better world.

Youdao electronic dictionary has a complete corpus, with a collection of Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the 21st Century English-Chinese Dictionary and other authoritative dictionary data. The interpretation is also based on powerful search engine and mass information storage such as popular words, names and abbreviations in foreign languages, including film and television titles, celebrity name, brand name, place name, dish name, technical terms, etc (Wang Yun 2019:240-241).

3.1 The shortage of Human Translators

News discourse is a text or discourse on radio, on TV or in the newspaper, in which new information is given about recent events. One of the traits of sports translation is real-time. Lagging message is invaluable. Simultaneous interpretation of sports commentators is the most common way in the race. Translators need to bring the first-hand information to the athletes, coaches, referee and audience. Athletes and coach need to adjust strategies to win the game after getting the indication of referee. Audience can feel immerged in the intense situation and experience the nervous atmosphere. The translator must convey the instructor’s both content and content during the competition or when the athletes face the media, the translation should show a determined, persistent and devoted image the same as the player himself presents to the public and cannot distort the image intentionally or unintentionally.(Van Dijk 1980:226-238)

Second, sports translators should equip with many professional knowledge. Sports English vocabulary is based on daily English vocabulary in combination of professional terms, which has a strong particularity. If the words of referee are mistranslated by translators, the players may lose the game due to one small detail. If the words of players are mistranslated in the interview, the players may be misunderstood by the public, which may exert bad influence on plays’ psychological status.(Huang Yanling, 2017:248)

Another trait is that sports translation involves in many languages. Sports players from all over the world will attend the competition. But nowadays, the translation is limit on English.

Finally, sports translation is usually colloquial, it appears in players’ interview, daily communication. (Huang Yanling, 2017:248)

Here is an example: staff of the national gymnastics team communicated with each other about muscle stickers via an IFlytek machine translation: Here is the dialogue: Chinese Staff: xxx的贴布它有很多种等级，有那个练习款，它是不同款的，是哪一种等级你觉得它的品质特别好？ Machine: This xxx cloth has many grades if there is an exercise it is different, what kind of grade do you have you think its quality is very good. Chinese Staff:因为它有不同的产品线，它做出来的贴布品质量不一的。 Machine: Because it has different product lines the quality of the items it makes varies. Chinese Staff: 所以你要的是哪一种型号，并不是所有的型号都很好用，之前我用过基本上很多的型号，都不是那么好用。 Machine: So, what kind of model do you want? Not all models are very easy to use. I have used many models before and they are not so easy to use. Foreign Staff: You were right, this one is very good to prove, everyone knows this brand, and actually a lot of famous sports clubs America and Europe are using this brand. Machine: 你说得对，但这个很好，这证明了每个人都知道这个品牌。实际上很多著名的体育俱乐部，在美国、欧洲，他们都使用这个牌子。

Above all, the requirements of sports translators are strict. Therefore, in current time, the demand and supply of sports translation talents are unbalanced. There is in badly-need of sports translators in both quantity and quality. It is necessary to introduce the machine translation to it in order to alleviate human translators’ shortage.(Sheng Mengmeng 2019)

3.2 The development in Machine Translation

Since Sogou Company released simultaneous machine interpretation service in 2016, it has been applied in a number of international conferences. The quality of products has been well estimated by the industry.

In China Open of 2018 in National Stadium, Sogou’s AI simultaneous transmission first appeared in Chinese sports events. The whole competition from the pre-match media conference to the final the champion interview used it. The Grand Slam champion Simona Halep and 2017 ATP final champion Grigor Dimitrov showed up before the competition talking to the reporters along with AI technology. The journalists asked questions in Chinese and the players answered in their languages or English. Sogou’s AI technology transmitted the real-time translation of the dialogue on courtside screen so that both sides can understand each other clearly. Compared with the past, it required both the interviewers and interviewees with a great command of oral English.

In 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, Japanese government had done research and development on many machine translation devices, ranging from portable translation devices to multilingual speakers. Many Olympic logo posted in stadiums with QR codes, which athletes and staff can scan to select a language for inquiring information. When the athletes arrived at Japanese airport for the first time, they were greeted by robots from Haneda Robotics Lab. The robots acted as multilingual guides to guide international travelers. They also scanned for suspicious luggage or other potential hazards and alert human guards. In addition, stadiums and other venues also had AI communication robots that can provide more information about traffic schedules, directions (Bo Yanqiu, 2018:6-11).

4.The Comparison of Machine Translation and Human Translators

In the following essay will first illustrate the general advantages and disadvantages of both two, and analyze it in three details respectively: vocabulary, sentence and paragraph.

In my opinion, this sentence is not really necessary to be here. It's only to put the subtitle beneath directly. corrected by--Xiao Yiyao (talk) 11:55, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

4.1 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Human Translators and Machine Translation

The advantage of machine translation is: First, during the current pandemic period, it can reduce the human communication face to face, let people keep distance from each other. To some extent, it can block the spread of virus so that makes the organizers easier to guarantee the athletes, staff and volunteers’ health. Meanwhile, the pandemic will also promote the development of machine translation. Second, it can be more effective. If people carry a device in the bag, they will not be anxious if there is no translator around them. They can translate by only inputting the unknown words or audio recognition. Third, it can attract more audience from all over the world to watch the game without language barrier, which can increase economic income.

However, machine translation online has some problems. First, it was over-reliance on the internet. Once people are in a poor signal, they cannot translate it fluently. Second, the noise reduction ability of many electronic device is ordinary, but many sports events were held in open ground with exuberance of race atmosphere. When they do some outdoor translation, speech recognition ability is poor. In addition, at present, the main AI translation products in China can only achieve the conversion between Chinese and English.It is not enough. At last, according to the previous example of national gymnastics, machine translation attaches less importance to grammar. Sometimes it is just the stack of words. These disadvantages are now existing, but they can be improved by technology in the future. （Du Xue 2019:2）

Here is an incomparable advantage of human translators. In Tokyo Olympic Games, there were many translators involving in the voluntary service. As described by those translators, we know that not only can translators provide translation service, but also, they can offer warm care to the athletes compared to the cold machine. During half time interval, the translators would be busy handing out water and food to the players to replenish their energy as well as pass towels, help wipe the tablet. They also cheered to motivate the player when they won the game.

However, human translators were easily influenced by emotions or bias. On the contrary, machine translation will not add personal feelings and will be more objective than human translators. For example, the translator in Sun Yang’s hearing was questioned, who was one of the best swimmers in China. Once, when asked by WADA's lawyer that Sun had taken more than 200 drug tests, a simultaneous interpreter mistakenly translated "200 drug tests" into "200 milliliters." Sun’s lawyer said that the translation must be correct in order to make the hearing fair and let the judge to do the right decision. So they requested to change a translator.

Neural machine translation still has a long way to go. Though machine translation has greatly improved in the fluency of sentence, which exerts less influence on daily communication, it still makes some mistakes in professional fields such as sports. In the process of sports translation, we will come across many professional sports terms, which is completely different from our regular expression. The combination of linguistics with machine translation is essential.

In the following, the essay will take the version of Youdao translation app as example compared with human translators’ version.

4.2 Vocabulary Translation

The sports phrases sometimes are quite different from our daily meanings. These professional items can be divided into several categories.

The first type is the phrases that are different from our daily meaning. The sports events “Synchronized Swimming” will be translated to “花样游泳”instead of “同步游泳”as a sports item. In basketball, we often translated“命中率”as “shooting percentage”, but both Youdao and Baidu translated it into “hit rate” which is an expression in computer science, not in sports.

But electronic dictionary has still been improved by incorporating the corpora, “罚球”is “free throw” which has the same version of both machine translation and human translators.

Second, the same word has different meanings in different sports. Machine Translation sometimes cannot distinguish the certain language environment. For example, “position” means “姿势，姿态” in daily translation, but in shooting, “line of position” is translated into “高低线”，and in tennis and badminton“home position” represents the center of the site. All in all, machine translation can only record the phrase collocations right now. (Zhang Xiaofei, Zhang Yanqiu, Yang Chunhui 2018:207-208)

4.3 Sentence Translation

There is a shortage of both quantity and quality of Chinese translators abroad. For instance, Ma long, one of the greatest table tennis players in China who won two gold medals in man’s single competition in Olympic Games once pointed out the mistakes of translators directly when he was interviewed abroad. The foreign reporter asked him “What do you think about the Waldner of Swedish player?” The correct translation is “你觉得瑞典的瓦尔德内尔怎么样？”But the translator translated into “你认为你的双打搭档怎么样？” Obviously, the translator was not familiar with players of table tennis, and was not professional enough. And if there were a machine translation, it will be transliteration. Though it may not be exact, the player could understand.

Another example in basketball,“How to do the defense?”which should be translated in “怎么防守？”in basketball terms, however, Youdao app’s version is“如何进行辩护？”, which is an item in law.

4.4 Paragraph Translation

Here is an English interview of Cristiano Ronaldo’s interviewed by CCTV5 in 2018. It was the first overseas TV interview after C. Ronaldo moving to Juventus Football Club. One Chinese version is from CCTV5 staff as caption and the other is translated by Youdao app. Here is the original text of his interview.

Q: Professional footballist like you don’t normally have much time to rest, you know, just the World Cup finished and you finished your transfer, and then in 30 days, new season is gonna keep off. What’s your next step to prepare for your new season?

A：Well, I will be prepared. I will start to train the 30th, so I’m exciting I’m in a new club. It will be amazing for me. I’m gonna to play in one of the best clubs in the world, amazing, so I feel excited, ready to start and I will be great.

Q: Definitely, your transfer was most breaking news in the World Cup, what drove you make such a decision?

A: As I said before, I love challenge, I win everything in Manchester and I win everything in Madrid. Now I want to win everything in Italy if it’s possible. I will working on that, I will be focused on, I will be concentrated to give my best for Juven, which in my opinion is one of the best club in the world. And I want to be successful there, and I want to make history there.

Q: Let’s look back a little bit to the World Cup, and you had a hat trick against Spain, and you were scoring a winning goal against Morocco to make Portugal into the knock out stage, but to be frank, a lot of fans thought that Portugal should go a little bit further than the first round of knock out. So how do you rate your performance and team’s performance in World Cup?

A: I was happy when I performance. I was good feeling well. The team did a good job, of course, we are a little bit disappointed because we lost……after three possible stages. This is football, football is like that, sometimes you play good, and sometimes you lost, and this is the way the football gonna to happen And in general, we did okay, though did not perfect, but as I said before, this is the football.

The version from Youdao app: (machine translation) 问:像你这样的职业球员通常没有太多的时间休息，你知道，世界杯结束了，你也完成了转会，然后在30天后，新赛季就要开始了。你为新赛季准备的下一步是什么? 答:嗯，我会做好准备的。我将在30号开始训练，所以我很兴奋我在一个新的俱乐部。这对我来说太棒了。我将在世界上最好的俱乐部之一踢球，太棒了，所以我感到很兴奋，准备好了开始，我会很棒的。 问:当然，你的转会是世界杯上最重大的新闻，是什么促使你做出这样的决定? 答:就像我之前说的，我喜欢挑战，我在曼彻斯特赢得了一切，在马德里也赢得了一切。现在，如果可能的话，我想在意大利赢得一切。我会努力的，我会集中精力，我会集中精力为尤文尽我最大的努力，在我看来，尤文是世界上最好的俱乐部之一。我想在那里取得成功，我想在那里创造历史。 问:让我们回头看世界杯,和你有一个帽子戏法西班牙、摩洛哥和你为球队打进制胜一球让葡萄牙进入破坏阶段,但坦率地说,很多球迷认为葡萄牙应该稍微比第一轮淘汰了。那么你如何评价自己和球队在世界杯上的表现呢? A:我表演的时候很开心。我感觉很好。车队做得很好，当然，我们有点失望，因为我们失去了......在三个可能的阶段。这就是足球，足球就是这样，有时你踢得很好，有时你输了，这就是足球的发展方向总的来说，我们做得还不错，虽然不完美，但就像我之前说的，这就是足球。

The version from CCTV5: (human translators) 问：像你这样的职业球员，假期都很短暂。世界杯刚结束，紧接着你又完成了转会。一个月后，新赛季就要开始了。你备战新赛季的下一步计划是怎样的？答：我会做好准备。7月30日我就会开始恢复训练，加入新的俱乐部让我感到很兴奋，这对我来说很刺激，即将为世界上最好的俱乐部之一效力。这太棒了。我现在很兴奋，蓄势待发。 问：你的转会是世界杯期间最轰动的新闻，是什么促使你做出了这个决定。 答：就像我说过的，我喜欢挑战。我在曼彻斯特和马德里都赢得了一切。如果可能，我希望在意大利再次赢得一切，我会为此努力，并且保持专注，为尤文图斯倾尽全力,我认为尤文是世界上最好的俱乐部之一，我想在那里取得成功，也希望在那里创造历史。 问：让我们回看世界杯，对西班牙你上演了帽子戏法，对阵摩洛哥又打入了制胜球，率领葡萄牙闯进淘汰赛。但说实话，很多球迷都认为，葡萄牙本应走得更远，而不是止步16强。你怎么评价自己以及球队的表现？ 答：我对自己的表现还算满意，球队的表现也不错。当然，我们有点失望，因为球队在小组出线后，首轮淘汰赛就出局了。但这就是足球，有时候你踢得不错，但是输了比赛，输球很正常，这就是足球，什么都有可能发生。但总的来说，我们的表现还不错。虽然不完美，但就像我说的，这就是足球。

Interview is a quite common form in sports translation. From the text we can see that when a player is in an interview, he does not pay much attention to the grammar, what he focuses on is to share his feelings to the public.“Transfer” in football means “转会”, “new season” is “新赛季” , they are sports professional items, which are distinguishable from our common expression.

And we can see that in the interview, the interviewer and interviewee agreed on the expression of “the first round” which in the context means “16强”because there are 32 groups participating in the World Cup. We must translate in the suitable phrase in Chinese expression, and made the audience know the actual meaning.

And there should be some literal translation with notes. For example, “Hat Trick” is a common phrase in football competition, and we translate it into “帽子戏法”， which can add a note that it refers to one player scored three goals in one competition to make every reader clearly.

5.The Future of Translation in Sports Field

Newmark claimed that the apparent triumph of either side was illusory, “the conflict of loyalties, the gap between emphasis on source and target language will always remain as the overriding problem in theory and practice. Machine translation still has a long way to go, not only in theory but also in practice to improve.(Newmark, 1981:38)

In 2022, China will host several important sports events, which is good opportunities to show China to the world. There is an extreme shortage of language service talents in sports, especially in winter sports. The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics Games is coming soon, language service will play an important role in showing country’s great power and diplomacy. The development and service of winter ice and snow sports culture industry are more oriented to the international market. However, there is a shortage of translation in Winter sports, because it is as not popular as other sports in China. iFLYTEK Company has become the exclusive supplier of automatic voice conversion and machine translation for Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. The company tries to create a good communication environment, reduce repetitive work, improve the efficiency of games support services, and achieve barrier-free voice and language interaction between people, and between people and machines both inside and outside the Olympics. The company will also use voice change technology to reproduce the voice of a specific person in order to adapt to multiple needs.

"AI Language" is one of the ten major projects in Hangzhou Asian Games. It will offer far-distance conference simultaneous interpretation, multi-language translation service and intelligent portable translation device. In addition, smart, portable and multi-lingual translation device will be equipped at Asian Games venues and headquarters hotels. The equipment is light and easy to carry, covering voice recognition, voice conversion, machine translation, human translation services and other technologies, in order to achieve barrier-free voice and language interaction between people and machine as well as people and people in the Asian Games.

Here are some solutions. First, there is an urgent need to establish standardized parallel corpora for specific sports. International Olympic Committee and other world official organizations should publish English or other versions of sports items to let people from all countries to use.

In order to improve of the weakness of machine translation and human translation, there is now a type of translation machine that can provide service to communicate directly with a human translator if a customer make a request. Translators can select specific translation products and determine the proportion of AI machine translation in the actual translation process in order to provide better translation service by the combination（Du Xue 2019:2）.

Guo Weisheng is a professional basketball translator for fifteen years. He is a role model for sports translator. He was once interviewed by a program called Small World, Big Stories, in which he told his stories about himself as a professional sports translator. He is mainly responsible for the translations while daily team training and live game to ensure that the coach’s idea can be carried out clearly and accurately to help the communication between foreign aid and Chinese player. As Guo Weisheng said that to be a good sports translator, it’s better to forget your identity and treat yourself as a coach. “You must have a clear idea of the both sides tactics and preparation situation. So, in the game, what the coach wants to express at a certain time, how his mood will change, I will behave exactly the same, It was a very natural expression at that time.” He was interviewed.

He said, “Take ownership”, which means “你要有主人翁意识。” That’s a principle that every sports translator should follow.

Countries and organizations need high-quality translators to clearly define sports terms, translate and interpret existing sports materials, perform simultaneous interpretation during sports seminars, and translate for athletes and coaches from different countries in life and competition. (Yessis.M.Role, 1981:187-189)

6. Conclusion

Above all, the appearance and development of machine translation is not a challenge but an opportunity for making up for the lack of human translators if we human beings can make good use of it. Machine translation and human translators are complementary. Machine translation can only convey general meaning up to now. But it sometimes didn’t use proper words. If there are only pure machine translations, we can't expect them to capture the nuances and context of language conversation. Human translators can modify the details. In the future, we hope that large-scale sports events like the Olympic Games will make greater use of AI language manipulation platforms, allowing humans to participate in the process, making translation simplified and more efficient as well as provide better translation service for people.

Above all, the appearance and development of machine translation is not a challenge but an opportunity for making up for the lack of human translators if we human beings can make good use of it. Machine translation and human translators are complementary. Machine translation can only convey general meanings up to now. It's sometimes unable to use proper words. If there are only machine translation, we can't expect it to capture the nuances and context of language conversations. Human translators can modify the details. In the future, we hope that large-scale sports events like the Olympic Games will make greater use of AI language manipulation platforms, allowing humans to participate in the process, making translation morer simplified and more efficient as well as providing better translation service for people. Corrected by--Xiao Yiyao (talk) 12:04, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

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