Difference between revisions of "Finals Trans 1"
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==How to use humanism to solve the phenomenon of rigidity== | ==How to use humanism to solve the phenomenon of rigidity== | ||
| + | How to Use Humanity to Address Rigidity | ||
| + | Juan Luis Vives quotes Quintilian with approval where the latter advises : | ||
| + | " When we translate from Greek we should not follow that language in all things , especialy not when they want to use their words to designate our things." Rather , if translators want to realy translate items belonging to the original's Universe of Discourse that do not exist in their own , they will have to " coin new expressions ," as Cicero advised . By doing so , translators have , over the centuries , enriched their native languages not only with new vocabulary but also, in Pliny's words , with an " abundance of stylistic figures and resources ." | ||
| + | Translation as a pedagogical tool has traditionaly not only been restricted to creative writers : generations of European schoolchildren have learned foreign languages by means of translation from about 100 AD until the end of World War Two in order to acquire a feel for the language in the domain where , as Schlegel remarks :" the grammarian's judicial functions cease . Translation History Culture, 46 | ||
| + | From the words of these scholars we can conclude that a good translator, in addition to having creativity, must also focus on humanism when facing translation problems in various industries. As in the case of "ordnung" in German, if we simply translate the words, the reader will not understand what we are talking about. This is the humanistic spirit of the translator who is able to extract the new things from the cultural differences, to update his or her knowledge and to keep up with the times. | ||
| + | According to the thesis of this paper, how should we solve the phenomenon of rigid translation? | ||
| + | The general approach of translation research should be based on the nature of the discipline and advocate a humanistic approach. | ||
| + | The core issue of translation research is the interlingual meaning transformation The infinitely rich human nature of meaning determines that translation research must adhere to the humanistic direction. The results of translation research should reflect the universal laws of translation activities, and at the same time should reflect certain subjective value orientation of the research subject, which is the fundamental difference between humanities and natural sciences, as well as the spirit and soul of humanities. Emphasizing the nature of translation research will not reduce the scientificity of translation research results, and will not endanger the status of translation as an independent discipline. An important indicator to measure the maturity of a discipline is whether a research method suitable for the nature of the discipline has been established. Because "the basic requirement of scientific research is to grasp the object according to its characteristics." (Ouyang Kang, 2003:336) At the critical period of the construction of translation studies, it is especially important to insist on the scientificity of translation research methods. The scientificity of translation research, methodologically speaking, is to find a research method that suits the nature and characteristics of the discipline, not necessarily to be attached to the research methods of natural sciences in order to increase its own academic content. Epistemologically speaking, it means that the subjective understanding is in line with the objective reality, and is the correct reflection of objective things and their laws in human consciousness. This is reflected in the fact that it is also the phased and objective understanding of translation phenomenon obtained by the research subject, and it is also based on translation facts, with the goal of discovering and summarizing the common laws of translation practice and theory, and it is also necessary to use logical thinking methods such as analysis, generalization, summarization and induction, and to standardize the presentation of translation research results. and understand the essence through the complicated translation phenomena. Due to the unpredictable nature of the research objects, the results of translation research do not manifest themselves in terms of qualitative and quantitative verifiability, but in terms of a general trend and overall direction. Such universal trends and directions not only do not absolutely exclude, but even inherently contain specificity. Tuli himself believes that translation universality can only be understood as a contingent relationship between various translation phenomena. For example, the practice of translation for more than 4,000 years has been dominated by literary and religious translation, both in the East and the West. This is a scientific conclusion, and the technological translation in China before the Ming and early Qing dynasties is only an individual branch phenomenon, which is not enough to overthrow the universality and scientificity of this description. As long as translation studies are based on the disciplinary orientation of translation as a humanistic and social science and consciously apply the proven methodological principles of the humanities in practice, its status and value as an independent discipline will be naturally highlighted through the conscious application of theory and method. | ||
| + | |||
==What meaning is given to translation by humanistic attributes== | ==What meaning is given to translation by humanistic attributes== | ||
==Conclusion== | ==Conclusion== | ||
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Group 1
曹淑娴 Cao Shuxian Saskia 女 Special:Contributions/Cao_Shuxian
Topic
An Analysis of Functional Equivalence Theory with the Example of film Subtitle Translation Cao Shuxian Ssakia 202030097017
Abstract
Functional equivalence theory is the principle of equivalence between the translated text and the original language in the translation process, and it is a relatively new translation technique as well as a translation theory. The article takes the translation of film subtitles as an example and analyses its meaning in different contexts. The aim is to find some information from the translation and the original language for comparison, so that we can understand the theory of functional equivalence. Finally, some suggestions and methods are proposed according to the theory of functional equivalence, so that translators can make their translation of film subtitles more valuable.
Keywords
Functional Equivalence Theory, Film Subtitles Translation, Eugene A. Nida, 《Green Book》, 《I Am Not a Druggist》
题目
以电影字幕翻译为例浅析功能对等理论
摘要
功能对等理论是对翻译过程中译文和原语的对等原则,它是一个相对较新的翻译技巧,同时也是一种翻译理论。文章以电影字幕翻译为例,分析其在不同语境中的意义。目的在于从译文和原语中找到一些信息进行对比,让我们了解功能对等理论。最后根据功能对等理论提出一些建议和方法,使译者在进行电影字幕翻译时更能体现其价值。
关键词
功能对等理论,电影字幕翻译,尤金·A·奈达(Eugene Nida),《绿皮书》,《我不是药神》,《哈利波特7》
I. Introduction
In a globalised world, more and more foreign films are coming to people's attention. Although it is said that great works can stir the hearts of everyone, language barriers greatly affect the transmission of excellent ideas in film and television, and people cannot spend years learning a new language just to watch a film, which makes film subtitles particularly important. In this article, we will take into account Eugene A. Naida's famous translation theory - the theory of functional equivalence - to analyse how to make the translation of film subtitles not only not detached from the original text, but also better serve the audience in different language environments.
II. Captions and their constraints
Subtitles of motion picture refers to the non-visual content of a television, film or stage production in the form of text, and also refers generally to the post-production text of a film or television production. The narrative text that appears on the screen of a film or at the bottom of a television set, as well as various texts such as the title of the film, the cast and crew list, the lyrics, the dialogue, the explanatory notes, the introduction of characters, the names of places and dates, etc., are called subtitles. Subtitles for dialogue in a film or television production usually appear at the bottom of the screen, while subtitles for theatre productions may be displayed on the sides or above the stage. The translation of subtitles for film and television generally refers to the translation of subtitles for films, i.e. the main information in the film is conveyed to the audience through subtitles so that they can better grasp the content of the film. Communication and mutual understanding between people is not an easy task, and this is especially true when it comes to language transfer between languages. Language is part of culture and is a mapping of culture, so translation between different languages is inevitably affected by cultural differences; in addition, as an art of sound and picture, film has its own unique presentation, and subtitles are often confined to a small space, and the speed at which images are switched is a constraint to translation. Nida points out that "language and culture cannot exist separately from each other", so translation must necessarily take into account the cultural context of the language. Different countries often have different climates, geographical environments, social systems, etc., on top of which different production activities, customs and cultural histories have gradually developed. The different cultures of different countries together make up a rich and varied world culture, but cultural differences also hinder communication between countries to a certain extent. For example, Chinese and Westerners initially had different views on "dog", as Westerners regarded dogs as loyal friends of human beings, while traditional Chinese thought often considered dogs to be lowly.In English, dog is often used in a positive sense, like “big dog(大人物), lucky dog(幸运儿), love me, love my dog(爱屋及乌)” . But in Chinese, dog is often used in a pejorative sense, as in "狗胆包天, 狗仗人势, 狗眼看人低" and so on. In addition, films are a product of culture, and film subtitles carry a rich cultural connotation, in which English idioms and slang may appear with rich cultural connotations, some of which can be found in Chinese, while others are not. In order to translate well, one must have a good understanding of the cultural background of the foreign country, and then combine it with the film context in order to handle such vocabulary well. Therefore, we must pay attention to cultural differences when translating. Temporal and spatial factors also govern the translation of film subtitles. Subtitles cannot exist independently of film images and film sound, and therefore have a distinctly temporal and spatial nature, existing within the world of film [3]. The length of the subtitles is limited by the actors' diction and the size of the screen, and because the film images are so fleeting, the subtitles have to be synchronised with the sound and images, and the viewer has less time to understand them, so the translation of film subtitles must be concise and of the right length, not too long to affect the images, but also ensure that the language of the subtitles is easy to understand and does not take the viewer a lot of time to understand, otherwise it will affect the viewer's experience.
III. Nida and his theory of functional equivalence
The theory of functional equivalence was developed by AmericanLinguists Eugene A. Nida in 1969.
Eugene Nida is a distinguished translator and translation theorist, best known for his 'dynamic reciprocity' theory of translation, and is regarded as the 'father of contemporary translation theory'. Nida was a leading structuralist linguist and a linguist of great stature in his own right, having served as President of the Linguistic Society of America. He died in 2011 in Brussels, Belgium, at the age of 97. As one of the representative figures of the linguistic school of translation theory, Nida was the first to introduce information theory, semiotics and hermeneutics into translation theory, and was also the first in the history of translation to incorporate the principle of social benefit (reader response) into translation standards. This not only provides a sufficient theoretical basis for translation to become an independent discipline, but also makes translation a more significant interdisciplinary bridge. In China, Nida's translation theory was the earliest and most widely introduced among contemporary Western translation theories, and has had the greatest impact. For more than 30 years, Nida and his translation theory have been a hot topic in the translation community in China.
In his lifetime, Nida has travelled to nearly a hundred countries and given lectures at more than a hundred universities, including 13 academic exchanges in China. The author remembers that in October 1997, Nida participated in the "Shanghai Foreign Language University Translation Seminar" in Shanghai. At the invitation of the conference, Professor Zhou Haizhong, a well-known scholar and a long-time friend of his, introduced Nida's important contribution to the discipline of translation and his academic thinking. He also described Nida's significant influence on the Chinese translation community and his selfless assistance to later students.
But this well-known figure in academic circles has stayed away from the heavyweights of scholarship, quietly serving for more than half a century in the American Bible Society. His main scholarly activities throughout his life revolved around theThe Bible translation of the Bible. In the process of translating the Bible, Nida developed his own theory of translation from a practical perspective, which eventually became one of the classics of translation studies. The core concept of Nida's theory is 'functional equivalence'. Functional equivalence' means that the translation does not seek to achieve a superficial correspondence between the words, but rather a functional equivalence between the two languages. In order to reduce the discrepancy between the source and target languages by providing a standard for translation, Eugene A. Naida proposed the famous "dynamic reciprocity" theory of translation, or "functional reciprocity", based on the nature of translation from a linguistic perspective. In this theory, he states that "translation is the reproduction of information from the source language in the most appropriate, natural and reciprocal language, from semantic to stylistic" (Guo Jianzhong In this theory, he states that 'translation is the reproduction of information from the source language to the text in the most appropriate, natural and reciprocal language' ( Nida's definition of translation indicates that translation is not only about lexical equivalence but also about semantic, stylistic and stylistic equivalence, and that the message conveyed by translation is both superficial lexical and deep cultural. The definition of "dynamic equivalence" includes four aspects: 1. lexical equivalence, 2. syntactic equivalence, 3. stylistic equivalence, and 4. stylistic equivalence. Of these four aspects, Nida argues that 'meaning is the most important, and form is the second most important' (Guo, 2000, p. 67). Form may conceal the cultural meaning of the source language and hinder cultural exchange. Therefore, in literary translation, according to Nida's theory, the translator should use the four aspects of dynamic equivalence as the principle of translation to accurately reproduce the cultural connotation of the source language in the target language.
In order to accurately reproduce the culture of the source language and eliminate cultural differences, translators can follow these three steps. 1.Strive to create a translation that is both semantically and culturally appropriate to the original. However, the two languages represent two completely different cultures, which may have similar elements, but cannot be identical. Therefore, it is impossible to create a perfect translation that fully expresses the cultural connotations of the original text; the translator can only reproduce the culture of the source language to the greatest extent possible. 2.If meaning and culture cannot be reconciled at the same time, the translator has to abandon formal equivalence and reproduce the semantics and culture of the original by changing the form of the text in the translation. 3. If the change in form is still insufficient to express the semantics and culture of the original language, the translation technique of "re-creation" can be used to resolve cultural differences and bring about a meaningful equivalence between the source and target languages. The term "re-creation" refers to the conversion of the deep structure of the source language into that of the target language.Surface Structure ( Guo Jianzhong The term "re-invention" refers to the conversion of the deep structure of the source language into that of the target language (,2000, P67), i.e. the cultural connotations of the source language text are elaborated and explained in the vocabulary of the translated language. For instance: "He thinks by infection , catching an opinion like a cold.""人家怎么想他就怎么想,就像人家得了伤风,他就染上感冒。" ( Liu Miqing , 1998, P122) In the original English version of this sentence, the connotation of the original text is not expressed by the surface meaning of the words, but is hidden between the lines. We can see from the passage above that there is functional equivalence between the original and the translation. In the translation of film subtitles, we follow the principle of reciprocity as the language of the subtitles is different from the content of the film itself. As we can see from the above passage, different texts have different requirements for the sentences they need to translate. One part of this requires equivalence, i.e. the translated sentence conveys the same meaning as the original (which can of course also convey a difference). But this part of the equivalence is not the most important part; what is most important for the film is the content. The theory of functional equivalence provides a principle for translators when translating film subtitles: the translation should not be treated as if it were the original language. According to the theory of functional equivalence, the corresponding meaning can be found in the translation; instead of comparing and calculating the literal similarity according to the original text, which would be contradictory, the theory of functional equivalence also advocates that the translator makes a reasonable choice of the original language according to his or her own choice of content, rather than following the principle of original language form alone.
IV. Application of functional equivalence
In the following paper, we will take the subtitle translation of several films as an example and talk about the art of subtitle translation for film and television in the light of Nida's theory of functional equivalence. The first film to be analysed is Green Book, which won the 91st Academy Award for Best Picture. As the film is set in 1960s America, a time of 'black and white insurmountability' and overt racism, there are many scenes of exclamations and vulgarities in Green Book. Not only are these exclamations and vulgarities poorly translated, they cannot be translated badly, and if the wrong strategies are used in the translation, they can cause the audience to be derailed in their understanding. However, if they are omitted and not translated, they do not show the film scenes in detail. For example, in Green Book, the main character Tony also frequently uses the phrase "Jesus Christ!", an exclamation often used in spoken English to express shock, anger and discontent. In the subtitle translation of the film, the translator has cleverly combined the principle of functional equivalence by translating this exclamation as "真是飞来横祸!" This is a good way of expressing the main character's feelings in the scene, while allowing the audience to fully understand it, thus achieving the purpose of the translation. For example, after Tony helps Don out of a difficult situation, Tony blurts out the phrase "You ungrateful bastard!", which literally means "你个不懂感恩的混蛋!”But this is clearly not in keeping with Chinese colloquial usage. There is a Chinese word for "白眼狼", which fits the context. So the line translates as "你个白眼狼!" is a perfect translation. In addition, the translation of "Your mother's ass" as "雨太大了" and "Son of a bitch" as "可真够倒霉的! " are excellent uses of the theory of functional equivalence.
In addition to the English to Chinese translation, this paper will also analyse the theme of this occasion from the perspective of Chinese to English translation in the context of the film 《我不是药神》. In the film I Am Not the God of Medicine, Cheng Yong and Lu Shouyi from a cheaper generic version of the Indian drug GELENINE, which they were selling to leukaemia patients, but no one dared to buy the drug because they thought they were frauds. Cheng Yong said to Lu: 我发现你就是个骗子。In the film, we might translate the phrase as "I found that you are a big liar", but by combining Nida's theory of functional equivalence, the translator translates the subtitle as "You big liar", which not only avoids being cumbersome, but also highlights the key message, which is easy for English-speaking audiences to understand and more in line with the characteristics of spoken communication. It is more in line with the characteristics of oral communication.
Third,the reduction method, taking into account the unannotated nature of the film translation and the multi-colloquial lines, in the subtitle translation, if there are no words and phrases in the target language that correspond to the information in the source language, according to Nida's theory of functional equivalence, we can appropriately add the information that is not expressed omitted in the lines. After Cheng Yong was reported by his peers for selling fake pills, the police came to his shop and searched it, finding many banners sent to him by his patients. Here, the police use an exclamation to question Cheng Yong: "你一卖壮阳药的,送你这么多锦旗干什么!” This shows their contempt for a small trader like Cheng Yong, who does not think that a seller of miracle oil deserves a banner. The subtitles translate as follows You are merely an afrodyn seller, how is it possible?Such good drugs in your possession,what a waste! The translator's addition of the phrase "what a waste!", using an exclamation, serves to emphasise the point. The word "waste" conveys the psychology of the policeman very well and conveys the meaning of the source language precisely. When translating film subtitles, the translation of some common colloquialisms also requires the attention of the translator. We will talk about this in the context of 《Harry Potter 7》. Mr. Ollivander: I see ni reason to put stock into an old wife's tale. 我觉得去不该相信这些无稽之谈。 Harry asks about the idea of the Horcruxes being hidden in the Pavilion, and this is Mr. Ollivander's answer. The translation of "put stock into an old wife's tale" as "无稽之谈" is an excellent translation. "an old wife's tale" literally means "一个老妇人所讲的故事", and to translate this directly would not only be inaccurate, but would also be wordy and not bring out the character. Just like the Chinese hiccups, it is easy to see that the phrase "an old wife's tale" here also has a cultural background in English, and that "无稽之谈", as a four-character idiom, not only accurately expresses the meaning that the character wants to express, but also very well finds the Chinese ground The use of Chinese idioms in this film is a very important part of the film. There are many other idioms used in this film, such as "like hell--惨不忍睹", "you only--别无他人" and "blithering--胡言乱语". " and so on.
V. Summary of suggestions and methods for film subtitle translation
From the above analysis, a few suggestions for translating film subtitles can be briefly summarised. 1.Starting from the characteristics of the film language itself, the information in the original text is processed and translated at different levels according to the theory of functional equivalence. 2.In dealing with these spoken translations it is necessary to translate the sentence according to the meaning it conveys in the context of the scene and the linguistic conventions of the target language audience. 3.Film subtitles are transient in nature, requiring effective subtitling information to be listed on a limited screen, without being verbose or lengthy, but as concise as possible. Due to the constraints of time and space, subtitle translators often have to adopt a reductionist translation strategy. 4.Considering the unannotated nature of the film translation and the multiple spoken lines, in the subtitle translation, if there are no words and phrases in the target language that correspond to the information in the source language, we can appropriately add the information that is not expressed in the lines that are omitted.
References
Wen Quan.温泉.《动态功能对等理论在电影翻译中的应用》. TheApplication of Dynamic Functional Equivalence Theory in Film Translation 》. Liu Miqing.刘宓庆.《文体与翻译》.Style and Translation.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1998.Beijing. China Foreign Translation and Publishing Corporation , 1998. Guo Jianzhong.郭建中--《当代美国翻译理论》.Contemporary American Translation Theory .武汉 :湖北教育出版社,2000.Wuhan :Hubei Education Press, 2000. Lu Lu.陆璐.《功能对等指导下的字幕翻译》——以电影《绿皮书》为例.Translation of subtitles under the guidance of functional equivalence - the example of the film Green Book. Ji Yanling.纪艳玲.《功能对等理论在电影字幕翻译中的应用——以《我不是药神》为例》.Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in Film Subtitle Translation: The Case of "I am not the God of Medicine". Shi Chunhong.施春宏.词义结构和词语调节的认知研究[M].A cognitive study of word sense structure and word regulation [M]. 北京:北京语言大学出版社,2015.Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press, 2015. Jia Lijuan.贾立娟. 《功能对等理论在电影字幕翻译中的应用 ——以电影《小妇人》为例》.The Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in Film Subtitle Translation - A Case Study of the Film Little Women. Eugene Nida: the father of contemporary translation theory (baidu.com) Liu Manman.刘满满.功能对等理论在电影字幕翻译中的应用——以《哈利波特7》的字幕翻译为例. The application of functional equivalence theory in film subtitle translation - an example of subtitle translation of Harry Potter 7.
陈衣卉 Chen Yihui Isabel 女 Special:Contributions/Chen_Yihui
= Topic =
Die Analyse des Phänomens der Über-Lokalisierung bei der Übersetzung von Liedtexten < c e n t e r > 陈衣卉, 202030097001 < / c e n t e r >
= = Abstract = =
Mit der Entwicklung des Internets werden jedes Jahr unzählige fremdsprachige Lieder eingeführt, und die Urheberrechtsinhaber stellen in der Regel keine Übersetzungen zur Verfügung, was zu einem Mangel an Standardisierung bei der Übersetzung fremdsprachiger Lieder führt. Es fehlt den meisten Übersetzern von Leidtext an ausreichenden Kenntnissen der Übersetzungstheorie, was zu einer größeren Abweichung von den traditionellen Gedichtübersetzungen führt, was den Schwerpunkt der Übersetzung und die Einstellung zur Übersetzung betrifft.
Selbst bei sehr populären Liedern ist die Übersetzung ihrer Texte oft problematisch, wobei das Problem der Über-Lokalisierung der Übersetzung besonders schwerwiegend und in den meisten Übersetzungen weit verbreitet ist, vor allem in Form des Missbrauchs von Wörtern mit vier Buchstaben oder der Umgangssprache, der willkürlichen Streichung oder Hinzufügung von Rhetorik und Symbolik, der Abweichung vom Stil des Originals und der Veränderung der Bedeutung des Textes. In diesem Beitrag wird der Autor die Ursachen und Nachteile einer Über-Lokalisierung bei der Übersetzung von Liedtexten hauptsächlich unter diesen vier Aspekten erörtern.
= = Key Words = =
Übersetzung von Liedtexten, Über-Lokalisierung, Lokalisirung
= = 题目 = =
浅析歌词翻译中的过度归化现象
= = 摘要 = =
随着互联网的发展,外文歌曲的引进数量每年不可胜数,而版权方一般不会提供翻译,造成了外文歌曲翻译缺乏规范的现状。大多数歌词的译者都缺乏足够的翻译理论知识,在翻译的侧重点、对待译文的态度等方面与传统的诗歌翻译产生了较大的分歧。即使是流行度高的歌曲,其歌词翻译往往也存在问题,其中翻译的过度归化的问题尤为严重,大多数译作都有此问题,危害甚广,主要表现为滥用四字词语或俗语、对修辞与意象的随意删改或增加、背离原文风格以及对文义的修改。作者将在本文中主要从这四个方面,就歌词翻译中的过度归化的成因、弊害等展开论述。
= = 关键词 = =
歌词翻译,过度归化,归化
= = Die Geschichte und die Situation der Liedtextübersetzung in China = =
Nach den von Professor Qian Renkang angeführten Belegen lässt sich die Geschichte der Übersetzung von Liedtexten in China bis in die Qing-Dynastie zurückverfolgen und reicht bis zu Ye Zhonglengs Übersetzung des amerikanischen Liedes "March to Georgia" aus dem Jahr 1908 zurück. Damals wurden nur wenige Lieder ins Land gebracht, hauptsächlich Schullieder, Revolutionslieder und klassische Lieder aus verschiedenen Ländern. Die Lieder wurden auf unterschiedliche Weise übersetzt, wobei einige Übersetzer chinesische literarische Texte und alte chinesische Gedichte verwendeten, um den Text entsprechend der Melodie ausländischer Lieder zu ergänzen, oder den Text selbst neu schrieben; andere übersetzten aus den Originaltexten. (He Gaoda, Chen Shuiping, 2009, 24)
Nach der Gründung des Neuen China wurde die Übersetzung von Liedtexten wohlhabender, und es gab eine große Zahl talentierter Übersetzer, die eine große Anzahl von Liedern übersetzten und viele populäre Meisterwerke hinterließen. (He Gaoda, Chen Shuiping, 2009, 24)
Zu diesem Zeitraum beruhte die Verbreitung ausländischer Lieder hauptsächlich auf Papierbüchern und physischen Schallplatten, die teurer, weniger zahlreich und in der Übersetzung relativ standardisiert waren. Mit dem Eintritt in das Internetzeitalter hat sich die digitale Musik jedoch zu einem wichtigen Verbreitungsweg für Lieder entwickelt, und die Kosten für die Einführung ausländischer Lieder sind stark gesunken und die Zahl der Lieder ist drastisch gestiegen.
Die wichtigste Musiksoftware in China sind derzeit Tencent Music und Netease Cloud Music, wobei erstere im Jahr 2020 einen Marktanteil von 72,8 % und letztere von 20,5 % haben wird. Sie nutzen zwei unterschiedliche Übersetzungsmechanismen, wobei Tencent Music im Grunde nur offizielle Übersetzungen von Liedern anbietet und es den Nutzern nicht erlaubt, sie selbst zu übersetzen, und Netease Cloud Music im Grunde nur den Nutzern erlaubt, Liedtexte zu übersetzen und selbst hochzuladen, ohne offizielle Übersetzungen anzubieten. (Huajing-Institut für industrielle Forschung, 2022)
= = Erscheinungsformen der Über-Lokalisierung = =
(1)Die missbräuchliche Verwendung von Wörtern mit vier chinesischen Zeichen oder umgangssprachlichen Ausdrücken.
Beispiel: Ursprünglicher Text: Hot summer nights mid July When you and I were forever wild (Rick Nowell, 2013, “Young and Beautiful”) Chinesische Übersetzung: 仲夏夜茫,七月未央 我们年少轻狂,不惧岁月漫长 (QQ Music) Im ersten Satz bezieht sich "仲夏" speziell auf den mittleren Monat des Sommers, was nicht der Bedeutung der ersten Hälfte des Originals entspricht, "茫" könnte sich in dieser Übersetzung auf eine Sommernacht ohne Ende beziehen, aber im Original findet sich keine entsprechende Bedeutung. Die Bedeutung von "未央" unterscheidet sich auch von der Bedeutung von "mid" in der Mitte, und das Wort "hot" wird in der Übersetzung weggelassen. Im zweiten Satz entspricht nur das Wort "wild" dem Wort "轻狂" in der Formulierung "年少轻狂", und die Formulierung "不惧岁月漫长" scheint keine Übersetzung des Textes zu sein, sondern eher die persönliche Interpretation des Übersetzers des Wortes "forever". Diese Art der Übersetzung kommt häufiger bei Übersetzungen englischer Texte vor, bei denen der Übersetzer oft die Wörter mit vier chinesischen Zeichen nachahmt, um sie zusammenzubringen, wodurch die Übersetzung erheblich vom Original abweicht.
Beispiel: Ursprünglicher Text: And I know you've been in A couple more relationships than me(Charlie Puth, Jacob Kasher, 2018, “BOY”) Chinesische Übersetzung: 我也知道 你早已 名花有主 不可能属于我 (Fuka, NetEase Cloud Musik) Die chinesische Übersetzung des Satzes "A couple more relationships than me" sollte "比我多了几段恋情" lauten, nicht "在一段恋情中", was sich von der Bedeutung von "名花有主" unterscheidet, und die Übersetzung ist hier unpassend.
Beispiel: Ursprünglicher Text: Hung high and dry, where no one can see If there's no one to blame, blame it on me (Matt Maeson, 2018, “Put it on me”) Chinesische Übersetzung: 濒临绝境,无人可知 若无人可以责备,就加诸于我 (QQ Music) Die Formulierung "濒临绝境" ist eine Erläuterung oder Zusammenfassung der ursprünglichen Formulierung "Hung high and dry", bietet dem Leser aber nicht dieselben Informationen und ist keine angemessene Übersetzung. Die Übersetzung von "Blame it on me" mit "加诸于我" ist ebenfalls falsch, da "加诸" eine Abkürzung für "加之于" ist. Es ist grammatikalisch falsch, das Wort "于" am Ende hinzuzufügen.
(2)Willkürliche Streichungen oder Hinzufügungen von Rhetorik und Bildsprache
Beispiel: Ursprünglicher Text: Cause we never go out of style We never go out of style (Payami, Ali, 2015, “Style”) Chinesische Übersetzung: 因为我们是天生一对 我们是丘比特独一无二的典范 (Fuka, NetEase Cloud Musik) Die wörtliche Bedeutung von "go out of style" ist "aus der Mode kommen". Der Autor macht nicht deutlich, ob sich dies auf den Aspekt der Liebe beschränkt, und es wird keine Rhetorik verwendet. Es ist nicht angemessen, dies als "丘比特的典范" zu bezeichnen.
Beispiel: Ursprünglicher Text: Changing like the weather oh that’s so like you The Santa Ana moves you (Lana Del Ray, 2019, “California”) Chinesische Übersetzung: 你的脾气和天气一样喜怒无常 和你如出一辙 未曾改变的风撩动你的心弦 (QQ Music) Der Übersetzer geht davon aus, dass die chinesischen Leser mit dem Hurrikan Santa Ana nicht vertraut sind, so dass es eindeutig unangebracht ist, die Bilder zu streichen und mit "未曾改变的风" zu übersetzen.
(3)Die Abweichung vom ursprünglichen Stil Beispiel: Ursprünglicher Text: P-P-Please Mr. Kennedy (Uh oh!) I don't wanna go (please don't shoot me into outer space) (Justin Timberlake, 2013, “Please Mr. Kennedy”) Chinesische Übersetzung: 求。。求。。求求你了肯尼迪 偶真的不想去 (请不要把偶送到太空( ▼-▼ ))(shilouluo, NetEase Cloud Musik) Der Originalsong ist eine eher entspannte Country-Ballade, aber der Übersetzer verwendet in der Übersetzung viele Internetphrasen und Text-Emoji. Das macht den Stil der Übersetzung zu poppig und unterhaltsam und schafft eine große Abweichung vom Stil des Originals.
Beispiel: Ursprünglicher Text: Come up to meet you Tell you I'm sorry (OneRepublic, 2008, “Apologize”) Chinesische Übersetzung: 特来与你相见 好细说悔憾亏欠 Obwohl der Originalsong lyrisch ist, ist die Sprache nicht retro, die Bedeutung des Textes ist oberflächlich und einfach, und die Übersetzung ist im Retro-Stil, was für einen modernen amerikanischen Popsong unpassend wäre.
(4)Die Änderung der Bedeutung des Textes
Beispiel: Ursprünglicher Text: Fifteen years, fifteen million tears Begging 'til my knees bled (Taylor Swift, 2020, “it’s time to go”) Chinesische Übersetzung: 数载磨砺的成果被践踏 我不禁潸然泪下 委屈求全 直至血漫膝下 (Das Tagebuch von Vail, NetEase Cloud Musik) Im ersten Satz heißt es im Originaltext nicht "成果被践踏", aber der Übersetzer hat sich die Freiheit genommen, diesen Absatz aufgrund seiner eigenen Spekulationen über die Metapher des Textes hinzuzufügen. Die Formulierung "潸然泪下" spiegelt keine quantitative Betonung wider und ist mit dem Sinn des Textes unvereinbar. Das Wort "Begging" im zweiten Satz ist ebenfalls unangebracht, denn "委屈求全" bedeutet "entgegenkommen", während "Begging" "betteln" bedeutet. Die Übersetzung entspricht auch nicht der Bedeutung des Originaltextes.
Beispiel: Ursprünglicher Text: 現を背に 痛みに狂う 我ら似て非なる群れた愚者 (illion, 2013, “Gasshow”) Chinesische Übersetzung: 背负现实 因痛楚而疯狂 似吾等 背道离经的愚众 (QQ Music) Die chinesische Übersetzung des Satzes "似て非なる" lautet "似是而非", und "背道离经" mag das spezielle Verständnis des Übersetzers von "似是而非" sein, aber es stimmt nicht mit dem Originaltext überein.
= = Die Analyse der Faktoren, die die Übersetzung von Liedtexten beeinflussen = =
(1) Externe Faktoren Wie der Übersetzungswissenschaftler Zhao Wei argumentiert, ist die Übersetzung als kulturübergreifende interlinguale Tätigkeit nicht nur ein sprachliches, sondern auch ein soziokulturelles Phänomen, und der Übersetzungsprozess beinhaltet komplexe soziale Faktoren. (Zhao Wei, 2004) Das bedeutet, dass bei der Erörterung der Faktoren, die die Übersetzung beeinflussen, auch der Einfluss externer sozialer Faktoren auf die Übersetzung berücksichtigt werden muss. Erstens unterscheidet sich das Publikum von Online-Musikplattformen stark von der Leserschaft traditioneller Literatur- und Gedichtübersetzungen. Statistiken zufolge ist die überwiegende Mehrheit der Nutzer von Online-Musikplattformen jung, und das Publikum populärer Musik wird sogar noch jünger sein, was bedeutet, dass eine große Anzahl von Lesern von Liedtextübersetzungen auf Online-Plattformen junge Leute sein werden, die von Liedtextübersetzungen weniger Ernsthaftigkeit verlangen als traditionelle Leser und von Übersetzungen mehr Unterhaltung und Sprachgewandtheit erwarten. (https://xueqiu.com/1973934190/160978009) Gleichzeitig gibt es mehr Interaktion zwischen Übersetzern und Lesern auf Online-Musikplattformen. Die Autoren fanden heraus, dass die Über-Lokalisierung von Liedtexten in NetEase Cloud Music stärker ausgeprägt war als in QQ Music. Was die externen Faktoren betrifft, so zeichnet sich die Plattform NetEase Cloud Music durch eine hohe Beteiligung der Nutzer an den Song-Rezensionen aus, bei denen die Nutzer verschiedene Aspekte des Songs kommentieren, einschließlich der Assoziationen, die der Song beim Hörer hervorruft, der Hintergrundinterpretation des Songs, der Geschichte zwischen Hörer und Song usw., wobei Kommentare zur Übersetzung einen wichtigen Teil darstellen. Aufgrund des großen und jungen Publikums verstehen jedoch viele Hörer den Originaltext nicht und achten bei der Beurteilung nicht so sehr darauf, ob die Übersetzung mit dem Original übereinstimmt. Diejenigen, die mehr Lob erhalten, sind in der Regel Übersetzungen, die zu gut in den chinesischen Kontext passen und die literarischen Aspekte des übersetzten Textes auf Kosten der Genauigkeit zu sehr berücksichtigen. Viele Übersetzerinnen und Übersetzer machen es sich auch zur Aufgabe, andere Hörerinnen und Hörer in Kommentaren darauf hinzuweisen, dass sie Übersetzer sind. Die Beziehung zwischen Übersetzer und Hörer ist dadurch enger geworden, und die Übersetzungen werden stärker vom Hörer kontrolliert. Und in den letzten Jahren hat die Beteiligung der Hörer an den Kommentaren auf der qq Musikplattform allmählich zugenommen, was einen ähnlichen Trend wie bei NetEase Cloud Music zeigt. Darüber hinaus gibt es ein hohes Maß an Plagiaten bei der Übersetzung von Liedtexten zwischen verschiedenen Musikplattformen, insbesondere bei den "populäreren" Übersetzungen. Beispiel: 原歌曲:Young and Beautiful QQ Music: 阅遍繁华 历尽沧桑 心慵意倦 金迷纸醉 杯酌换盏 迷人芬芳 仲夏夜茫 七月未央 我们年少轻狂 不惧岁月漫长 ......
NetEase Cloud Musik: 我已看遍世间繁华 历经沧桑,享受甜美的果实 如今有钻石珠宝,名声显赫,坐拥豪宅 仲夏夜茫,七月未央 我们年少轻狂,不惧岁月漫长 ......
Obwohl es unmöglich ist zu sagen, welche Übersetzung das Original ist, muss eine der Übersetzungen auf der einen Plattform von der anderen abgeändert worden sein, zumal es fast unmöglich ist, dass ein seltsamer und höchst subjektiver Übersetzungsfehler wie "仲夏夜茫,七月未央" zwei Übersetzern gleichzeitig passiert, ohne dass ein Plagiat vorliegt. Die Verbreitung problematischer Übersetzungen wird durch das gegenseitige Kopieren problematischer Übersetzungen noch verschärft.
(2) Interne Faktoren Neben den externen Faktoren haben auch die persönlichen Faktoren der Übersetzer einen wichtigen Einfluss auf die Übersetzung. Da die Übersetzungsmechanismen von QQ Music und NetEase Cloud Music unterschiedlich sind, werden die Übersetzer der beiden Plattformen hier getrennt behandelt. Nach den Recherchen des Autors wurde die Übersetzungsfunktion von QQ Music um 2014 eingeführt und die Qualität der Übersetzung war schlecht, wobei die Hörer die Übersetzung im Allgemeinen schlecht bewerteten. In der Moegirlwikipedia wurde ein spezieller Eintrag mit dem Titel "Musiksoftware-Übersetzung" verfasst, um das Übersetzungsniveau der damaligen Musiksoftware-Plattformen zu persiflieren, wobei QQ Music und Kugou Music in dem Eintrag genannt wurden. Die Qualität der Übersetzungen für beide Plattformen war mangelhaft, wobei folgender Kommentar abgegeben wurde: "Die Übersetzung ist korrekt, aber sie ist sehr schwer. Sie ist besser als eine maschinelle Übersetzung, aber immer noch nicht mit einer exzellenten oder sogar normalen menschlichen Übersetzung vergleichbar."(https://zh.moegirl.org.cn/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%8F%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91) Der Autor fand 2014 eine Online-Stellenanzeige von QQ Music, in der eine Vergütung von 1,1 RMB für einen Song auf Englisch und 1,2 RMB für einen Song auf Japanisch und Koreanisch angeboten wurde. Der Nutzer, der die Stelle ausgeschrieben hatte, gab an, dass es genüge, den Internet-Übersetzer zu kopieren und einzufügen, und dass die eingestellte Person die Texte nicht selbst übersetzen müsse, und dass keine Anforderungen an die Ausbildung usw. gestellt würden. Es liegt auf der Hand, dass aufgrund der großen Anzahl fremdsprachiger Lieder auf der Musikplattform die Einstellung von Übersetzern nach den herkömmlichen Standards der Liedtextübersetzung das Budget der Musikplattform übersteigen würde, so dass es sich bei den von der Musikplattform eingestellten Übersetzern im Grunde genommen nicht um professionelle Übersetzer handelt, und angesichts des geringen Gehalts sind die eingestellten Übersetzer in Bezug auf die Grundkenntnisse der Doppelsprache und der Übersetzungstheorie wahrscheinlich unqualifiziert. Zum Beispiel fand der Autor vor einigen Jahren im Internet die folgende Übersetzung des Textes des Lovelive-Songs "Sunny day song" von QQ Music:
Beispiel: Ursprünglicher Text: sunny day wow, sun power Chinesische Übersetzung: 晴天,哇!太阳能
Solche Fehlübersetzungen sind nicht nur auf die unzureichenden Sprachkenntnisse des Übersetzers zurückzuführen, sondern auch auf dessen mangelnde kulturelle Kenntnisse. Natürlich haben die meisten populären Lieder keine allzu komplexe kulturelle Konnotation, aber viele der Liedtexte, die in Film- und Fernsehproduktionen verwendet werden, haben einen spezifischen Kontext und eine spezifische Bedeutung, was ebenfalls zu Übersetzungsfehlern führen kann, wenn der Übersetzer kein entsprechendes Verständnis dafür hat. Da QQ Music in den letzten Jahren immer mehr Übersetzer eingestellt hat, hat sich die Genauigkeit der Textübersetzungen entsprechend erhöht, aber es gibt immer noch eine große Anzahl von Fehlübersetzungen. Der Übersetzungsmechanismus von NetEase Cloud Music hingegen sieht vor, dass die Nutzer ihre eigenen Songs hochladen, die dann von der Website geprüft und genehmigt werden. Theoretisch wäre dieser Mechanismus effizienter als der Übersetzungsmechanismus von QQ Music, da die Nutzer bereits einen Bedarf an übersetzten Liedtexten haben und oft bereit sind, diese selbst hochzuladen, wenn sie Fans der Lieder sind. Tatsächlich hat NetEase Cloud Music auch heute noch eine weitaus größere Song-Übersetzungsabdeckung als QQ Music, insbesondere für Songs in anderen Sprachen als Englisch, Japanisch und Koreanisch, von denen die meisten auch auf der NetEase Cloud Music-Plattform übersetzt werden, während QQ Music dies nicht tut. Dieser Mechanismus hat jedoch auch dazu geführt, dass die Übersetzer auf NetEase Cloud Music noch schlechtere Standards und eine noch schlechtere Bilanz aufweisen als QQ Music. Das Niveau der Übersetzer auf NetEase Cloud Music schwankt und das Problem der "prätentiösen" Übersetzungen von Liedtexten wird seit langem kritisiert. Darüber hinaus wurde auch das System zur Überprüfung der Textübersetzung von NetEase Cloud Music in Frage gestellt. Ein Nutzer sagte, dass die Lyrik-Meldefunktion von NetEase Cloud Music größtenteils ineffektiv sei und auf Fehlermeldungen überhaupt nicht reagiere. Die Aussage des Nutzers liegt schon einige Jahre zurück, aber ich habe in letzter Zeit einige Male versucht, die Lyrik-Meldefunktion zu nutzen, und bekomme immer noch selten eine Antwort. Mit anderen Worten, nach dem ersten Hochladen der Übersetzung wird es schwierig, den Fehler wieder zu korrigieren, was höhere Anforderungen an den Übersetzer stellt und es noch wichtiger macht, keine Fehler zu machen. Wie bereits erwähnt, sind jedoch viele Übersetzer auf NetEase einfach nur Fans der Lieder, und die Gefahr von Übersetzungsfehlern ist groß. Natürlich hätten die Übersetzer von NetEase Cloud Music aufgrund der größeren Beteiligung der Fans theoretisch ein besseres kulturelles Wissen über die Lieder, aber in der Praxis gibt es in diesem Bereich noch viele Fehler. Einige der Übersetzer konzentrierten sich zu sehr auf den Hintergrund und die Konnotation der Lieder und kombinierten die Übersetzung mit ihrem eigenen persönlichen Verständnis, was zu einer falschen Übersetzung des Textes von "it's time to go" führte, wie in dem oben genannten Artikel. Da die meisten Übersetzer von NetEase Music unbezahlte Arbeitskräfte sind, sind sie weniger sozial verantwortlich in ihren Übersetzungspraktiken und unempfänglicher für Kritik, und die Hörer neigen dazu, ihnen gegenüber toleranter zu sein.
= = Die Auswirkungen = =
Eugene A. Nida definiert in "Toward a Science of Translating" die Übersetzung folgendermaßen: "Übersetzen besteht darin, in der Empfängersprache das engste natürliche Äquivalent der ausgangssprachlichen Botschaft wiederzugeben, erstens in Bezug auf die Bedeutung und zweitens in Bezug auf den Stil."(Eugene A. Nida, 1969, 12) Dies ähnelt der Tendenz der Übersetzung in der britischen und amerikanischen Kultur, wie sie Venuti Lawrence in "The Translator's Invisibility" beschreibt. Der Unterschied besteht darin, dass die Über-Lokalisierung von Internet-Song-Übersetzungen nicht in erster Linie durch finanziellen Gewinn, sondern durch populäre Ästhetik beeinflusst wird, da die meisten Übersetzer die Liedtexte nicht übersetzen, um Geld zu verdienen, sondern um durch ihre Übersetzungen berühmt zu werden. Der Schaden, der dadurch entsteht, wird jedoch nicht geringer, sondern sogar noch größer, da diese Amateurübersetzer sich weniger Gedanken über die Wissenschaftlichkeit ihrer Übersetzungen machen. (Venuti Lawrence, 2008, 14) Die größte negative Auswirkung der Über-lokalisierung von Liedtexten ist, dass sie bei den Zuhörern zu Missverständnissen führt. Statistiken zufolge hatten QQ Music und NetEase Cloud Music bis Ende 2021 zusammen fast 800 Millionen aktive Nutzer. Bei einer so großen Nutzerbasis sind viele Hörer auf die Übersetzung der Liedtexte angewiesen, um den Inhalt der Originallieder zu verstehen, da Englischkenntnisse nicht weit verbreitet sind. Selbst mit einem gewissen Maß an Englischkenntnissen haben viele Zuhörer die vorgefasste Meinung, dass die Übersetzungen korrekt sein müssen und verstehen den Originaltext im Gegensatz zu diesen Übersetzungen. In solchen Fällen können fehlerhafte Übersetzungen der Liedtexte große Gruppen von Zuhörern daran hindern, die Bedeutung, die der ursprüngliche Autor vermitteln wollte, richtig zu verstehen, oder sogar durch die fehlerhafte Übersetzung der Liedtexte zu falschen Schlussfolgerungen verleitet werden. (https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1744451621897260942&wfr=spider&for=pc)
Beispiel: Ursprünglicher Text: Said no more counting dollars We’ll be counting stars (OneRepublic, 2013, “Counting Stars”) Chinesische Übersetzung: 祈祷自己不再迷失于金钱的追逐中 细数满天繁星 品味生活乐趣 (NetEase Cloud Musik)
Die Formulierung "die Freuden des Lebens genießen" entspricht nicht dem Original des Textes, sondern wurde vom Übersetzer nach seiner eigenen Interpretation hinzugefügt. Nach der ursprünglichen Interpretation des Textes durch den Autor des Liedes handelt der Text jedoch davon, was Menschen über das Leben denken, wenn sie "stressed out" sind und kein Geld haben, um ihre Rechnungen zu bezahlen. Unabhängig davon, ob der Text letztlich positiv oder negativ gemeint ist, befindet sich der Protagonist in einem zerrissenen Geisteszustand und genießt das Leben nicht so sehr, wie es die Übersetzung vermuten lässt, was die meisten Kommentatoren dazu veranlasst hat, das Lied als reines Inspirationslied abzutun. Außerdem ist die übermäßige Einbürgerung des Textes respektlos gegenüber dem ursprünglichen Autor. In der Darstellung von Venuti Lawrence wird der Übersetzer invisibilisiert, was sich in der Übersetzung des Textes umkehrt, obwohl der Originaltext in der Übersetzung ebenso naturalisiert wird. Da die Rolle des Übersetzers überbetont wird, wird der Originalautor manchmal in den Hintergrund gedrängt. Vor allem auf Musikplattformen, auf denen die Nutzer ihre eigenen Übersetzungen der Liedtexte hochladen können, werden die Identitäten von Hörer und Übersetzer in gewisser Weise homogenisiert, wobei die Identität des Lesers vernachlässigt und die des Autors in der Doppelrolle des Übersetzers als Leser und Autor überbetont wird.Das Problem der Über-lokalisierung, das bei englischen Liedern viel häufiger auftritt als bei Liedern in anderen Sprachen, kann ebenfalls als Beleg dafür dienen. Bei fremdsprachigen Liedern in anderen Sprachen, bei denen der Hörer das Original nicht kennt, kehrt die Beziehung zum Übersetzer zur traditionellen Übersetzer-Leser-Beziehung zurück, und die Anforderungen an die Genauigkeit der Übersetzung sind höher, da der Hörer den Originalautor nicht kennt und die Übersetzung für den Hörer hier eine eher instrumentelle Rolle spielen sollte, die als Sprungbrett zum Originalautor dient. Bei englischen Liedübersetzungen hingegen, bei denen der Hörer das Original leichter verstehen kann, verliert die Vermittlerrolle des Übersetzers an Bedeutung, und etwaige Unterschiede zwischen der Übersetzung und dem Original werden sichtbar, wobei die ansonsten unsichtbare Übersetzung von vielen Hörern als zwei unterschiedliche Werke wahrgenommen und bewertet wird. In einem der Kommentare zum Song "Counting Stars", der 140.000 Likes erhielt, heißt es: "Die NetEase-Übersetzung des Textes hebt den ganzen Song auf ein neues Level." Es ist dem Autor gegenüber nicht fair, dass der Übersetzer ihn wegen der Über-lokalisierung übertrumpft hat, sondern dass die Originalität des Autors ignoriert wurde. Andererseits kann die Popularität der Übersetzungen von Über-lokalisierung bei fremdsprachigen Liedern, die nicht aus dem Englischen stammen, zu größeren Verständigungsschwierigkeiten führen. Auch wenn die Übersetzung ebenfalls übernaturalisiert ist, wird bei Liedern in anderen Sprachen als dem Englischen die Anwesenheit des Übersetzers ignoriert, da der Leser nicht in der Lage ist, den Unterschied zwischen dem Original und der Übersetzung zu erkennen, und die Übersetzung für ihn zum Original wird. Und wenn in Liedern in diesen Sprachen der Übersetzer auf offensichtliche Fehler aufgrund von Über-lokalisierung hingewiesen wird, wird er noch weniger verteidigt, und die meisten Zuhörer zeigen einfach mit dem Finger auf ihn oder sie. Trotzdem gibt es einen wachsenden Trend zur Über-lokalisierung bei der Übersetzung von Liedtexten in andere Sprachen als Englisch.
Beispiel: Ursprünglicher Text: 夜を 朝を 昼を 星を 幻想を 夏を 冬を 時を 風を (Kajiura Yuki, 2008, “oblivious”) Chinesische Übersetzung: 共鉴夜月 共赏晨曦 共沐日光 共揽星辰 共织幻想 共游炎夏 共御寒冬 共度时光 共拂清风 (77544577, NetEase Cloud Music)
Während der Originaltext eine durchgehende phantasievolle Darstellung der Lyrik enthält, wird die Übersetzung zu einer durchgehenden Prosa, wobei der Übersetzer Verben hinzufügt, um der Gewohnheit zu entsprechen, im Chinesischen Wörter mit vier Schriftzeichen zu verwenden, die nicht dem entsprechen, was der Originaltext vermitteln wollte. Im Gegensatz zum englischen Lied kann der durchschnittliche Hörer nicht zwischen einer korrekten und einer inkorrekten Übersetzung unterscheiden, so dass der Kommentar nicht auf die Übersetzung eingeht, aber die Auswirkungen auf den Übersetzer sind spürbar.
= = Die Vorschläge = =
Das Phänomen der Über-lokalisierung ist bei der Übersetzung von Liedtexten für die heutigen Musikplattformen weit verbreitet. Sowohl QQ Music, das die offizielle Plattform für die Übersetzung nutzt, als auch NetEase Cloud Music, wo die Liedtexte von den Nutzern hochgeladen werden, sind vor diesem Phänomen nicht gefeit, wobei die Über-lokalisierung bei NetEase Cloud Music wiederum problematischer ist als bei QQ Music und die Übersetzer Die Anbiederung an die Hörer ist sogar noch ausgeprägter. Um dieses Phänomen zu verbessern, muss die Plattform den Übersetzern mehr Zwänge auferlegen und einheitliche Standards vorgeben, und die Übersetzer müssen in folgenden Bereichen nachdenken und Fortschritte machen. (1) Grundlegendes zweisprachiges Niveau Viele Übersetzer fremdsprachiger Songtexte müssen ihr Chinesisch und ihre Fremdsprachenkenntnisse noch verbessern, und Probleme wie mangelndes Verständnis des Originaltextes, mangelndes Verständnis der Verwendung fester Wendungen in Fremdsprachen und mangelndes Verständnis der ausländischen Umgangssprache sind bei Übersetzern von Songtexten für Musikplattformen weit verbreitet. Auch wenn aus Kosten- und anderen Gründen nicht garantiert werden kann, dass alle Übersetzer über ein ausreichend hohes Sprachniveau verfügen, können die Übersetzer die Internet-Suchfunktion im Übersetzungsprozess stärker nutzen. Die Entwicklung des Internets hat nicht nur die Verbreitung von Musik erleichtert, sondern auch die Übersetzung zwischen verschiedenen Sprachen billiger gemacht. Die meisten feststehenden Ausdrücke, Slangs usw. finden Sie im Internet mit der entsprechenden chinesischen Übersetzung, und mit Hilfe von Software können Sie die Grammatik für den chinesischen Sprachgebrauch überprüfen, bei dem Sie unsicher sind. (2) Kulturelle Wissensreserve Ähnlich wie bei traditionellen Übersetzungen sind auch bei der Übersetzung von Liedtexten kulturelle Kenntnisse der Übersetzer erforderlich. Obwohl die meisten Popsongs keine tieferen Bedeutungen haben, versuchen einige Sänger, ihre Texte künstlerisch zu gestalten und einige kulturelle Bilder aus der Ausgangssprache einzubauen. Dies setzt voraus, dass der Übersetzer in der Lage ist, die Bildsprache zu verstehen und so zu übersetzen oder zu kommentieren, dass der Zuhörer sie verstehen kann. Darüber hinaus haben einige der Zwischenspiele oder Eröffnungs- und Schlusslieder einiger Film- und Fernsehwerke aufgrund ihres besonderen Charakters spezielle Referenzobjekte für einige der Wörter, so dass der Übersetzer den Hintergrund des Liedes verstehen und es nicht direkt übersetzen muss. (3) Angemessener Einsatz von Übersetzungsstrategien Verschiedene Lieder haben unterschiedliche Stile und können nicht mit genau denselben Übersetzungsstrategien übersetzt werden. Bei der Übersetzung verschiedener Lieder sollten die Übersetzer ihre Übersetzungsstrategien an den Inhalt des Textes, den Inhalt des Liedes und den Hintergrund des Liedes anpassen und optimieren und geeignete Strategien zur Übersetzung geeigneter Lieder verwenden. Die Herausbildung eines eigenen Übersetzungsstils in der kontinuierlichen Übersetzungspraxis, das Verständnis der Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Übersetzungsstrategien und die Destillation und Verallgemeinerung der Übersetzungspraxis in die Übersetzungstheorie können es Übersetzern ermöglichen, ihr Übersetzungsniveau zu verfeinern. (4) Stärkung des Gefühls der sozialen Verantwortung Die Vernachlässigung des sozialen Verantwortungsbewusstseins bei der Übersetzung kann als ein wichtiges Manko der Übersetzer von Liedtexten auf Musikplattformen angesehen werden. Bei angestellten Übersetzern führen die niedrige Bezahlung und das hohe Arbeitspensum wahrscheinlich dazu, dass sie die Verantwortung gegenüber den Zuhörern verlieren, ihre Arbeit oberflächlich angehen oder direkt auf maschinelle Übersetzungen zurückgreifen, plagiieren oder Übersetzungen von bereits im Internet verfügbaren Texten übernehmen usw. Bei den ehrenamtlich tätigen Übersetzern kann es aufgrund fehlender systematischer Studien und des Einflusses des Plattform-Ethos dazu kommen, dass sie die Position des Übersetzers falsch einschätzen, ihr Verantwortungsgefühl gegenüber dem Originalautor im Übersetzungsprozess verlieren, die Übersetzung als ihre eigene Schöpfung betrachten und zu egozentrisch werden. Unabhängig davon, ob es sich um den Originalautor oder das Publikum handelt, sollten die Übersetzer ihren Sinn für soziale Verantwortung nicht verlieren und eine rigorose und ernsthafte Haltung gegenüber der Übersetzung beibehalten, da sie sich der Bedeutung ihrer Arbeit bewusst sind und wissen, dass die Übersetzung eine Praxis der kulturellen Verbreitung und des kulturellen Austauschs ist, und dass sie für ihre eigene Arbeit, den Originalautor und die Leser verantwortlich sind.
= = Die Zusammenfassung = =
Das Phänomen der Über-lokalisierung bei der Übersetzung von Liedern ist immer noch weit verbreitet und hat sich in gewisser Weise negativ auf die kulturübergreifende Verbreitung von Liedern in verschiedenen Sprachen ausgewirkt, die sowohl von externen als auch von internen Faktoren beeinflusst wird, wobei sowohl der Plattformmechanismus als auch die Qualität des Übersetzers zu diesem Ergebnis beitragen. Dieses Phänomen, das in der Vergangenheit vor allem bei der Übersetzung englischer Lieder auftrat, breitet sich nun aufgrund des Publikumszuspruchs tendenziell auch auf Lieder in anderen Sprachen aus, allerdings nicht in nennenswertem Umfang, da die meisten Übersetzer, die in der Lage sind, Lieder in diese Sprachen zu übersetzen, systematisch zum Übersetzen ausgebildet wurden. Positiv zu vermerken ist, dass Übersetzungen der Über-lokalisierung in den letzten Jahren zwar immer mehr Verbreitung gefunden haben, dass aber auch einige Übersetzungen, die vor einigen Jahren zu weit gingen, auf Widerstand stoßen, wie etwa die Verwendung des Altchinesischen zur Übersetzung von Texten englischer Popsongs. Da sich allmählich Kritik herauskristallisiert, glaubt der Autor auch, dass diese Phänomene allmählich korrigiert werden, was in Zukunft zu einer einheitlicheren Übersetzung chinesischer Lyrik führen wird.
= = References = =
[1]He Gaoda, Chen Shuiping 何高大 陈水平. (2009). 中国歌曲翻译之百年回眸. [A Century of Chinese Song Translation in Retrospect]. 名作欣赏. [Masterpieces Review]. (24) 130-133+5
[2]https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1744451621897260942&wfr=spider&for=pc
[3]Rick Nowell. (2013). Young and Beautiful.
[4]Charlie Puth, Jacob Kasher. (2018). BOY.
[5]Matt Maeson. (2018). Put it on me.
[6]Payami, Ali. (2015). Style.
[7]Lana Del Ray. (2019). California
[8]Justin Timberlake. (2013). Please Mr. Kennedy
[9]OneRepublic. (2008). Apologize
[10]Taylor Swift. (2020). it’s time to go.
[11]illion, 2013, Gasshow
[12]Zhao Wei 赵巍. (2005). 翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思. [Reflections on the Nature and Methodology of Translation Studies]. 解放军外国语学院学报. [Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages]. (06)
[13]https://xueqiu.com/1973934190/160978009
[14]https://zh.moegirl.org.cn/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%8F%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91
[15]Eugene A. Nida. (1969). Toward a Science of Translating. (12).
[16]Venuti Lawrence. (1995). The Translator’s Invisibility:A History of Translation. (14).
[17]https://zh.moegirl.org.cn/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%8F%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91
[18]OneRepublic, 2013, “Counting Stars”
[19]Kajiura Yuki, 2008, “oblivious”
丁浩然 Ding Haoran Leon 男 Special:Contributions/Ding_Haoran
Topic
On How to Use the Humanistic Attributes of Translation Studies to Solve the Problem of "rigid"
Abstract
The modern humanistic science frameworks are divided into many kinds. Human understanding of the world is divided into humanities and natural sciences on the basis of two major human-centered as well as nature-centered bases. By the period of structuralist linguistic translation paradigm, the leaps and bounds of science and technology have made it possible to stop worshipping the individual and to construct precise and rigorous frameworks by scientific methods, so that translation studies can be as precise as natural science studies. However, this disregard for the human being by scientism has caused dissatisfaction among many researchers. Translation, as a cross-cultural interlanguage conversion activity, is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a socio-cultural phenomenon. Its core lies in emotive interlingual application. The exploration of humanism not only does not conflict with the rigorous concept of translation discipline, but also constantly enriches the teaching of translation studies and demolishes the difficult problems in the core tasks.
Keywords
Humanistic characteristics Essence and task problem of "rigid"
题目
论如何利用翻译研究的人文属性解决“僵化”问题
摘要
现代人文科学构架分为很多种。在以人为中心以及自然为中心的两大基础上人对世界的认识分为人文科学与自然科学。到了结构主义语言学译学范式时期,科学与技术的飞跃性发展使人们不再崇拜个体,而是科学的方法构建精确严密的框架,让翻译研究能够像自然科学研究那样精准。然而,科学主义这种对人的无视引起了许多研究者的不满。翻译作为一种跨文化的语际转换活动,不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种社会文化现象。其核心在于富有感情的跨语际应用,对人文性的探索不仅不会与翻译学科的严谨理念产生冲突,而是不断丰富着翻译学的教学,拆解着核心任务中的疑难问题。
关键词
人文特点 本质与任务 “死板”问题
Definition of "humanities"
"Definition of "Humanities "Humanities and the humanities The most important meaning of "humanities" is twofold: first, it refers to a world that consists of humanistic texts such as literature, art, history, philosophy, and morality, which are constructed by various linguistic symbols as the externalization of the human spirit; second, the term "humanities" also refers to the process of indoctrination in which, through contact with these texts, or through the cultivation of these texts, a person gradually gets rid of the primitive animal nature and takes on a beautiful and good human nature. Secondly, the term "humanistic" also refers to the process in which, through contact with these texts, or through the cultivation of these texts, a person gradually sheds his or her primitive animal nature and becomes a human being with goodness and beauty. These two meanings coincide with the common understanding of the term "humanities" and reflect the essential connotation of the term "humanities". No matter which of the above or other objects the word "humanities" refers to, one thing is common, that is, it is closely related to "people": "people" is the most fundamental object of this word, from which all other objects are derived. In Chinese, the term "humanities" refers to "human" affairs that are different from natural phenomena and their laws, and its core is the beliefs, ideals, ways of thinking, value orientations, personality patterns, and aesthetic interests that run through people's thinking and speech, or the "humanistic spirit. Yijing, page 222 Humanities studies the subjective aspects of human beings and human activities, including the spiritual activities and laws of the subject, the spiritual connotations and values of the subject's products, and the cultural traditions and their dialectical relations as the objective expression of the human spiritual world. Thus, the humanities is unfolded with the human being in mind, and it can be said that it studies the social human being (the spiritual activity and products of the human being). With the value and meaning of human existence as the subject of academic research, the humanities confronts a world of spirituality and meaning. In short, the humanities studies the needs, will, ideas, spirit, emotions, and values of human beings. The value of such research is not to provide material wealth or practical technology, but to provide a world of meaning for human beings, to guard a spiritual home, and to give the human mind something to cling to. It often includes disciplines such as linguistics, literature, philosophy, etc. Obviously, the subjective nature of humanities, which aims at guarding and constructing the spiritual home of human beings, is the strongest among all scientific disciplines. Humanity - the most important attribute of translation studies The core problem of translation studies is the contradictory unity of content and form of bilingual conversion, and the aim is to solve various obstacles of interlingual communication. The richness and dynamism of meaning determine that translation research must adhere to the humanistic direction. Whether it is translation practice itself or translation theory research, the human factor is always involved in it. Even the research and theoretical summary of translation phenomena are inseparable from the inspiration and comprehension of human beings, i.e. translation theorists. As a humanities discipline, translation science should of course reflect the laws of translation practice on the one hand, and the subjective value orientation of the researcher on the other. Only in this way will the spirit and soul of the humanities not be extinguished. It is difficult for the movements in the fields of social sciences and humanities to present an absolute objectivity or to have absolute constant laws. Because of this, the transformation of texts and the conclusions drawn from the study of this transformational activity cannot be, and in fact have not so far been, as highly precise and predictable as the conclusions drawn from the study of natural objects. Dreyfus and Taylor explain the reason for this better: "The human sciences are always explanations of explanations, and therefore cannot have stability and finality; nature itself is not explanatory, and therefore stability and finality are possible in explanations of nature (note that the word used here is "possible", and that human understanding of nature is a process of gradual deepening, and that some of the explanations previously given for nature (Note that the word "possible" is used here, because human understanding of nature is a gradual process, and some previous interpretations of nature may be revised as understanding deepens). The most serious consequence of the tendency of the humanities to pursue the absolute objectivity and constancy sought by the natural sciences is that the aforementioned early function of the humanities, which was intended to enable human beings to derive humanistic nourishment from it, becomes impossible. In fact, this function is the most important reason for the existence of humanities disciplines.Yijing.p. 224
The current phenomenon of rigidity in translation
Current rigid phenomenon in translation In the current era of gradual development of translation disciplines, translation theories are gradually maturing as the foundation, but rigid translation phenomena still exist. Here are some of the current rigid phenomena in translation. Some friends often ask me why Germans are so disciplined. Why are they so rigid? Even when friends meet, they ask, "Are you in good order?" "Are you in order?" I was baffled and confused by the question, I had never heard of Germans greeting each other like this. Later I realized that it was a German greeting "ist alles in Ordnung?", which was translated rigidly in the first place, but it was also said that Germans are very strict and orderly, so it turned out to be strange. The German word Ordnung has multiple meanings: 1. neat, organized; 2. tidy up, organize; 3. rule, system; 4. order, sequence, etc. The German city government has an institution called Ordnungsamt, which is generally available in all cities, regardless of their size, but in some places it is called by another name. It refers to an institutional unit in the municipal administration in Germany and Austria. In short, this department is responsible for managing and supervising the proper functioning of social order, so here it is translated as "Order Bureau". This department is called "city administration" in China. Hong Li, 2008:55 So, when people greet each other with this word, does it also refer to the good or bad of "order"? As a university student of German, this phenomenon cannot be explained in books. My understanding of this German phrase is based on my real life experience. As my understanding deepened, I was able to gain insight into the meaning and application of this German greeting. The German word Alles means everything, all. When an acquaintance sees you somewhere, shakes your hand or hugs you warmly in greeting, and then asks you with concern, "ist alles in Ordnung?" (or simply Alles in Ordnung?) this is a concerned greeting about all aspects of your condition, including health, work, life, family, mood, etc. Alles in Ordnung is a simple and dry answer: Dank! Alles in Ordnung (thank you! Everything is fine, everything is as usual). Hong Li, 2008:56 In Germany, "Alles in Ordnung" means that all aspects of one's life are within normal limits, as one would expect. Instead of "everything is in (social) order". in fact, this phrase is the same as when we Chinese meet and ask, "It's been a long time, how is everything going?" or "Everything is fine, right?" It means the same thing! Strangers can also ask the same question to others. For example, if someone suddenly falls down on the street, the person next to him will immediately ask him "Alles in Ordnung?", or if he sees someone sitting on the ground with a bad face, he will ask the same question. The intention is to be concerned if the person is injured or if he or she is having an attack so that they can provide effective help. The meaning of this question at this moment is "How are you?" or "Are you okay?" and never to know if you are "in order" at the moment! Hongli, 2008:57 In the Daily Mail, there is an example of mistranslation, the translation of "小草微微笑,请你绕一绕. "In fact, the style of public language is simple and concise, so there is no need to translate so cumbersome, just "Keep off the grass". Here we usually use Yan Fu's translation theory, which directly indicates the meaning of the original sentence under the premise of smooth and beautiful words. There are many similar wrong translations in domestic parks, scenic spots and streets, many times because of the inertia of Chinese, which has become Chinese English. Errors in the translation of menus. For example, the famous dish "红烧狮子头" is translated as "Lion's Head", which will affect the appetite of many foreign friends. In fact, lion's head is a larger meatball, which can be translated as "large meatball". The word "fan" should not be translated as "fans", but "silk noodles". "Small Coke" is wrongly translated as "Small may be happy", which is very puzzling, and this is a sign of rigid translation. Another public sign translation error "只准临时停车下客" is "temporary park only for getting off", which is a grammatical error and a redundant translation, and "Get off The subject of "Get off" should be a person, so directly translate it as "For passenger drop-off only" to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding. There are also some serious grammatical errors, such as "严禁向窗外抛扔物品" is said to be "Strictly forbid toward window to throw to throw a product" such a translation really makes people sigh, which has serious grammatical errors and word choice errors, basically no readability, the translation of The rigidity of the translation will cause serious comprehension obstacles to the readers. It should be translated as "Don't throw anything out of window." "不可回收" is very common everywhere, and this trash can is labeled with such English "No May Reclaim", which is a typical word-by-word translation. "This is a typical word-for-word translation. The prompt at a park does not look warm at all, "带好孩子,小心落水", "Take the child, Fall into water carefully" This translation makes people sound like parents want to take children into the water, passers-by see how embarrassing it is, it is strongly recommended that it should be Strongly suggest that it should be translated as this "Watch your child, be careful of the water.”
How to use humanism to solve the phenomenon of rigidity
How to Use Humanity to Address Rigidity Juan Luis Vives quotes Quintilian with approval where the latter advises : " When we translate from Greek we should not follow that language in all things , especialy not when they want to use their words to designate our things." Rather , if translators want to realy translate items belonging to the original's Universe of Discourse that do not exist in their own , they will have to " coin new expressions ," as Cicero advised . By doing so , translators have , over the centuries , enriched their native languages not only with new vocabulary but also, in Pliny's words , with an " abundance of stylistic figures and resources ."
Translation as a pedagogical tool has traditionaly not only been restricted to creative writers : generations of European schoolchildren have learned foreign languages by means of translation from about 100 AD until the end of World War Two in order to acquire a feel for the language in the domain where , as Schlegel remarks :" the grammarian's judicial functions cease . Translation History Culture, 46
From the words of these scholars we can conclude that a good translator, in addition to having creativity, must also focus on humanism when facing translation problems in various industries. As in the case of "ordnung" in German, if we simply translate the words, the reader will not understand what we are talking about. This is the humanistic spirit of the translator who is able to extract the new things from the cultural differences, to update his or her knowledge and to keep up with the times. According to the thesis of this paper, how should we solve the phenomenon of rigid translation? The general approach of translation research should be based on the nature of the discipline and advocate a humanistic approach. The core issue of translation research is the interlingual meaning transformation The infinitely rich human nature of meaning determines that translation research must adhere to the humanistic direction. The results of translation research should reflect the universal laws of translation activities, and at the same time should reflect certain subjective value orientation of the research subject, which is the fundamental difference between humanities and natural sciences, as well as the spirit and soul of humanities. Emphasizing the nature of translation research will not reduce the scientificity of translation research results, and will not endanger the status of translation as an independent discipline. An important indicator to measure the maturity of a discipline is whether a research method suitable for the nature of the discipline has been established. Because "the basic requirement of scientific research is to grasp the object according to its characteristics." (Ouyang Kang, 2003:336) At the critical period of the construction of translation studies, it is especially important to insist on the scientificity of translation research methods. The scientificity of translation research, methodologically speaking, is to find a research method that suits the nature and characteristics of the discipline, not necessarily to be attached to the research methods of natural sciences in order to increase its own academic content. Epistemologically speaking, it means that the subjective understanding is in line with the objective reality, and is the correct reflection of objective things and their laws in human consciousness. This is reflected in the fact that it is also the phased and objective understanding of translation phenomenon obtained by the research subject, and it is also based on translation facts, with the goal of discovering and summarizing the common laws of translation practice and theory, and it is also necessary to use logical thinking methods such as analysis, generalization, summarization and induction, and to standardize the presentation of translation research results. and understand the essence through the complicated translation phenomena. Due to the unpredictable nature of the research objects, the results of translation research do not manifest themselves in terms of qualitative and quantitative verifiability, but in terms of a general trend and overall direction. Such universal trends and directions not only do not absolutely exclude, but even inherently contain specificity. Tuli himself believes that translation universality can only be understood as a contingent relationship between various translation phenomena. For example, the practice of translation for more than 4,000 years has been dominated by literary and religious translation, both in the East and the West. This is a scientific conclusion, and the technological translation in China before the Ming and early Qing dynasties is only an individual branch phenomenon, which is not enough to overthrow the universality and scientificity of this description. As long as translation studies are based on the disciplinary orientation of translation as a humanistic and social science and consciously apply the proven methodological principles of the humanities in practice, its status and value as an independent discipline will be naturally highlighted through the conscious application of theory and method.
What meaning is given to translation by humanistic attributes
Conclusion
References
傅晨 Fu Chen Tina 女 Special:Contributions/Fu_Chen
= Translation Strategies of Film Subtitles from the Perspective of Eco-translatology - An Example of "Flipped" =
傅晨(Fu Chen)202030097003
= = Abstract = =
Film is a carrier of culture, and with the development of global economicization and the increase of social and cultural interaction, more and more foreign films are entering the Chinese market, and audiences can accurately understand the content of foreign films and feel the foreign culture, the correct subtitle translation plays an extremely important role. inadequacies in subtitle translation. It is necessary for film subtitles to apply the theory of Eco-translatology, grasp the ecological environment of language, adapt and choose in the process of translation. Based on the theory of ecological translation, this paper takes the movie "Flipped" as the research object, focuses on the translation in "Flipped" from the perspective of "linguistic dimension", "cultural dimension" and "communicative dimension", and discusses the translation strategy of movie subtitles, hoping to provide reference and consideration for the translators of movie subtitles and help further improve the translation level of movie subtitles.
= = Key Words = =
Eco-translatology, strategies of translation, three-dimensional transformation, Flipped
= = 生态翻译学视角下电影字幕的翻译策略——以《怦然心动》为例 = =
= = 摘要 = =
电影是文化的载体,随着全球经济化的发展和社会文化的互动增多,外国电影越来越多的进入中国市场,受众能够准确理解外国电影的内容,感受异域文化,正确的字幕翻译发挥了极其重要的作用,在各种影视翻译中,译者往往只注重内容的直接传达而忽视原文真实内涵与文化的传递,在字幕翻译方面还存有不足。电影字幕运用生态翻译学理论,把握语言的生态环境,在翻译过程中做到适应与选择是非常有必要的。《怦然心动》是一部十分受欢迎的青春电影,对于该电影字幕的翻译有很多版本,很多学者也对电影台词进行了研究。本文以生态翻译学理论为基础,以电影《怦然心动》为研究对象,着重从“语言维”、“文化维”、“交际维”三维转换的角度对《怦然心动》中的翻译进行剖析,探讨电影字幕的翻译策略,希望为电影字幕的翻译人员提供借鉴与思考,帮助进一步提高电影字幕的翻译水平。
= = 关键词 = =
生态翻译学,翻译的策略,三维转换,怦然心动
= = Introduction = =
In the context of economic globalization, China is interacting more and more closely with other countries in the political, economic and cultural fields. Chinese culture, with its profound and far-reaching origins, is constantly receiving attention and love from foreign people, and more and more Chinese film and TV works are going overseas. At the same time, a large number of foreign films and TV works are also introduced into the domestic market and accepted by Chinese audiences. This has led to an increasing demand for translation of foreign films and TV works, which has not only promoted the work of subtitle translation, but also led many experts and scholars to devote themselves to the study of film subtitle translation. Subtitles play an important role in the communication and dissemination of culture as a medium of film transmission. Due to the huge differences between Chinese and foreign language systems and cultural customs, translators can only produce high quality translations by choosing appropriate methods and strategies and using scientific tools and theories to translate the text. Therefore, it is necessary to study the translation strategies of movie subtitles.
"Flipped" is about the interesting war between adolescent boys and girls, which makes people unconsciously recall the heartbeat and beauty of their youth. The story of the movie is very simple, the hero Bryce's family moved to the town, and the heroine Juli's family became neighbors, the little girl Juli fell in love with Bryce at first sight, in order to get close to him, she tried everything possible. However, after Juli experiences her beloved sycamore tree being cut down and Bryce refusing to help, her eggs being secretly thrown into the garbage by Bryce and her uncle being ridiculed by others, while Bryce is indifferent, Juli starts to feel disappointed with Bryce and begins to realize that Bryce may be a hollow person inside, and his person is far from being as beautiful as his blue eyes. After Juli's feelings for Bryce slowly fade, Bryce realizes at this point that he has already fallen in love with Juli. The appearance of Juli's uncle makes Juli understand her father's love and commitment, and has more thoughts about the inner workings of people. Bryce, under the teaching of his grandfather, throw away his prejudices, sees a different Julie and admitts his inner. In the end, under the mediation of Bryce's grandfather, Bryce takes the initiative to go to Julie, and both sides achieved reconciliation and become more mature.
The film is inspiring and thought-provoking, encouraging people to boldly pursue their heart's desire and to be as gorgeous as a rainbow. The film is loved by the public because of its beautiful images, bold filming techniques and beautiful soundtrack, but also because of the wonderful subtitle translation, which leaves a deep impression on the audience. In this paper, we will interpret the subtitle translation of "Flipped" from the perspective of Eco-translatology.
= = Eco-translatology = =
(1)Overview of eco-translatology The concept of "ecological translation science" was first proposed by Prof. G.S. Hu and is still evolving today; Darwin first proposed ecological translation science in his theory of evolution in the middle and late 19th century, and gradually developed into the theory of adaptive selection of translation with continuous development. In the early 21st century, with the help of Darwin's theory of natural selection, Haggas (a PhD student at Hong Kong Baptist University) explored the philosophical basis and feasibility of translation activities and creatively proposed the need to establish a "translation adaptation selection theory". 2012, with adaptation and selection as the starting point, by reinterpreting the concept of translation, Hu Gengshen discussed the relationship between translator's choice and adaptation, and at the same time, from the perspective of adaptation and choice, he reformulated the process, method and essence of translation, establishing a basic theoretical framework for the theory of translation adaptation and choice. . Eco-translatology is an ecological translation research paradigm that makes use of the characteristics of ecological rationality and provides an overview of translation from an ecological perspective. It takes translation ecology, text ecology, "translation community" ecology and their interrelationships as the research objects, and provides an overview and description of translation ecology as a whole and translation theory ontology (translation essence, process, standards, principles and methods, as well as translation phenomena) from an ecological perspective by means of the narrative of ecological translation science (Hu Gengshen 2013, 11).In a nutshell, it means that translators exert their own subjective initiative in the process of translation, grasp the translation ecology, and adopt various strategic techniques to transform the textual information, language, and cultural customs, so that readers can better understand the original text.
Some of the terms and concepts of ecotranslation are derived from the understanding of natural ecosystems; they are also developed on the basis of the theory of adaptive selection in translation. Ecotranslationism transposes and analogizes the basic principle of "survival of the fittest" in natural ecology, and embeds this principle in translation ecosystems, so that this principle is associated with the innate sense of survival and life of "translation communities ". In other words, by using the "survival of the fittest" principle, we can make use of the "survival of the fittest" principle. In other words, using the leverage of the basic principle of "survival of the fittest" - the leverage of the survival system's and the survival system of thinking" in translation practice - this is the intrinsic and eternal motivation for translation success, and the original goal of returning to the survival, life, and ecological development of the "translation community" (Hu Gengshen 2013, 12).
In short, in the context of globalization, on the basis of an overview and reflection of the gains and losses, bias and completeness, and the unity of theory and learning of translation theories, and based on the basic characteristics and laws of ecology, it is important to consider the unity of translation theories. Based on the basic characteristics and laws of ecology and guided by ecological rationality and values, a systematic investigation and description are conducted at three levels of translation studies, translation theories and translation texts, and a theoretical discourse system of ecological translation is constructed. The theoretical discourse system of ecological translation is constructed. The further research and development of this ecological translation paradigm will help to study and develop translation science in a more rational and scientific way (Hu Gengshen 2013, 26).
(2) Explanation of the concept of "three-dimensional transformation” Eco-translatology believes that in the process of dealing with translation problems, it is necessary to achieve selective conversion of multiple dimensions, which is mainly reflected in the "three-dimensional" conversion, namely, language dimension, cultural dimension and communicative dimension. The "linguistic dimension" is mainly reflected in the adaptive conversion of the linguistic form and rhetorical style of the text, which requires the translator to have good cultural literacy and strong textual skills, and the "cultural dimension" is mainly reflected in the adaptive conversion of the cultural nature and content of the language. The "cultural dimension" is mainly reflected in the adaptation of the cultural nature and content of the language, the transmission and interpretation of the bilingual culture, and the avoidance of ambiguity caused by cultural barriers. According to Hu Gengshen (2011), based on the viewpoint of adaptive choice theory, the cultural dimension of adaptive choice transformation here mainly refers to the translator's need to establish a corresponding cultural concept during translation, pay high attention to the cultural information and meaning covered by the source language, and emphasize the transmission and interpretation of the connotation of bilingual culture, not simply translating culture. For this dimension of adaptive conversion, it can effectively avoid some inconvenience or misunderstanding because the focus is on the difference between the source language culture and the target language culture. This requires the translator to be familiar with Chinese and Western cultures, to understand the source language of the target culture, and to understand the original idea precisely. The "communicative dimension" means that in addition to the conversion of linguistic information and cultural connotation, the translator focuses on the communicative level in choosing the conversion, and pays attention to whether the communicative intention in the original text is reflected in the translation (Hu Gengshen 2004, 138). In translation studies, according to Nida, any information is useless if it does not play a communicative role (Nida, 1993). In other words, if a translation cannot play a communicative role and realize the communicative intention, such a translation is unqualified, and the translator must consider all relevant elements of linguistic communication activities when dealing with the translation problem.
= = Translation characteristics of movie subtitles = =
With the development of economy and culture, film has gradually become one of the important carriers of culture, and in the process of cultural transmission, film translation plays an important role in promoting cultural exchanges between different countries, As a kind of translation, film translation is also applicable to the method of "three-dimensional translation".
Subtitling is a mode of translation that converts verbal or non-verbal visual and auditory content into verbal visual content and adds it to the screen (Gottlieb, H 1994). The core of subtitling is to accurately translate the connotations and intentions of the original language with the context of the translated text, to break down the boundaries between different cultures, and to accurately convey the emotional and ideological core of the film.
The language of film subtitles comes from the words of the characters. Therefore, both dialogue, monologue and internal mapping should reflect the unique character color of the speaker. Most of the subtitles are conversational in nature. The dialogue shows the character's emotional state, attitude towards people and things, experience, etc. Moreover, the dialogue in the captions fits perfectly with the development of the story, and can be said to reflect the storyline. So it is possible to read the plot of the story without looking at the picture but only at the subtitles, which requires the subtitles to be rich in personality and expressive.
The language of film subtitles must be readable. Most of the movie subtitles are dubbed by voice actors. In turn, the translated subtitles must be read. Therefore, subtitles must be readable. Readable, rhythmic, and in line with the language characteristics of the film's main character. The pauses must be natural and smooth. And the phrase must have the characteristics of high and low, intonation and staccato. The most ideal readable state is that the translation and the original language are uniform in length, diction and rhyme. Due to the time and space factor, subtitles also need to be simple and easy to understand, so that the message is coherent and consistent, and so that the sound matches the picture perfectly. Since the images in a movie change very quickly and cannot be rewound, the translator must pay attention to the timeliness of the subtitle translation.
= = Subtitle translation strategies from Eco-translatology perspective= =
Eco-translatology requires translators to make adaptive selective transformations of the original language dimension, cultural and communicative dimensions in the translation process. When translating movie subtitles, translators should first understand and adapt to the ecological environment of the original language, combine the original language, the translated language, the translator and the cultural background, and take the translator as the central leader, and then carry out multi-dimensional adaptive selection conversion so that the target language audience can break the linguistic and cultural barriers and correctly understand the cultural and ideological connotations conveyed by the film with the help of subtitles. In the following, the author will analyze the subtitle translation of "Flipped" from three dimensions and discuss the related translation strategies.
(1)Linguistic Dimension
The adaptive choice and adaptive transformation of language dimension are mainly reflected in the language form. English and Chinese belong to two very different language systems with huge differences in daily expressions, so the translation of movie subtitles should start from the linguistic expression habits of the target language audience and select appropriate words and sentence forms on the basis of the linguistic norms in order to obtain the optimal translation.
Example: "She totally dominated the fair." The direct translation of this sentence is "她统治了这个慈善会", "dominate" originally means to dominate, control, the phrase appeared in the science fair, because Julie's outstanding ability to successfully hatch chicks gained the attention of everyone, as if she manipulated the charity. As she manipulated the charity event, the hero Bryce thus expressed his displeasure. The word "dominate" is often used to refer to a person's exceptional strength and ability to win a competition, but it also means that someone has great control over things.It translates to "她简直称霸这场活动", which is not in line with our daily expressions,and also conveys to the audience the mood of Bryce when she says this line, which helps the audience to perceive and understand the emotion of the movie and attracts the audience's interest to watch the movie afterwards.
There are many differences in language expressions, so when translating, we should fully consider the overall ecological environment of the translation and make a moderate shift in the language dimension. For example, "What I hoped would be a one-time event was just the beginning of a life consumed with lies, intrigue and deception. "A one-time event" is a direct translation of "一次性事件", referring to Bryce thought that as long as he secretly dropped the eggs sent by Julie, everything would be fine, but did not expect to get involved in more trouble. The three words "lies, intrigue, deception" all mean "说谎,欺骗" and are used to emphasize Bryce's repeated deception of Julie. In Chinese, "谎话连篇" usually means that a person's words are almost all lies and have no truthfulness. Therefore, the choice of the two idioms "永绝后患" and "谎话连篇" in the translation can express the original meaning concisely, which makes the Chinese audience feel that the subtitles are concise and full of rhythm and vividness, and also conforms to the Chinese language habits. It is also in line with the Chinese language habits. It is simple and clear, free from the time and space limitation of subtitle translation, and correctly uses the film subtitle translation strategy. It can be seen that a direct translation of "I hope this is just a one-time event, and this is just the beginning of a life full of lies, conspiracies and deceptions." It can be said that it is very faithful to the original text, but it is not connected with the plot and cannot be understood by the audience, and it meets the requirement of the principle of fidelity but not the principle of coherence.
(2)Cultural Dimension
The cultural dimension of adaptive selection and adaptive translation focuses on the differences in content and nature between the source language and the translated language, avoiding excessive attention to the culture of the translated language that may result in misinterpretation of the original text, and the translator should try to adapt to the entire cultural system to which the translated language belongs while translating.
For example, "All hair and no substance", "substance" originally means material, and the direct translation here is "全部的头发,没有物质", while the translation is The Chinese proverb "头发长见识短" is easy to understand. For example, "Juli Baker did not wind up in The Mayfield Times for being an eighth-grade Einstein." This sentence translates to "朱莉·贝克登上梅菲尔德时报可不是因为她天赋异禀。” The translation of "eighth-grade Einstein" is "天赋异禀" instead of "八年级的爱因斯坦" ,Bryce's grandfather said this to Bryce to illustrate Juli's intelligence, "Einstein" in foreign countries is synonymous with "talent" and "smart", the translator translated into "gifted" can convey the meaning of the original, but also let the audience experience a small dark humor in the film, vivid and lively. All these examples use some Chinese colloquialisms or buzzwords to translate, so that the audience will not be unable to understand or comprehend the situation, but also to make the audience better watch the movie. It can be said to be two birds with one stone.
(3)Communicative dimension
The communicative dimension of conversion requires the translator to consider the communicative intent of both languages when translating to achieve an effective exchange of information. The communicative dimension emphasizes the effect obtained by the translation rather than the content conveyed by the translation. Due to the great difference between Chinese language and English language, translators need to make certain conversions to the original language so that the translated audience can better understand the content of the film.
For example,”Some of us get dipped in flat, some in satin, some in gloss. But every once in a while you find someone who's iridescent, and when you do, nothing will ever compare.”Some people translate this quote as "有些人浅薄,有些人金玉其外而败絮其中。有一天你会遇到一个彩虹般绚丽的人,当你遇到这个人后,会觉得其他人只是浮云而已。”. Some translate it as "有人住高楼,有人在深沟,有人光万丈,有人一身锈,世人万千种,浮云莫去求,斯人若彩虹,遇上方知有。" The communicative intent of this sentence is that Bryce's grandfather teaches Bryce to boldly pursue the person who makes his heart sing. Both translations accurately convey the characters' thoughts and achieve the communicative intent. In Chinese expressions, the aesthetics of the text are generally emphasized. The first of the two translations mentioned above is expressed in an easy-to-understand way, containing Chinese colloquialisms, so that readers can directly grasp the meaning of the original text. The second one follows the format of the original text and adopts the technique of prose repetition, which is more elegant, catchy and thought-provoking to read. Both translations are loved by the public, leaving the audience with a deep impression, remembering the ideological connotation of the movie, and achieving the goal of adapting to the ecological environment of the original text and reflecting the communicative intent of the original text.
= = Conclusion = =
Eco-translatology brings new vitality to Chinese translation theory, and it has designed two disciplines, "translation" and "ecology", and its emergence and development also reflect that translators have turned more to people and ecological nature, and embody the philosophy of "harmony and coexistence" and "people-oriented". It also reflects the philosophical thoughts of "harmonious coexistence" and "people-oriented". At present, there are still many fields worthy of research and yet to be developed in ecological translation science. As people become more proficient in understanding and using ecological translation science, the research on ecological translation science can naturally make great progress.
The "three-dimensional transformation" in "Flipped" is analyzed and exemplified from the perspective of ecological translation, that is, how the translator achieves the ecological balance between the source language and the translated language in the translation from the linguistic dimension, cultural dimension and communicative dimension. In the linguistic dimension, the translator not only pays attention to preserving the cultural characteristics of the original language, but also takes into account the comprehension ability and language habits of the Chinese audience. In the cultural dimension, on the basis of considering the characteristics of the source language, it is replaced by common Chinese colloquialisms, while accurately conveying the cultural connotation of the Western countries, which facilitates the understanding of the audience and further enhances their interest in watching the movie. In the communicative dimension, the translator successfully conveys the communicative intent of the original lines, stands in the viewer's perspective, conveys the character's thoughts, and helps the audience understand the ideological core of the movie.
"Flipped" is an excellent youth film, and there are many translations of the film in China with impressive vocabulary. By exploring the translation of the film from "three-dimensional" transformation, we can find that ecological translation theory is an important guiding role for the translation of film subtitles, which is an effective tool discipline, and the correct use of multi-dimensional adaptive selection and transformation can help to further improve the film translation.
= = References = =
· Hu Gengshen 胡庚申. (2013). 生态翻译学:建构与诠释【Eco-translatology: Constructing and Interpreting】11-12,26
· Hu Gengshen 胡庚申. (2011). 生态翻译的研究焦点与理论视角,【J】《上海翻译》,2011
· Hu Gengshen 胡庚申. (2004). 翻译适应选择论【Translation Adaptation Selection Theory】135-138
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