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Li Yan

卷三：6.智慧风暴

智慧风暴（节选）

王宏甲

前记

市场陈列着希望,也埋伏着陷阱。你听到钱币里生长出钱币,那是ー种神秘莫测的声音。计算机正在许多领域取代齿轮,互联网正使人类获得空前的资源共享……这个世界正在发生重大变革。

第一章陌生的世界

（1948—1966 年）

没有什么比“认识”更能影响你的前程,没有什么比“抉择”更能影响人的一生。人是通辻认识他人和世界,オ使自己聪明和成长的。认识是抉择的前提,是创造前程的出发点。

ー、ー个曲高和寡的神话

这是什么?

这是北大方正激光照排系统的基础。

这是知识。

1975年那个冬天,王选趴在冰凉的桌面上苦思苦算,虽有无限数学想象,也不会想到在这种算式的基础上生长起来的高技术会使他成为中国大陆第一个获得欧洲专利的人。

从知识转变为经济,北大方正在中国高校企业中是一面率先走“产学研”道路的旗帜,在全国也是ー个曲高和寡的神话。在这个神话中,王选从一名教师变成了中国科学院、中国工程院和第三世界科学院“三院士”,还是全国人大常委、中国科协副主席……但要真正认识王选,还得首先忘掉他的成就和荣誉。

1954年的秋风吹动了未名湖畔的树叶,吹起了王选的白衬衫,刚从南方考进北大的王选,穿一双布鞋,他还是个17岁的学生……

二、七宝镇的灯光

高考前填志愿,王选填了三个:北京大学数学系、南京大学数学系、东北人民大学数学系。家在上海,没有一个志愿填上海。你可听见20世纪50年代青年的心声……那是ー个对新中国无限憧憬的时代,胸怀祖国,奔赴远大前程,是许多人心中真正的志愿。

来到北大,王选很快发现自己并不出众。这年北大数学力学系招了 200多名新生,都是全国各地的数学尖子。同学中还有系着红领巾来的被誉作“神童”的, 那时没有人注意王选。多年后,王选回忆说:“有一批同学的数学才华比我高,有的不是高一点,而是高很多。比如张恭庆。”

他第一次强烈地感到,这是北大! ー间大屋住24位同学,冬天没暖气,你依然感到这里阳光灿烂。新中国人才济济的景象,同样呈现在这摇篮般的陋室。

“我一生中第一次大的抉择,发生在大学二年级下学期。我要选择专业了。” 王选说。

我不怀疑,这是关乎ー个19岁的青年将来干什么的重大抉择。但是,我仍然感到,不能忽略他更早的一次抉择。

那年他11岁。

11岁的王选升入上海南洋模范学校初中部,这是上海最有名的私立学校。可是,该校初中部在上海郊区七宝镇,去读,就得离家住校,生活自理。时值!948年, 上海兵荒马乱,人心惶惶……王选!93?年2月5日生于上海,“八一三”事变日寇向上海发动大规模进攻,他オ半岁,战乱中父母把他拉扯大多不容易,现在哪能放心他独自离家。

“不行,你不能去。”大哥说。

“你应该就在我们家附近的这所中学上学。”二姐说。

王选有两个哥哥和两个姐姐,他们都不同意他去。

王选坚持要去。

你可以想见,他11岁的抉择,是一件多么不容易的事。

但是,他成功了。

田野的气息围绕着郊区学校,某种渴望自主的东西在少年王选身上滋滋地生长。这恐怕是人生中值得庆祝的ー个事情,这是生长出ー种对一生的抉择都会产生支持的气质。

七宝镇没有电灯,学校的宿舍里用的是煤油灯。透过油灯和王选组成的形象, 我依稀看见王选父母的身影……祖籍江苏无锡的父亲少时到上海求学,一直读到上海南洋大学,毕业后到ー家国际贸易公司任会计师。母亲出身于书香之家,外祖父曾东渡日本留学,回国后在晚清的学堂里教过化学……父母的文化素质使他们最终选择了保护小儿子的个性。

1948年,世界上还发生了一件同王选的未来有关系的事:美国数学家申农提出了信息论。就在王选奔跑在校园操场上的日子里,信息论日益发展为信息科学的基础理论之一。同年,美国贝尔实验室的肖克利、巴丁、布拉顿共同发明了晶体管,电子学领域的ー场革命由此发端。

从11岁到19岁,仅仅8年,王选在北大选择专业时已经面对着世界上关于计算机与航天技术的消息……但是,当时班上最热门的选择是纯数学。

三、动人的创造从何处萌生

纯数学,真的很迷人。这恐怕要追溯到北大的理科在!952年全国高校院系调整中得到加强时。那时,北大从城内沙滩原址迁来城外的燕京大学校址,燕大的文、理、法各科系并入北大,工科并入清华,一些大学的著名理科教授调入北大,加上马寅初校长非常重视基础课,江泽函、程民德、丁石孙等一流的教授和讲师来任教一年级的基础课。

老师说,有人讲“上帝是按照数学语言来创世的”。恩格斯写道:“数学在ー门科学中应用的程度,标志着这门科学的成熟程度。”总之,纯数学的光芒可以照耀到一切科技领域。至于力学,牛顿建立了经典力学的基本体系也有近300年了。

计算数学是ー个分支学科,北大刚设这门专业,连教材都缺乏,可谓冷清而荒凉。当学生的谁不想多学点东西?所以选择计算数学的很少,王选就选了这“冷门”。你会不会问,为什么?

多年后,王选看到美国心理学家荣格写的ー个公式:

I + We = Fully I

眼前突然ー亮,他觉得这个美国人把他多年来做抉择的方式“抽象”出来了。在这个式子中I代表“我”，We代表“我们”,相加之和就等于“完整的我” 〇

他说他选择计算数学是看了我国1956年1月刚刚制订的12年科学发展远景规划,“我看到规划中把原子能、自动控制、计算技术列为重点发展学科。周恩来总理也说,计算技术是我国迫切需要的重点技术。”

如果说王选11岁的抉择已很有“我”，19岁的抉择看起来却没有多少“个人意志”,很像是听从了“国家的需要” 〇

其实,这次选择真正的收获是,选择了把“我”与时代的国家的迫切需要相结合,这将使他在“天时”“地利”上受益。此外,当我们把“需要”抽象出来认识,还可以注意到,在社会公众的需要中,永远蕴藏着人生的大好前程。

至于“冷清与荒凉”,那オ是更容易出彩的地方。没有那么多高大建筑,阳光会更直接照耀到你的身上。

就在第二年,苏联凭借电子计算技术把人类第一颗人造卫星送入太空,北大校园的歌声也飞翔着自豪……然而也在这一年,1957年,王选的父亲在上海戴上了 “右派”帽子。

这一年王选20岁,20岁的王选忽然感到世界变得陌生了。父亲王守其,ー辈子人如其名安分守己,会计的职业还培养了他小心谨慎的性格,父亲怎么会变成右派分子呢?王选想不明白。关于父亲,王选记得,上海沦陷时期父亲几年没走过外白渡桥,那桥横跨黄浦江两岸,本是交通要道,但桥上悬挂一面日本国旗,过桥者需向日本国旗鞠躬方许通过,父亲不堪其辱,宁可不过那座桥。还记得姐姐有一次买回几支日本铅笔,父亲大怒:“我说过不要买日货,你不知道吗!”

姐姐申辩说:“日本铅笔便宜……”

“再便宜也不能要!”父亲夺过铅笔扔到火里,全家人眼睁睁看那铅笔化为灰烬。

21岁王选大学毕业,时值!958年我国掀起研制计算机热潮。由于计算机人才奇缺,王选当初选择的正是这个专业,学校正需要用人,王选被留校当助教,并成为设计硬件的主力之一。这大约是王选首次从自己的人生选择中收获到好处。

四、没有什么比跨领域研究更能为前途开辟道路

IV. Nothing can open up future prospects more than interdisciplinary research.

为研制中型电子计算机“红旗机”,北大成立了“红旗营”。曾担任王选计算机课的张世龙老师不到30岁,已算得上是我国研制计算机的先驱之一,他被任命为 “红旗营”营长。!959年夏,王选刚刚完成“红旗机”的逻辑设计,张世龙老师却被定为“右倾分子”,下放农村。

To develop the mid-sized electronic computer "Hongqi Machine," Peking University established "Hongqi Camp." Mr. Zhang Shilong, who had taught Wang Xuan's computer course, was less than 30 years old and could be considered one of the pioneers in China's computer development. He was appointed as the leader of "Hongqi Camp." In the summer of 1959, Wang Xuan had just completed the logical design of the "Hongqi Machine," but Mr. Zhang Shilong was identified as a "rightist," and was sent to the countryside.

张老师要走了,他把ー只手放在王选的肩上,一句话也说不出。

Mr. Zhang was leaving, and he placed his hand on Wang Xuan's shoulder, but couldn't say a word

王选感到ー个重担已经压在肩上。

Wang Xuan felt a heavy burden on his shoulders.

这个秋天,秋风依然吹动未名湖畔的树叶,吹起王选的白衬衫,他比任何时候都更加感到自己渺小,非常渺小。

This autumn, the autumn wind still blows the leaves by the shore of Weiming Lake, blowing up Wang Xuan's white shirt. He felt more insignificant than ever before, very small.

这使他拼命地想把“我”融入“我们”中。他似乎成功地钻进“红旗机”里去了。 1961年,某种扩大认识的思考使他做出了成年后的第二次抉择:从硬件转向软件, 但不放弃硬件,而是从事软硬件相结合的研究。

This made him desperately want to integrate "me" into "us." He seemed to have successfully dived into the "Hongqi Machine." In 1961, some expanded awareness thinking led him to make his second decision as an adult: to switch from hardware to software, but not giving up hardware, instead focusing on the research of the combination of hardware and software.

24岁的王选很快看到了这次抉择带来的好处。“我已经搞了 3年的计算机, 如果有人说我不懂计算机,我能同意吗?可是现在,我忽然发现,只有了解了软件, 才能真正懂得计算机。”

At the age of 24, Wang Xuan quickly saw the benefits of this choice. "I've been working on computers for three years. If someone says I don't understand computers, can I agree? But now, I suddenly realized that only by understanding software can I truly understand computers

这其实是选择了 “跨领域”研究。

This was actually choosing to engage in "interdisciplinary" research.

如同阴阳结合孕育出生命,没有跨领域就没有创新。世界上第一台电子数字计算机是1946年问世的,那就是数学和电子技术相结合的产物。发明人埃克特和毛奇利也都得益于既懂数学,又懂电子技术。当200多年的工业经济使世界朝能源危机、资源耗竭的方向发展,20世纪后半期ー批低耗高效的高技术,都是从跨领域的研究中诞生的,从而为人类的前途开辟道路。没有“跨领域”研究,王选就不会是今天的王选。

Just as the combination of yin and yang gives birth to life, there is no innovation without interdisciplinary research. The world's first electronic digital computer was invented in 1946, which was the product of the combination of mathematics and electronic technology. The inventors, Eckert and Mauchly, also benefited from their knowledge of both mathematics and electronic technology. As the more than 200-year-old industrial economy pushed the world towards an energy crisis and resource depletion, the low-cost and efficient high-tech of the second half of the 20th century were born from interdisciplinary research, paving the way for humanity's future. Without "interdisciplinary" research, Wang Xuan would not be the Wang Xuan of today.

“我当时有种茅塞顿开之感。”王选说。

"At that time, I had a sense of sudden enlightenment," Wang Xuan said.

也就在这一时期,王选还做出了一个重要选择:每天收听半小时英国ВВС广播的英语。王选在中学学过英语,在大学学的却是俄语。计算机是在美国发明的, 那时中美还没有建交,王选还是隐隐约约地感觉到,自己进行这项研究还是需要从美国学东西的,因此有必要继续学英语。这项选择后来果然给王选带来了很大的用处,可以算得上是王选人生中的第三次重要选择。

During this period, Wang Xuan also made an important choice: to listen to half an hour of BBC English radio broadcast every day. Wang Xuan had learned English in middle school, but studied Russian in college. Computers were invented in the United States, and at that time, China had not yet established diplomatic relations with the United States. Wang Xuan still vaguely felt that he needed to learn from the United States in order to conduct his research, so it was necessary to continue studying English. This choice later proved to be very useful to Wang Xuan and could be considered the third important choice in his life.

这是王选人生中一边如饥似渴地吸收新知识,ー边如琢如磨地深入研究的时期,人生在这样的时刻,就是将做出大的发明创造的前夜了。没想到就在这年夏天,连续的劳累把他击倒了。

This was a period in Wang Xuan's life when he was absorbing new knowledge eagerly while delving deeply into his research. It was the eve of making great inventions and creations in his life. Unexpectedly, it was during this summer that he was struck down by a continuous fatigue.

他算得上把青春和生命都投入了 “红旗机”的研制,不管身体有怎样的不舒服,他都挺着、熬着,没想到生命比想象的脆弱……他的病辗转首都几家医院,持续 1年久治不愈,身体一天天虚弱,他不断地想起母亲……1962年王选オ25岁,6月, 同事和朋友把他从医院护送上列车,列车长鸣着把王选带走了,不少人感到好像经历了一场诀别。

He had invested his youth and life in the development of the "Hongqi Flag" machine. No matter how uncomfortable his body was, he endured and persevered. But his life was more fragile than he had imagined... His illness lingered on for a year, taking him to several hospitals in the capital, and his body grew weaker every day. He constantly thought of his mother... In June 1962, at the age of 25, his colleagues and friends escorted him from the hospital to the train, and the train whistle carried Wang Xuan away. Many felt as if they had experienced a farewell.

五、在生命最脆弱的日子里

V. In the Most Fragile Days of His Life

母亲在上海站见到儿子,泪水掉了下来。但母亲马上说:“没事,会好的!”

When his mother saw him at the Shanghai train station, tears streamed down her face. But she quickly said, "It's okay, everything will be fine!"

母亲姓周名邈清,生于!901年。外祖父在清政府尚存时就为她取的“邈清”这个名字,似乎真赋予她某种东西。母亲一生都坚强而凛然。现在,母亲开始竭尽全カ地拯救儿子。 His mother's name was Zhou Maioqing, born in 1901. Her grandfather gave her the name "Miaoqing" when she was born during the Qing dynasty, as if it had given her something special. His mother had always been strong and resolute. Now, she started to do everything in her power to save her son.

儿子已熬出多种疑难杂症,在上海治疗仍然未见寸功。

Her son had endured various illnesses and treatments in Shanghai, but there was still no improvement.

母亲从未失去半寸信心。

His mother never lost an inch of her confidence.

母亲自幼没有裹脚,62岁的母亲脚步匆匆,出门请医、寻药,回来煎药,ー碗碗送到儿子唇边……王选躺在床上,对于母亲夏去秋来的努力,他感到身体的内部有ー个强烈的声音在说,“你可不能让母亲失望啊”,感到生命力在很深很深的地方被ー点点地召唤回来。每个人都有母亲,世上还有什么比母爱更无私更让人感动的呢!在母亲的身上,实际上还有留洋归来的外祖父的理想,白发皤然的母亲,把顽强把坚韧不拔的毅カ和爱,一点一点地灌输给儿子……在王选生命力最微弱的日子里,母亲オ是他真正的保护神！

His mother had never bound her feet and at the age of 62, she hurriedly went out to seek medical attention, searched for medicines, came back to boil the medicine, and spoon-fed her son... Wang Xuan lay in bed, feeling the strong voice inside his body saying, "You cannot disappoint your mother", and feeling his vitality being called back from the depths of his being. Everyone has a mother, and what else in the world can be more selfless and touching than a mother's love! In fact, his mother's unyielding and tenacious willpower and love were also instilled in him little by little, which was the ideal of his maternal grandfather who had returned from studying abroad. In the most fragile days of Wang Xuan's life, his mother was his true guardian angel!

隆冬过后是春天,王选的生命出现转机,他可以下床走动了。在母亲身边10个月,王选犹如再次体验了诞生。

After the winter came spring, and Wang Xuan's life took a turn for the better - he could get out of bed and walk around. Spending 10 months by his mother's side, Wang Xuan felt like he was born again.

七宝镇的田野和未名湖畔的绿树,又生机盎然地回到记忆,生命如同一只重新长出羽毛的鸟,渴望飞翔……一个念头冒出来:他想搞ー个计算机高级语言编译系统。

The fields of Qibao Town and the green trees by the shore of Weiming Lake vividly returned to his memory, and his life was like a bird that had grown new feathers, eager to fly... An idea came to him: he wanted to develop a high-level computer language compilation system. 这是ー个近乎妄想的念头。可供研究的资料在国内外都少得可怜。这就像ー只病中的孤雁想重新飞上蓝天一样不可思议。但是,这是坚定地朝他选定的跨领域研究挺进！

This was an almost delusional idea. There were scant resources available for research both domestically and abroad. It was like a sick lonely wild goose dreaming of flying back to the blue sky. But he firmly pushed forward towards the interdisciplinary research he had chosen! 他开始托人四处收集资料。一天,朋友给他带来了一本《ALGOL 60修改报告》。王选翻开,像看天书一样,但是,他知道,这是极其珍贵、极其难得的国外计算机高级语言。 He began to ask people to collect information for him. One day, a friend brought him a copy of the "ALGOL 60 Revised Report". Wang Xuan opened it, feeling as if he were reading a foreign language book, but he knew that this was an extremely precious and extremely rare foreign computer language.

“谁托你带来的?”

"Who asked you to bring this?"

“陈堃銶老师。”

"Professor Chen Kunqiu."

陈堃銶就是北大计算数学专业的青年女教师。王选不是ー只孤雁了。此后几年,他就在上海家中,以惊人的毅カ和卓越的总体设计,与北大许卓群、陈堃銶、朱万森等人ー起向这个难题进军。

Professor Chen Kunqiu was a young female teacher in the computational mathematics department of Peking University. Wang Xuan was not a lone wild goose anymore. In the following years, he worked on this problem at home in Shanghai with remarkable perseverance and outstanding overall design, together with Xu Zhuoqun, Chen Kunqiu, Zhu Wansen, and others from Peking University.

1965年夏,母亲为王选整理行装的情景,让我再一次想起保尔•柯察金要归队时母亲为他整理行装的那一幕……孩子长大,ー个个都飞走了,只有负伤或生病时オ会回到母亲身边,刚好点儿,又要走了……“妈妈,学校把我们搞的’系统‘列入了北大的科研计划,我该回校了。”

In the summer of 1965, the scene of his mother packing his bags reminded me of the scene when Paul Keres' mother packed his bags when he was about to return to the team... Children grow up, one by one they fly away, only returning to their mothers when they are injured or sick, just for a little while, and then they have to go again... "Mom, the school has included our 'system' in Peking University's research plan. I have to go back to school."

是的,孩子是国家的。65岁的母亲再一次把儿子送上火车,汽笛响了,母亲热泪盈眶地微笑着。母亲怎么也不会想到,儿子这一去,还将经历另一次劫难。

"Yes, children belong to the country." The 65-year-old mother once again put her son on the train, the whistle sounded, and the mother smiled with tears in her eyes. Little did she know that her son would go through another ordeal on his journey.

王选回到北大了。

Wang Xuan returned to Peking University.

就像一尾鱼回到大海,有了更多同人的帮助,这个项目终于开花结果,为我国推广计算机高级语言做出了宝贵的贡献。这ー贡献被载入了中国计算机发展史。

Like a fish returning to the sea, with the help of more people, the project finally bore fruit, making a valuable contribution to the promotion of advanced computer programming languages in China. This contribution was recorded in the history of China's computer development.

他首次看到“我们的”研究成果进入应用。这时的王选已是我国少有的精通软、硬件的“两栖”专家。用王选自己的话说:“软、硬件两方面的知识和实践,是我后来能够承担激光照排系统总设计的决定性因素。”

He saw "our" research results being applied for the first time. By then, Wang Xuan was one of the few experts in both software and hardware in China. As Wang Xuan put it, "Knowledge and practical experience in both software and hardware were the decisive factors for me to undertake the overall design of the laser typesetting system later."

知识向着理想的方向增长,前途像抉择的那样光明,突然,一夜之间……王选看到自己的名字被涂到墙上,踩到地下。他不是因言获罪,是因“听”获罪。他曾每天收听ВВС的英语广播,罪名是“收听敌台”。他在下乡劳动的途中病倒,1961 年的病症全部卷土重来。

Knowledge was growing towards an ideal direction, the future was bright as a fork in the road, but suddenly, overnight... Wang Xuan saw his name painted on the wall and trampled on the ground. He was not guilty of speaking out, but guilty of "listening". He used to listen to BBC's English broadcasts every day, and the charge was "listening to the enemy station." He fell ill on his way to rural labor, and the illness of 1961 returned in full force.

他被送到京郊十三陵分校。这儿根本没有医疗条件。失去医疗救治,王选如同被抛到岸上的一尾鱼,病情日趋恶化……此时,北大还会来看他的人只有陈堃銶。

He was sent to the Thirteen Tombs branch school in the suburbs of Beijing. There were no medical facilities there. Without medical treatment, Wang Xuan's condition deteriorated day by day... At this time, the only person from Peking University who came to see him was Chen Kunqiu.

“王选,你不能在这里等死。”陈堃銶说。

王选不知道还有什么办法。

陈堃銶说:“回北京,我照顾你。”

王选想了想,说:“不行。”

陈堃銶说:“我和你结婚,谁还能说什么!”

"Wang Xuan, you can't wait to die here," Chen Kunqiu said.

Wang Xuan didn't know what else to do.

Chen Kunqiu said, "Come back to Beijing, and I'll take care of you."

Wang Xuan thought for a moment and said, "No."

Chen Kunqiu said, "Then I'll marry you. Who can say anything about that?"

同时代的消息与参考故事:

Contemporary events and reference stories:

1938年（王选诞生的第二年）,美国贝尔实验室发明了世界上第一台继电器式数字计算机;1940年,提出电子模拟计算机的基本概念;1948年,威廉•肖克利、约翰・巴丁和沃尔特・布拉顿在贝尔实验室发明了晶体管。我把这看作20世纪最重要的发明。因为只有发明出晶体管,オ可能研制出现代意义的电子计算机。电子计算机一旦问世就如同瓦特蒸汽机的诞生,标志着ー个新的经济时代诞生。多年后这个时代被称为“知识经济时代”。

In 1938, the Bell Labs invented the world's first relay-based digital computer. In 1940, the basic concept of electronic analog computers was proposed. In 1948, William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invented the transistor at the Bell Labs. I see this as the most important invention of the 20th century because only with the invention of the transistor was it possible to develop electronic computers in the modern sense. Once electronic computers were invented, they ushered in a new economic era, like the birth of the Watt steam engine. Many years later, this era was called the "knowledge economy era."

（贝尔1847年生于英国爱丁堡,1876年在为美国独立宣言发表!00周年举办的博览会上展示了他于当年发明的电话机,人类的信息传递进入一个新时期。）

(Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1847. In 1876, at the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, he exhibited the telephone he invented that year, marking a new era of human communication.)

埃克特和毛奇利1946年发明的世界上最早的电子数字计算机EN1AC,是一台巨大的装置,占地3000立方英尺,重30吨,用了 18000个电子管,需大量电流,同时冷却成为主要问题,计算机不能长时间连续工作。同年他们离开宾タ法尼亚大学,去组建计算机公司以实现自己的梦想。1951年他们完成了世界上第一台通用的商业化计算机UN1VAC,提供给美国人口统计局使用,埃克特和毛奇利由此完成了电子计算机从实验室走向社会应用的历程。

The EN1AC, the earliest electronic digital computer in the world, was invented by Eckert and Mauchly in 1946. It was a huge device that took up 3,000 cubic feet, weighed 30 tons, used 18,000 vacuum tubes, required a lot of electricity, and cooling became a major problem. The computer could not work continuously for a long time. In the same year, they left the University of Pennsylvania to form a computer company to realize their dream. In 1951, they completed the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer UN1VAC, which was provided to the U.S. Census Bureau. From this, Eckert and Mauchly completed the process of electronic computers moving from the laboratory to social application. 第二章太平村童话

（1954—1965 年）

那个年代乡村教师犹如夏夜的繁星,遍布中国的穷乡僻壤,照耀着孩子们充满幻想的童年。没有这样的照耀,张玉峰不会成为日后北大方正集团的董事长。从乡下进城去考“完小”，20里乡路宛若一种象征,那是老师领着张玉峰走出的通往北大的第一段路程。他们欢呼雀跃的脚步声,就是新中国的教育前进的步伐。

ー、洋槐树下

他出生的村庄早先叫河南庄,庄里每ー户人家都是从河南逃荒出来的。附近还有山东庄、安徽庄……1953年全国第一次人口普查,工作组说,不能叫河南庄了。为啥?因为这方圆ー带叫河南庄的太多,这名得改。

改啥名呢?工作组说,这村现在也发展了,别叫“庄” 了,叫个什么“村”吧。不知谁起了个挺吉祥的名,大伙一听都说好,从此家乡就叫太平村。

太平村就像藏在渭河平原的山冈里,不见瓦房,只见窑洞。张玉峰能在黄土地上奔跑时知道了自己的老家在河南南阳。更大些,知道了爹是民国十八年（1929 年）随爷爷奶奶逃离故乡的。

张玉峰成为方正集团的总裁、董事长后,人们对他的了解仍然很少,不少人觉得他“神秘”,这大约与他不爱说话有关系。其实,童年时张玉峰就疏于用嘴而勤于用眼,百看不厌的就是村庄里大人们下象棋。

这是父老乡亲从故乡带出来的唯一的娱乐。棋子是细木棍锯出来的,棋盘刻在木板上,下起来啪啪响。这方寸之间包含就这ー小块空间能容下村民无限智慧, 能给穷困的生活带来无穷乐趣,庄稼人跃马行车之间颇显英雄气概! “观棋不语真君子”,这大约是张玉峰所受到的最早的公德教育。

ー个初冬的上午,洋槐树的叶子落尽了,空旷的黄土地上一片静寂,阳光照耀着窑洞前一串串鲜红的辣椒和金黄的玉米棒子。爹说:“你给摆好棋子,我去泡茶。”

爹下棋在村里是有名的,常有人上门来挑战,这日来的是一位老汉。张玉峰摆好了棋,就坐在爹的位子上,仿佛是个棋手。

“你想下吗?”老汉望着对面的孩子。

老汉是无意间问的。张玉峰不说话,架了一个中炮。

老汉想逗小孩玩玩,应了一招。张玉峰又走ー步。

老汉看他走的是老规矩,再应ー步……如此啪啪下着,待玉峰他爹把茶泡出来,这一老ー小已棋入中局,且老汉处于被动局面。

“你等等,”老汉对玉峰他爹说我得把这盘棋下完。”

玉峰他爹变成了观棋的人。

三个人都没有想到,老汉输了。

老汉决意再下一盘来挽回面子。

没想到连下三盘,结局是ー样的。

玉峰他爹叫张同德,张同德如同目睹了一场事变。这段日子,张同德与老汉正下得棋逢对手,难分输赢……张玉峰生于1946年4月18日,这年7岁,他爹从未见过他下棋,他怎么不声不响就赢了呢?

张玉峰有兄弟姐妹八人,他是老六,前面五个都没有读书,爹就此决定:“明年, 送老六去读书。”

二、窑洞小学

1954年王选考进北大的日子,张玉峰8岁,正与同村一个与他一般大的孩子抬

着ー张条凳去上学。

学校在杨家山,离太平村有一里多地。初秋,黄土地上一片金黄,天空高阔而清朗。他们赤脚踩在土路上,高高兴兴来到了杨家山。杨家山小学在窑洞里,总共只有一个半窑洞,4个年级,16个学生,1个老师。老师叫朱自新,30来岁,就住在窑洞内ー侧又挖进去的那半个窑洞里。

课桌是土坯垒的,座位就是每个学生从家里抬来的条凳,黑板是用石灰粉刷在窑洞的壁上再漆成黑色,写着写着就露出里面的白来,看上去花花点点的。没有上课的钟声,只有老师的哨声。

学校里也没有时钟,老师全凭看日头吹哨子。每天上午约1〇点半就放学了, 然后回家吃第一顿饭。下午约3点又放学了,回家吃第二顿饭。每天只吃两顿饭。不仅小孩这样,大人也是这样。家乡的黄土地缺水,小麦、糜子靠天收,收成甚少。庄稼人想出的好办法就是饭分两顿吃,活分三段干。

如何分三段干?清晨早起下地干活,约1〇点半回来吃饭。饭后再去干活,下午3点回来吃饭,饭后又去干活。傍晚回来就不吃了。天黑上炕睡觉,睡着也就不觉得饿了。

童年时张玉峰不知道世上还有吃三餐饭的人。老师的铁哨子则是张玉峰童年记忆中一个相当神秘相当高级的东西。好几年里,他把哨子视同老师的象征,不知哨子还有什么别的用途。

学校里最新的当然就是课本。崭新的课本放在土坯桌上,每ー页都为孩子们打开ー个远方的世界,张玉峰是从这里认识北京,认识五星红旗、天安门……就在这ー个窑洞里,朱老师给4个年级的学生轮番上课。你就想象吧,那该怎么教?

语文、算术、音乐、图画、体育,老师什么课都教。唯有音乐和体育4个年级ー块上。8岁的张玉峰上一年级时,二年级有十七八岁的男生和女生。“今天还在上学,明天就结婚了,不来上学了〇 ”

不知老师来自何方,只知他来自远方。在读初小的4年里,张玉峰只见过朱老师的妻子从远方来过一次,至今记得老师的妻子穿一件蓝底白花的土布衣裳,她把朱老师屋里能洗的都洗了……今天,张玉峰的女儿在美国读博士,是否还能望见故乡的窑洞?

父亲的窑洞小学听起来就像遥远的祖先的故事,其实,这就是父亲的故事。这故事有一种出奇地令人忧伤的魅力,像一道能引起你无限情感的风景,这风景里有ー种能催人奋进的奇妙动カ。

张玉峰读的一年级有6个同学,3男3女,6人一直坚持读到初小毕业,据说这是杨家山小学一个很大的成绩。那时实行国家教育部1952年规定的全国小学“五年一贯制”,拥有一到五年级的小学就叫“完小”。杨家山小学还没有五年级,他们隶属的翔村乡也没有五年级,12岁的张玉峰要离乡去求学了。

1958年夏,王选大学毕业,陕西的天空下,杨家山小学的朱自新老师正带着张玉峰等6名学生上县城去考“完小” 〇

“上县城喽!”

谁说清贫的日子里没有幸福,所谓欢呼雀跃,正是应该描述这样的情景的,6 个学生像6只小鸟簇拥着老师向县城走去……多年后回望那段路程,我们依然能看见那个年代乡村教师的卓越贡献。中国有如此辽阔的农村,像朱自新这样的教师犹如夏夜的繁星,遍布中国的穷乡僻壤,照耀着孩子们充满幻想的童年。20里乡路宛若一种象征,那是老师领着张玉峰走出的通往北大的第一段路程。他们欢呼雀跃的脚步声,那就是新中国的教育前进的步伐。

三、美丽的洋槐花

家乡所在的城市就叫蒲城,陕西省蒲城县是杨虎城将军的故乡。他们考上了县城北门外的北关小学,这是距离他们村最近的“完小”。12岁的张玉峰开始了寄宿小学的读书生活。

ー间大屋ー排通铺,挤20多个同学,没有一个同学有草席,光光的床板上只有被子。冬天,屋檐下有一尺长的冰凌。没有窗玻璃,只有一层纸糊住窗户,纸常常被某个同学捅破,冬天的风就在那个破洞打着呼哨。从高小到高中毕业,张玉峰寄宿7年,从未睡过枕头。这一切在今天看来让人难以相信,但这就是张玉峰的少年生活,一个西部少年的读书生活。

从前,母亲只有年月日的概念,现在母亲有了非常明确的“星期”的概念。每到星期六,峰儿就回来了。星期天,母亲就给峰儿蒸上够他吃一个星期的馍,用口袋装上。下午峰儿背上一袋馍,又踏上进城读书的路。

“背馍上学”的孩子聚ー堆吃馍,是张玉峰日后在方正大厦的员工食堂用餐时仍会在大脑里闪现的一道风景……放学的钟声响过,城里的同学回家吃饭了,“我们这些’背馍’的学生也拿出馍来吃” 〇

“吃什么菜?”

“用ー个洗干净的墨水瓶装着盐,把馍掰开,用开水一泡,再撒点盐,就这么吃。”

“没菜?” “大家都这样。”张玉峰说,“我们家里也这么吃的,ー碟辣子ー碟盐。老家缺水,种不了菜。”

“有开水吗?”

“学校有开水房。”

冬天,开水房外面的阳光下,西部的太阳照耀着一群背馍上学的孩子。馍被冻得很硬很硬,要在开水里泡上好一阵子才能下咽……1936年美国记者斯诺深入陕甘宁边区采访,曾描述这片有着悠久历史文化的土地如今文盲多达90%……现在,这群背馍上学的西部孩子,为了求知,为了这片土地的明天,坐在!958年的阳光下吃着开水泡馍,就已经是激动人心的诗!

夏天,到星期三,馍就长毛了。他们用开水洗一洗再吃下去。从12岁到19 岁,张玉峰背了 7年馍,也吃了 7年长毛的馍。 Chapter Eight 很多同学没有坚持下来,辍学了。蒲城县城北有一座山叫尧山,张玉峰中学时代的母校就叫尧山中学。这原是杨虎城将军兴办的私立学校,1997年尧山中学请张玉峰写ー篇关于母校的文章,张玉峰脑海里冒出的最美的图像是洋槐花。

尧山上有不少洋槐树,树上开着白色的花。

美丽的槐花在他的梦中会奇妙地结出馍来……而许多个真实的日子,把花摘下来放在水里一泡就像泡馍似的……他说他是靠了故乡的槐花挺过来的。

他说他在那个正长身体的饥饿年代坚持把书念下来了,是他一生中最大的胜利。几十万人口的大县,1962年张玉峰上高中时全县オ招了 3个班。新中国的教育在那个困难年代首次遇到了挫折,很大的挫折。但是,总算有一批人坚持下来了。

“今天回想起来,母校的老师都非常优秀。”张玉峰说。

四、初三的“转折”

那时学校里绝大多数是男老师,老师的家属大部分在乡下种地。他说老师和学生一样都睡光板,没有炕。张玉峰说:“对我影响最大的老师是我上初三时的班主任。”

老师就姓任,教物理。初三开课第一天,任老师在班上宣布:“张玉峰,你来当物理课代表。”

张玉峰说这让他感觉很突然,“我初三以前什么都不是,而且属于那种会和老师捣蛋的坏学生。我从来没做过家庭作业,回家就是干活”。当了课代表,就要负

责收发大家的作业本。15岁的张玉峰感到内心有了一种奇妙的变化。

“我突然想学好。”

初三毕业前タ,张玉峰成了共青团员。

任老师有关节炎,到冬天行动不便,学校照顾他给他修了一个炕。缺柴,张玉峰经常领几个同学去拾柴。

“来,快脱了鞋,上炕来暖暖脚。”老师说。

几个同学都脱了鞋上炕,把脚伸进老师的被窝,团团围着脚对脚……在那共同创造的温暖中,张玉峰感到自己长大了。

这是张玉峰一生中的一个重大转折。由于任老师对他的信任,他内心奇妙地产生“严格要求自己,,的意识。这就是人生极重要的一个成长点。15岁的张玉峰知道要求自己了。这是初中生张玉峰真正的成长,这是教育真正的果实。

从初三到高三,学校只要评模范,就有张玉峰。这一切都因为张玉峰的内心已有“严格要求自己”的意识,而不因为老师要求他怎样。张玉峰当课代表之前从未发现自己有什么组织才能,ー经担任就看见了一片此前未见的世界。这经历为张玉峰日后管理企业打下良好的基础。

高三,张玉峰的学习成绩在班上名列前茅。他对待课本知识如同对待棋局,老师教给学生这是“马”,那是“炮”,还教学生怎么“走”的规则,但关键在于能不能机智地调动那些知识。他的成绩得益于从童年就知道的:每ー步都得靠自己去走。

高考填志愿时老师都鼓励他:报北大。他就填了北大。考完就回家种地去了。他觉得考不上也不丢人,因为全县也没几个人能考上。他已经把书读到高中毕业, 这就很不错了。“考不上不奇怪,考上オ奇怪。”结果,他成了那奇怪的。

从高小到高三,背了 7年馍,走了 7年上学路,张玉峰还从未坐过汽车,也没见过火车。1965年,张玉峰首次坐上火车进京上大学。

如果说王选到北大并不出众,张玉峰一到北大却比较出众。他ー米八以上的大高个,穿着母亲为他缝制的崭新的对襟衬衫,连纽扣也是布的。他背着ー床被子,里面有他的对襟棉袄和单衣,此外,他还背来了一袋馍。

同时代的消息与参考故事:

晶体管的发明人之一肖克利在20世纪50年代前期（晶体管的制造技术也显著提高后）离开贝尔实验室,来到斯坦福大学。这不仅因为斯坦福用高薪聘请他, 更因为斯坦福已经在校园里划出土地,出租给周围的企业,创建起工业园区。肖克利可以在斯坦福附近的帕洛阿尔托创建一个肖克利半导体实验室,同时还可以建半导体厂。在这里,他的科学实验和生产相结合的工作方式,成为具有开创性工程技术团体的摇篮。

1957年,美国31岁的奥尔森和28岁的安德森创建DEC公司,开始小型计算机的研制工作。由于此前的计算机都是庞然大物,动辄数百万美元,奥尔森想造出ー种价低、简便,用键盘和显示器就能与之交流的小型机。小型机问世使计算机朝社会化发展迈进了一大步。因赢得大量顾客,DEC公司发展成一个拥有百亿美元资产的大公司,被称为“小型机王国”,还被誉为“技术与市场结合的典范”。

1949年中国学龄儿童入学率20%,全国人口中的文盲占90% 〇 1965年3月, 北京大学注册学生9398人,其中男生?291人,女生2107人。

第三章走好第一步

(1975—1976 年)

刻苦钻研、艰苦奋斗、锲而不舍就能取得成功吗?大多数人以为王选是我国最早研制汉字精密照排系统的人,其实不是。在他之前,国内另有5家攻关班子在抓紧研制。5家都实力雄厚,都经辻了极刻苦的奋斗。为什么这5支劲旅在英勇奋斗多年后都不得不悲壮地接受失败,王选领导的这支队伍又是凭什么成功?

ー、认识自己之不行,オ可以行

“文革”1〇年,是王选在病中顽强地活下来的1〇年。

1975年他38岁了,仍“病休在家”。人生还能做些什么呢?就在这一年,王选做出了他一生中第四次重大抉择。

这是一件同每个中国人都有关系的事。

中国是印刷术的故乡。印刷,在我国出现的时间比西方人以为的都要早很多。印章,在春秋战国时期已广泛使用。秦始皇焚书388年后,东汉灵帝于175年下令把儒家经典刻在46块石碑上,供世代抄录,后人为了免除抄写的辛劳和错漏,发明了从碑石上拓字的办法。拓字与盖印相结合,便诞生出雕版印刷术。世界上现存最早的印刷品是868年我国印刷的《金刚经》。毕昇约在11世纪40年代发明了活字印刷术,第一代产品是用细胶泥刻烧成的泥字,后人又搞了木字、铜字、铅字,活

字印刷已有近千年的历史。

如今,随着电子计算机和光学技术的迅速发展,西方率先结束了活字印刷术, 采用电子照排技术。当代印刷技术发生的革命性变化,将比过去1000年里产生过的作用更加显著,我国如果仍停留在铅印阶段,怎能跟上世界步伐?

1974年8月,经周恩来总理批准,我国开始了一项被命名为“748工程”的科研。这项科研分三个子项目:汉字通信、汉字情报检索和汉字精密照排。一天,陈鑒球意外地听说“748工程”,便回来告诉王选。ー个关乎王选未来的故事就在这一刻发生了。

此时已是1975年,王选仍病休在家。对“748工程”王选最感兴趣的是“汉字精密照排”,这个项目国内已有5家单位在搞。这5家除了中国科学院自动化研究所是独家研究,其余4家都是多个单位甚至十几个单位组成的联合攻关班子,都实力雄厚。换句话说,这项由国家确定的“工程”,已经组织力量在攻关,没人要求王选做什么。但是,王选决定了:我要做。

这不是谁想做就能做成的,王选究竟凭什么成功?

我首次访问王选教授时他对我说:“我年轻时就在很多方面自我感觉不好。” 他接着说:“松下幸之助讲过他小时候有三个弱点:ー是穷,这使他奋斗;二是没好好受过教育,这使他日后努力自学;三是身体不好,这使他懂得要依靠别人。”王选说松下把三个弱点变成了三个强项,松下讲的第三点,对他启发最大。

这真是惊人之语了。因身体不好,再加上自我感觉不好……这就是成功的奥秘?除了这些,王选还有别的特长吗?渐渐地,我发现,王选王选,他ー生中最令人钦佩的本领若用ー个字概括就在这个“选”字。我相信这“选”字不断作用于他的大脑,对他是有影响的。他不唯有超群的选择能力,还有超越群雄的选择能力。特别是中年以后,他在选择中神驰群峰、心游万仞的历程,能给世人很多启悟。他说他青年时自我感觉不好,并非谦辞〇

认识自己之“不行”オ可以“行”。这里是有智慧的。人在看见他人之长才知自己之短,而唯有承认自己之短,オ易得高人相助。今人常说你要靠自己,不要依靠别人。其实,自己能力再强也是孤灯一盏。那些有非常之功者,无ー不是既有自己,更依靠众人。

二、阳光洒落肩头,有一支歌向前途轻轻飞去

1975年春,王选强打起精神,拖着还很虚弱的身体,日复一日地挤公共汽车去中国科技情报所查阅外文杂志。从北大到地处和平街的情报所,坐公共汽车要花 3毛钱,少坐ー站可节省5分钱,王选总是选择少坐ー站。连续病休10年,只拿每月40多元的劳保エ资。现在的奔波不是组织派的,是他“自选”的,因此没有任何经费。此时,王选的生活到了节省5分钱都非常重要的田地。

但是,没有关系。1975年的春天,首都街头的树枝已发芽,王选在和平西街就下车。阳光洒落肩头,你可听见,有一支歌,正穿过街市,向前途轻轻飞去……走到情报所,王选就该使劲喘气了,但资料上的海外消息,像氧气那样可供他呼吸。“我常常发现,我是那些杂志的第一个借阅者。”王选回忆道。

他看到,世界上第一台照排机是“手动式”的,1946年在美国问世。20世纪50 年代美国发展了“光学机械式”二代机。1965年德国推出“阴极射线管”三代机。 1975年,英国研制的“激光照排”四代机即将问世。再看我国,正在研制照排系统的5家,分别选择了二代机和三代机。

“我怎么选择?”

王选用了排除法:不能搞二代机,也不可搞三代机。那么,能不能搞第四代? 他的排除法具有前瞻性,却也很容易被看作不切合实际。最初,只有陈鑒蘇能够理解,她知道在现有的条件下,唯有考虑四代机,オ可能成功。

为什么?

多年后,王选得知了这样ー个故事:钱学森回国之初,苏联和美国的洲际导弹都还没有过关,钱学森建议,我国应该先搞导弹,理由是搞导弹容易,搞飞机难。因为飞机上天要保证安全,材料的难题非常尖锐,中国的基础エ业不过关,我们需要ー个很长的周期来解决;而搞导弹,材料是一次性的。国外感到搞导弹最难的是制导技术。“制导”主要靠计算通过“电子”来实现。在钱学森看来,这些从大脑里产生的计算的办法,中国人有办法……结果证明钱学森是对的。

王选听了这故事,立刻领会其中奥妙,因为自己当初选择“激光精密照排”,也是基于相似的原因。

由于我国基础エ业落后,搞二代机将有一系列的精密机械动作严重制约我们。三代机的模拟存储方式也很难过关。西方搞照排,对付26个英文字母相对容易, 汉字多达数万,常用字也有三千,加上印刷所需的不同字体和不同字号,存储问题比西方要困难得多。如果不另选道路,即使搞出二代机、三代机也是落后的。新的道路在哪儿?

王选,其实是以别无选择的方式向自己的大脑要出路。

难,非常难

如果走四代机激光照排的道路,“汉字存储问题”将更尖锐。因三代机的阴极射线管可以瞬间改变光点直径和焦距,激光却不能。若把印刷所需的汉字全部变成能适应激光照排的点阵信息,需要几百亿字节的存储量,俨然一片天文数字,是ー个“难于上青天”的巨大难题,简直不可想象。怎么办?

中国字重于表意,而不仅仅是对语言和语音的记录,汉字凝聚着中华民族博大精深的思想、情感与智慧。现在,却在电子技术面前遇到了严峻挑战。古老的汉字,难道就这样成为我们推进现代化建设的障碍?汉字遇到严峻挑战,就是中国文化遇到严峻挑战。甚至有人发出“要不要废除汉字”的疑问。应该保存古老的汉字,还是为后代考虑而另辟蹊径?这甚至是中国伟人考虑过、讨论过的问题。

现在,王选在考虑,搞四代机,能不能用“数学方式”来破解呢?是的,能不能实现,可以先用数学算出来。1957年苏联把人类第一颗人造卫星送入太空,其依据就是牛顿约300年前算出来的。“当ー个物体以每秒钟7.9公里的速度被抛出, 它就会进入环绕地球的轨道运行,成为人造天体。”这就是第一宇宙速度。

王选以数月苦算,总算提出了一套方案,这是个璀璨的“阶段性成果” 〇只是, 有没有人能识别呢?

三、即使后天会有辉煌,今日谁来相助

每ー项惊世骇俗的事业都有弱小的童年,此时的任何扶助,都不是微不足道的。数学系的黄禄萍老师是最早认定出该方案价值的人。数学系把当时隶属无线电系的“王选方案”打印上报,不久该方案被列为北大科研项目。王选随后参加了 1975年11月在北京“北纬旅馆”召开的汉字照排系统论证会。

这是一次群英会,国内那5家企业和北大,都将在会上介绍各自的方案。轮到王选,他身体虚弱得连说话的气力都不够,只好由陈鑒竦介绍。

北大方案因特别新颖曾让大家为之ー振,但最后被认为是“数学游戏”“幻想ー步登天”,被淘汰了。

被淘汰,就不可能得到国家的科研经费,像这样的高科技项目,北大本身没有经费来支撑,连节省“5分钱”都很重要的王选,还能搞下去吗?这个冬天,王选怎么过来的呢?

王选依然每天趴在冰凉的桌面上算啊算……

此时的王选,除了绞尽脑汁,没有别的办法。

就在1975年12月,王选终于开创性地以“轮廓加参数”的描述方法和一系列新算法,研究出一整套高倍率汉字信息压缩、还原、变倍技术,从而使“激光照排” 成为可能。

西方在20世纪80年代中期オ开始采用“轮廓加参数”的描述法,王选是世界上使用这种办法的第一人。这“第一人”要被认可,真是太难了。1976年王选方案仍处在被淘汰的困境。曲高和寡,他的高超办法依然在期待知音,期待扶助。

四、其难度不亚于搞“两弹ー星”

我们应该记住张淞芝,作为“748工程”办公室的工作人员,他没有轻易放过那个被称为“数学游戏”的北大方案。一天,他出现在王选面前:“王老师,我想再听听你的见解。”

他ー次又一次主动深入北大拜访王选,然后报告给郭平欣。

我们还应该记住郭平欣,作为主持“748工程”的电子工业部计算机局局长,当他听到张淞芝的报告时,“精密照排系统”的研制任务已下达给别的部门,部分经费也已经下拨……他决定立刻对王选方案进行考察,随后惊叹道:“我们要改变决定了。”

我一直感到张淞芝和郭平欣的故事是不能忘记的。没有哪ー个领导能ー贯正确,郭平欣能如此果决地修正自己的决定,就是做了最令人敬佩的事情。张淞芝更像是老天派来帮助王选的,王选方案已在论证会上被否定,张淞芝作为“748工程” 办公室的工作人员,与他已没多大关系。可他那么放心不下,一次次跑北大……我试图写这本书,要采访方正集团的老总们,总是很难见到他们,我请方正公共宣传部主任金鸥女士帮助我,金鸥对我说:“宏甲老师,你不知道,我们在公司里其实是很普通的人,我们也起不了多少作用。”我于是在电话里把张淞芝的故事讲给金鸥听。然后我说:“请记住,即使你是ー个非常普通的人,只要你乐于帮助别人,你就会变得非常重要。”

第二天金鸥来电话:“宏甲老师,我把你的话告诉我们办公室的每ー个人了。” 那以后,我去金鸥他们办公室,发现他们那儿所有的人都对我非常友好。我再次感到这是张淞芝的工作赐予我们的智慧。我想,我们不会都是王选,也不会都是领导者,但是,ー项有益的事业需要很多人帮助,说不定什么时候,我们也可能以自己渺小的力量对ー项伟大的事业提供重要帮助。

北大对王选方案继续给予支持,成立了以北大张龙翔为组长的会战组。张龙翔从这时的会战组组长到后来的北大校长,都对王选的科研给予了鼎カ支持。

然而要选择“第四代激光照排系统”,还要有“激光”。1976年4月,王选得知邮电部杭州通信设备厂制成了一种高分辨率报纸传真机,该设备是采用录影灯作光源。王选突发奇想:能不能把传真机上的录影灯光改成激光呢?对光学,王选是外行,但他知道自己不行可以找行的,他找到北大物理系的光学专家张合义。

张合义很快答复王选:“可行。”后来,张合义按王选设计的照排系统对速度的要求,设计出四路激光平行扫描方案,并与另一位专家李新章共同实现了这ー方案。

王选这次抉择历时年余,终于在1976年7月正式决定:直接研制激光照排四代机。

1976年7月28日唐山大地震,北大围墙倒塌27处,66栋楼房出现裂痕,王选在抗震棚里继续把他的科研向前推进。9月8日,这个必将对我国印刷业乃至文化事业产生深远影响的科研项目,正式交给北大。

由于王选的选择曾被认为“幻想ー步登天”,这使他想起“顶天立地” ー词,后来的实践则使他越来越明白,当代科研开发就应该尽可能选择“顶天”的技术。欲顶天,就得突现技术上的跨越。因此,王选人生中“第四次选择”最宝贵的地方,不在于选择了“第四代激光照排系统”,而是选择了“技术上的跨越”。

这时候,绝大多数中国人还不能理解“选择技术上的跨越”对中国发展所具有的重大意义。

接踵而至的难题是,王选要攻下“顶天”的技术还不算太难,要把“顶天”技术变成产品,并到世界上去占有一席之地,就难乎其难。多年后钱学森曾这样说:“要使中国高科技产业在世界上有一席之地,其难度不亚于当年搞’两弹一星’。”

同时代的消息与参考故事:

50年代,肖克利集科研和工程于一体的方式吸引了美国一批具有相当科技オ华的青年来投奔他。他本人在!956年获诺贝尔物理学奖。1957年诺宜斯、摩尔等 8个先前来投奔他的年轻人离开他,去创办“仙童(Fairchild)半导体公司"。

1968年诺宜斯、摩尔、葛洛夫离开“仙童”,在硅谷创建了英特尔公司。1971年英特尔的霍夫研制出世界上第一颗4位元微处理器4004,这个拥有2000多个晶体管的芯片只有指甲般大小,已是微电脑的心脏。同年,美国《微电子新闻》周刊编辑霍夫勒创造了“硅谷”这个名字。1972年英特尔的费根主持开发出8位元的 8008芯片,1974年再推出8080,处理速度比4004快20倍,微电脑时代的黎明真正到来。

1974年,一家位于美国新墨西哥州阿尔伯克基市的小公司MITS以8080设计出全球第一台微型电子计算机,这台微机没有键盘,没有显示器,面板上最夺目的是几个闪光的灯泡,它被命名为“牛郎星”。

微电脑时代的黎明时分,也是微电脑软件的破晓时分。1975年,20岁的比尔・盖茨和22岁的保罗・艾伦因在《大众电子学》杂志上看到为“牛郎星”微机所做的广告,这两位大学都没有毕业的朋友也来到阿尔伯克基市开了一家小公司,开始为微电脑开发软件,这就是日后举世闻名的微软公司。

第四章红叶染遍香山的季节

(1977—1981 年)

国门刚刚打开,ー个陌生的世界突然就顶到你的鼻子前面了。如果你的技术不能尽快变成产品,就会变成废物。祖先发明的汉字,此时成为我们抵挡英国人、美国人的最后一道天然屏障,一道汉字组成的万里长城。但是,我们还可以利用这道天然屏障的时间已经不多了……

ー、1978年的春天

科研成果要变成产品,需要通过エ厂来实现,但要找到很理想的厂家并不容易。用王选的话说,“在落实协作单位的过程中,郭平欣和张淞芝可以说是费尽心机。”

为照排系统找总承厂,先是在上海、苏州和天津的一些厂家中选择,其中有些生产军エ产品的厂家能力不错,但他们不可能接受其他任务。到1977年7月14 日上午,必须做出选择了。这天,科研组所有人都参加了讨论,新华社是当时的协作单位之ー,也派了项目负责人来参加。

会议在北大文史楼ー间1〇平方米的旧屋里召开,前面放了一块小黑板,用来书写可选择的厂家的基本情况。可供选择的有多家,其中有一家是山东潍坊电讯仪表厂。讨论到潍坊厂时,大家都不同意选择这家电讯仪表厂,力争由苏州计算机厂来承担,只有王选ー人出人意料地主张选择潍坊这家。

“我的理由是积极性最重要,而潍坊的积极性最高。只要积极性高,技术力量可以加强,北大还可以指导和具体协助。”王选还说,“我想,我们这个’748工程’会战组2年多来在如此困难的条件下没有垮掉,就因为主要骨干积极性高。”

最后,大家都尊重了王选的意见。工厂缺乏积极性就会失去创造性,王选更注重“积极性”。尽管潍坊厂当时还不是计算机厂,却因“令人感动的积极性”先期迎来了一个可望较快发展的机会。 1978年1月,潍坊厂派出第一批技术人员来北大学习和掌握系统方案,到春节前タ回去过年。新春正月十一就返回北大,正式投入研制工作。此时,全国科学大会还没有召开。

1978年3月18日到31日,全国科学大会在北京召开,出席的代表近6000人, 王选是其中之一。在这个大会上,郭沫若发表了著名的书面发言《科学的春天》。郭老讲科学也需要幻想,有幻想才能打破束缚,才能发展科学。

1978年王选41岁了,我不能忽略这次科学大会对王选的激励。这次大会是我国科学史上的盛会,对我国科学界、知识界乃至寻常百姓的鼓舞也是巨大的。在北大,王选走到哪儿都能感到许多人投来羡慕的眼光。因为许多人都感到,能参加 “748工程”真是个美差。不料,到!979年,情况突变。

二、未曾料到的困境

国门刚打开,西方人来了。在照排领域最早到来的就是世界上最先发明了第四代激光照排机的英国蒙纳公司。从1976年到1985年,他们的英文四代机是世界上唯一的照排机商品,闻名全球。

200多年前（英国发生工业革命后）,英国就开始瞄准中国市场。1792年英国政府首次派遣使节团来华谒见乾隆皇帝,就是试图打开这个亚洲最大的市场…… 现在蒙纳公司瞄准中国巨大的排版印刷市场,也搞了汉字激光照排系统,并于1979 年初派人来华,定于这年夏天在上海、北京展示产品,以争取用户。1979年我国刚刚搞改革开放,但许多人大脑里还没有市场经济的意识,英国人的“电脑”已经做好了大举进入中国市场的准备。不久,日本人、美国人搞的汉字照排系统接踵而至。

从前,王选ー心只想努力研制出好设备就能为祖国、为社会服务……没想到, 国门刚打开,ー个陌生的世界突然就顶到你的鼻子前面了。就像ー觉醒来,发现英国人、日本人都端着先进武器堵在你的房门口了。如果你的技术不能尽快变成产品,就会变成废物,根本无法进入应用。

“1979年,我一下子被打晕了。”王选说。

“中国最多的厂,就是印刷厂吧?”王选说,“我想不出,还有什么厂比印刷厂更

多么渴望有更多的才华卓越者来相助啊!可是,出国潮开始了……王选比任何时候都更加钦佩钱学森那一代掌握了高级科研本领的中国人。当年,他们冲破重重阻挠,想方设法从国外归来……如今,许多有オ华的人在踊跃“出去”。

是人不一样了?是时代不同了?

国内此时热门的是著书、写论文……写论文难道有什么错吗? 1978年1月《人民文学》在全国科学大会召开之先就发表了《哥德巴赫猜想》,“文学”是那样激动人心地描绘着“科学与科学家的故事”,陈景润正成为全国人民向现代化进军的楷模。陈景润的主要成就即写论文。

“我们的项目突然变成了不得人心的项目。”王选说。

“为什么?”我问。

然后知道,这是说“人心”不在“项目”上了。

“1978年底北大开始恢复职称评定,是好事。”王选说,“可是评职称主要看论文,这对从事应用项目的科研人员就非常不利。我们搞的激光照排系统实际上是科研和开发一体的项目,需要耗费很多精力来解决十分具体和烦琐的技术问题,没有时间去写论文。”

在北大,人说评上教授不算啥,评不上可就啥都不算。职称与晋升、调资、住房息息相关……王选努力多年争取来这个项目,似乎只是争取来ー个干活的资格。没时间去写论文,评职称排不上号,这个项目组就变得没有吸引力了。

王选遇到的难题,并非他独有的难题。此时科研人员写论文正是热潮,对从事 “科研项目”则几近避之如猛虎。1981年春,聂荣臻元帅为此专门给有关领导部门写信,指出:“当前对科技干部晋升职级时,有的片面强调有何著作,发表过什么论文……在此风影响下,有的科技人员不愿动脑子解决生产中的实际问题,而热心埋头著书写论文。”聂帅深感焦虑,呼吁要改变这种倾向,否则就没有国防科研的重大成果了。

1979年的王选就处在这种困境中,一方面是国外强大的先进生产カ不断入境;一方面是我国许多颇有オ华的科研人才不断外流,以及国内许许多多科研人才在为晋升职级而写论文。王选怎么也没想到,偌大一个北大,他要维持住一支攻关队伍,竟在“科学的春天”到来之日,遇到未曾料到的困难。

三、九死一生的历程

在西方人踊跃来华的同时,中国人继续踊跃“出去” 许多中国人说:西方国家很先进,很繁华。

许多西方人说,中国很落后很贫穷,特别是中国的市场上还有那么多空白,这就是最可以去发财的地方。

毕竟还是有一批业务能力很强的中年教师放弃出国,放弃著书,放弃写论文, 留下来与王选并肩战斗。正是这一时期,王选做出了他一生中第五次重大选择:决战市场。

此时王选尚存的优势,就是他发明的高倍率汉字信息压缩技术,这技术能使字形复杂多样、数量庞大的汉字自由地进入电脑,自由变倍。英国人可以灵巧地对付 26个字母,但要驾驭如此浩大的汉字方阵,还很难做到快捷轻便。我们祖先发明的汉字,在这时成为我们抵挡英国人、美国人的最后一道天然屏障,一道汉字组成的万里长城。

但是,我们还可以利用这道屏障的时间已经不多了。

春天在未名湖畔茂盛地生长,夏天就要追着脚后跟来了。我们似乎一分钟都没法歇息了。留在攻关组的人员每天都是上午、下午、晚上,三段满负荷上班。英国“蒙纳系统”用的是大规模集成电路……王选攻关组搞的是小规模集成电路, 软、硬件开发条件都非常差,由于所用的国产集成电路质量很差,每次关机、开机都会损坏ー些芯片,严重影响进度,这使他们不得不采取不关机通宵值班的办法…… 就这样的现实条件,即使日夜不停地干下去,能赢吗?

1979年8月1I日,《光明日报》头版头条以通栏大标题赫然登出:汉字信息处理技术的研究和应用获重大突破,并加了副标题:我国自行设计的计算机一激光汉字编辑排版系统主体工程研制成功。同时发表评论员文章,还配发了一幅该系统排出的报纸样张的照片。这篇报道像ー颗炸弹,在我国新闻出版界和印刷行业、在国内外同行,都引起了强烈反响。

《光明日报》所登的“报样”照片,国内外的研究者都可以用高倍放大镜看出, 中国照排系统输出的汉字清晰优美,无懈可击。这“样报”是7月27日在北大输出来的。第二天上午,方毅副总理亲自到北大来参观,给科研人员以很大的鼓励。但这张样报,是出了几十次才得到ー次总算可供参观的。由于整个系统尚未完成,原理性样机硬件刚调出,还很不稳定,当时新闻界认为这一成果尚不成熟,不宜报道, 也是有道理的。后来,北大“748科研组”被报道为“获重大突破”而名声大振,如果有人去写出“北大样报真相”“原理性样机内幕”,写出该设备其实还怎么怎么落后,也会引起另ー种轰动的。所幸的是,1979年还没有这样的人。1979年,科学的春天真的在许许多多中国人心中春光明媚。《光明日报》在总编辑杨西光的支持下,由女记者朱军写了上述热情洋溢的文章。这篇文章不仅对研制者起了很大的鼓舞作用,也广泛鼓舞了中国人民的心。

中国人说“一寸光阴一寸金”,《光明日报》这篇报道,也在一定程度上为我国研制的照排系统与外国照排系统争夺中国市场争取了金子般宝贵的时间。

特别宝贵的是,就在排出那张样报时,王选心里比谁都清醒:“我们决定见好就收,不再致カ于这种样机的试制和生产,而只是对付鉴定会。”

这不啻惊世骇俗的决定。其实,王选对这台样机的感情是非常深的啊! “原理性样机的设计和调试,是我一生中从事的难度最大、挑战最多和最富有创造性的エ作,有些设计,算得上’首创‘。”王选说;可惜,由于我们是1975年开始研制的,我们只能全部采用国产元器件,这些硬件只达到国际60年代初的水平,这就使我们很多所谓的’首创’性工作变得毫无价值。”从1979年9月起,王选就把主要精力放在:П型机上。这是他迈向市场的一大步。他把这称作“内外交困中启动的П型机”,把通往市场的道路称为“九死一生的历程”。

1979年秋天的阳光,正从窗外照进来,照在那张《光明日报》和王选决定放弃的样机上,宛如一种仪式、ー种告别,王选对大家说:“我们要对得起这篇报道,要用今后的事实,证明这确实是重大突破,证明这报道是及时和完全如实的。”

四、正当梨花开遍了天涯

1979年10月,美国麻省理工学院美籍华人李凡教授来中国帮助清华大学建立硬件实验室,特意来拜访王选。

麻省理工学院创立于1865年,算得上是世界上最懂得“将学术上的远大抱负和追求利润紧密联系”的大学。李凡指导的麻省理工学院的研究生正在研究高分辨率汉字字形的信息压缩问题,采用的是部件组字方案。李凡和他的学生看了北大输出的底片后,都预见到了这一系统巨大的前景,也看到了中国当时很落后的硬件开发环境,对外渠道也还不通畅,从美国进ロー些元器件也有困难,而与英国蒙纳公司的竞争却已经短兵相接,李凡建议王选:“你到麻省理工学院去工作一段时间,我可以申请福特基金会资助,你能利用美国很好的硬件开发环境,把汉字激光照排系统的研制工作很好地继续下去。”

王选仔细思考后委婉辞谢了李凡的好意,李凡便向北大提出合作建议。此时的北大校长周培源针对李凡建议,还主持校务委员会专门讨论,并请王选列席会议。会上大家一致同意王选的意见。

假如王选接受了李凡的建议,1979年去美国,把他的发明在美国变成产品是容易的,王选会成为富翁大约也没问题。王选没走,他的发明又难以尽快变成产品,在激烈的国际竞争中,他的发明还缺乏知识产权保护,是有危险的。这情况甚至使李凡也为之忧虑。此时的中国还没有实行专利制度,11月,李凡写信给方毅副总理,建议王选的发明应该在国外申请专利,并表示他愿意帮忙。

方毅副总理、周培源校长和王选都很重视李凡的建议。周培源带着王选,专门去找了国家科委外事局和成果局,他们受到了热情的关心。但是,现实的情况是, 中国的成果去外国申请专利还走不通,此事只好搁浅。这样ー来,王选的发明只能继续在无保护状态下与西方照排系统激烈竞争。

英国蒙纳公司延至!〇月,终于在京沪两地召开了展示会。我国有关部门把是否引进“蒙纳系统”的问题摆上议事日程,有关会议ー个接ー个召开,王选也被邀请参加讨论。此时,有几人能理解王选的心情呢?

郭平欣、张淞芝在一切场合反对“整套引进”,并阻止电子部下属单位介入引进,防止在“引进”的名目下成为外商的“买办” 〇国家计委、科委、电子部和教育部的ー些领导也赞成扶植国内系统。但是,引进风仍然刮得很猛。

此时,另ー项艰巨的任务就是设计和调试软件。这项工作一直是由陈鑒球负责。当时没有软盘,没有显示器,总量十多万行的程序全用汇编语言写出,其艰难是今天从事软件开发的青年们难以想象的。终于在!980年9月15日上午排出了《伍豪之剑》,这是中国在告别铅字的历程中排出的第一本书,也是检验照排系统功能的ー个重要标志。

周培源校长随后给方毅副总理送去样书,并请转送给政治局委员人手ー册。方毅于10月20日在随书附上的北大的一封信上热情洋溢地写道:“这是可喜的成就,印刷术从火与铅的时代过渡到计算机与激光的时代,建议予以支持,请邓副主席批示。”

10月25日,邓小平批示:“应加以支持。”

1981年7月,他们研制的原理性样机通过了部级鉴定,大家都很高兴,王选却对科研组人员说:“我们的成果是零。”因为通过鉴定的未必能成为商品,“松一ロ气就会彻底完蛋。”当然,通过鉴定并非没有意义,最实用的意义就是,能为后续实用型系统争取到研制经费。

这年初夏,陈鑒球发现自己便血,以为是痔疮,继续忙于软件调试没去医院。 7月去参加鉴定会那天,她是搭乘校长张龙翔的小轿车去的,半道上忽然连连呕吐……她感到有点奇怪,又想,一定是为了赶鉴定连续加班累的。她没再深想,只为自己弄脏了小车而内疚。鉴定会后是暑假,她本该有时间休息的,只是至少6年来,她都放弃了节假日休息,这个暑假,她又忙于П型机整个软件的换代工作,直到 10月5日オ抽空去医院看病。6日,被确诊为直肠癌!

我无法描述王选接到诊断书的恐慌。

这是妻子。

妻子。

在王选生命最微弱的日子里,没有陈鑒球就没有王选、没有现在的宏伟事业……青年时入大学,王选早先从事的是硬件研究,陈鑒球一直是研制中文照排系统软件方面的绝对权威,没有任何人超过她……她仿佛就是为王选和他所选择的事业,而来到这个世上的。

我无法知道陈鑒株那时的心情,王选的事业还没有成功……那研究成果还只是样品,而不是商品,王选这时非常需要她……陈鑒钵住进了医院,王选独自回到他与妻子的家,这是他与鑒殊在!980年底因被“破格提拔”为副教授オ搬进来的新居。独自回到家,屋子变得如此空旷,想给妻子做些好吃的,家里什么吃的都没有……已经是80年代了,这ー对教授成天琢磨高科技,家里却没冰箱,也没彩电 ……鑒球一生有过什么爱好吗?她的故乡也在上海,先王选一年考进北大,毕业后就留在数学系……据说,她大学时代热爱音乐,50年代电台播放贝多芬交响曲《命运》,她太喜欢了,可是没有收音机,就跑到别人的窗外,站那儿听……

10月,正是红叶染遍香山的季节,陈鑒球要动手术了。王选去看护她,大家也去看她,还没走进病房,听到她与同室病友一起在唱50年代的苏联歌曲:

正当梨花开遍了天涯

河上飘着柔曼的轻纱

喀秋莎站在峻峭的岸上

歌声好像明媚的春光

同时代的消息与参考故事:

英特尔推出微处理器不久,德州仪器、摩托罗拉、国民半导体、仙童等著名的半导体公司都先后推出微处理器。ー个微电脑“百花齐放”的时代就要到来。如同文艺复兴萌生于意大利,工业革命始于英国,ー场必将影响全球的信息革命就要轰轰烈烈起于美国硅谷。

硅谷有一批“电脑迷”在业余时间将芯片拼拼凑凑,组装供自己使用或“玩”的电脑。世上的创造,当许多“个人”能自由参与时就一定会发生一系列奇迹。1976 年26岁的乌兹尼克在业余时间组装了一台能显示彩色的微机,性能优异,成本低。他把微机抱到他供职的惠普公司去,不料公司认为这东西没有什么前途。他的好友乔布斯(21岁)看到了,把这东西送到电子商店去“投石问路”,两天竟得到1200 多台的订单,乔布斯受到市场鼓励,卖掉自己的汽车作为最早的启动资本与乌兹尼克共同创办了苹果公司。

1977年他们推出的苹果口型电脑由硬盘驱动器、显示屏和键盘组成。乔布斯把苹果机外壳设计成白色,力求美观优雅,这就为微电脑进入家庭创造了亲切感和吸引力。他的这ー外形设计从此为全世界的台式电脑“定调”,乔布斯被认为是第ー个把微电脑定位为“个人电脑”的人。

微电脑被定义为“个人电脑”,这是通往知识经济时代的一件大事。世上的创造,当致カ于为每一位“个人”着想时,就会获得最大效益。!980年25岁的乔布斯已是美国最年轻的亿万富翁。1982年乔布斯登上美国《时代杂志》封面。里根总统也称乔布斯是美国青年心目中的英雄。

ー个新经济时代因ー个小小晶体管、小小芯片的诞生而拉开了序幕,但是,将出现在这个舞台中心的不一定是科学家和发明家,青年乔布斯和青年比尔•盖茨都是例证。这是为什么呢?

第五章苏醒的中关村

(1980—1985 年)

我相信21世纪会有越来越多的人认识到,中关村电子一条街的兴起,是中国 20世纪生产カ发展中最具划时代意义的大事。它的显著特征是科技、教育和产业的融合。它标志着中国科技知识分子直接登上产业的舞台,成为新兴生产カ的代表。

一、市场的教导

这似乎注定是ー项悲壮的事业。中国人与西方人争夺中国市场的故事,其实已有100多年。

1984年中国以更坚定的步伐把改革开放又推进了一大步。松下电器、奔驰汽车、IBM电脑等大量舶来品涌入中国。美、英、日等国研制的汉字照排系统,也以比从前更进步的技术,形成“联军”似的战斗カ,向中国的报社、出版社、印刷厂发起

进攻。

中国的计算技术在哪儿?中国没有计算机吗?

不是。1975年我国发射第一颗返回式卫星成功。1980年向太平洋海域发射运载火箭成功。刚刚过去的1983年,“银河”巨型计算机系统研制成功……这都是重大成就。但是,我们缺乏走向市场的产品,许多尖端科研没有变成社会生产カ。我国有数十种计算机产品在外国计算机到来的时代,因严重缺乏市场竞争力而躺在仓库里,而且永远不可能进入柜台了,是真正的废物了。

此时,王选主持研制的照排:П型系统仍不能正常运行。人民日报社召集了关于是否引进外国照排系统的专家座谈会,最有力的观点是,《人民日报》是中国最重要的报纸,照排设备出任何差错都可能引起政治后果,因此应该采用质量过硬、效果可靠的系统……几乎全部的与会人员都主张引进。有的专家直言道:“北大设计的系统即使搞出来也是落后的。”

王选也被邀请参加论证,这似乎是一件残酷的事情,是要王选自己发表反对自己的意见吗?会上大家也都在等着王选说些什么。王选该说什么呢?

但是有一人发出了不同的声音,那就是新华社的傅宗英。“我认为从外国引进中文照排系统是不可取的,应该相信’748工程’能搞出来。”但傅宗英的发言在众人的反驳声中似乎成为ー种可笑的声音。这就给了王选站出来说话的勇气。感谢上苍,此时促使王选慷慨陈词的似乎不是为了支持自己,而是如不站出来说几句, 怎么对得起傅宗英呢?王选站起来了。

他ー站起来,大家就安静了。

他的眼睛在镜片后环视众专家,环视着!984年在人民日报社的这个时刻,这个中国的电子产品在这一年几乎被舶来品冲垮的时刻,王选还是讲了北大照排系统的优越性……但是,他不可能在此时此地改变众人的看法是注定了的。

来自日本的“写研”公司以汉字照排三代机就攻下了《人民日报》海外版,1984 年他们的在华努力已使中国出版、印刷界“言必称写研”。此时“748工程”进行10 年了,王选不仅是站在ー个退无可退的地方与外国公司争夺中国市场,也是处在ー个退无可退的时间,王选攻关组却几乎没有招架之カ。

虽然他早于1979年就选择了逐鹿市场,但几年来仍主要是在技术上努力,以为只要技术领先就能守住中国阵地……为了保护在技术上领先的知识产权,在钱伟长先生和香港星光集团董事长黄金富先生的帮助下走通了申请欧洲专利的渠道,王选终于在1982年成为中国大陆第一个获得欧洲专利的人。这项专利可证明欧洲人在处理汉字照排技术方面还没有超过王选的。可是,拥有世界领先技术,却眼睁睁看着外国系统在我国长驱直入……这是什么原因呢?

最前沿的“现实”在帮助王选开阔眼界……就在这时,他看见那些“集团” 了, 他面对的是ー个个外国集团公司,再看看自己的科研队伍,尽管协作单位有好多家,仍然是由科研部门和生产厂家组成的松散的研制组。这样ー个松散的研制组, 要同多国集团公司决战市场,其困难可想而知。

集团公司有专门的经营人员去为产品进入市场架桥铺路,有的外国公司还拨出专门的招待款项,正在招待潜在的中国用户去海外考察……这真是战斗啊!兵贵神速,单刀直入,反客为主,暗度陈仓,招数五花八门。时间分秒前进的声音已有如大军开进的脚步……转眼间,我国几十家出版社、报社、印刷厂,购进了五种不同品牌的美、英、日照排系统……国内照排系统似乎大势已去。参加北大“748工程” 的协作单位也有提出撤走人员的,王选的硬件组从最初热热闹闹的九人走得只剩下王选和吕之敏两人……王选说过自己得益于懂得依靠他人,现在可依靠的力量在哪儿呢?

就是在这一时期,王选对自己“决战市场”的第五次抉择有了更深入的认识, 这注定了他必将产生又一个重大抉择。

二、硅谷的启示

1978年后中国许多人出国考察,中科院物理学家陈春先出国考察是值得后人记住的一件大事。

他是作为中美互访的科学家之一赴美的。当他驱车前往旧金山海湾南端那片地势平坦的谷地,汽车绕过莫菲特海军机场,经过肖克利当年在那里创办半导体公司的帕洛阿尔托,然后穿过圣克拉拉山谷……他在这片谷地访问的日日夜夜是他终生难忘的。这是硅谷,这就是硅谷。

很难用语言来描述这位曾经毕业于莫斯科大学的中国科学家眼里看到的硅谷。那些黄昏和早晨,就在看太平洋薄雾轻轻裹着的那一片神奇的谷地时,他还会想起自己遥远的故乡四川,他的眼睛湿润了。一定是身后的祖国赐予他激情。他是那么按捺不住,飞回祖国就提出应该效仿硅谷“技术扩散模式”在中关村建“中国硅谷”。这是1980年10月的事。

这个1〇月,是他一生中发生重大转折的季节。心情无法平静,一直无法平静。他1934年生于成都,24岁毕业于莫斯科大学物理系。回国后,他亲手建起了中科院核聚变等离子物理研究所。他的经历和他所看到的硅谷ー碰撞,就裂变出大能量,这能量使他那么强烈那么清晰地看到,中国的科研如果继续沿用苏联模式,就没有前途!怎么办呢?他听到内心有个声音在召唤他:“走吧,陈春先,到街上去, 去办公司!”

可是,这声音在1980年能被谁理解呢? 一个科学家你不专心搞科研,竟然想去做买卖。谁会支持你,你有资金吗?你自己愿去承担风险,可有人能为你做风险投资吗? 1980年中国还处在计划经济向市场经济转变的过程中,ー个企业的领导者难道可以不是政府任命的吗?难道是你想当就当的吗? 1980年在中国你要去办公司比在硅谷办公司难一千倍。而且,你毫无办企业的经验,你能成功吗?你完全可能身败名裂。这年陈春先46岁了,在“科学的春天”到来时,作为ー个有资格参与“中美互访”的科学家,他有很好的地位和名气,需要跑到大街上去东奔西跑地冒这个风险吗?你究竟应该在科学院里继续受到社会的尊敬,还是应该跑到大街上去做买卖? 46岁的陈春先站在中科院和中关村的十字路口,阳光洒落肩头, 两手空空,马路上只有他和他的影子,该往哪儿走?陈春先遭遇抉择,那是他人生中最大的抉择。

一定是爱国激情赐予他力量。已经是80年代了,中国总得有人来做这件事吧！不论从前自己做了什么,不论今后会不会成功,陈春先已经有所觉悟ーー既然已经看到了感觉到了,能不走出去吗?！到底有人被他的激情打动,北京市科协借给他200元钱,陈春先用这极有意义的200元钱在银行开了个账户,联络了中科院 15位同人于!980年12月23日办起了中关村第一个民营科技实体一先进技术发展服务部。

陈春先会是想入非非吗?今日中关村已受到越来越多海内外人士的关注。就像硅谷曾吸引全美许多青年去创业去取经,也许有一天你也会从很远的地方来中关村问路。在踏进中关村之前,或许,你也值得了解一下它的历史渊源和“文化力”。

我从书籍中去寻访古时的海淀,得知它早先是一片浅湖水淀,最早的开发者傍淀而居,据说这就是“海淀”地名的由来。这名最早见于记载是在元初,元朝在北京建大都后被来此游玩的人写进书里,海淀也在此时得到较快发展。明代官宦人家来郊游邀宴的更多,这儿便修了不少园林别墅。清人入关后在此建有八旗营房和包衣三旗,更在东起海淀镇西至香山的20里区域建筑了规模空前的园林和殿阁,最著名的就是圆明园与颐和园。至于中关村,据《北京百科全书》载,因“清代某中官（太监）于此置立庄田,故名中官村,后谐音更今名” 〇

1911年,清政府用美国退还的“庚子赔款”在圆明园的废墟旁建清华园,初为一所“留美预备学校”，1925年起逐步改办为大学。1919年,由北通州协和大学与北京汇文大学合并,在圆明园南侧建燕京大学,当时这是美国基督教教会在中国办的大学。1952年,北京大学迁入燕京大学校址,燕京大学并入北大和清华。此时, 中国科学院院部在北海文津街3号,从国民党手上接管过来的“中央研究院”下属的大部分研究所也在北京市中心区。1953年,共和国政府决定选址中关村建“中关村科学城”,此后一大批国家级科研院所迁入中关村,一大批大专院校也来海淀安营扎寨,从此形成了中关村科教文化人才会集、技术密集的格局。

我们可以把海淀中关村同硅谷略作一个比较:北京海淀区426平方公里,进入 90年代,有高等院校51所、科研机构!38个（截至1993年6月）。硅谷约640平方公里,周围有大学16所。陈春先在1980年10月就讲过:“中关村的人才密度绝不比旧金山和波士顿地区低。”这是他认为可以在中关村建中国硅谷的理由。

陈春先把硅谷的成功归结于“技术扩散”,他ー心一意要在中关村搞“技术扩散”。他从“先进技术发展服务部”到创建“华夏硅谷集团”,他任董事长,公司最有规模时资产也有几千万,但最后都赔掉了。早于!978年,陈春先在中科院就和陈景润等不到10人从助理研究员被破格晋升为研究员。有人对他说:“你如果不去搞公司一定是院士。”陈春先用ー个微笑向对方的惋惜表示回应。不错,他的ー批同事,包括原先在他领导下的同事先后是院士了。今天的陈春先不但不是院士,由于离开科学院,他也没有任何劳保福利。就是做企业,他也好像是个昙花ー现的人物。今天中关村车水马龙轰轰烈烈,人们知道王选,知道柳传志,也知道把毕生精カ花在“哥德巴赫猜想”上的陈景润,有几个人知道陈春先呢?在ー些认识他的人看来,陈春先确实是失败了。

呜呼,何谓英雄?英雄不必是成功者。古往今来的英雄,往往因悲壮的失败而成为令人无限感慨和赞叹的英雄。英雄是那敢以个人的渺小去做很难做到的事情的人,是那知其难仍一往无前的人。

陈春先正是这样的英雄。1980年冬,他的激情如同一把火把自己点燃了…… 春先,春先,他确实是“科学的春天”到来之时,身体カ行要把知识变成经济的ー个报春的先驱!

从这个冬天到1983年春,陈春先是孤军奋战吗?

不是。他与海淀区四个集体所有制的小厂建立了技术协作,帮助海淀区创建了海淀区新技术实验厂和三个技术服务机构。请再看一眼陈春先当时所说的“技术扩散”，“技术扩散”与把技术“束之高阁”和锁在“保险柜”里是截然不同的。陈春先身体カ行的就是要把我国已有的但束之高阁的技术“扩散”到企业中去,到生

产者中去。这就是科学家和企业生产カ结合的极其宝贵的实践了。

中关村人还应该记住新华社有个叫潘善棠的记者在1983年写了一份极宝贵的内参,这篇内参题为《研究员陈春先搞“新技术扩散”试验初见成效》,内参写陈春先在做一件大有前景的好事却受到ー些领导的反对”。这份内参引起了中央领导人的重视,领导做了批示,由此再引起北京市领导及海淀区领导的重视,从而放宽了对科技人员在中关村办公司的政策,中关村发展第一次获得良机。

这时,中关村的不少人看到陈春先2年前就开始燃烧的星星之火了。1983年 5月,中科院技术局的钟琪和力学所的范良藻创办了 “科海新技术开发公司”。 7月,中科院计算所王洪德等8人与海淀区联社联合创办了“京海计算机机房技术开发公司”。1984年5月;四通公司”成立。11月,“信通电脑公司”成立。不久, 人们讲中关村几乎言必称“两通两海”。也是1984年,柳传志领头创办的“中科院计算所新技术公司”（联想集团的前身）悄然问世……以上勇于创办科技企业的人オ大部分出自中科院。清华大学也于1984年4月和5月,先后创办了“海华新技术开发中心”和“华海新技术开发公司”。

包括陈春先在内的这批知识分子集中地体现了那一代知识分子铭心刻骨的爱国情怀。虽然他们不久就要被议论为“向钱看”,但他们的胸怀和眼界恐怕比那些指责他们的人要高很多。他们确实是非常的爱国者,他们比一般人更早认识硅谷, 不是因此投奔硅谷,而是在中关村肌手月氐足发愤图强。是这些高级知识分子而不是一般的商人在80年代前期使中关村电子一条街兴起。

1984年,北大还没有一个公司。北大,北大,你落伍了呀!

你是中国最有名的学府,现在正被学问所困。

我曾想,新时期北京最早出来办公司的高级知识分子为什么首先出自中科院? 清华办公司又为什么早于北大?

知识经济的萌生是20世纪人类最重大的事情,中关村电子一条街兴起便是中国当代生产カ发展最具进步意义的实践。科学家与科技人员有多种类型,他们是这样的一群人:他们带着对自己的信任投身街市,不仅仅认识到科技重要,更认识到必须通过企业运作去把科技的能量发挥出来。他们不再依赖、坐等政府投资。他们自由组合、聘用人才,没有那么多繁文缚节。他们的技术和产品连同自己今后的一生,都直接交给市场去检验。“科海”“京海”“海华”“华海”……许多带“海” 字的技术公司相继在“海淀”诞生,“下海”ー词逐渐成为走向市场的代称。知识分子“下海经商”,确实是对中国几千年“儒不经商”的传统意识的全面冲撞。他们的

奔波造次注定要遭到“争议” 〇这不可避免地增加了人们认识他们的困难

陈春先失败了吗?他当初激情满怀倡导的就是要在中关村建中国硅谷。他不是喊喊而已,他第一个去实践。虽然他办的公司几经曲折没有做好,但中关村起来了,而且必将以其特殊的知识经济地位对整个中国的经济前途产生巨大影响。

每个人的一生所能做的事都是有限的。事实上,陈春先具深远意义的实践在 1984年就已经完成。人生能以自己对祖国的忠诚去倡导这样ー件事并看到它后继有人日益光大,就是很值得满足的了。虽然他不是院士,并且永远不会是院士了,但他所倡导的这件事比任何ー项具体的发明创造都重要。历史应该记住陈春先这位如今什么也不是的小人物,这位老知识分子,确实是倡导并投身到中关村建 “中国硅谷”的先驱。

三、“产学研，，的先声

王选1979年就切身体会到英国蒙纳公司咄咄逼人的市场进攻,他想让技术走向市场,与西方公司争夺市场的考虑比陈春先更早。更为珍贵的是,王选在西方高技术产品不断入境的冲击下,还保持着自主技术的先进性,问题是要把这先进性变成产品去占领市场非常之难。此时王选关于“决战市场”的思考已焦距到关注企业,因为没有公司你无法到达市场。1984年王选走进中关村,他相当敬佩“电子ー条街”那些来自中科院的勇闯市场的知识分子。6月11日,王选几乎是以按捺不住的心情向新任校长丁石孙提出建议:北大应该成立科技开发公司。

丁石孙校长于6月!3日下午主持召开了北大校务委员会扩大会议。这是北大在新时期讨论校办产业的第一个会议,会议在办公楼103会议室召开,人坐得很满。

王选在会上的发言提纲至今仍在。他的发言是从教学的角度谈起的,他说,北大的重点是培养一流的人才,应该发展基础理论,也需要发展高新技术,比如计算机技术。他讲到北大在“文革”期间因研制每秒钟运算百万次的计算机,高新技术有过ー个非常兴旺的时期。“文革”后,硬件专业没有招生,软件专业情况也不乐观,可以运行的系统很少,许多教师没摸过微机就讲课,教学水平严重受限。所以北大应该重视应用,支持搞应用的项目,成立科技开发公司。

“这样,”王选说,“可以吸收北大的ー些散兵游勇,可以形成一个个试验基地, 发挥出北大的长处,还可以赚钱。”

北大较大规模地办工厂始于1958年“大跃进”时期,“文革”期间学工学农,北大仍有一批校办エ厂,后来基本砍掉了。如今王选提议办公司,可以说是新时期的现实需要在他头脑中的反应吧。几年后北大出现“产学研结合”的说法,我以为王选!984年的建议与其联系着教育的思考,以及丁石孙校长主持的这个会议和大家的讨论,可以看作是北大“产学研结合”的先声。

在会上,王选还提出了“总经理”人选,可惜还是找不出人来当总经理。这年中关村电子一条街上的科技企业已达到40家。在北大依旧连家属都认为:“做学问的,怎么去搞公司?”

此时的各大报刊也几乎以一致的声音讴歌“不被办公司经商所诱惑,埋头科研耐得住寂寞”的科研人员。

8月24日,时任北大党委书记的王学珍召集常委开会,会议决定由常委、副教务长花文廷负责科技开发工作。1〇月1〇日,丁石孙主持的校长办公会议决定学校增设“科技开发部”,花文廷兼主任。

花文廷是江苏淮阴人,1956年考入北大化学系。此时的开发部总共3人,花文廷领导着开发部副主任陆永基和办公室秘书吴育彦开始在北大广泛物色办公司的人选。

最早物色的人选是北大无线电系的高级工程师楼滨龙,因楼滨龙与人合作,已开发出ー个可供海关用的“检查仪”,在某海关试用。海关总署正欲调走楼滨龙。花文廷去请楼滨龙:“调走也是搞科技开发,你就在北大搞,不也很好吗?”

然而海关总署也很有吸引力,楼滨龙ー时拿不定主意。

花文廷说:“我们等你!”

转眼1984年过去了。这期间物色的人当然不止楼滨龙ー个。1985年春节过后,花文廷与陆永基来到了张玉峰的小屋。

“为什么物色到张玉峰?”我曾这样问。

花文廷说:“主要考虑到张玉峰读的是无线电系,又在物理系任教多年,又搞科研,他学的、教的、科研的,都最接近应用。另外,张玉峰很能吃苦。”

四、北大第一个出来办公司的人

“爸,我要睡了。”小女儿的声音又在耳边响起。

张玉峰看了看与他共用ー张写字台的女儿,只好收拾起自己的书本……这间屋9.8平方米,这是80年代中期了,一家四口住的平均面积比陈景润在70年代ー人独有的6平方米还小得多。当初陈景润在中科院没桌子,把床铺当桌子。如今张玉峰的女儿夜夜把父亲备课做学问的写字台当床铺。

这是北大红3楼209室,早先是长女张萌睡这写字台,如今张萌13岁,写字台容不下她了,改由小女儿张燕睡。张燕这年也9岁了,再过几年,咋睡呢?

“爸,我俩啥时候能有一间房?”

这话,女儿问过许多年。这个问题伴随着姐妹俩长大,也是她俩童年、少年时代的梦想……前面讲过,晋升、调资、住房与职称有密切关系,1978年底北大恢复职称评定后许多人埋头著书写论文……现在,北大的职级晋升情况如何?

到1984年上半年,北大先后进行了三次提职工作,共确定和晋升职称的人员 2890人,定为教授的仅198人,其中包括待批而尚未批的31人。为什么像北大这样的高等学府在“文革”结束后8年了,被评为教授的人还这么少,这么难?

再看住房:1984年校内现有住户中,教授193户,其中158户住在3~4间ー套（70平方米~100平方米）的居室,还有35户未达到这ー水平。一般地看,似乎评上教授,大部分教授就可以住上三至四居室。但是,从教授的人数与现有的住房条件看,似乎关键不在北大有多少人达到了教授水平,而是现有的住房硬件在限制着北大的教授数量。

当然,如果再看副教授的情况,则上述说法又大大不能成立了。因为评上副教授的有539人,其中只有264户住上70平方米（建筑面积）的三居室,尚有275户未达到这ー水平,有些副教授甚至还住在一至两间的不成套住宅内。1310户讲师中有589户也住在一至两间不成套的住房内,198户还住在10平方米至14平方米ー间的房内,他们的年龄大都在40岁以上,子女多已!0岁以上,最大的20岁。许多讲师是四口之家,父母子女同室,特别是大儿大女的同居一室,生活极为不便。假如称之“北大知识分子中的困难户”,他们自己也觉得羞于启齿。另外还有450 名教师和助教正在等房结婚,或婚后仍分居在男、女集体宿舍。

从张玉峰的故乡北去是陕北高原,在那里我听过信天游,那是用来歌唱劳动和爱情生活的,不管生活多么清贫,那曲调都是那么纯朴、高亢而悠长,在西部荒凉的土地上唱起来如诉如泣……现在,在北大教师们拥挤的住宅区,也能听见苍凉的音乐。

看到了这些,就能理解,为什么在“科学的春天”到来之时,王选在北大要维持住一支搞技术开发的队伍会这样困难。既然晋升职级主要看论文,仅仅为了改善眼前极其艰难的窘境,他们也会很努力地去做论文。遥望北大知识分子们在极拥挤的空间里与孩子共用ー张写字台,要做出有创见的科学论文来,不但万分辛苦万分不容易,也很让人辛酸和感慨!

“爸,我们啥时候搬大房子呢?”1985年女儿又长1岁了。

这年春节刚过,花文廷与陆永基来到张玉峰家。

“愿不愿意出来搞公司?”

“我想想。”

的确得想想……张玉峰38岁了,再一次抉择自己未来的职业。此时,女儿能理解父亲吗?恐怕只有与他一同来自陕西的妻子知道他要完成这一抉择并不容易。

回想起来,从窑洞小学到北大依然像个梦……如果那年高考没考上,回家种地,没啥遗憾。既然考上,那就珍惜。他兄弟姐妹八个举全家之カ,共同支持张玉峰读到大学,这是全家人、全村人都感到光彩的事情。儿子要去走北京了,娘ー针ー线为他缝制了新衣新布鞋。儿子临走那日,娘又早早为他蒸了一袋馍……黄土地上依然是如此贫穷,娘拿什么送你上路呢? 1965年有粮食了,这就非常不错。那个清晨,娘守在土灶前,看着锅里的热气袅袅飘升,泪水顺着鼻梁掉下来。

太阳升起来了,黄土地上,夏季将要过去,洋槐树依然是浓郁的绿色,村庄里那么多人来送行,张玉峰穿着崭新的衣裳,站在乡亲们中间那么突出……在这片土地上,只有过年,只有结婚,オ可能穿成这般模样。

童年时一起读书的伙伴满眼是对他的羡慕,村里人说,这不是进京赶考,这是考上了……再望一眼故乡古老的窑洞,这次离乡进京,他是下决心要把书念出个不同寻常的结果。

北大毕业后他被留校。“文革”后他在教学的同时也从事科研。他参加的ー项科研,题目是《半导体中杂质和缺陷的相互作用》。这项科研就在1985年有了成果,张玉峰成为北大科技进步一等奖的获奖者之一。然而在这前一年,他已看到 IBM的个人电脑涌入中国,那里面就有英特尔公司那些半导体专家的杰出创造。再看自己的科研成果,虽获奖,但如何能变成产品呢?

“我决心出来办公司,主要还是中关村这一条街对我的影响。要说考虑,我从 1983年出现’京海’’科海’就想过这个问题。”这是张玉峰后来的表述。

3月初,张玉峰来到花文廷的办公室报到。

“我们很高兴。”花文廷说,“年前,我还没有想到,北大第一个出来办公司的人会是你。”

五、尴尬的起步

不久,楼滨龙决定不去海关总署了。花文廷就有了第二个愿来办公司的人。随后到来的是无线电系的黄晚菊老师,数学系的黄禄萍老师。楼滨龙比张玉峰年长9岁,是高级工程师,资历最高,在技术开发方面已有可喜的成就。黄晚菊与楼滨龙年岁相当。黄禄萍就是最早认出王选方案价值的人之一,比张玉峰大5岁。 38岁的张玉峰最年轻。

北大办公司就这样开始了。起初,也不知要申请执照,但有一个公章:北京大学科技开发公司。学校定花文廷兼科技开发公司主任。

没执照,其实就是不合法的公司,但已经开始对外“谈生意”。这当然得有经理,楼滨龙任总经理,黄禄萍、张玉峰任副总经理。北大的“公司”就这样开始运作了,当时大家也感到很庄严,只是某天得知原来还要申请执照,光学校党委决定不行,オ蓦然感到有点尴尬。

今天人们讲方正的创业史,总说,“起初,北大只给了一间1〇平方米的办公室”。其实,这“1〇平方米”就是花文廷当时的办公室一北大副教务长的办公室。花文廷把人找来办公司,连个放桌子的地方都没有,怎么行?当时的北大,要办公司,窘迫到ー间办公室也腾不出来,简直令人不能相信。

然而,堂堂常委、副教务长花文廷也无计可施。

他说:“我腾出了副教务长的办公室,包括一部电话,然后我有1年时间没有办公室,夹ー个皮包,整天去各个系走走。”

今天人们讲起方正的历史,也每每说,“是学校给的40万元起家的”。其实,头一年,学校没给一分钱。

为什么?因为学校穷。我在北大1984年向上报送的ー份报告中看到,北大要求增加汽油配给量,文中写道:“目前每辆车每个月只配给70公升汽油,根本不够使用,北大每辆车每月要行驶2000多公里,至少需要300公升。”哪里挤得出钱来办公司呢?但是,经过!984年的酝酿,毕竟在1985年春天起步了,没钱而能决定办公司,也是有魄カ吧。

同时代的消息与参考故事:

IBM公司全称是国际商业机器公司,成立于!914年,是工业经济时代的著名企业,也是当今世界最大的信息产业公司,在全球150多个国家拥有20多万员エ, 是20世纪罕见的跨着两个经济时代迄今仍然称雄的世界级著名企业。中国古代描述ー支大军有“战将千员”之说,1BM有“经理千员”。其经理都穿蓝色服装,1ВМ 被称作“蓝色巨人”。!BM在发展大型机和小型机的时代一直拥有强大实カ。微处理器问世后,IBM将近10年采取漠视态度,直到苹果电脑问世并迅速进占市场オ震动了这个“巨人”,由此决定进军个人电脑。!979年IBM在佛罗里达的波克镇成立研制小组,着手开发微机。后来为了尽快与苹果电脑争夺市场,第一次放弃了完全靠自己的技术来生产计算机的传统方式,决定采用市场上现有的技术。

苹果公司采用的是摩托罗拉的微处理器,曾有力地促进了摩托罗拉的发展,而使发明了微处理器的英特尔感到危机。现在,IBM决定选用英特尔的微处理器,这个世界级巨人的选择,使英特尔从此开始了站在巨人的肩膀去发展自己的历程。

IBM接着为微机选择操作系统和编译程序,先找了美国海军研究生院的计算机教授基尔道,因基尔道70年代研制出微机上的第一个操作系统CP/М已广为流行。基尔道鉴于自己的操作系统已广受欢迎,表示每套要收200美元权利金。IBM 接着找比尔•盖茨,打算用他的编译程序。盖茨面对这个世界级巨人,立刻意识到ー个不可再有的机遇已经放在他的眼前,只是,如何才能抓住?

第六章知识就是财富

(1984—1986 年)

十多年前从深圳传来一句响亮的口号:时间就是金钱;今天,我们应该叫响另ー个声音:知识就是财富。如果说“百万劳エ下深圳”的时期,人们的注意力是南下,今日的目光就该北上。中关村已成为中国知识经济的发祥地,从那里正不断传出新鲜的消息。

ー、第一个到中关村做生意的港商

1984年11月,有个叫张旋龙的香港商人来到中关村,此时他还不知有王选,不知有张玉峰。如今他是北大方正在香港的上市公司的总裁,总管着方正在美国、加拿大、日本、新加坡、马来西亚的所有海外方正事业。暂不说他如何走到这ー步,他为什么在此时来到中关村就是ー个值得了解的谜。

这是深圳特区创建的第五年。ー趟趟的“劳エ专列”比先前更火爆地把全国各地的打エ仔、打エ妹拉到深圳。火车到站,汽笛声响得让人心慌。走下来的不仅有乡下人,也有来自北京、上海的教授、科学家、博士和硕士。1984年深圳所具有的特殊的政治和经济环境、世无其匹的巨大劳务市场及其廉价劳动カ,加上距离香港最近,所有这些都形成了港商在深圳投资的最好环境。许许多多海内外渴望发财的眼光,渴望给生活带来转机的注意力都望向深圳。这个张旋龙却望向了北京, 成为“第一个来中关村做生意的香港商人”,为什么呢? 我是在中关村路口燕山大酒店主楼第17层的11号房里见到张旋龙的。这是燕山大酒店最高层的一个有客厅有卧室有餐桌有小厨房的大套间。张旋龙在香港有一座“金山大厦”,也是17层,他的办公室就在17层。多年来他到北京就住燕山大酒店这个1711号房间,他对这儿的感情就像这是他在北京的ー个家。

渐渐地,我感到了 ,这是他们家族对故乡对祖国深深的眷念。在他们的血液中、他们饱经风霜的身躯里,藏着ー个愿望:他们比内地人更不愿意动荡,更渴望安居和稳定。

“1984年以前,你来过深圳吗?”

“来过。我知道在深圳办厂能赚钱,但我赚不了这种钱。”

“为什么?”

“大陆劳エ的薪水本来就低,赚体力的钱不算本事。”

“赚什么钱オ算本事?”

“赚高科技的钱。有本事你卖聪明,那生意就做得厉害了。技术越先进,钱就赚得多,也越好赚。而且,跟我合作的科学家也能多赚钱。这是对双方都有好处的事,我愿做这种事。”

我开始感到了张旋龙的不寻常。

二、“北京的金山”

中关村早先只是海淀的ー个村,1984年张旋龙到来,在“电子一条街”周围还能看见许多菜地。他的到来是ー种偶然,还是出自“目标明确”的选择?我们又遇到“选择”了,ー个商人的选择恐怕比ー个穷汉的选择更需斟酌。从一定意义上说,投资的本领全在于选择。选择失误,可使富人变穷汉。

“我们很注意看大陆的报纸。”这大约可表述为,市场经济状态下的商人,甚至比大陆的不少干部更自觉地关注政治对经济的影响。1984年10月,《中共中央关于经济体制改革的决定》发表,张旋龙看到ー个已经到来的机会。“我看到大陆的城市改革开始了。”他差不多是一刻都没有耽搁,11月就直奔北京。这年,张旋龙 28岁。

“中国人本来就聪明,大陆人才又是从很大的基数里选拔出来的,他们有很多很高级的技术,但是没有变成钱。北京这样的人才最多。”张旋龙这话大抵把来京的目的讲出来了。

张旋龙带来了 IBM电脑和打印机,还有英特尔的芯片,他最初是与电子部“做生意”,接着是铁道部……到中关村,最先接触的企业是“科海”“海科”,后来オ是

“四通”。在最初的接触中,他让那些部机关先用他的电脑,后付钱。让若干公司代销他的IBM电脑也是先卖,后给他付款,这无异于让人做无本生意。

此时还没人知道,他到北京想做的真正生意不在于卖几台!BM电脑,而是试图通过做买卖来寻找、物色在他看来最可合作的大陆科技企业、拔尖人才。不久他选择了四通。那时四通创办不到I年,还不是中关村最有名气的公司。

“我跟四通接触,发现他们跟电子部的人不一样。他们思想活跃,对市场的想法比较超前,我听了感觉蛮新鲜的。另外,他们做生意的手法也灵活,我就决定和这些人合作。”

这次来京,张旋龙最大的收获是看到北京人对接受新事物并不保守,对电脑已很感兴趣,只是购买能力很低。回到香港,张旋龙与父亲和弟妹就坐在ー起开家庭会。

“IBM电脑那么贵,政府部门还买得起,学校就买不起,个人更买不起。但是你把它价格降下去,那大陆的市场就厉害了。”

全家人立刻行动起来,从美国买进微处理器等,在香港生产IBM电脑的兼容机,取名Super,意为超级电脑。1985年底Super机问世,随后送到中关村市场。这是张旋龙自1984年来中关村后在商海中的第一个创造。此时,IBM电脑在北京的价格一台在3万多元,张旋龙决定让四通卖他的Super机,一台只卖I万多元。张旋龙的Super机质量如何,怎能这样便宜?张旋龙究竟何许人?他开始让中关村人感到神秘。

“我们开始做电脑时,海关很多人还没见过电脑。我最初是用火车运过来,后来飞机可以运,就用飞机空运。那时四通很艰难的,货到机场,四通的人自己到机场用板车去拉货。”

这时四通卖张旋龙的电脑尚缺资金。张旋龙则从ー踏进中关村就想好了,中关村是他将去开拓的ー个根据地,一座“北京的金山”,因此他要做的第一桩事就是得让人相信他,让中关村了解他。用什么办法呢?打广告是要人了解你,张旋龙没做广告,古人说欲取先予,张旋龙仍然让四通先卖他的Super机,卖完了再付钱。

四通门前一下子出现了排队买Super机的景观,如果Super机质量不行,当然不会出现这样的场面。这场面经常出现,因为Super机经常脱销。四通的电话响个不停,话筒里的声音总在询问:“Super机到了没有?”

三、ー个“エ农兵学员”的创造

就这样,张旋龙单枪匹马来到中关村,靠四通的人去运作,靠客户奔走相告……他所期望的局面出现了,当时在中关村最知名的公司不是!BM,更不是微软,是香港的金山公司。

对张旋龙而言,卖电脑最主要的对手也不是IBM,是电子部的长城计算机公司,他们有长城0520机。这是大陆生产的能处理汉字的最早的个人电脑。这里应该讲讲长城0520电脑。

长城0520个人电脑在我国出现是一件了不起的事。要知道,1983年与!BM 兼容的PC机在美国刚刚出现,中国计算机工业总局就在1983年召开全国计算机协调工作会议,把生产PC兼容机定为中国微电脑发展的方向。当然,要实现这一步,就要有能在PC机上处理汉字的软件。这在当时是ー个难题。据说全国百余家大学、研究所竟没有一家承担这ー开发任务。怎么办?

还可以来看看日本的情况。日本NEC公司于!984年要求微软公司为他们在日本的PC机开发日语版本的MS-DOS。NEC不是小公司,在!987年全球半导体公司中排名第一,而赫赫有名的英特尔排在第十名。NEC公司的办法是把这个问题交给微软。

中国怎么解决这个难题?谁料到,后来是个“エ农兵学员”出身的技术员开发出来的,这人的资历在当时还不足以参加1983年全国计算机协调会议。这人叫严援朝。

我没有采访过严援朝,有关严援朝的故事,我是从刘韧、张永捷所写的《CC - DOS严援朝》中读到的。严援朝花5个月时间开发出能处理汉字的CC-DOS。CC 是汉语拼音“长城”二字的拼音首字母,“长城”可以作为中国之象征。我之所以在此也写下严援朝,是因为总感到我们应该记住他。如今人们谈起比尔•盖茨,第一印象就是“世界首富”。盖茨是买下西雅图计算机公司现成的DOS,经修改后变成 PC - DOS和MC - DOS,分别提供给IBM公司和其他公司使用,从此进入“快速致富”的轨道的。这严援朝不仅开发出能处理汉字的CC-DOS,随后又主持开发出供长城PC使用的配套图形汉字显示卡,接着还是长城0520电脑的主要设计者,因此获得了一台18英寸彩电的奖励,这就很让他兴高采烈了。到!986年,CC-DOS 获了国家科技进步二等奖,严援朝得了 2000元奖金。

迄今,盖茨已名满天下,严援朝鲜为人知。然而在我心中,这位我从未见过的严援朝是令我尊敬的。我总想,岂止是ー个严援朝,我国有许许多多才华卓越者, 因种种限制,大量オ华远没有发挥出来,这应该是中国的巨大潜カ吧!

我还记起,很久以来,人们都说中国的基础科学落后,应用技术不错。ー个 CC-DOS,那么多科研院所未敢承担,让ー个“エ农兵学员”出身的人做出来了,可以证明“应用技术”不错吗?应该说,ー个CC - DOS根本算不上难题。真正的难题是,我国此时大部分科研已严重与生产实践相脱离,应用技术严重落后。

因此,长城0520机能在美国IBM兼容PC问世不久就在中国问世,这就是中国内地当时跟进最快的行动了。由于长城电脑的汉字系统比美国人搞的汉字系统更好,价格也比IBM电脑便宜,这样ー来,IBM专为中国设计的!BM 550在中国就不好卖了。ー时间,长城电脑差不多可称扬眉吐气地称雄中华。

当了解了上述故事,再看张旋龙有能处理汉字的Super电脑,这个港商就让中关村搞科技的人也对他刮目相看。

四、四通门前排长队的景象

“我跟四通做电脑,跟长城做对手。”

这是张旋龙的典型用语。他说的“做电脑”不是制造的意思,是指“做生意”。他的用语后来也影响了张玉峰等许多走向市场的知识分子,他们的词汇中不断出现“做公司”“做企业”“做市场”。

张旋龙能跟长城做对手,因为他也有一张汉卡。“我的计算机里加一个汉卡, 就可以读长城的软件。”张旋龙说。

这意味着张旋龙的Super电脑不仅与IBM电脑兼容,也与长城0520兼容,可以“共享”长城电脑上使用的一切软件。

为什么是跟长城做对手? 一是因为长城0520电脑已使!BM电脑在中国不好卖;二是因为我国的经济当时主要还是计划经济,单位买电脑要上级批准,批下来, 按文件规定就要买长城0520机,长城电脑占据多项优势。如此,张旋龙的电脑如何挤得进来?

除了用“市场”的办法,别无他法。长城机一台2万多元,张旋龙的Super机如果只比长城机便宜几千元,吸引力还不够大,因为当时公家买电脑的多,为几千元去“冒犯”文件规定,很多单位会觉得不值;但如果买一台长城机可以买两台Super 机,且质量不在长城机之下,就有人动心。

“我的Super机让北京很多大学提前用上了电脑。”张旋龙还这样自我肯定, “其实,我也为国家节省了不少钱。”

我想,更大的意义还在于,Super机在中关村出现,是ー个真正走市场而不是走计划的产品,它的价格也很为中关村初涉电脑市场的人们打开眼界一真真切切地看到了高科技的利润。这对于鼓舞人去开拓我国计算机市场,对于中关村电子一条街的发展,作用岂可小看?四通门前排队买电脑的景象,其实是中关村电脑业第一次从“天价高难问”朝着“普及”的方向迈进一大步的历史性画卷。

中国还穷,你不把那价格降下来,就不能普及,不能普及就没有生意。为了生意兴隆,张旋龙正在我国信息产业的发祥地中关村把计算机朝普及的方向推进。

在以往的历史中,中国商人对经济发展的作用曾被长期忽略,今天张旋龙这个商人,他的“生意”对中关村发展所起的历史性作用不应该被历史忘记。

随着对张旋龙了解的深入,我还总想起《威尼斯商人》。16世纪欧洲的航海技术因中国指南针的传入而迅速发展,威尼斯商人安东尼奥经常乘商船出海做生意, 这种互通有无的商业活动给欧洲的发展带来蓬勃生机,莎士比亚站在肯定商业资本的立场,讴歌了当时新兴生产力的代表人物安东尼奥。今天,张旋龙以ー个香港商人的眼光,在ー个新的经济时代正在到来的黎明前来认识北京、认识中关村,前来交朋友、做生意,我们应该以怎样的眼光认识张旋龙呢?

再说,“联想”的第一个自有产品也是“汉卡”,在!988年获国家科技进步奖。这汉卡对联想的发展起了很大作用。张旋龙的汉卡没有谁为之评奖,但这张汉卡使他在中关村做得开电脑生意,这就够了。

张旋龙还有更早的ー张汉卡是用在苹果兼容机上的。来中关村之前,他先搞出了苹果机的兼容机,这在香港是第一家,早于大陆。就是这个香港商人张旋龙, 对开拓中国兼容机市场所做的贡献是非常大的。

我还该写下,苹果兼容机也只是金山公司的第二个产品。第一个产品叫 CMC -80机,CMC是中国微电脑的缩写。1980年这个产品的出现,是与大陆株洲电子研究所合作的果实,是张旋龙将买进的美国芯片从香港背到株洲电子研究所, 再利用该所的科研力量,初始搞出单板机,再改进为双板机。CMC - 80双板机,在 1983年全国第六届人大会议中受到表扬,大会还提到全国科研单位要学习株洲电子研究所的经验。

张旋龙不懂技术,但懂开发技术的好处,懂把知识转化成经济的办法。如果只把他看作一个商人,他最出色的买卖不是卖电脑,而是懂得用钱去买高级科研人才头脑中的知识。张旋龙的故事对许多不拥有技术的人是个鼓舞。你看,并非只有科研人员才能搞开发,商人可以用商人的方式搞开发,甚至是投资开发的主体,是 “老板”。

改革之初,我国的计划体制还极有规模,那时依靠国家部级机关的购买カ及其影响下属单位的权カ做大宗生意,都是许多公司力图去争取的。有全国第六届人大会议表扬CMC-80双板机这ー情节,张旋龙在大陆要去政府部门卖电脑或与国家有关部门合作,也有些“资历”了,但他没有让注意力停留在这上面。他在权カ、

市场、知识诸项可利用的因素中,坚定地选择了投靠市场和知识。

为了让某一家“火”起来,他决定让四通当Super机的独家代理。单枪匹马来到中关村的张旋龙,试图让中关村知道他的愿望很快达到。日后,张玉峰就是因为听说他,オ来找他。

同时代的消息与参考故事:

比尔•盖茨生于!955年,父亲是律师,母亲是教师。少年盖茨数学成绩十分突出,约在中学二年级接触到计算机,学会BASIC语言。18岁入哈佛大学,20岁离开哈佛去办公司。设计的第一个产品就是利用学会的BASIC语言发展出BASIC 语言的编译程序。该产品在1979年已行销百万套,正是这些最初的成就使IBM能知道有个盖茨。

1980年1BM的来访是盖茨一生中最关键的时刻,盖茨此后创造的巨大成功, 不在于他本人会开发软件,而首先是得益于他非凡的认识能力 ——他认识到,如能有个操作系统供这个世界级巨人使用,前途就将发生巨变!可是,盖茨没有开发辻操作系统,只有眼前看见的这个良机,良机转瞬即逝……怎么办?盖茨表示愿意立刻为IBM特别设计ー套操作系统,而且要价极低。同时,他希望自己将来还可以向其他客户销售略作修改的操作系统版本。这个要求被认可,双方欣然签约。

此时他已把公司搬回故乡西雅图。他迅速以5万美元就近从西雅图计算机公司买断了一套操作系统DOS的版权,经修改后将DOS系统提供给IBM使用。盖茨此举不仅利用了西雅图计算机公司的成果,又利用了 IBM遍布全球的营销力量, 从此开始了他踩着“巨人之肩”去创造奇迹的历程。

盖茨这年25岁（与乔布斯同龄）。世界上那些获大成功者,没有一个不是善于汲取、借鉴他人之长,并懂得加以利用的人。盖茨是ー个擅长借用他人之カ的典型。

第二十章伟大的会师

（1995 年）

古人曾说:“凿井当及泉,张帆当济川。”谁不希望自己的科研成果变成经济效益?可是,多年来我国的科技成果十有八九没有开发为经济实カ,人称“公鸡技术”,只见打鸣,不会下蛋。这是ー个需要英雄开辟道路的时代,1995年正是在这样的背景下,北大的新兴生产力走出了自己的道路。

ー、立地难于顶天

1995年是方正集团发展极为重要的1年。

这年3月29日,英国前首相撒切尔夫人来到北大方正参观。世界上最早研制出激光照排系统的是英国的蒙纳公司,最早研制出汉字激光照排系统并打入中国市场的也是蒙纳公司。如今“蒙纳系统”在中国完全被“方正系统”淘汰。据说撒切尔夫人站在“方正系统”前凝神良久,说了一句:“中国人很聪明。”

6月,晏懋洵任方正集团总裁满3年,北大考虑方正总裁的换届问题,在ー个小范围内征求意见,张旋龙建议说:“你们可以让公司的人投票选举啦,大家会告诉你的。”北大在一定程度上采纳了张旋龙的建议,在方正集团!30多名中层干部中进行民意测验,90%以上的干部投票推举张玉峰出任集团总裁。6月29日,北大决定:张玉峰任方正集团总裁。

晏懋洵任方正总裁这3年,主持了方正集团的诞生,并为推动它的发展勤勤恳恳地付出了自己全部的心智和辛劳。晏懋洵任上,先后接待了江泽民、李鹏、乔石、李瑞环、尉健行、李岚清等党和国家领导人到方正视察,并接待了十多个国家的元首。这3年,公司与研究所密切合作,为“科”“企”进ー步的结合打下了一个良好基础。

公司与研究所进ー步结合的时期终于到来。

方正集团新一届领导班子成立,王选就建议研究所全员并入公司。“我不善于搞经营。我们所里那些骨干也不善于搞经营。”这是王选对“为什么不自办公司” 做出的ー种解答。王选还说,方正有一批人善于经营,“研究所和方正集团公司紧密结合,走向一体化,オ是正确的选择”。

同年7月1日方正集团建立了方正技术研究院,王选任院长,这是张玉峰一经担任总裁便与王选精诚合作办成的一件大事。至此,研究所和公司两支队伍胜利会师,成为一家。

在这个日子到来之时我还有必要记下,此前,王选就曾经这样写道:“美国华人中流传着ー种比喻:用下围棋形容日本人的做事方式,用打桥牌形容美国人的风格,用打麻将形容某些中国人的作风。”进而论及:下围棋是从全局出发,为了胜利可以牺牲局部的棋子;打桥牌是与对方紧密合作去夺取胜利。“打麻将则是孤军作战,看住上家,防住下家,盯住对家,自己和不了,也不让别人和。”王选这话其实已表达了自己决心要和公司密切结合的心迹,是他做出人生中又一次重大选择的心灵依据。

现在我们可以说:选择会师,这就是王选人生中的第七次重大选择,也是方正集团发展中的第六个重大决策,北大“产学研结合”的著名模式也由此得到了比较充分的体现。

王选对方正模式还有个说法,叫“顶天立地模式和一条龙体制” 〇这“顶天立地”概括得极为经典,但被许多媒体报道为“以技术顶天,以市场立地”,我以为这ー阐释似是而非,没有真正讲出王选这ー概括的最大好处。

为什么? 1979年,王选最初也是考虑要与“蒙纳”争市场,后来オ看见驰骋市场的企业集团实在太重要,“顶天立地”这个经典说法,最具指导意义的是“以科技顶天,以企业立地”,科技和企业结合,オ有利于共同走向市场。换句话说,若把市场比作海,你得为自己的技术找到一艘船,才能远航。或者,你也可以把科研部门直接变成科技企业,总之,你得“以企业立地”,否则,虽有先进技术和远大抱负,也会无立锥之地。

再看王选领导的研究所,是国家重点实验室、硕士点和博士点、博士后流动站、国家工程研究中心,堪称“四星级”单位,这“四星”均属“顶天”范畴,加上“集团公司”オ真正做到“顶天立地” 〇上述“四星”汇入方正集团,北大方正就成了“五星级企业” 〇建成这种从尖端科研到售后服务浑然一体的一条龙体制,就是王选所说的 “顶天立地模式和一条龙体制”,便有了飞腾之势。他们随后推出的ー个大型排版软件,就叫“飞腾”。

如果想想,王选郑重地向丁石孙校长建议北大该办公司是1984年,王选渴望有一个集团公司其实是很久的愿望了。换言之,他渴望“立地”到!995年オ得以实现,比他取得欧洲专利花去的时间多得多。为什么?恐怕需要认识:立地难于顶天。

二、ー个充满沧桑的背景

ー经结合,要做的第一件大事就是如何把与张旋龙合作的香港方正变成在香港的上市公司。这是ー项相当细致而又相当陌生的工作。一天,张玉峰来找张旋龙谈学校决定的关于把香港方正变成上市公司后各方占的股份各是多少。

张旋龙道:“有什么新情况,你说。”

张玉峰说:“你只能占11%。”

张旋龙ー愣:“你有没有搞错哦,跟我开玩笑?”

方正与金山公司合资的香港方正,原本就是各占50%的股份,香港方正所属的加拿大方正、美国方正等海外分公司,全都是张旋龙亲手建起来的怎么我突然就剩下11% 了呢?”

“不开玩笑。”张玉峰说,“要把方正技术研究院放进去上市オ有作用,否则这个上市公司没有强大的科研实カ,香港的股民是不会看好的。”

这一点,还是张旋龙早就告诉张玉峰的。现在,张玉峰继续对张旋龙说:“王选奋斗了 20多年,你说,该不该占10%?”

张旋龙说:“应该。”

张玉峰又说:“王选领导的研究所,也就是方正技术研究院,要不要占10%,方正要不要占10%,北大要不要占个!0%以上?还要有公众股,你就只能占11% 〇吃亏是吃亏了,但也还是第二大股东。”

他这个“第二大股东”,怎么是在这儿听凭学校方面的分配,这是什么规则? 张旋龙如何接受?张旋龙告诉我:

“后来公司的人笑话我说,你建议投票选举,张玉峰上了台,结果张玉峰来给你讲这个价钱。我说我当然希望张玉峰当总裁,那也是他应该坐这个位置。不过,要不是张玉峰,谁来跟我这样谈分成呢?既然张玉峰来谈了,我也就没什么说的了。”

再说,ー个香港股民都知道,ー个公司若自己没有雄厚的科研实カ就不会有前途。回头再看内地企业,是怎样的情况?

由于历史的原因,我国大部分企业缺乏科研力量,科研力量主要在科研院所里,属国家干部,食国家俸禄,其科研内容往往囿于能不能出成果,能不能获奖。在这种模式中,多年来我国科技成果十有八九没有转化为现实的生产カ,人称“公鸡技术”,只见打鸣,不会下蛋。

这“不会下蛋”的损失,就不只是科研院所自身的损失。

现代企业不可能靠对传统设备进行技术革新吃饭。现代竞争主要是以凝聚在商品里的科技含量来交战的,随着改革开放的深入,中国的市场已日益国际化,凝聚着高技术的西方新产品昨夜在我国登陆,今天就可能打入我国各大城市的商场, 我国营业员会相当卖カ地宣传:“这是进ロ的……这是原装的。”我国城乡大多数企业的科技含量落后,就会在商战前线遭遇难以抵抗的困难。企业一旦失去柜台, 工厂就失去大门。21世纪的竞争将更突出地表现为高技术的竞争,企业若缺乏科技创新能力,将不仅是“下岗”,而是无法存在。我国职エ下岗的原因、企业困难的原因,即使可以讨论出ー千条,只要“企业内缺科研力量”这一条,企业就足够垮台。

诸多科研成果没有产生经济效益,科研院所也非常困难。

可以看看我国最尖端的科研部门工作和生活的基本环境。

1999年1月21日《科技日报》发表记者郑千里写的《中关村科学城改造紧锣密鼓》,从中能较详细地看到中关村科学城的一些情况:

中关村科学城现有中国科学院科研人员!5000人;约占总数1/6的100 多位科学院院士和工程院院士在此居住;1998年在科学城的25个研究所里在读博士、硕士研究生2200人,博士后250多人,作为中国科学院最重要的科研基地和产业辐射基地,称中关村科学城是我国人才资源最密、人才素质最高的地方一点也不过分。

文章接着写道,中关村科学城始建于!953年,“历经40余年,中关村科学城科研、生活的支撑条件和环境与它的地位已经极不相称” 〇如何极不相称?

由中国科学院和北京市人民政府共同成立的中关村科学城改造建设领导小组办公室提供的ー份材料表明:中关村科学城设施陈旧老化,能力严重不足,尤其以电カ供应、道路条件和供热系统为突出。电カ供应即使全部用于生活,居民户均仍不足1千瓦;交通堵塞,噪声和大气污染指标均超过国家规定集中区域的标准;供热系统为自管分散燃煤锅炉,冬季取暖期的大气污染尤为严重;严重缺乏全民健身设施和场所,科技人员英年早逝屡见不鲜;科技人员居住条件与环境不尽如人意,现有住房的40%是60年代中期以前建成的,标准低,格局不合理,并且仍有1500余户科研人员生活在合住单元或筒子楼, 300余户住在简易平房,更有以青年科技人员为主的大量无房户……

我不必再摘引了。放下文章,我不知该不该相信这是真的。

改革开放20年了,我们仍然看见陈景润!978年以前的住宿条件,看见张玉峰出来办公司前后北大的住宿环境。在上述人才中最有潜力的就是“青年科技人员”,而这“以青年科技人员为主的大量无房户”怎能不是发达国家的公司挖掘的对象呢? 20世纪就要过去了,中国科学院的英才们仍住在这样的环境里,让人说什么呢?他们无疑为我国科技事业和共和国的建设事业立下了丰功伟绩,他们都是最有能力创造“第一生产カ”的人,但他们巨大的潜カ没有充分发挥出来,他们在科学城里成为困难户。

我不禁想起钱锤书先生描写知识分子的那部小说《围城》。所谓城外的人想进去,城里的人想出来……进入80年代,城里有一批人陆续冲出来了 ,中关村电子一条街就是中科院的科技人员率先发展起来的,是他们破天荒地启动了我国高科技产业的开端,那是ー个伟大的开端。由于他们英勇的实践,我们今天可以这样说了:

很久以来,人们都很熟悉这句话:“搞原子弹的不如卖茶叶蛋的。”如今我们或许需要从另ー个方面来接受这句话的真理性,即这符合市场法则,卖茶叶蛋的直接面对市场。

我这样表述,不是说科研人员都要去经商。我国科研的主力和产业大军的脱节状况是ー个普遍现象。而仅仅“脱节”这ー个因素,就足以使科研院所和企业双双陷入困境,也足以使任何ー个民族贫穷落后。

你会不会问,为什么把王选和张玉峰“会师”的故事停下来,写这背景。我想, 如同作画,我该画下这样ー个广阔背景,这是中华民族在困境中寻求道路的时代, 我们已经奋斗了很久,走了许多曲折的道路,而我们正在以很有希望的方式向成功挺进,王选和张玉峰正是在这样一幅历史画卷中走到ー起的。我以为这是ー个充满沧桑充满奋斗也充满希望的波澜壮阔的背景,我应该加以描绘,只有描绘了,才能让人们更清晰地看到,这样的“会师”有多么宝贵!

1992年后不少人下海,教授、机关干部也不乏其人,三五人就能成立一个公司,张玉峰对此有一个很生动的说法:“就像ー个地主,雇三个长エ。这就是公司了。”

《新民晚报》曾报道:“上海高校校办产业’千余散兵’不如一家北大方正。”其实,北大在!992年后也有过ー个“村村点火,户户冒烟”的时期。任彦申曾这样描述:“起初,大学办企业,有人把它看成是校长或系主任腰里拴着的ー个宝葫芦,没钱就晃它,摇出几个小钱来。北大方正这条科学家和企业家结合的道路,给北大带来了一种观念的变化,对北大科技产业的影响是非常大的。北大很快扭转了’村村点火,户户冒烟’的局面,形成了几大具有国际竞争能力的集团公司。”

三、五星级的科学家和企业家

张玉峰原是香港方正的董事长,公司要上市了,张玉峰提议由王选来当上市公司的董事局主席。“我不是谦让。”张玉峰说,“王选来当董事局主席,对公司更有利。”

就在香港方正上市前タ,1995年11月6日晚!8时30分,联合国教科文组织在巴黎把本年度“科学奖”授予中国王选,以表彰他在中文排版印刷领域做出的具世界意义的贡献。

方正在香港上市的这ー天终于到来。时辰是1995年12月2I日上午9时50 分。香港联交所交易大厅,ー排穿红马甲的交易员端然正坐,交易所的总裁、副总裁手举酒杯。王选教授作为方正上市公司的董事局主席,给公众的印象是,知识含量,科技含量,就是方正的鲜明形象。

王选站在大厅中央的红地毯上,发表了他对方正美好前景的演讲。他说:“我们不把中文排版系统进入海外市场看作走向国际的标志,只有非中文领域的产品大量进入发达国家市场,オ算真正的国际化。”

全场掌声雷动。

如果说,拿破仑讲他跺ー下脚能让阿尔卑斯山震动,那是因为迎风飞舞的鹰旗下,列队站好了他的士兵。今天,王选站在这红地毯上,手举酒杯,从容地向世界宣布:“再过1年,我们就要打开日本市场。”这是由于他身后有一个方正集团。

王选的演讲博得了阵阵掌声。此刻站在红地毯上的还有张旋龙,他是香港方正上市公司的总裁。张旋龙也很了不起啊!

一天,张旋龙这样告诉我:“后来我才知道,张玉峰那天是编了一个故事来跟我谈价钱。其实,王选根本没有股份,张玉峰、校长、书记都没有股份,只有我有。所以后来他们跟我开玩笑说:张旋龙你应该多干点,你有股份〇 ”

我说:“我曾听张玉峰说,11%是让你吃亏了,你觉得呢?”

张旋龙说:“方正这些人一分钱股票都没有,也是这么做,我还有这么多股票, 我更应该做了。钱,我这辈子也够了,花不完了。现在,王选老师是我的直接老板, 我很高兴。我一心就想跟王选老师去打开日本市场。打日本市场,我们不是搞中文的,是搞日文的,我很相信王选老师,我们ー定能搞定它!”

在我国科研和生产脱节的地方,非科研人员能不能对此有所作为?这一点,在商人张旋龙身上恐怕体现得相当充分。

1984年张旋龙ー个人来到中关村,那时他的香港金山公司也是缺乏科研力量的。历时!1年,他成为香港方正这个高科技上市公司的总裁,是香港方正个人持股者中最大的股东,北大王选领导的方正技术研究院整个变成了为香港方正提供创新科技的团体。从张旋龙的人生奋斗来看,他做到了这些,简单吗?

张旋龙的故事是值得许多企业领导者、经营者,许多有心去做公司的人学习的。不懂技术的张旋龙挖掘出求伯君,进而成为北大许多科研人才的“老板”便是一例。

现在,王选与张旋龙就双双站在这国际舞台的红地毯上,张玉峰则在观众席里……回首往事张玉峰曾说:“当时,泪水模糊了我的视线。”如何理解这泪水模糊?

许多年前有一次,张玉峰去出差,同行一次次问他:“你们什么时候脱离北大?”从教研室出来办公司的张玉峰,曾开过“康北轩”古董店,也办过“北达”,可谓敢想敢做,但他终究没有脱离北大,却在多年前就立下目标,要把方正变成公众性的国际化大公司一走向国际,走向公众!那时,有几人知道他心中的盘算? 3年前找张旋龙结合,那是他走出的第一步。在不被理解的日子里他对自己说过,如果有一天,是在我负责方正集团的时候,这事做成了,我一定要找个地方去哭ー场。现在,他就坐在观众席里泪水模糊……我想起了我的一位东北好友曾对我说:人生若能做成一件了不起的事,最幸福的莫过于把你最信任的伙伴推到前台,把自己变成观众,坐在台下鼓掌。现在张玉峰就在观众席里热泪盈眶地鼓掌。

直到今天,有人可能仍会认为,王选当初领导着研究所自办公司会更好。我想,或许还可以这样说,王选或张玉峰,在从前的一定时机若像乔布斯、比尔・盖茨那样去“私人自办公司”恐怕更好。这并非没有可能,中关村电子一条街上大量是类似比尔•盖茨初办公司的那种“合伙制”。然而我们不能忘记,王选的道路,楼滨龙、晏懋洵、张玉峰的道路,是一段历史,在特定的历史岁月,在有着经济的、科技的、体制的种种困难的日子里,他们是这样相互支持、相互补充、相互照耀、相互创造,オ走过那些如王选说的“松一口气就会彻底完蛋”的艰辛岁月。

时光过去多年,王选仍然说:“方正在香港上市,张玉峰做出了很大的贡献。” 我相信,即使时光流过百年,这些在艰难岁月中精诚合作的往事,仍会鲜如朝阳,温暖人心。

当历史走到!995年的日子,在这香港的红地毯上,我看到,方正模式中的结合不只是王选与张玉峰的结合,还有与香港商人张旋龙的结合。生于上海的王选、来自陕西的张玉峰、香港商人张旋龙,1995年方正集团内这三人的联手,是难得的。三人中缺ー,方正都不是今日之方正。

张玉峰说,王选来当董事局主席,对公司更有利,不错,方正以强劲的知识经济形象出现在国际舞台,在香港上市1年多,市值即从原来的1〇亿港币升值到50亿港币。

我常想,用枪炮的战争结束之后,经济的战争在世界上一天也没有停止。在今日这个以发展经济为主战场的时代,谁是将军?由于我国企业尚存的困境,今天实际上是一个呼唤我国将军似的企业家和科学家的时代,方正集团被誉为“五星级企业”,倘把王选、张玉峰、张旋龙誉为五星级的科学家或企业家,我看不过分。

只要想想我国绝大多数企业迄今还很缺乏科技创新能力,我国高校、科研院所则有大部分科研成果没有转化为现实的生产カ,王选以“顶天”的技术去寻求“立地”的故事,北大科研力量与企业力量会师的故事,对我国高校、科研院所和企业, 都有启示。虽然,由于我国科、企分离的历史性因素,我国科学家和企业家之间的合作非常困难,尽管合作之后也还可能存在矛盾,甚至尖锐的矛盾,但我们仍然可以从北大方正1995年的故事中看到:我国的科研力量与企业力量,只有实现“伟大的会师”,中华民族才能真正走出贫困,顶天立地站起来!

同时代的消息与参考故事:

如果用销售额来反映方正的成就,可以看出:王选与张玉峰会师的1995年,销售额是25亿元。1996年,上扬到40亿元。1997年,再增至60亿元。

1995年8月24日,比尔・盖茨邀请了 2500名各界贵宾和记者云集微软园区, 在此宣布同时向全球推出十多种不同语言的视窗95版本,并通辻卫星电视向世界各主要国家作实况转播。为宣传视窗95,微软还在英国买下视窗95发布日的《伦敦时报》全部的广告版面,并对公众赠阅!50万份当天报纸。还花钱使纽约102层楼高的帝国大厦全身布满视窗95的图案色彩。微软为此花的广告费达5亿美元。视窗95发布会,是世界计算机历史上规模空前的产品发布会。

负责微软视窗3.1与视窗95开发的布兰德•斯尔文伯格也是1990年从其他公司跳槽到微软的。参加视窗95开发的数百名才子,都是从世界名校物色来的年轻人。如此众多的人才,靠谁去物色呢?

（新华出版社2000年出版）

卷四：3.香港回归祖国

香港回归祖国10周年回眸长江

A Look Back at the 10th Anniversary of Hong Kong's Return to China

The Yangtze River

1842年8月29日,一个半世纪前,一艘英国舰船,名字叫“康沃利斯号”,在中国江宁的江面上,强迫大清政府和大不列颠签下了不平等的《南京条约》,英国占领香港,得到赔款2100万两白银。

On August 29, 1842, a British ship called the "Cornwallis" forced the Qing government to sign the unequal Treaty of Nanjing on the river surface in Jiangning, China. Britain occupied Hong Kong and received a compensation of 21 million taels of silver.

10年前,1997年7月1日,同样是一艘英国的舰船,名字叫“不列颠尼亚号”，在中国南海的海面上,载着英国王储、末代港督彭定康及其家人,于0点47分驶出维多利亚港,离开香港,结束了英国人对香港100多年的殖民统治。

Ten years ago, on July 1, 1997, another British ship called the "Britannia" carrying the British heir to the throne, the last governor of Hong Kong, Chris Patten, and his family, left Victoria Harbour at 00:47 on the South China Sea, ending over a century of British colonial rule in Hong Kong.

自此,香港回归了,回归到久违的母亲的怀抱。然而回归之路谈何易!历史把一条大河人为地改道,百多年后又让它重新回到了原有的河床一香港如期回归, 凭借的是邓小平先生“一国两制”的宏伟设想,这个“设想”乏人拓荒,无人践行。

Since then, Hong Kong has returned to the embrace of its long-lost motherland. However, the road to return was not easy! History forcibly changed the course of a river, and more than a hundred years later, it allowed it to return to its original riverbed. Hong Kong returned as scheduled, relying on Mr. Deng Xiaoping's grand vision of "one country, two systems". This "vision" was untested and uncharted territory for anyone.

《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》规定:香港在回归祖国以后依然实行资本主义制度50年不变——“港人治港、高度自治”,这8个字写进《基本法》很容易,但是落实到“治”上,怎么治?什么力量能够对这个社会构成控制与制衡?更重要的,如何保持香港这个有着复杂历史背景和特殊价值观念的社会今天的平稳发展与明天的不断繁荣?中国人起码给自己出了一个现实或者说操作领域的难题。

The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China stipulates that Hong Kong will continue to implement the capitalist system unchanged for 50 years after returning to the motherland-"Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy." These eight words were easy to write into the Basic Law, but how to implement "governing"? What forces can control and balance this society? More importantly, how to maintain Hong Kong's smooth development today and continuous prosperity tomorrow, given its complex historical background and special values? At least, the Chinese people have set themselves a practical or operational problem.

1945年,香港人口 60万;2006年,香港人口 700万。有人说,世界上到目前为止,还没有哪块地方被它的主权国家收回之后发展得会比从前好。中国人偏不信邪,偏喜欢较劲,那世人就要看看了。小葱拌豆腐,端到桌面上自然“一清二白”,这句话不是你们中国人常爱说的吗?对,10年前中国对世界没有许下一句大话;10年后,香港在国际舞台上依然靓丽、丰满、端庄、自信,而且前途更不可限量。至此中国人更是无须张扬了,因为此时,几乎所有疑惑的嘴巴都已经放弃发问。

In 1945, the population of Hong Kong was 600,000, while in 2006, it was 7 million. Some people say that so far in the world, no place has developed better after being taken back by its sovereign country. Chinese people do not believe in superstitions and like to compete, so the world will see. "Little onions mixed with tofu, placed on the table naturally 'clear'", isn't this a phrase that you Chinese often say? Yes, ten years ago China did not make any big statements to the world; ten years later, Hong Kong is still beautiful, full, dignified, confident, and its future is limitless on the international stage. At this point, the Chinese no longer need to be boastful, because at this time, almost all doubting mouths have given up questioning.

一、财爷喜“派糖” 2007年3月1日,作为中央电视台派驻香港的第九任常驻记者,我来到位于香港港岛中环的一座大厦。这座大厦有一个刚柔相济的名字,叫“美利大厦”。因为整个建筑是悬空建造在半山,白色的楼身由很多根巨型方柱支撑,因此远远望去, 大厦就像脚踩了高跷。

I. The Finance Minister Likes "Handing out Sweets" On March 1, 2007, as the ninth resident reporter stationed in Hong Kong for China Central Television, I arrived at a large building in Central on Hong Kong Island. This building has a mild name, "Miramar Building". Because the entire building is suspended halfway up the mountain, the white building is supported by many giant square columns. Therefore, from a distance, the building looks like it is on stilts.

我到美利大厦的使命是提前翻阅政府财政司司长唐英年一会儿就要向香港立法会提交的《2007 -2008年香港政府财政预算案》。上午9点我走进位于7层的香港政府新闻处会议室, 11点, 唐英年的报告オ开始宣读, 这样我就有很宽裕的两个小时的时间仔细阅读, 先睹为快,早早做好报道的准备。

My mission to the Miramar Building was to preview the "2007-2008 Hong Kong Government Budget" that the Financial Secretary of the government, Henry Tang, was about to submit to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. I walked into the Hong Kong Government Press Conference Room on the 7th floor at 9 a.m. And at 11 a.m, Henry Tang began to read his report. This gave me two hours of ample time to carefully read and get ready for my report.

香港财政司司长唐英年被人称作香港回归后政府的第三任“财爷”,这位“财爷，睿智严谨,又不掩饰自己的信仰爱好,比如他喜爱红酒,不仅嗜饮善品,而且收藏甚丰,这一点香港的普罗市民人人尽知。2007年“财爷”会给香港人带来怎样的一份《预算案》?长久以来香港社会一直都在猜测,因为香港的经济从2004年走出低谷,此后连续三年一年比一年形势喜人,“今年财爷该派糖了吧?”这是人们的盼望。

Henry Tang, the Financial Secretary of Hong Kong, is known as the third "Finance Minister" of the government after Hong Kong's return to China. This "Financial Chief" is wise and rigorous, and does not hide his faith and hobbies. For example, he likes red wine, not only enjoys drinking it, but also has a rich collection of it, which is well known to the people of Hong Kong. What kind of "budget" will the "Finance Minister" bring to Hong Kong people in 2007? Hong Kong society has been speculating for a long time because Hong Kong's economy has been on the rise since 2004, and it has been getting better year by year for three consecutive years. "Will the Financial Chief hand out sweets this year?" This is what people are hoping for.

果然,我手头翻着一大本厚厚的《预算案》, 身边还有服务生不断送来更多的数字统计以及附件说明, 眼前都是ー些让人欢喜的文字:2006年香港“本地生产总值”比上一年又增长了 6.8%, 这个成绩用香港人自己的话说就是“取得了出人意料的高增长”。3年前,香港政府对外解释香港的经济形势时还只是小心地使用了 “经济复苏”这样的四个字;而到了 2007年,这四个字已经换成了“强劲复苏”。为了“与市民共享经济繁荣的可喜成果”, 唐英年气粗胆壮地在《2007 -2008年香港政府财政预算案》中明确提请立法会批准政府在五大方面给予市民“宽免税收” “一次性回馈”等ー系列措施,这些措施包括“调低薪俸税”“增设新生婴儿免税额” “宽减两季差饷”以及“调低低价物业印花税”等等,为此政府需要支出的费用高达200多亿。

As expected, I was flipping through a thick "Budget" book in front of me, with waiters constantly delivering more numerical statistics and attachment explanations. All I could see were some joyful words: In 2006, Hong Kong's "Gross Domestic Product" grew by 6.8% compared to the previous year, which Hong Kong people described as "unexpectedly high growth". Three years ago, when the Hong Kong government explained the economic situation in Hong Kong to the outside world, it only cautiously used the four words "economic recovery"; by 2007, these four words had been replaced by "strong recovery". In order to "share the fruits of economic prosperity with the public", Tang Ying-yen boldly proposed a series of measures in the "2007-2008 Hong Kong Government Budget" to the Legislative Council for approval, including "lowering salary tax", "increasing the tax-free allowance for newborns", "reducing the difference in salaries between two quarters", and "lowering the stamp duty for low-priced properties", etc. The cost to the government for these measures amounted to more than HKD 20 billion.

2007年立春后,香港迎来了多年不见的“暖春”。大年初一我上街采访,发现有人热得已经除去了外套,露出了短衫,春天的脚步走得这样欢快该不是白走的吧? 果然3月2日香港各大媒体都在头版头条报道了前一天唐英年向立法会提交的报告, 人们管“财爷”提出的给予市民的五大方面的优惠叫作“大力派糖”“五大惊喜”, 整个社会欢天喜地, 就连ー贯喜欢对政府各种施政行为挑三拣四的反对派阵营都坦言“好难反对ー份派钱的预算案”。

After the beginning of spring in 2007, Hong Kong ushered in a "warm spring" that had not been seen for many years. On the first day of the Lunar New Year, I went to the streets to interview people and found that some were so hot that they had already taken off their coats and showed their short-sleeved shirts. Wasn't spring coming so joyfully for nothing? Indeed, on March 2, all major media in Hong Kong reported on the front page Tang Ying-yen's report submitted to the Legislative Council the day before, where the public's five major benefits proposed by the "Finance Minister" were referred to as the "Big Gift Package" and "Five Great Surprises". The whole society was jubilant, even the opposition camp, which always likes to pick and choose from various government policies, admitted that it was difficult to oppose a budget that offered money.

香港回归第10个年头, 经济盛开了如此灿烂的花朵, 港人高兴, 中央政府高兴, 13亿内地同胞也为香港举起了庆贺的酒杯。然而“鲜花盛开”的局面并不是得来全不费功夫。简单回望ー下历史:1997年7月1日香港回归,1998年亚洲金融风暴就突然席卷而来,2003年SARS又偏偏选中了香港作为重灾区,香港政府2003 年的财政赤字已经高达401亿港币;2004年得到改善,下降到40个亿。这个社会从ー系列天灾之后真正喘过气来是2005年,这一年香港政府的盈余首次打破了亏损,实现了 140个亿;紧接着2006年综合盈余又迅速上升到551亿,这オ有了香港 2006年“本地生产总值”增长6. 8% ,オ有了 200?年可望达到4. 5%到5.5%,而 2008年到201I年,香港每年的平均经济增长率依然还可以保持在4. 5%以上的较高水平。

On the 10th anniversary of Hong Kong's return, the economy has bloomed like a brilliant flower, making Hong Kong people and the central government happy, and the 1.3 billion mainland compatriots have also raised their glasses in celebration of Hong Kong. However, the situation of "blooming flowers" did not come without effort. Looking back at history: Hong Kong returned on July 1, 1997, and the Asian financial crisis suddenly swept in in 1998. In 2003, SARS also happened to select Hong Kong as a severely affected area. The Hong Kong government's fiscal deficit in 2003 was as high as HKD 40.1 billion, which improved in 2004, dropping to HKD 4 billion. The society truly took a breath of relief after a series of disasters in 2005. That year, the Hong Kong government's surplus broke even for the first time, reaching HKD 14 billion. The comprehensive surplus rose rapidly to HKD 55.1 billion in 2006, and Hong Kong's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 6.8% that year. It is expected to reach 4.5% to 5.5% in 2007, and from 2008 to 2011, Hong Kong's average annual economic growth rate can still be maintained at a high level of above 4.5%.

从踩着高跷迎风站立的美利大厦出来,我那天身心通泰。外面落了一阵雨,雨后天晴,可脚下还显湿漉一这10年香港的“回归”之路走得是何等艰难,有多少人为了今天的成果付出了代价、努力,乃至呕心沥血?

Coming out of the tall and wind-resistant Bank of America Tower, I felt physically and mentally relaxed that day. It rained outside, but the sky cleared up after the rain. However, the ground was still damp. How difficult was the "return" of Hong Kong over the past 10 years? How many people have paid the price, worked hard, and even devoted themselves to today's achievements?

有人闲来曾经作过这样的假设:如果10年前香港一回归,没有赶上疯狂的“亚洲金融风暴”,2003年也没有遇到SARS的无情肆虐,香港的经济就不必挨过那么长一段时间的寒冬。但是说这话的人没有考虑,正是因为挨过了寒冬,人们オ懂得春天来之不易,オ有机会看到困境中香港人是怎样做到了自强不息,同时又是谁向这片海岛伸出了援助之手——

Someone once made the hypothesis that if Hong Kong had not experienced the crazy "Asian financial crisis" and the ruthless ravages of SARS in 2003 when it returned 10 years ago, its economy would not have had to endure such a long period of winter. But the person who made this statement did not consider that it was precisely because Hong Kong went through the winter that people understood how hard it is for spring to come, and had the opportunity to see how Hong Kong people persevered in adversity, and who extended a helping hand to this island.

2003年2月至4月,香港失业率的统计数字是7. 8% ,而到了 2006年同期,这个数字已经下降到5.1% ;就业人口却高达300多万,创下了连续6年以来的历史新高。

From February to April 2003, the unemployment rate in Hong Kong was 7.8%, but by the same period in 2006, this figure had dropped to 5.1%, while the employed population reached more than 3 million, setting a historical record high for six consecutive years.

2006年12月,联合国大学世界经济发展研究所(WIDER)调查全球财富的分配状况,发现香港的人均财富净值(net worth per capita)已经跃升为世界第一,到了20.2189万美元,这个数字比卢森堡高出一成,第三名和第四名オ轮到瑞士与美国。

In December 2006, the United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) surveyed the distribution of wealth globally and found that Hong Kong's net worth per capita had jumped to the world's first, reaching $202,189, which is 10% higher than Luxembourg and surpassed Switzerland and the United States, who ranked third and fourth, respectively.

同样是2006年,美国《福布斯》杂志公布了亚洲10大顶级豪宅, 排名从第2到第9都在香港。这一年香港股市气势如虹,“恒指”一直处于5年半以来的最高位, 从年初的15300多点一路飙升,到年底已经突破了20000点的大关,而且据有关专家预测, 未来香港的股市还将“牛足3年” 。

Also in 2006, Forbes magazine in the United States published the top 10 luxury homes in Asia, and rankings 2 through 9 were all in Hong Kong. That year, the Hong Kong stock market was booming, and the "Hang Seng Index" remained at its highest level in five and a half years, soaring from over 15,300 points at the beginning of the year to breaking through the 20,000-point mark by the end of the year. According to experts, Hong Kong's stock market will continue to "bull run for three years" in the future.

2007年3月2日,也就是唐英年刚刚在立法会提交了《2007 -2008年香港政府财政预算案》,受到了香港社会的普遍叫好之后的第二天,我对这位“财爷”进行了一次专访,专访所谈内容当然就围绕他在《预算案》中所承诺的“五大惊喜”以及近几年香港经济为什么能够取得上下满意的好成绩。唐英年解释了一些技术的措施,最后说了这样一段话:“2007年是香港回归祖国10周年的喜庆之年,这10年香港经济在中央政府的支持下,在内地13亿同胞的帮助下,香港人经过自己的顽强努力,终于迎来了一年比一年更好的经济复苏;同时这10年,香港的’人心’也在向着祖国一步步地’回归’。” “人心”也在“回归”? “财爷”的话令我心头ー震。这ー震是明确地感觉到了什么,感觉唐英年的话里有某种坦然的“承认”,同时也领悟到了唐英年希望通过我们CCTV的报道向全体内地同胞表露的一片“致谢”真情,它可喜可贺,但也让我陷入了好一阵子的沉思。

On March 2, 2007, the day after Donald Tsang submitted the "2007-2008 Hong Kong Government Budget" to the Legislative Council and received widespread praise from Hong Kong society, I conducted an exclusive interview with this "Finance Minister". The interview focused on the "five major surprises" promised in the budget and why the Hong Kong economy has achieved satisfactory results in recent years. Donald Tsang explained some technical measures and concluded with the following statement: "2007 is the year of celebration for the 10th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China. In the past 10 years, with the support of the central government and the help of 1.3 billion compatriots in the Mainland, Hong Kong people have worked hard to achieve a better economic recovery year by year. At the same time, in these 10 years, the 'hearts' of Hong Kong people have also been gradually 'returning' to the motherland."

"The 'hearts' are also 'returning'?" The words of the "Finance Minister" shook me deeply. I sensed that there was a certain kind of frank "acknowledgment" in Donald Tsang's words, and also understood the sincere "thank you" he wished to convey to all Mainland compatriots through our CCTV's report. It is gratifying, but it also plunged me into deep contemplation.

二、香港“倒移民” 1997年香港回归,准确地说,时间应该是从1995年算起,那时候香港人听说大陆不久就要收回香港了,很多人都害怕,都患上了“’ 97恐惧症”,于是一股“移民潮”汹涌而来。

II. Hong Kong "Reverse Emigration" In 1997, Hong Kong was handed over to China. To be precise, the countdown began in 1995 when Hong Kong people heard that the mainland would soon reclaim Hong Kong. Many people became afraid and suffered from "97-phobia", triggering a wave of emigration.

中产阶级在这次“移民”中最为踊跃,他们卖了车、卖了房,怀里揣着几百万港币纷纷逃到了加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和英国。然而这些人到了国外,处境大都不如原先想象的好,基本上找不到稳定的工作,此外还要被人看作“二等公民”,备受歧视。结果很多“大丈夫”在家里闲得开始后悔,同时回头看了一眼“老家”,发现香港回归后,香港的天地也并没有自此塌陷,虽说不幸赶上了 1998年金融危机, 经济一度陷入低谷,但那也是全球经济的大劫难,谁都没有回天之カ。相反中央政府在这个关键时刻并没有对香港几百万的市民撒手不管,倒是想尽了一切办法,全カ挺港,这オ使得香港经济瞠过了一段泥泞,慢慢复苏,最后迎来强劲发展,老百姓的生活重新捡回了光明与希望。想当年,根据有关方面的统计,香港移民到海外的人数在40万左右,但是1999 年就有超过11万的人“重归故里”，2005年回流的人数已经过半。这些人从“移民”变成“倒移民”,事业上往往出现落差,收入上一般也大不如前,面孔上的沮丧就像自己误判了股市或楼市的行情,赔得不轻,仿佛比别人突然就矮下去了一截———

Hong Kong "Reverse Emigration" In 1997, Hong Kong was handed over to China. To be precise, the countdown began in 1995 when Hong Kong people heard that the mainland would soon reclaim Hong Kong. Many people became afraid and suffered from "97-phobia", triggering a wave of emigration. Among those who emigrated, the middle class was the most active. They sold their cars and houses, and fled to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom with millions of Hong Kong dollars in their pockets. However, when they arrived in these countries, their situation was not as good as they had imagined. They could hardly find stable jobs and were often treated as "second-class citizens", suffering discrimination. As a result, many "men of honor" regretted their decision and looked back at their hometown. They found that Hong Kong did not collapse after returning to China. Although it was unfortunate to be hit by the 1998 financial crisis and the economy was in a slump for a while, it was a global economic disaster that no one could have avoided. On the contrary, the central government did not abandon Hong Kong's millions of citizens at this critical moment, but did everything it could to support Hong Kong, helping its economy to recover from a period of difficulty and eventually ushering in strong development, and people's lives regained brightness and hope. According to statistics from relevant authorities, around 400,000 Hong Kong people emigrated overseas at that time. However, in 1999, more than 110,000 people returned to their homeland, and by 2005, the number of returnees had exceeded half of the total emigrants. These people turned from "emigrants" to "reverse emigrants", often experiencing setbacks in their careers, lower incomes than before, and a sense of disappointment on their faces, as if they had misjudged the stock or real estate market and suffered heavy losses, feeling shorter than others all of a sudden.

我是2004年下半年来到香港“常驻”的,很早就想做一部电视系列专题片,片名就叫《香港“倒移民”》。开始听到一位公司老板给我讲笑话,说他有个手下,很能干,“不过移民前他是我的上司,那时候他总是颐指气使、趾高气扬的;但是‘倒移民’后,再返香港, 他又回到公司,我已经提了,他却成了我的下级。这样两个人的关系就出现了微妙的变化,无论何时他在我面前总是点头哈腰、唯唯诺诺。我就对他说:哎呀,你别老是这个样子啦,弄得我都不好意思了!可是这个人永远都回不到从前,永远都改不了一副突然自卑下去的奴才相……”

I came to Hong Kong in the second half of 2004 and have been a "resident" ever since. I have long wanted to produce a TV series documentary, with the title "Hong Kong Reverse Immigrants". I heard a joke from a company boss, who told me that one of his subordinates was very capable, but "before emigrating, he was my superior, always giving orders and being arrogant. But after 'reverse emigrating' and returning to Hong Kong, he came back to the company and became my subordinate. This caused a subtle change in our relationship, and no matter when he is in front of me, he always nods and bows and agrees to everything I say. I told him, 'Hey, don't always be like this, it makes me embarrassed!' But this person can never go back to the way he was before, and can never change his sudden sense of inferiority and servility..."

我开始留意“倒移民”,很想找几个“回流者”（香港的说法）听听他们的故事。朋友们说:“那好啊, 这样的人可太多了, 我的身边左右到处都是。”可是ー经拜托帮我介绍,大家又都犯了难。为什么?香港人要面子,“倒移民”不是什么光彩的事, 人们不愿意提, 更不愿意被记者拽着上电视自我曝光,当众“现丑” 。

I began to pay attention to "reverse immigration" and wanted to find a few "returnees" (Hong Kong terminology) to hear their stories. My friends said, "That's good, there are too many such people, they are all around me." But when I asked them to introduce me, everyone had difficulties. Why? Because Hong Kong people care about their face, "reverse immigration" is not a glorious thing, people are unwilling to mention it, and even less willing to be forced by reporters to appear on TV and expose themselves in public.

2006年12月,我以诚心感动上帝, 众里寻他千百度, 蓦然回首, 终于遇到了一位不怕见记者、不怕上电视的人。这个人姓余,电话里我问他:“如果接受CCTV的访问有没有什么不方便的地方?”他说:“没有啊,出去转悠了一圈,吃了不少苦,失去了很多机会,但也学到了不少东西, 重新认识了自己、认识了香港, 也认识了中国。”

In December 2006, I sincerely moved God, searched for him in thousands of ways, and finally met someone who was not afraid of reporters and not afraid of appearing on TV. This person's surname is Yu. When I asked him on the phone if there were any inconveniences in accepting an interview with CCTV, he said, "No, I have been through a lot of hardships and missed many opportunities after leaving Hong Kong, but I also learned a lot, re-recognized myself, Hong Kong, and China.

我们相约采访的地点是在介绍人的办公室,ー见面,我最关心的当然是这位 “倒移民”在离开香港前是做什么的,“倒移民”之后又做什么,两相比较到底有没有反差。

We arranged to meet in the introducer's office. Of course, what I was most concerned about was what this "reverse immigrant" did before leaving Hong Kong, what he did after "reverse immigration", and whether there was a contrast between the two.

“倒移民”看出我很想知道他的真实姓名,先递过了一张名片,接着告诉我, “移民”前他是干银行的,“一家日本银行,外资,属于中层管理人员”。那么“倒移民”后呢,他说干的工作是“不一定”。“‘不一定’是什么职业?”我问。余先生说: “‘不一定’这不是明摆着的吗?就是能干什么就干什么!”我当场被他逗笑,心情也因他的幽默而变得轻松。

"Reverse immigration" reveals that I am very interested in knowing his real name. He handed me a business card and then told me that he used to work in a bank, "a Japanese bank, foreign-funded, as a middle-level manager." So what did he do after "reverse immigration"? He said that he worked in "not necessarily" one profession. "What is 'not necessarily'?" I asked. Mr. Yu said, "Isn't it obvious? You just do whatever you can!" I was amused by him on the spot, and became relaxed because of his humor.

趁着他不介意,我直奔主题:“那您走之前一年的薪水是多少?回来后还能挣到原来那么多吗?” 余先生并不躲闪:“当然不能,我走之前和我太太两个人,一年的年薪加在ー起共有100多万,回来以后,说了你也许都不信,连1/3都没有。” “是吗?那么早知如此,何必当初?当初为什么要走?” “当初谁也没有料到‘移民’的下场会有那么尴尬。”余先生告诉我,“你问我当初为什么要走,那时候我可不是因为什么'害怕’,只是随大流。很多同事都要离开香港去移民了,劝我也试ー试,我就递了材料,岂知刚过三个月,加拿大移民局就批了下来,连我自己都感到意外,就这样,走了。”

Taking advantage of his indifference, I went straight to the topic: "How much was your salary in the last year before you left? Can you earn as much as before when you come back?"

Mr. Yu didn't dodge: "Of course not. Before I left, my wife and I had a combined annual salary of more than 1 million yuan. After coming back, you may not believe it, but we didn't even earn one-third of that."

"Really? Then why did you do it if you knew it in advance? Why did you leave?"

"No one expected the embarrassing outcome of 'reverse immigration'." Mr. Yu told me, "You asked me why I left at the time, I wasn't because of 'fear', I just followed the trend. Many colleagues were leaving Hong Kong to emigrate, and they urged me to try it too. I submitted the materials, but I didn't expect that the Canadian Immigration Bureau would approve it in just three months. Unexpectedly, I left."

余先生所说的情况我相信基本上属实, 事实上1997年香港回归前, 很多移民, 当时不少人的确并不都是单纯地因为“ ’97恐惧症”,只是跟潮儿。他们自己有时总结当年“逃港”的原始动机,有些人分析是“羊群心理”,这种心理在香港大面积地存在, 直到今天我还可以从很多一哄而起的事情上看到些许痕迹。不过为什么香港“倒移民”再回到老家,“很多人的收入就大不如前, 挣不到原来的工资了?”对此我倒是觉得有点费解。

I believe what Mr. Yu said is basically true. In fact, before Hong Kong's return to China in 1997, many immigrants were not simply due to "97-phobia", but just following the trend. Sometimes they analyze their original motives for "fleeing Hong Kong" themselves, and some people say it was "herd mentality". This mentality still exists in Hong Kong on a large scale, and I can still see some traces of it from many things that rise in unison today. However, why did "reverse immigrants" from Hong Kong return to their hometowns and find that "many people's income is not as good as before, and they cannot earn the same salary as before"? I find it a bit puzzling.

余先生说:“那有什么费解?简单来说,没有位置了,自己的年龄也大了。” “这种情况回港前可曾打听过?如果打听过,那怎么还有勇气回来?” “不回来不行啊,拿我来说,到了加拿大,头ー个月还觉得挺好玩儿的,新奇嘛; 第二个月,看看朋友,继续休息;可是到了第三个月, 这种’好日子’就完蛋了,为什么? 一个大活人, 过去在香港已经习惯忙碌, 突然停下来什么也不做, 人都要疯。此外还有个经济的压カ呢,总不能眼看着后半生坐吃山空!” 余先生“移民的故事”开始进入细节,我轻易不敢打断他,生怕他讲到伤心处, 突然没有心思跟我聊下去一

Mr. Yu said, "What's so puzzling about that? Simply put, there is no position, and I am getting older."

"Did you inquire about this situation before returning to Hong Kong? If you inquired, how could you have the courage to come back?"

"I had to come back. Take me as an example. When I arrived in Canada, I felt pretty fun in the first month because it was novel. In the second month, I saw friends and continued to rest, but in the third month, this 'good life' was over. Why? A big living person who was used to being busy in Hong Kong suddenly stopped doing anything and would go crazy. In addition, there is economic pressure. You can't just sit and eat up all your savings in the latter half of your life!"

Mr. Yu's "immigration story" began to enter into details, and I dared not easily interrupt him for fear that he would get upset and suddenly lose interest in talking to me.

“为了不让自己在海外移民的日子每天荒废,三个月后我就开始找工作。可是加拿大的工作你知道哪里是那么好找的?人家的社会,各种职位本来就已经饱和了,空余的就业机会不多。而且加拿大, 我真的没想到, 那个地方怎么也和咱们东方的社会ー样,很讲关系、讲人脉啊? 用人单位经常根本不看我的资历,也不看我的英文水平, ー见面只是说:’对不起, 你没有在当地工作的经验,我们不能雇用。’ 你看, 这话不是明摆着对移民的歧视吗? 你不给我机会, 我怎么能攒下什么’在当地工作的经验’？”

"Three months after I arrived overseas, I started looking for a job so I wouldn't waste my days. But you know how hard it is to find a job in Canada? Their society is already saturated with various positions, and there are not many job opportunities left. And Canada, I really didn't expect that place to be so similar to our Eastern society, where relationships and connections matter. Employers often don't even look at my qualifications or my English level, they just say, 'Sorry, you don't have local work experience, so we can't hire you.' You see, isn't this blatant discrimination against immigrants? If you don't give me a chance, how can I gain 'local work experience'?"

所以余先生在加拿大蹲“移民监” （4年累计在当地要住满1095天）,当过超级市场的售货员,费劲考下过保安的牌照做过物业公司的保安。其他的很多人,他说:“更多的则是到餐馆里面去打零エ,给人家刷盘子洗碗,大部分人干的永远都是 part time（钟点工）。"

So Mr. Yu spent four years in Canada waiting for his "immigration supervision" to end (he had to reside for a minimum of 1095 days). He worked as a supermarket salesman, got a security license, and worked as a security guard for a property company. As for many other immigrants, he said, "Most of them go to restaurants to wash dishes and work as part-time employees."

“太闷了, 总是赋闲, 又没有固定的收入, 哪里有前途?看不到。” 就为了这, 余先生决定打道回府。 “可是再回香港’面子’不是有点不好看吗?”我悄悄摆了一个台阶。 “是啊,但是没办法,人没饭吃,'面子’还顾得上?再说人又不是为了 '面子’ 而活着的!” 回到香港,余先生经过朋友介绍,起初打算再回到原来的银行重操旧业,但是四处求见、四处碰壁。不少银行老板讲:“现在,我的位置还不如从前你的高,怎么能雇用你做我的下级?”他说这是“表面原因”,而真正的原因是香港当时经济不景气,没有工作位置,“不然我怎么宁肯’低就‘,所有的银行最后还是没有一家要我”。 “你能想象我返回香港后找到的第一份エ（’エ’是工作的意思）是什么吗?”接下来余先生反问我。我摇摇头。余先生脸上一派自嘲:“杀虫工!” “杀虫工?” “对,杀虫工。”余先生说,“杀虫エ就是清洁公司的饭碗,我做不成银行的’白领’,倒是穿起了白大褂儿, 每天到宾馆、酒店去给人家打老鼠、赶蟑螂、灭蚂蚁。” “是吗?这可没想到。” 余先生大笑:“你没想到?我的家人、父母更不能理解,大家都说:'嘿,你有没有搞错?原来你可是银行的大经理!’”

"It's too dull, always unemployed, and without a fixed income, where is the future? I can't see it." So Mr. Yu decided to return to his homeland. "But isn't it a bit embarrassing to return to Hong Kong?" I discreetly gave him an out. "Yes, but what can I do? If I don't have food to eat, can I still worry about my face? Besides, people don't live for 'face'!" Mr. Yu replied. After returning to Hong Kong, Mr. Yu tried to return to his old job at the bank with the help of friends, but he faced many rejections. Many bank bosses told him, "Now my position is not as high as yours was before, how can I hire you to be my subordinate?" He said this was just the "surface reason," and the real reason was that the economy was bad in Hong Kong at the time, and there were no jobs. "Otherwise, why would I be willing to 'lower myself'? But in the end, none of the banks wanted me." "Can you imagine what my first job was when I returned to Hong Kong?" Mr. Yu asked me. I shook my head. Mr. Yu laughed and said, "Pest control worker!" "Pest control worker?" "Yes, pest control worker." Mr. Yu said, "Being a pest control worker was the only job I could get. I couldn't be a 'white-collar' worker at the bank, so I put on a white coat and went to hotels and restaurants every day to kill mice, chase cockroaches, and exterminate ants." "Really? I never thought of that." Mr. Yu laughed, "You never thought of that? My family and parents couldn't understand it either. They all said, 'Hey, are you kidding? You used to be a big manager at the bank!'"

过去在香港,余先生不仅作为银行的高级白领,每个月拿着好几万元的薪水, 此外他的西装口袋里还时时揣着ー张公司给他的金卡,ー种特权,自由“签单”,随时可以请客户吃饭、花销应酬（当然都要见回报）;然而几年后,就是因为“倒移民” 再“回流”到香港,别说过去的“风光”早已不再,万般无奈,余先生最后连“杀虫エ” 的工作也不敢再挑剔。

In the past, Mr. Yu was not only a senior white-collar worker at a bank in Hong Kong, but he also earned tens of thousands of dollars a month. In addition, he always carried a company gold card in his suit pocket, a privilege that allowed him to entertain clients at any time (of course, it required a return on investment). However, after a few years, due to his "immigration reversal" and "return flow" to Hong Kong, not to mention his past "glory," it had long since faded away.

余先生的境遇在众多香港“倒移民”中并不是个别现象, 有人走前拥有豪华地段的大房子, 回来后手里的钱就只够买ー处偏远的小房。ー些人忍受不了这种反差, 整天愁眉苦脸、无精打采。个别爱走极端的, 想不开还步上了绝路。但是大部分的香港人, 我在这里特别要说, 没有自暴自弃, 他们心里只有一个字一“挺”，做得了“白领”就穿西服; 做不了“白领”, 他们也可以穿“水靴” 。

Mr. Yu's situation is not an isolated case among the many "reverse immigrants" in Hong Kong. Some people leave with a luxurious house in a prime location, but when they come back, they can only afford a small house in a remote area. Some people cannot bear this contrast and walk around with a gloomy face all day long. Some extreme cases cannot handle it and end up taking drastic measures. However, the majority of Hong Kong people, I want to emphasize here, do not give up on themselves. They only have one word in their hearts: "endure." If they can be "white-collar," they wear suits; if they cannot be "white-collar," they can still endure wearing "water boots."

香港人在失落与逆境当中, 最难能可贵的就是这样的ー个信念:“从头再来” 。在香港, 从2004年到2007年, 不到3年的时间, 我看到很多大小餐馆的服务生,堂堂五尺男儿, 嘴里都能说一口流利的英语, 知道他们个个来历不凡, 但是人家就是那么整天乐呵呵地为食者上菜、服侍,做着“跑堂儿”。 “竞争社会嘛,人到了哪ー步只能说哪ー步的话。哪ー份エ能挣钱, 就先干什么, 都是过渡, 日后的前程只要自己努力, 总会改变。” 采访结束,余先生对我说了这最后的几句话, 说完, 他ー身轻松, 而他目前的身份, 我又看了一眼名片, 那上面写得分明, 已经是一家药品公司的“业务经理”……

In the face of loss and adversity, the most precious belief for Hong Kong people is to "start over." From 2004 to 2007, in less than three years, I saw many service staff in restaurants, all of them young men who could speak fluent English. I knew they all had extraordinary backgrounds, but they just happily served the customers all day long as "runners."

"In a competitive society, you can only say what you can at each step. Do whatever you can to make money. It's all transitional. If you work hard, your future will change." After the interview, Mr. Yu said these last few words to me. After he finished speaking, he looked relaxed. I looked at his business card again, which clearly stated that he was already a "business manager" of a pharmaceutical company.

三、“СЕРА”与“自由行”

III. "СЕРА" and "Free Travel"

2003年6月,SARS的魔影还没有完全退去。29日,中央政府与香港特别行政区政府就签署了一份重要的协议,并于2004年元旦起开始实施。这份协议是中华人民共和国国家主体与其单独的ー个关税区第一次签署的ー份含金量极高的贸易优惠政策,名称为“内地与香港更紧密经贸关系的安排”（简称“СЕРА”）。当时香港人并不完全了解中央政府的用心,接下来在“ СЕРА”实施的第一至第四阶段,人们オ慢慢咂摸出这个协议对香港不仅仅是ー剂良药,而且是ー种滋补性很强、作用异常久远的靓汤。

In June 2003, when the SARS epidemic had not completely receded, the central government and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government signed an important agreement, which took effect on January 1, 2004. This agreement was a highly valuable trade preference policy signed for the first time between the People's Republic of China and its separate customs territory, with the name "Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement between the Mainland and Hong Kong" (referred to as "СЕРА"). At that time, Hong Kong people did not fully understand the intentions of the central government, but in the first to fourth phases of the implementation of "СЕРА", people gradually realized that this agreement was not only a good medicine but also a highly nourishing and long-lasting soup for Hong Kong.

“ СЕРА”内容全面、丰富,不仅包括了货物贸易自由化、服务贸易自由化以及贸易投资便利化, 还包括了内地与港澳在金融、旅游、专业人士资格互认等等领域的一系列合作。仅举一例, 在经贸政策上, “СЕРА”实施以后, 香港出口到内地的“原产地产品”,货物贸易关税几乎全免,这个“全免”就是“零关税”,而这个“零关税”，说来容易, 拿出来做做人情也非常体面, 但是香港很少有人知道, 如此巨大的政策优惠会给内地厂家带来多么巨大的冲击!

"СЕРА" covers a comprehensive and rich range of areas, including liberalization of goods trade, liberalization of services trade, facilitation of trade and investment, as well as a series of cooperation in areas such as finance, tourism, and mutual recognition of professional qualifications between the Mainland and Hong Kong, Macao. For example, after the implementation of "СЕРА", goods traded from Hong Kong to the Mainland as "originating products" are almost entirely exempt from customs duties, which means "zero tariff". It may sound easy to say, and it is also very respectable to offer such a great policy favor, but few people in Hong Kong know how much impact this huge policy preference will bring to Mainland manufacturers!

2004年香港在“ СЕРА”的带动下,当年经济增长就提升到了 8.1% ,2005年又呈现了 7. 3%,此时香港人愣住了,这オ明白自己手里端着ー碗甜水,身边还有一眼已经掘好了的深井。

In 2004, driven by "СЕРА", Hong Kong's economy grew by 8.1% that year, and in 2005, it showed a growth rate of 7.3%. At this time, Hong Kong people were stunned, realizing that they were holding a bowl of sweet water in their hands while there was already a deep well dug beside them.

2006年6月22日, 香港回归9周年之际, 时任全国政协主席贾庆林27日至29日来到香港, 出席为庆祝“СЕРА”签署3周年而举办的“内地与港澳经贸合作发展论坛”, 并在香港进行了多项参观访问。香港商界人士感谢贾主席, 说:“由于有了 'СЕРА', 香港经济增长强劲, 目前已经有上千种产品进入内地, 实现了完全的’零关税’, 香港经济已经再度回到了回归以来的高峰状态。”

On the occasion of the 9th anniversary of Hong Kong's return on June 22, 2006, Jia Qinglin, then Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, visited Hong Kong from the 27th to the 29th to attend the Mainland and Hong Kong/Macau Economic and Trade Cooperation Forum held in celebration of the third anniversary of the signing of the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA). During his visit, he also made various inspections and visits in Hong Kong. Hong Kong businesspeople expressed their gratitude to Chairman Jia, saying, "Thanks to CEPA, Hong Kong's economy has grown strongly, with over a thousand products now entering the mainland with zero tariffs. Hong Kong's economy has returned to the peak state it was in since the handover."

据悉,“ СЕРА”实施后的头两年, 各项优惠政策直接为香港创造的新就业职位就有大约29000个; 截至2006年一季度, 内地累计进口享受零关税待遇的港澳货物总值已经达到4.94亿美元,税款优惠总额为3.02亿人民币。

It is reported that in the first two years after the implementation of CEPA, various preferential policies directly created approximately 29,000 new jobs in Hong Kong. By the first quarter of 2006, the total value of Hong Kong/Macau goods enjoying zero tariffs in mainland imports had reached USD 494 million, with a total tax preference of RMB 302 million.

3亿多元人民币,当时这点具体的数字听起来并不惊人,然而这是一扇“免税” 的大门,今天香港人进入这扇大门可以省下几个亿,日后,原本需要的税收支出统统都不必再掏腰包。

At the time, this specific figure of over RMB 300 million did not sound impressive. However, it was a "duty-free" door, which allows Hong Kong people to save billions of dollars by entering it today. In the future, there will be no need to spend money on tax expenditures that were originally required.

自“СЕРА”签署以后,内地与香港（包括澳门）又先后签署了一连串的补充协议,其中协议允许香港（包括澳门）居民在内地开设个体工商户, 经营范围涉及零售、餐饮、美发美容、保健服务、洗浴服务、家电修理以及其他的日用品修理等, 并同时规定“港澳个体户与内地个体户待遇相同”。这条政策公布以后,根据商务部提供的数据,截至2006年3月底,已经在内地注册的港澳个体工商户就达到了2261户, 从业人员5111人。

Since the signing of CEPA, the mainland and Hong Kong (including Macau) have signed a series of supplemental agreements, which allow residents of Hong Kong (including Macau) to set up individual businesses in the mainland, engaging in retail, catering, hairdressing and beauty, healthcare, bathing services, household appliance repair, and other daily necessities repairs. The policy also stipulates that "Hong Kong/Macau individual businesses enjoy the same treatment as mainland individual businesses." According to data provided by the Ministry of Commerce, as of the end of March 2006, there were already 2,261 registered individual businesses from Hong Kong and Macau in the mainland, with 5,111 employees.

此外,“СЕРА”自2003年签署到2007年的今天,中央政府一路在降低香港的法律、会计、建筑等行业的专门人才进入内地提供服务的门槛,因此很多香港这方面的人才也大举进军内地,不但使这些人找到了新的“用武之地”,同时也开发并发挥了香港的人才优势。

In addition, from the signing of CEPA in 2003 to today, the central government has been lowering the thresholds for professionals from Hong Kong, such as in law, accounting, and construction, to provide services in the mainland. As a result, many talented individuals from Hong Kong have also entered the mainland, not only finding new "battlefields" for their skills but also developing and utilizing Hong Kong's talent advantage.

有件事,是个说法,也是个做法,后来给内地和香港的老百姓都带来了不小的“实惠”, 这就是我们大家现在已经朗朗上口的“自由行”（香港也叫“个人游”）。

TThere is something that is both a statement and a practice, which has brought considerable benefits to both the people of mainland China and Hong Kong. This is what we now commonly refer to as "自由行" (in Hong Kong, also known as "individual travel").

2006年1月,中央电视台新增了一个专门反映香港社会生活的栏目一“直通香港”, 约我为他们采访香港旅游发展局前主席周梁淑怡。我见了周梁淑怡也按照香港人的习惯叫她“周太”, 然后问到“自由行”究竟是怎么来的。

In January 2006, China Central Television (CCTV) launched a new program called "Straight to Hong Kong" which was dedicated to reflecting Hong Kong's social life. They invited me to interview the former chairman of the Hong Kong Tourism Board, Selina Chow. When I met Selina Chow, I followed the Hong Kong custom and called her "Mrs. Chow". I asked her how the "individual travel" policy came about.

周太很自豪地对我说,2002年她在内地见到了当时的国务院总理朱格基,“那时候我就琢磨这个问题已经很长时间了,一直都感到两地的旅游很不对等,就大着胆子向总理提出, ’现在香港人什么时候想去内地,说去就去,很方便;可是内地人想要来我们香港看看就很困难。因此,国家能不能开放一条政策,让广大的内地同胞想来香港就能来,这样也可以让我们多一些旅游的客人和收入’”。

Mrs. Chow proudly told me that in 2002, she met with then-Premier of the State Council, Zhu Rongji, in mainland China. She had been thinking about this issue for a long time, and felt that there was a big disparity between tourism in the two places. She boldly suggested to the Premier, "Hong Kong people can travel to the mainland whenever they want, it's very convenient. But it's difficult for mainland Chinese to come to Hong Kong. So can the country open a policy that allows mainland Chinese to come to Hong Kong whenever they want? This way, we can also have more tourists and income."

为了发展香港的旅游并以此带动整个香港经济, 周太“拉客”都拉到了国家总理这里。 “那当时总理的态度怎么样啊?”我问。周太说:“很高兴啊,当时总理就表态’好’。当然那个时候国家其实也已经在考虑用这个办法来帮助香港。内地人多,政策一旦放宽,香港的旅游一定会有一个巨大的发展。”

In order to develop Hong Kong's tourism industry and boost its economy, Mrs. Chow even pitched her idea to the Premier himself. I asked Mrs. Chow about the Premier's response. She said, "He was very pleased and said 'good'. Of course, at that time, the country was already considering using this method to help Hong Kong. With so many people in the mainland, once the policy is relaxed, Hong Kong's tourism industry will surely have a huge development."

2003年7月28日, 从这ー天开始, 内地连续批准了对北京、上海、广东、福建等16个省、市的49座主要城市开放“居民以个人身份赴香港、澳门自行旅游”, 其中广东省因为毗邻香港,陆续开放的城市截至2006年12月已经多达21座。

Starting from July 28, 2003, residents of 49 major cities in 16 provinces and municipalities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, and Fujian, were granted permission to travel to Hong Kong and Macao as individuals. By the end of December 2006, 21 cities in Guangdong had been opened up because of their proximity to Hong Kong.

2005年年底, 香港迎来了当年第2000万个访港旅客, 周梁淑怡亲自到机场迎接, 这个“2000万”的数字不仅突破了香港过去多少年来的历史纪录, 而且其中很大比例都是通过“自由行”来到香港的内地人。

At the end of 2005, Hong Kong welcomed its 20 millionth visitor of the year, and Mrs. Chow personally greeted the visitor at the airport. This "20 million" figure not only broke Hong Kong's historical record but also a large proportion of the visitors were mainlanders who came to Hong Kong through "individual travel."

2006年中国内地居民出境规模共有3452万人次,其中“首选目的地”很多都是香港。而2007年春节期间,仅经深圳罗湖ー个口岸来到香港过年的内地人就高达60万,这不能不说和“自由行”有关。

In 2006, a total of 34.52 million mainland residents traveled abroad, and many of them chose Hong Kong as their preferred destination. During the Spring Festival period in 2007, the number of mainlanders who came to Hong Kong for the holiday through the Luohu Port in Shenzhen alone reached 600,000. This cannot be separated from "自由行."

由于有了“自由行”,内地人在香港吃、在香港住、在香港大把大把地花钱消费, 这种政策乐得普通内地人再也不会把去趟香港当成奢望, 同时更乐得香港的商家人人笑口常开,直到今天都合不拢……

The “自由行” policy has allowed mainland Chinese tourists to enjoy Hong Kong's food, accommodation, and entertainment, which in turn has contributed to the growth of Hong Kong's tourism industry. The policy has also made it easier and more affordable for mainland Chinese to visit Hong Kong, making it no longer a luxury for ordinary Chinese people. As a result, Hong Kong's businesses have flourished due to the increased number of Chinese tourists.

四、人心可归?

IV. Can People's Hearts Return?

香港回归10年, 经济上遇到了一次次的重创, 其中“金融危机”与SARS两场不期而遇的灾难, 是命运对香港的考验甚至捉弄。但是香港挨过了, 这条大船冲破迷雾, 绕过激流险滩, 如今又从美丽的维多利亚港湾起航, 走向世界。至此, 没有人再担心共产党接管了香港, 搞乱了香港的经济, 破坏了香港的生态。然而香港主权回归, 人心是否也同步回归? 这个问题不在大海平静的表面,而在海水深处一

In the 10 years since Hong Kong's return, its economy has suffered repeated heavy blows, including the "financial crisis" and the unexpected disasters of SARS. These tests and even tricks of fate have challenged and even fooled Hong Kong. However, Hong Kong has survived. The big ship has broken through the fog, navigated through the rapids and is now setting sail from the beautiful Victoria Harbour to the world. At this point, no one worries that the Communist Party will take over Hong Kong, disrupt its economy, or damage its ecology. However, when Hong Kong's sovereignty was returned, did people's hearts also return at the same time? This question is not on the calm surface of the sea, but in the deep waters below.

2004年我到香港后第一次看到来自香港大学的ー份民意调查, 问卷的题目是:“你是什么人?”这道题又被分为四个细致的小题目:“你是中国人?” “你是香港人?”“你是中国的香港人?”“你是香港的中国人?”当时看了基本摸不着头脑:为什么港大的民调要截取这样四个级差很小的提问?它渴望了解的是香港人什么样的心态?

In 2004, after I arrived in Hong Kong for the first time, I saw a survey from the University of Hong Kong. The title of the questionnaire was "What kind of person are you?" This question was divided into four detailed sub-questions: "Are you Chinese?", "Are you Hong Kong people?", "Are you Chinese from Hong Kong?", and "Are you Hong Kong Chinese?". At that time, I was basically at a loss as to why a survey from Hong Kong University (HKU) would focus on these four questions with very small differences in level. What kind of mentality of Hong Kong people did it want to understand?

接下来有一次我随香港的人大代表到广东梅县进行考察, 路上碰巧和一所知名大学的校长坐在ー起。这位校长显然把我当成了中央电视台的资深记者,向我提出了一个难度极高的问题:“依你看, 现在香港的问题是什么?”我不假思索:“经济, 赶快把经济搞上去。”校长先生说:“对, 但这只是表面, 不是根本, 根本的问题要我看是人心。”

Later, when I went with a Hong Kong delegate to Meixian, Guangdong for an investigation, I happened to sit next to the president of a well-known university on the way. The president apparently regarded me as a senior journalist from CCTV and posed a very difficult question to me: "In your opinion, what is the problem with Hong Kong now?" Without hesitation, I said, "The economy, we need to boost it quickly." The president said, "Yes, but that's only the surface, not the root cause. The root cause is people's hearts."

作为香港当时8所高校的校长之一（后来增加到9所）, 我知道这位校长大人是ー个地地道道的“香港人”, 当然也知道他是勇于承认自己是ー个“中国人”的。 As one of the presidents of the eight Hong Kong universities at that time (later increased to nine), I knew that this president was a true "Hong Konger," and of course, I also knew that he was brave enough to admit that he was a "Chinese."

不过香港的大学校长为什么会向我ー个内地的记者提到“人心”？ 1997年香港如期回归, “香港人”当然就是名正言顺、意义单纯了的“中国人”, 这个问题还有什么可争议的价值吗? 然而当我冷静下来仔细咂摸, 特别是设身处地地为香港人着想, 身份ー换位,立刻就明白了问题何以成为问题:1997年香港告别英国人100多年的统治回到了祖国的怀抱,从民族自豪感上来讲,人们的腰杆挺直了,不再为自己生长于中国, 当局统治者却举着ー张“鬼佬儿”的面孔而尴尬。

However, why would a Hong Kong university president mention "people's hearts" to me, a journalist from the mainland? In 1997, Hong Kong returned as a matter of course, and "Hong Kong people" became legitimate and pure "Chinese." Is there any controversial value in this issue? However, when I calmed down and thought carefully, especially when I put myself in the shoes of a Hong Konger, I immediately understood why the issue became a problem. In 1997, Hong Kong bid farewell to more than 100 years of British rule and returned to the embrace of the motherland. From the perspective of national pride, people stood tall and no longer felt ashamed of being born in China, but the authorities holding the "foreigner's" face were embarrassed.

但是以往的几十年, “中国人”在世界的舞台上没有地位, 他们是“贫穷、落后、愚昧甚至被赤化了的一族”, 香港人在这一点上有很多的疑虑, 或者说他们的追求很“务实”一回归后, 如果香港的现实社会依然稳定、思想气氛依然自由、经济发展依然向好、老百姓的生活水准依然很高, 那么过去的“香港人”并不会太在意自己究竟属于“什么人”；然而1997年回归,紧接着铺天盖地“金融危机”当头棒喝,再接着就是SARS的疯狂肆虐,经济到了2003年已经全面陷入低谷,这时候有人偏要“哪壶不开提哪壶”，问香港人你究竟愿意做哪里的人, 让他们怎么回答? 如果问我我又怎么回答呢?

However, in the past few decades, "Chinese" people have not had a status on the world stage. They are a "poor, backward, ignorant, and even a red race." Hong Kong people have many doubts about this, or their pursuit is very practical. After returning, if Hong Kong's real social stability, ideological atmosphere, economic development, and people's living standards remain high, then the past "Hong Kongers" will not care too much about what kind of people they belong to. However, after the return in 1997, the financial crisis hit hard, followed by the SARS epidemic, and by 2003, the economy had fallen into a low ebb. At this time, some people insist on asking Hong Kong people which people they want to be, how can they answer? If you ask me, how do I answer?

也许我们可以作这样的ー个假设, 假设英国人1997年还在香港, 突遇1998年亚洲金融危机, 2003年又遭到了SARS的夺命砍杀, 香港人的命运还掌握在英国人的手里,那么这两场“灾难”扫荡过后, 香港人的生活水平会不会有所改变?

Perhaps we can make such a hypothesis: if the British were still in Hong Kong in 1997 and encountered the Asian financial crisis in 1998 and the deadly SARS outbreak in 2003, would the standard of living of the people in Hong Kong have changed while their fate was still in the hands of the British?

可惜我不能要求每ー个香港人都像我这样思考问题, 历史不能假设, 香港人 “务实”的习惯使这种“假设”至少在一段时间之内会被远远地推到视线以外。此外还有一个现实:1997年香港回归之前, 几百万香港人并不是人人都真实地了解内地、了解中央政府以及十几亿内地同胞对香港所持的态度及感情, 这一点当然也会阻碍他们对祖国的认同。

Unfortunately, I cannot demand that every Hong Kong person think about issues the way I do. History cannot be assumed, and Hong Kong's "pragmatic" habits will push such "assumptions" far out of sight, at least for a period of time. Furthermore, there is a reality: before the return of Hong Kong in 1997, millions of Hong Kong people did not truly understand the mainland, the attitudes and feelings of the central government, and the more than one billion mainland compatriots towards Hong Kong. Of course, this will also hinder their identification with the motherland.

2007年3月, 北京召开全国人大和全国政协年度会议, 香港《经济日报》的记者在3月16日国务院总理召开的中外记者招待会上向温家宝总理提出了这样的一个问题:“今年是香港回归祖国10周年。请问总理,对香港回归10年来的表现, 您有什么样的评价?”

In March 2007, the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference were held in Beijing. On March 16th, a journalist from Hong Kong Economic Daily asked Premier Wen Jiabao during the press conference, "This year marks the 10th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China. What is your evaluation of Hong Kong's performance over the past 10 years?"

当时我在香港,在看香港很多媒体都在实况转播的这场记者会, 记得温家宝总理从容地回答:“香港回归10年来, 确实走过了一条不平凡的道路。这10年来, 中央政府坚定不移地贯彻执行’一国两制、港人治港、高度自治’的方针,坚决按《基本法》办事, 没有干预属于香港特别行政区内部的事务。

At that time, I was in Hong Kong, watching many local media's live broadcast of the press conference. I remember Premier Wen Jiabao calmly replied, "In the past 10 years since Hong Kong's return to China, Hong Kong has indeed gone through an extraordinary journey. The Central Government has steadfastly implemented the policy of "One Country, Two Systems," "Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong," and "a high degree of autonomy," and has resolutely followed the Basic Law without interfering in the internal affairs of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

香港特别行政区政府团结香港市民, 战胜了亚洲金融风暴等ー系列的困难, 经济得到稳定、恢复和发展, 民生得以改善。”同时温总理在请这位记者转达他对香港同胞的问候时还说道:“值此香港回归10年之际, 我衷心希望香港更加繁荣,更加开放, 更加包容, 更加和谐。紫荆花盛开了, 今年花儿红, 明年花更好!”

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, together with the people of Hong Kong, has overcome a series of difficulties, such as the Asian financial storm, and the economy has become stable, recovered, and developed, and people's livelihood has been improved." At the same time, when Premier Wen asked the journalist to convey his greetings to the people of Hong Kong, he also said, "On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China, I sincerely hope that Hong Kong will become more prosperous, more open, more inclusive, and more harmonious. The Bauhinia flowers are blooming, this year they are red, and next year they will be even better!"

香港回归10年,中央政府包括13亿内地同胞并没有要求香港的“人心”一定要立刻发生什么变化,但是客观地讲,这10年,香港的“人心”已经和正在加速地发生着改变。

Ten years after Hong Kong's return, the central government, including 1.3 billion mainland compatriots, did not demand any immediate changes in the "hearts and minds" of Hong Kong people. However, objectively speaking, the "hearts and minds" of Hong Kong have already undergone and are accelerating changes in the past 10 years.

回到2004年我初到香港时看到的那份港大的民调, 当时那四个小问题香港人所答“我是中国人”的比例着实没有过半, 很多人扪心自问还是只愿意表明 “我是香港人”或者模棱两可地承认我是“香港的中国人”。然而接下来的2006年, 同样的ー份问卷, 答案不同了——香港大学民意研究计划最新的一次民意调查显示: 有56.3%的被访市民对中央政府在香港实施的政策给予了正面的评价,这个数字比上一年同期大幅上升了20个百分点, 而对此依然抱着负面态度的受访者只有9.9%。

When I first arrived in Hong Kong in 2004, I saw a survey conducted by the University of Hong Kong, in which less than half of the respondents identified themselves as Chinese. Many people were reluctant to express their identity as "Chinese" and preferred to identify themselves as "Hong Kongers" or "Hong Kong Chinese." However, in 2006, the same survey showed a different result. According to the latest survey by the Hong Kong University Public Opinion Program, 56.3% of the respondents expressed positive opinions on the central government's policies in Hong Kong, a significant increase of 20 percentage points from the previous year. The percentage of negative attitudes towards the central government was only 9.9%.

香港是一个自由的社会, 人们的思想、立场、态度不会被“个体意识”以外的任何因素所强加或左右, 有一是一, 有二是二, 统计数字相对少有水分。

Hong Kong is a free society, where people's thoughts, positions, and attitudes are not imposed or influenced by any factor outside their individual consciousness. Statistics are relatively reliable.

为什么香港回归!0年, 港人终于渐渐改变了他们过去对内地特别是对中央政府怀疑以及冷眼旁观的态度?因为“人心”毕竟是肉长的,中央政府在这10年中一再推出“挺港” 的诸多措施,不仅为香港解了一时的燃眉之急,还为香港的明天做出了很多方面的设计和安排。香港人毕竟把这些都ーー看在眼里,身受其惠,不再否认自己的真实身份,不再忌讳自己是ー个堂堂正正的“中国人”。

Why did Hong Kong people gradually change their attitude towards the mainland, especially towards the central government, over the past ten years? It is because "hearts and minds" are ultimately based on personal experience. The central government has repeatedly implemented various measures to support Hong Kong in the past ten years, not only solving Hong Kong's immediate difficulties but also making many arrangements for Hong Kong's future. Hong Kong people have seen and benefited from these measures, and no longer deny their true identity as "Chinese."

1990年4月4日, 第七届全国人大第三次会议通过了《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》, 1997年以后, 香港政府每年都举办《基本法》颁布纪念年的大型研讨会, 整个社会到处可见各种各样的“国情教育”, 这些成系列的说服、感化不仅实在、客观, 而且全部都是由香港人自己来举办的。香港人为什么要主动地与祖国靠拢? 因为他们知道香港今天乃至未来的出路只有一条:“背靠祖国, 面向世界。”换句话说,不“背靠祖国”就没有基础“面向世界”。祖国内地经过30年的改革开放, 经济发展已经突飞猛进,各种体现在政治、经济、文化、价值观念等方面的变化, 也已经和香港人越来越具有“共同语言” 。

On April 4, 1990, the third session of the seventh National People's Congress passed the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Since 1997, the Hong Kong government has held large-scale seminars to commemorate the promulgation of the Basic Law every year, and various "national education" programs can be seen everywhere in society. These series of persuasion and influence are not only practical and objective but are also entirely organized by Hong Kong people themselves. Why do Hong Kong people take the initiative to approach the motherland? Because they know that there is only one way out for Hong Kong today and in the future: "Backed by the motherland, facing the world." In other words, without "backing the motherland," there is no foundation for "facing the world." After 30 years of reform and opening up, the mainland of the motherland has made rapid economic development. Various changes in politics, economy, culture, values, and other aspects have increasingly become a "common language" with the people of Hong Kong.

2006年“五四”青年节,香港金紫荆广场举行了隆重的升旗典礼。我去现场报道,看到广场上伴着音乐缓缓升起的有中华人民共和国的五星红旗,也有带着紫荆花图案的香港特别行政区区旗。

On the 2006 Youth Day of the May Fourth Movement, a grand flag-raising ceremony was held at the Golden Bauhinia Square in Hong Kong. I went to report on the scene and saw the Five-Starred Red Flag of the People's Republic of China rising slowly with music on the square, as well as the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region flag with the Bauhinia flower pattern.

升旗仪式以后,ー个旨在持续性地对香港青少年进行爱国主义教育的《国歌、国旗、国徽一通识学习计划》也随之展开。而从这一年开始,香港以后每年的“五四”,民间都要用这种“升旗典礼”的庄严来提升全港青少年对民族精神、国家观念以及中国人身份的认同感一同样是没有人要求他们这样做, 他们的热情只来自自身对祖国的渴望。

After the flag-raising ceremony, a "National Anthem, Flag, Emblem General Knowledge Learning Program" aimed at providing patriotic education for Hong Kong youth was launched. Since then, every May Fourth in Hong Kong, the public has used this solemn "flag-raising ceremony" to enhance the sense of national spirit, national identity, and Chinese identity among young people throughout the city. No one has asked them to do so, and their enthusiasm comes only from their own desire for the motherland.

封闭了几十年的两地关系需要时间使彼此通过交往相互了解、相互理解。10年香港回归, 在历史的长河中只是短暂的一瞬, 这“一瞬”要与过去100多年外族对香港的统治相对照, 它更显得急促, 更不能指望一夜春风, 梨树尽白。

The relationship between the two places that had been closed for decades needs time for mutual understanding and mutual understanding through communication. The return of Hong Kong 10 years ago was only a brief moment in the long history. This "moment" should be compared with more than 100 years of foreign rule over Hong Kong. It is more urgent and cannot be expected to change overnight.

世上没有无缘无故的恨, 也没有无缘无故的爱, 内地人敞开了胸等待香港同胞发自内心的相拥ー抱, 这一天或长或短, 什么时候能够真正到来都不是时间的问题, 而是ー种必然,这种“必然”如今已初现端倪!

There is no hatred or love without reason in the world. Mainlanders have opened their arms and waited for their Hong Kong compatriots to embrace them from the heart. When this day will truly arrive is not a matter of time, but a necessity, which is now beginning to show signs!

五、“负资产”与“人民币” 还是在20世纪90年代中期, 香港经济正处于谁都乐享其成, 谁都恐惧, 但谁都不知道泡沫究竟会在何时突然破灭的边际, 那个时候香港的楼价天天飞升, 股市放纵不羁,政府官员的工资待遇ー步步攀高, 中产阶级甚至包括所有的普罗大众, 三搞两弄腰包也都很容易被涨到饱满, 直至今天, 很多香港人提起当年的“市面好景”还不能忘怀。

V. "Negative Assets" and "RMB" In the mid-1990s, Hong Kong's economy was enjoying prosperity and fear, but no one knew when the bubble would suddenly burst. At that time, Hong Kong's property prices were soaring daily, the stock market was unrestrained, and government officials' salaries were steadily increasing. Even the middle class, including all the general public, found it easy to fill their wallets. Until today, many Hong Kong people still remember the "good times" of that era.

英国人临走之前把香港整出了一片“锦上添花”的好生活,他们要走了,当然不必太多顾及香港的未来,然而接下来谁继续经营这个高台?谁会想到仅仅ー两年的时间,香港的楼市就会突然下滑,物业市值竟然会跌至比欠银行的余款还要低的程度?于是香港社会很快就出现了一个崭新的阶层,叫作“负资产”,这就是泡沫经济终于孕育而出的人数高达10万户之众的“资不抵债”人群。

Before leaving, the British created a "cherry on top" good life in Hong Kong. They were leaving, so they didn't need to worry too much about Hong Kong's future. However, who would continue to manage this high platform? Who would have thought that in just two years, Hong Kong's property market would suddenly decline, and property values would drop to a level even lower than the amount owed to the bank? As a result, a new class emerged in Hong Kong society, known as the "negative asset" class, consisting of a staggering 100,000 households who were unable to pay off their debts due to the bursting of the bubble economy.

有人说:在香港,当年与“泡沫经济”伴生的还有“泡沫政治”,这是指末代港督在20世纪90年代初中期极力推动的所谓的“政制改革”。这ー急促上马、强行推进的“免费政治快餐”破坏了香港原有的政治生态,树起了政制激变的目标,从而也催生了一批畸形的政客,引发了民主发展认识方面的某种社会性错乱。

Some people say that in Hong Kong, the "bubble politics" was also associated with the "bubble economy" back in the 1990s. This refers to the so-called "political reform" that the last British governor vigorously promoted in the early and mid-1990s. This hastily launched and forcibly pushed "free political fast food" destroyed Hong Kong's original political ecology, set the goal of drastic changes in the political system, and gave birth to a group of deformed politicians, leading to some kind of social confusion in terms of the understanding of democratic development.

中国人历来面对世界都有博大的胸襟,过去上百年我们内忧外患,民弱国贫, 被列强任意欺凌,不得不一次次割地赔款,隐忍屈辱;然而百年之后,这头嗜睡的狮子再一次醒来,“龟兔赛跑”那只不过是ー种精神上的自勉。

Chinese people have always had a broad-minded attitude towards the world. In the past century, we faced internal and external troubles, with weak people and a poor country, and were bullied by the great powers, repeatedly losing territory and paying indemnities, enduring humiliation. However, a hundred years later, this sleeping lion has once again awakened, and the story of the tortoise and the hare is nothing more than a spiritual encouragement.

20世纪80年代以后, 中国人用了 30年的时间不仅让世人看到ー个面目疮痍的大国是如何在艰难中一步步崛起,而且也让世人明白了,说到底,中国根本就不是ー只“乌龟” !因此1997 年香港回归前后,尽管人们已经看到了“山雨欲来风满楼”的台前幕后,但是勇敢承担,必须承担,中央政府和内地十几亿同胞对香港只有义不容辞的满腔热血和坚定不移伸过来的一双援手。

In the 30 years after the 1980s, the Chinese people not only showed the world how a war-torn country could rise step by step in difficulties, but also made it clear that China is not just a "tortoise" after all! Therefore, before and after Hong Kong's return in 1997, although people had already seen the signs of the impending storm, the central government and more than a billion people on the mainland had an unwavering commitment and a firm determination to extend a helping hand to Hong Kong. They were brave enough to shoulder the responsibility, and it was an obligation they could not shirk.

1997年香港回归之前, 无论在内地还是香港, 港币都比人民币要光彩照人, 谁都渴望把自己兜里的那点人民币尽快想办法换成港币或者美元。然而这种情况到了 8年之后突然变化了,不少人开始把人民币紧紧地捂在怀里,有人手里有港币, 甚至赶忙兑换成人民币,悄悄地带回内地存储或者投资。

Before the return of Hong Kong in 1997, both in Mainland China and in Hong Kong, the Hong Kong dollar was more attractive than RMB. Everyone was eager to exchange their RMB for Hong Kong dollars or US dollars as soon as possible. However, 8 years later, this situation suddenly changed. Many people began to tightly hold onto their RMB, and some even quickly exchanged their Hong Kong dollars into RMB and secretly brought them back to the Mainland for storage or investment.

2004年我到香港,记得当时的人民币与港币的比价还是1.06：1。2007年1月 11日,按国际市场中间价计,二者已经达到1： 1,紧跟着就出现了“倒挂”。

When I arrived in Hong Kong in 2004, I remember the exchange rate between RMB and HKD was still 1.06:1. On January 11th, 2007, based on the international market rate, the exchange rate between the two currencies reached 1:1, followed by an "inversion".

2003年11月19日,经国务院批准,中国人民银行宣布开始为香港银行开办个人人民币业务提供清算安排;2004年1月18日,内地有银联标志的人民币卡被允许在香港使用;2005年11月1日,央行再一次决定扩大为香港银行办理人民币业务提供平盘及清算安排的范围,其中包括提高目前一些业务的金额限额及允许香港居民个人签发人民币支票支付在广东省的消费性开支……

On November 19, 2003, with the approval of the State Council, the People's Bank of China announced the start of clearing arrangements for Hong Kong banks to offer RMB services to individuals. On January 18, 2004, RMB cards with UnionPay logos were allowed to be used in Hong Kong. On November 1, 2005, the central bank once again decided to expand the scope of the clearing arrangements for Hong Kong banks to handle RMB business, including increasing the amount limits of some current businesses and allowing Hong Kong residents to issue RMB checks for consumer spending in Guangdong Province.

从1997年到2007年10年间,人民币与港币汇率发生了变化,这并不表明内地要与香港叫板,只是一方面自然呈现了内地经济连续多年快速发展的基本事实; 另一方面国家更考虑在香港回归之后把内地与香港的携手共进放到ー个大盘子里来设计。这不仅会提升香港人对祖国实力的信心,而且使中央政府可以很好地利用香港这个国际金融中心的地位,将香港作为人民币未来注定要走向世界的ー块不可多得的试验田。

Between 1997 and 2007, the exchange rate between the RMB and the HKD changed, but this does not mean that the mainland is trying to challenge Hong Kong. It is simply a reflection of the fact that the mainland's economy has been growing rapidly for many years. On the other hand, the country is more interested in designing a big picture that brings the mainland and Hong Kong together after Hong Kong's return. This will not only increase the confidence of Hong Kong people in the strength of the motherland but also allow the central government to make good use of Hong Kong's status as an international financial center. Hong Kong will become an invaluable testing ground for the future internationalization of the RMB.

2007年3月北京召开两会期间,我为《新闻联播》在香港制作了一期《人民币业务在香港不断放宽》的专题节目。当时设计到莎莎化妆品店去实地采访ー下内地的游客（“莎莎”是内地人最喜欢的购买化妆品的香港名店）,看看到底有没有内地人使用人民币来香港消费。

During the Two Sessions held in Beijing in March 2007, I produced a special report for "Xinwen Lianbo" (News Broadcast) in Hong Kong, titled "RMB Business in Hong Kong Continuously Expanding". At that time, I went to SaSa cosmetics store to conduct on-site interviews with mainland tourists to see if they were using RMB to consume in Hong Kong. (SaSa is a popular Hong Kong store for buying cosmetics among mainlanders).

到了店里,起初我还担心不会遇到这样的顾客, 完全没有想到摄像师刚刚把机器打开,一位来自四川的姑娘就正好在往外掏“银联卡”。之后我从莎莎总部的企业传讯总监口中得知: 近两年来, 内地客人在莎莎买东西, 其中70%不再使用港币而转用人民币。而2007年头两个月,莎莎的营业额比去年同期提高了 8%。

When I arrived at the store, I was initially worried that I wouldn't encounter such customers, but as soon as the cameraman turned on the camera, a girl from Sichuan Province was taking out her UnionPay card. Later, I learned from the corporate communications director at Sa Sa headquarters that in the past two years, 70% of mainland customers shopping at Sa Sa have stopped using Hong Kong dollars and switched to RMB. And in the first two months of 2007, Sa Sa's revenue increased by 8% compared to the same period last year.

截至2006年12月底,香港银行各项人民币业务发展稳步、有序,资金清算渠道畅通,正常开办人民币业务的银行已有38家,人民币在香港的存款余额已实现了 227亿。这个数字虽然从百分比上看, 比起港元和外币在香港的存款还相对较少, 但是10年前谁能想象香港人或内地人在香港存款不使用港币或美元, 却大胆地使用起人民币?

As of the end of December 2006, the development of various RMB businesses in Hong Kong had been steady and orderly, with smooth channels for fund settlement. 38 banks had been operating RMB businesses normally, and the RMB deposit balance in Hong Kong had reached 22.7 billion yuan. Although this number is relatively small compared to the percentage of HKD and foreign currency deposits in Hong Kong, who would have imagined ten years ago that Hong Kong residents or mainland Chinese would boldly use RMB to deposit in Hong Kong, instead of using HKD or USD?

国家整体经济规划从“十一五”开始已将内地与香港的发展放入了一张统ー的蓝图,人民币在香港不断被放宽业务,此举并不会有违《基本法》规定的香港在回归祖国之后“港人治港、高度自治”的基本原则,也不会一下子冲击港币,最终使港币边缘化,而是能够进ー步密切内地与香港的经贸关系,便于两地居民互访和旅游消费,互惠互利,打造双赢。这是初衷所在,愿望所在,将来也必然是结果所在。

The overall economic plan of the country has included the development of both mainland China and Hong Kong into a unified blueprint since the beginning of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. The relaxation of RMB business in Hong Kong is not in violation of the Basic Law, which stipulates the principle of "Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy" after Hong Kong's return to the motherland. It will not impact the Hong Kong dollar all at once and ultimately marginalize it, but rather will help to further enhance the economic and trade relations between the mainland and Hong Kong, facilitate mutual visits and tourism consumption between the two places, and create a win-win situation. This is the original intention and aspiration, and it will inevitably be the result in the future.

六、香港的本能翻开尚不算太远的历史,人们不难看到,香港与内地其实并非只在“’97回归” 以后オ开始交往合作,尤其在经贸领域。2007年3月9日至15日,香港贸发局在海运大厦展览大厅举办了一个名为《商贸世代一香港贸易40年》的展览。

VI. Hong Kong's instinct

Looking back at the not-too-distant past, it is not difficult to see that Hong Kong and the mainland had actually been engaging in cooperation in various fields before the "97 handover". Especially in the economic and trade sectors. From March 9th to 15th, 2007, the Hong Kong Trade Development Council held an exhibition called "Hong Kong Trade for 40 Years: Business Generation".

人们在展览上看到了一样样过去港产エ业的“老产品”,这些“老产品”中,有大家十分眼熟的老式收音机、电视机、大暖瓶、大挂钟以及呆头呆脑的塑料洋娃娃和色彩鲜艳但俗不可耐的塑料花。20世纪60年代是香港物资匮乏的年代,用香港人自己的话说就是“一家八口ー张床”。那个时候,香港的工业刚刚起步,纺织、塑料、五金、玩具就是香港的制造业龙头,“我们由’山寨厂’做起,今天‘串’胶花,明天’啤’公仔,后来オ逐步建立起了香港的多元化的工业体系” 。

The exhibition showcased many "old products" from Hong Kong's past, including familiar items such as old-fashioned radios, televisions, large thermos flasks, wall clocks, as well as plain plastic dolls and gaudy plastic flowers. The 1960s was a time of material scarcity in Hong Kong, and as locals put it, "eight people sharing one bed." At that time, Hong Kong's manufacturing industry was just starting out, with textiles, plastics, hardware, and toys being the leading industries. "We started from 'copycat factories', making plastic flowers one day and beer bottle figurines the next. Later on, we gradually established Hong Kong's diversified industrial system."

香港经济真正的腾飞发生在何时? 20世纪七八十年代。为什么历史选择了这个年代让香港腾飞? 1978年,中国内地改革开放,国门洞开,饱受劳エ、土地不足困扰的香港企业家忽然发现了一个庞大的新天地已经现身于珠江三角洲,就在自己的身边,从此便开启了香港经济与珠三角“前店后厂”的合作。

When did the Hong Kong economy truly take off? It was in the 1970s and 1980s. Why did history choose this era for Hong Kong's takeoff? In 1978, China began its reform and opening up policy, opening its doors to the world. Hong Kong entrepreneurs, who had long been plagued by labor shortages and land scarcity, suddenly discovered a vast new world in the Pearl River Delta, right in their own backyard. This led to the opening of Hong Kong's economy and cooperation with the Pearl River Delta's "front stores and back factories".

香港多种新兴工业迅速崛起,传统行业的经营手法被更新, 快速转向了高质素、高增值的品种, 于是制衣、玩具、电子、钟表、珠宝等等由规模较小的行业魔幻般地变成了主流,从而推动了香港产品整体迈向了国际市场。

Hong Kong's various emerging industries rapidly rose to prominence, and traditional industries updated their management methods, shifting quickly towards high-quality and high-value-added products. As a result, industries such as garment-making, toys, electronics, clocks, and jewelry, which were relatively small-scale, magically transformed into the mainstream, thus propelling Hong Kong products as a whole into the international market.

今天,稍微了解ー些香港事情的内地人都知道,香港作为亚洲最活跃的自由经济和服务性经济地区,她的头上至少有三顶桂冠:“国际金融中心”“国际航运中心”“国际贸易中心”。除此以外肩头还飘动着许多条鲜艳的彩带:“会展中心”“旅游中心” “人才中心” 。这些“桂冠”和“彩带”不是自我标榜,而是有着国际上认可的一系列强硬纪录,其中“金融”与“贸易”,香港在亚洲不仅稳坐“老大”的席位,在世界“集资市场”“全球最具竞争力的经济体系”“最佳营商城市”等评选中也已经成为“老二”;而在“运输”方面,香港凭借维多利亚港天然深水港的优势以及香港人长年不懈的努力,到了20世纪90年代已经成为“全球最繁忙”的货柜港、“全球最繁忙”的国际航空货运中心之一……

Today, even those who have only a slight understanding of Hong Kong affairs on the Mainland know that Hong Kong is Asia's most vibrant free economy and service economy. At least three crowns rest upon her head: "International Financial Center," "International Shipping Center," and "International Trade Center." In addition to these, many bright ribbons flutter on her shoulders, including "Convention and Exhibition Center," "Tourism Center," and "Talent Center." These "crowns" and "ribbons" are not self-proclaimed, but are a series of tough records internationally recognized. Among them, in Asia, Hong Kong holds the top position not only in "Finance" and "Trade," but also has become the second place in various selections such as "Global Fundraising Market," "World's Most Competitive Economic System," and "Best Business City." In terms of "transportation," Hong Kong, with the advantage of Victoria Harbour's natural deep-water port and the long-term unremitting efforts of Hong Kong people, has become one of the "world's busiest container ports" and "world's busiest international air cargo centers" in the 1990s.

2005年香港中文大学曾经邀请台湾国民党名誉主席连战先生来给学生搞过一次讲座,我到现场报道。连战先生讲到他的老师很多年前曾经说过这样的一句话赞美香港,很俏皮,也捎带了一点外围人对香港酸溜溜的妒忌:“香港不就是海边的ー块石头吗?可几十年,人家几百万人竟把自己经营得那么好!”我当时听了,嘴里像含了块硬话梅,很长时间都满口滋味。那么香港的本能是什么? 挖空心思,敢想敢为,无孔不入。这种本能从他们百年奋斗的艰辛历史中可以看到,从回归10年一时身处逆境而决不言败的信心与智慧中也可以看到。让我来举ー个“嘴巴”的例子一鸟儿ー样地栖息香港,哪一天能离得开吃?

In 2005, the Chinese University of Hong Kong invited Mr. Lien Chan, honorary chairman of Taiwan's Kuomintang, to give a lecture to the students. I went to the scene to report. Mr. Lien talked about a sentence that his teacher had said many years ago, which praised Hong Kong in a playful way and also touched on the sour jealousy of outsiders towards Hong Kong: "Isn't Hong Kong just a piece of stone by the sea? But for decades, they have managed themselves so well with millions of people!" When I heard it, it was like I had a piece of hard candy in my mouth, and the taste lingered for a long time.

So what is Hong Kong's instinct? To think outside the box, to be daring and enterprising, to leave no stone unturned.

This instinct can be seen from their hundred years of struggle in their difficult history, and from their confidence and wisdom in overcoming adversity during the ten years since the handover. Let me give an example using a "mouth": If birds settle in Hong Kong, when will they be able to leave without eating?

从传统上说,香港的饮食文化高度发达一酒楼食街遍布港九,全世界各种风味的饮食在这里几乎都能找得到踪影。已经记不得多少年了,人们脑袋里诞生了这样的ー个概念:香港人从早到晚好像都在吃一早茶、午茶、下午茶,吃过了晚饭还有夜宵。一句话,整个香港,如果只计较嘴上的这点事儿,简直就是张“大饭桌” ! 香港是张“大饭桌”,或者说香港一直是享誉世界的“美食天堂”,能不能就把 “天下第一吃”的美名加冕到自己头上?

Traditionally, Hong Kong has a highly developed food culture, with restaurants and food streets scattered throughout Hong Kong and Kowloon, where one can find almost any type of cuisine from around the world. For many years now, people have come up with the concept that Hong Kong people seem to be eating from morning till night, with breakfast, brunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and even supper. In short, if we only consider eating, Hong Kong is like a "big dining table"! Hong Kong is indeed a "big dining table" or, in other words, a world-renowned "food paradise". Can it crown itself with the title of "the world's best food destination"?

2004年开始我常驻香港,那时候香港的经济还没有全面恢复过来,香港人怎么利用“吃”来大做文章?我想不到,想不到以后我会通过“嘴巴”看到香港人的精神世界。 2006年春节大年根儿,香港举行了一场名副其实又感天动地的“大吃大喝”行动,“吃法”的名称起得极响亮一“万人盆菜宴”,地点就选在港岛中环添马舰广场(Tamar Site) ー块马上要建造政府新大厦的空地,这块空地的大小和足球场差不多。

I started to reside in Hong Kong in 2004 when the city's economy had not fully recovered yet. How did Hong Kong people use "food" to make a big deal? I couldn't think of it. I couldn't imagine that I would see the spiritual world of Hong Kong people through their "mouths".

During the Chinese New Year in 2006, Hong Kong held a truly magnificent "feast", and the name of the event was impressively grand: "Ten Thousand People Pot Feast". The location was chosen in Tamar Site in Central on Hong Kong Island, which was about the size of a football field and was soon to be developed into a new government building.

1月8日,这一天离“三九”只差几十个小时,那天晚上香港的气温还不到12 度,这样的天气在北京,还不要说在哈尔滨,根本算不了什么,可是在香港就已经快冻死人了。果然次日清早,我翻开报纸,香港天文台确认:1月8日是香港2006年入冬以来最冷的一天。《东方日报》还登出了一篇报道:因为寒流骤袭,香港“严寒杀四人”。 On January 8th, just a few hours away from the coldest day of winter, the temperature in Hong Kong was not even 12 degrees Celsius. Such weather in Beijing, let alone Harbin, would not be considered particularly cold, but in Hong Kong it was almost unbearable. The next morning, I opened the newspaper and saw that the Hong Kong Observatory confirmed that January 8th was the coldest day in Hong Kong since the winter of 2006. The Oriental Daily even published an article reporting that "four people died due to the severe cold in Hong Kong caused by the sudden cold snap."

然而就在这样能“冻死人”的夜晚,添马舰广场巨大的空地愣是从下午就开始摆上了 !100张餐桌,每张餐桌可以坐下12个人,1100乘以12就是13000 多位食客。我的妈呀,“万人盆菜宴”?我猜想这怕是要冲击吉尼斯纪录。接着打听了一下,果然是。

However, on such a freezing night that could "freeze people to death," the huge empty space of the Tamar Site had already been set up with 100 dining tables from the afternoon! Each table could seat 12 people, and there were over 13,000 diners in total. My goodness, the "10,000-person Potluck Feast"? I guessed this might be an attempt to break the Guinness World Record. Later, I found out that it was indeed the case.

因为要采访,我们中央电视台的记者下午5点多就来到了添马舰。现场风大, 所有纸做的和布做的东西都在风中被抖得哗哗直响。站在“万人盆菜宴”的广告牌前,我手拿话筒,穿着厚大衣还直打哆嗦,这让我有理由怀疑:今晚这么冷的天气,还会有上万人来露天广场吃饭吗?听说本场“大吃大喝”还吸引了很多日本人、韩国人,以及西方世界的各国“鬼佬儿”(香港对“洋人”的称呼)。

Because of the interview, our CCTV reporter arrived at Tamar Site at around 5 pm. The wind was strong on site, and all the paper and cloth items were shaking and rustling in the wind. Standing in front of the advertisement board for the "Ten Thousand People Pot Feast", I held the microphone and wore a thick coat, still shivering. This gave me reason to doubt whether there would be tens of thousands of people coming to an outdoor square to eat on such a cold night. I heard that this "big feast" also attracted many Japanese, Koreans, and Westerners, known as "gweilos" in Hong Kong.

然而不到7点,1000多张桌子就已经被坐满,这当中有香港人、内地人,也有外国人。人人大衣、围巾、手套、帽子,喧闹着等在风中,守着“大盆菜”,等待主办方在广场中央临时搭起来的咼台上兴奋地大叫:“ー、二、三开吃!” 1000多张餐桌、1万多张嘴巴、2万多支筷子,寒风、音乐,火锅冒出来的热气, 其情其景何等壮观、何等奇伟! It was not even 7pm yet and over 1000 tables were already filled with people, including locals, mainland Chinese, and foreigners. Everyone was bundled up in thick coats, scarves, gloves, and hats, waiting eagerly in the wind to enjoy the "grand pot feast" that was being prepared. As the organizers shouted out "One, two, three, start eating!" from a temporary stage in the center of the square, more than 10,000 mouths and over 20,000 chopsticks went to work. The sight of over 1000 tables, 10,000 mouths, and 20,000 chopsticks, along with the cold wind, music, and steam rising from the hot pot, made for a spectacular and awe-inspiring scene.

尽管,香港渔农护理署作为这次“大吃大喝”的主要倡导者声称:本次“万人盆菜宴”目的并不在单纯地“吃”,因为这次“吃”所用的材料绝大部分都由本港渔农户生产,因此如果说有意义,第一就是推广香港本地的渔农产品;第二,借助“万人盆菜宴”弘扬香港饮食文化的魅力,以吸引更多的海内外游客。

Although the Hong Kong Fisheries, Agriculture and Conservation Department, as the main promoter of this "feast for the masses," claimed that the purpose of the "Ten Thousand People Pot Feast" was not simply to "eat," as the materials used for this feast were mostly produced by local Hong Kong fisheries and farmers, it was meaningful in two ways. Firstly, it promoted local Hong Kong fisheries and agricultural products. Secondly, by using the "Ten Thousand People Pot Feast" to promote the charm of Hong Kong's food culture, it aimed to attract more domestic and foreign tourists.

为了满足这次“大吃大喝”的物质需要,我在采访主办单位的负责人时获知, 他们提前准备好了的各种食材竟然超过了 2万斤。2万多斤?这是什么概念?猪脯肉3850斤、活鸡2750斤、龙窟（大型石斑鱼的ー种）2750斤、萝卜3850斤、芋头 2750斤、生菜3300斤,这么多材料还不算其他的配料、汤料以及面条、矿泉水等等, 试问,天下哪有一家酒店一下子能够买来这么多的东西准备ー顿饭?

To satisfy the material needs of this "feast", I learned from interviewing the organizers that they had prepared more than 20,000 catties of various ingredients in advance. What does more than 20,000 catties mean? 3,850 catties of pork jerky, 2,750 catties of live chickens, 2,750 catties of grouper, 3,850 catties of radishes, 2,750 catties of taro, 3,300 catties of lettuce. And that's not counting other ingredients, soup ingredients, noodles, bottled water, and so on. Can any hotel in the world buy so much food all at once to prepare for one meal?

2006年1月8日,香港添马舰广场的1100张餐桌,每ー张桌上只有一个菜,这道菜被装入了一个盆子,大小如同普通的洗脸盆,鼓鼓的,就放在桌子中央,没吃之时上面都包着大红纸,闪闪亮亮。而很多内地人也许并不知道“大盆菜”的来历, 这是香港过年、婚嫁,或者烧香上供时的一道风俗饮食。

On January 8, 2006, 1,100 tables were set up at Hong Kong's Tamar Park, with only one dish on each table. The dish was served in a large pot, about the size of a normal washbasin, and was placed in the center of each table, covered with red paper until it was time to eat. Many mainland Chinese may not know the origin of the "big pot feast", which is a traditional food served during Hong Kong's Lunar New Year, weddings, or when offering incense.

追究它的历史,相传南宋末年（距今大约700多年前）,宋朝的最后一个皇帝赵曷被金兵追赶,仓皇南下跑到了新界,那时候皇帝和他的残兵败将已经是人疲马倦,可新界的村民不懂得宋家王朝就要灭亡,听说自己的皇帝突然驾临了,人人激动不已,家家都拿出自己最美的食物来招待三军。

According to its history, it is said that at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, about 700 years ago, the last emperor of the Song Dynasty, Zhao He, was chased by the Jin army and fled south to the New Territories. At that time, the emperor and his exhausted troops were tired, but the villagers in the New Territories did not know that the Song Dynasty was about to be destroyed. When they heard that their emperor had suddenly arrived, they were all very excited and each family took out their best food to entertain the troops.

当时新界老百姓敬神要用九道菜,“九”表示无限虔诚,于是大家就赶紧制作“九菜大宴”,结果菜做好了,转身发现盛菜的容器不够,急慌之中各家就都搬出大木盆,洗洗干净,把九种菜ーー地放到盆里,这样“盆菜”就世代相传。

At that time, the people of New Territories would offer nine dishes to show their piety to the gods. "Nine" represents infinite piety. So everyone quickly prepared a "Nine-Dish Feast." When the dishes were ready, they found that there were not enough containers to hold them. In a state of panic, each family took out a large wooden basin, washed it clean, and put the nine dishes into the basin. That's how the "pot dish" has been passed down from generation to generation.

我不知道是谁最先想出要把香港家庭式的传统年饭扩大到ー万人来ー起吃。ー盆热乎乎的饭菜,如果是一家一户围在ー起动筷子,这并不奇怪;而成千上万的人围在ー个露天广场,同样的桌子同样的菜,就在瑟瑟寒风中集体大吃,这样的辉煌让人瞠目,让人不可思议,甚至让人想想都觉得可怕! “可怕”?这是不是如今人们评价“天下第一吃”的标准?我突然想到。

I don't know who first came up with the idea of expanding Hong Kong's traditional family-style New Year's Eve dinner to a meal for ten thousand people. A hot pot of rice and dishes, if it's a family gathered around it with chopsticks, that's not strange; but thousands of people gathered around the same table, eating the same dishes in an open square, in the chilly wind, this kind of spectacle is amazing, unbelievable, even terrifying to think about! "Terrifying"? Is this the standard by which people now judge the "world's greatest feast"? I suddenly thought.

2006春节,香港“万人盆菜宴”到底打破了世界纪录,而在我看来,13000多名食客围在ー起,嘴上“吃”的行为是ー个纪录,而想出这个点子并以此来推广香港、创造商机、带动旅游更是一个思想上的创举。

During the 2006 Spring Festival, the "Ten Thousand People Pot Feast" in Hong Kong broke the world record. But in my opinion, the behavior of more than 13,000 diners gathered together to "eat" is one record, while coming up with this idea to promote Hong Kong, create business opportunities, and boost tourism is a creative breakthrough in thinking.

“商机”与“吃”紧紧联系,这不仅体现了香港人的精明,而且也体现了香港人的精神。过去香港人把饭桌当成谈判桌,今天香港人把添马舰广场当成了生意场, 说来香港人骨子里对“吃”所寄予的期望并不是只在“吃”的具体行为本身,后面关联的内容直接是“摆脱困境、振兴经济” 。

The connection between "business opportunities" and "eating" not only reflects the shrewdness of the people of Hong Kong but also their spirit. In the past, Hong Kong people used the dining table as a negotiation table, and today, they have turned the Tamar Park into a business field. Speaking of the expectations Hong Kong people have for "eating", it is not just about the specific act of "eating" itself. The associated content directly relates to "overcoming difficulties and revitalizing the economy".

我在添马舰广场那天晚上高兴,也甩开了腮帮子。吃完了一抹嘴儿,大家议论起这顿饭的价钱:好家伙,每桌“大盆菜” 1800元港币,真贵!可是主办单位在接受我的采访时早就为自己开脱过:“贵吗?不贵!你知道每个人今天晚上吃下去的都是些什么宝贝?” 鱼,那不是鱼,是年年有余! 虾,那不是虾,是大笑哈哈!（香港话的“虾”发“哈”音）肉,那不光是肉,是表示肥美富裕! 蛋,那也不是单纯的鸡蛋,是代表着团团圆圆! 此外更不要说!800就是一定要“发、发、发” ! 试问:天底下哪会有这么便宜的贺年大餐? 香港“万人盆菜宴”,说到底可不是你们北京的“折夢”,也不是东北的“乱炖” 。

I was happy and had a big grin on my face that night at Tamar Park. After finishing the meal, we discussed the price of the dinner: wow, HKD 1,800 per table for the "Big Bowl Feast," that's really expensive! But the organizers had already defended themselves in an interview with me: "Expensive? Not at all! Do you know what treasures everyone is eating tonight?" Fish, it's not just fish, it represents "surplus every year"! Prawns, they're not just prawns, they represent "laughter and happiness"! (In Cantonese, "prawns" sound like "ha ha") Meat, it's not just meat, it represents "fat, succulent, and wealthy"! Eggs, they're not just eggs, they represent "reunion and togetherness"! And there's more! The number "8" represents "prosperity, prosperity, and prosperity"! I ask you, where in the world can you find such a cheap New Year's Eve dinner? The Hong Kong "Ten Thousand People Feast" is not like Beijing's "Zhe Meng" or Northeast China's "Luan Dun" at all.

七、“牙牙学语” 回想2004年9月我初到香港,那时候能够为香港写下些什么原本还是奢望, 千难万难第一难的并不是树雄心立壮志,大显身手挥毫泼墨,而是不懂得这里的语言,无法与人交流,更别提细致地打探这个社会。这就把我绊住。

VII. "Babbling"

Looking back to September 2004 when I first arrived in Hong Kong, it was originally a luxury for me to be able to write something about Hong Kong. The first of many difficulties was not about setting ambitious goals or showcasing my writing skills, but rather not knowing the local language, which made it difficult to communicate with people and to gain a deep understanding of this society. This hindered my progress significantly.

记得安营扎寨的头几天,我一直在整理从北京运来的物品,物业管理人员好心地想帮我,问:“你屋企在几层啊?”我一点都不明白,“屋企”?什么“屋企”?后来知道了“屋企”就是香港人所说的“家”。

During the first few days of setting up camp, I was busy organizing the items that were shipped from Beijing. The property management staff kindly offered to help and asked, "Which floor is your '屋企' on?" I had no idea what "屋企" meant. "Home"? Later I learned that "屋企" is what Hong Kong people call "home".

晚上在浴室洗掉了一天的泥汗,从镜子里看到自己傻乎乎的,竟像个婴儿,又比婴儿多了一层成年人很容易受伤害的自尊心一在香港做记者,连个“屋企”都不知道,今后还要写香港?这不是找不到梯子都想上天吗?不行,我得学习,赶快抓紧时间学习粤语ーー然而ー个内地人初来香港,看看粤式中文还将就,如果把“看”换成了“说”,就要憋死人,什么长音、短音,开口、闭ロ,挺大的人必须非常夸张地遵守一普通话有4个声调,粤语有9 个;普通话有拼音,粤语也有,但是二者完全不是ー码事,开口说粤语,你越想按照拼音来找发音,那越瞎,越会说得乱七八糟,让旁边碰巧听到的人笑得东倒西歪。

At night, I washed away the dirt and sweat of the day in the bathroom and saw myself in the mirror, looking silly, like a baby. But I was an adult with a fragile ego. As a journalist in Hong Kong, I didn't even know what "屋企" meant. How could I continue to write about Hong Kong without finding a ladder to climb to the top? No, I had to learn, and quickly. But for a mainland Chinese who just arrived in Hong Kong, it was bearable to read Cantonese. If you switch "read" to "speak," it's suffocating. Long tones, short tones, open and closed sounds, a grown-up person must follow the 9 tones of Cantonese meticulously, while Mandarin has only 4 tones. Mandarin has pinyin, Cantonese also has, but they are completely different. When speaking Cantonese, the more you try to find the pronunciation according to pinyin, the more confused and messy you will become, making nearby listeners laugh so hard that they collapse.

如果我不亲身体验根本不相信一个内地人在香港要学“白话”（广东话）有多么艰难。不过同样是艰难,香港人就不怕一1997年香港回归,10年间越来越多的香港人意识到他们要想尽快了解内地,尽快地和内地人做起买卖,普通话不过关是不行的,于是就开始自觉地学习起普通话。

If I had not experienced it personally, I would never have believed how difficult it is for a mainland Chinese person to learn "Baihua" (Cantonese) in Hong Kong. However, it is equally difficult, but Hong Kong people are not afraid of it. After the return of Hong Kong in 1997, more and more Hong Kong people realized that they needed to quickly understand the mainland and do business with mainlanders. If they did not speak Mandarin well, it would not be possible. Therefore, they began to consciously learn Mandarin.

2006年5月24日,ー场题为“当中国走向世界”的“中国民营企业海外融资上市峰会”在香港隆重开幕。本次论坛旨在提供一个良机,让香港金融界与内地民营企业家直接对话,为内地企业走向世界提供ー个更加广阔的融资上市渠道。

On May 24th, 2006, the "China Private Enterprise Overseas Financing and Listing Summit Forum" was held in Hong Kong under the theme of "When China Goes Global". The forum aimed to provide a platform for direct dialogue between Hong Kong's financial industry and mainland private entrepreneurs, and to provide a wider financing and listing channel for mainland enterprises to go global.

主礼嘉宾在当天上午的开幕式上有一篇致辞,内容很扎实,比如2006年,如果以市值来计,香港的股票市场已经在世界排名第八、亚洲第二;目前内地在香港上市的企业数目已经超过了340家,总市值已经占到了香港股票市场总值的42%……我想要这篇发言的文字稿,编入新闻,想来可以提高新闻报道的质量,于是就向会务人员要求复印一下致辞的全文。

The keynote speaker at the opening ceremony that day gave a solid speech. For example, in 2006, Hong Kong's stock market ranked eighth in the world in terms of market capitalization and second in Asia; the number of mainland Chinese companies listed in Hong Kong has exceeded 340, and their total market value has accounted for 42% of Hong Kong's stock market total value... I wanted to have a copy of the speech transcript to include in my news report, which I believed would improve the quality of my reporting. So I asked the conference staff to make a copy of the full text of the speech.

不一会儿,工作人员把我叫到了会外,说:“长江小姐, 不必复印了,主礼嘉宾就让我把这份原件交给您。”我接了原件,连说谢谢,然后折返会场,复又坐到桌前。然而展开来ー看,可不得了,脑袋里立刻滚来了一声闷雷, 同时还好像响起了类似交响乐的悲壮演奏一好家伙,这篇致辞的原件以后简直可以进博物馆:繁体中文,2号仿宋体,每ー个字大得都能赛过拇指盖儿,每个“拇指盖儿”的头上还都标着汉语拼音,而且每个拼音的上方还加注了“平、扬、上、去” 的不同调名。最惊人的,开篇首页,有一行中括号,里面用中文繁体写着这样的“提示”：“在朗读本文时需变调的词语,按变调注音。”

After a while, the staff called me out of the meeting room and said, "Miss Changjiang, there's no need to make copies. The guest of honor asked me to give you the original copy." I took the original copy and thanked them, then went back to my seat. However, when I opened it, I was shocked. It was like a thunderbolt hit my head and a mournful symphony started playing. The original text of the speech was like a museum piece: traditional Chinese characters, font size 2 Songti, each character was as big as a thumbnail, and there was pinyin above each one, with the different tones marked as well. What was most surprising was that on the first page, there was a line in brackets, which read in traditional Chinese characters: "For words that need to change tone when reading aloud, follow the tone annotations."

我ー页页地翻着这份致辞,脑袋里一任“闷雷”和“交响乐”滚来滚去一难怪,刚オ我听到那位主礼嘉宾在台上讲普通话,怎么觉得那么慢、那么费劲啊,原来他手里的稿子有这么多的“机关” !想来主礼嘉宾不是刚刚起步学习普通话,就是年龄过大（至少年过花甲）,怎么学也进展不快。

I flipped through the pages of this speech one by one, feeling as if I were being hit by thunder and listening to a symphony. No wonder I felt that the guest of honor was speaking Mandarin so slowly and with such difficulty. It turned out that his manuscript was full of "traps"! It occurred to me that the guest of honor was either just beginning to learn Mandarin or he was quite old (at least over 60 years old) and was not progressing quickly in his language learning.

然而,香港六七十岁的老人干吗还要费劲地学习普通话?还要在几百人的论坛上专门用“国语”来发言?这种事儿如果发生在内地,六七十岁的老人,你让他再学一门外语或者再学习ー种方言, 有几个会接受?儿女若要晓以利害,老人一巴掌早掴过去了。

However, why do elderly people in their 60s and 70s in Hong Kong still struggle to learn Mandarin? Why do they have to speak "standard Chinese" at forums with hundreds of people? If this happened in mainland China, how many 60-70 year old people would be willing to learn another language or dialect again? If their children try to reason with them, they would likely receive a slap across the face.

在我的眼前,近几年,香港政府官员、商界领袖,出租汽车司机、店铺售货员,甚至包括街头的小商小贩,很多人不分男女老少、地位高低,大家“学普”的积极性一浪高过一浪,普通话水平也是突飞猛进,学习成效显著。

Hong Kong, including government officials, business leaders, taxi drivers, store salespeople, and even street vendors, regardless of gender, age, or social status, have shown great enthusiasm for learning Mandarin. Their proficiency in Mandarin has also improved by leaps and bounds, and the results of their studies are significant.

ハ、香港有张“月亮”的脸? 如果我客观,如果我够胆,香港人对大陆客10年前的称呼就不能不提。 10年前,香港人对大陆客的称呼中使用频率颇高的要算“阿灿”和“表叔”。其中“阿灿”,是20世纪90年代香港的一部电影里,ー个没有见过世面、傻乎乎、特能吃、经常出洋相的“大陆仔”。香港人这样明里暗里地看待内地客,不管怎么说都透着ー种轻视与鄙夷。而“表叔”,让人想到《红灯记》里李铁梅的“我家的表叔数不清”,这里面的讽刺甚至调侃就更加意味深长……

VIII. Does Hong Kong have a "moon-shaped" face? If I were objective and brave enough, I couldn't help but mention the terms that Hong Kong people used to refer to mainland Chinese tourists ten years ago. Ten years ago, "Uncle Chan" and "Cousin from the Mainland" were among the most frequently used terms Hong Kong people used to refer to mainland Chinese tourists. "Uncle Chan" refers to a character from a Hong Kong movie in the 1990s, who was naive, gluttonous, and constantly made a fool of himself. Hong Kong people's attitude towards mainland visitors, whether open or hidden, exudes a sense of contempt and disdain. As for "Cousin from the Mainland", it reminds people of "I don't know how many cousins my family has" from the movie "Red Light District". The irony and even ridicule in it are even more profound...

1993年,我到韩国采访后回京第一次途经香港,那时候香港在我的眼里也是ー个地地道道的“外国”,很想停下来开开眼,买点东西。结果我如愿了,但同时也受到了莫大的刺激。因为那一次,我ー个穷记者,竟然敢走进一家金店,迎客的店员开始误把我当成日本人或者台湾人了,赶紧向我拥来,先把我拉到柜台前,让我在ー拉溜小圆座儿前坐下,天热,还特别端来一杯“王老吉”凉茶让我先“慢慢饮“--妈呀,当时我被感动得发誓回北京一定要写篇文章,认真地赞美一下香港的顾客至上,还以为自己真的在香港做了一回“上帝” 。可是这家金店的店员后来一口咬定我是日本人,我就不高兴,说我不是日本人,“ I am Chinese”,立刻,这位店员的脸就变了,头一转,走到了一边,再也不理睬我。我ー连“哎、哎”了好几声,想问问一枚我看中的戒指要多少钱,可他却装作没听见。当时金店里还有好几位店员,个个也都没事,但是人人都跟着装傻,好像他们谁都听不懂我说的英语是什么意思……

In 1993, after my interview in South Korea, I passed through Hong Kong for the first time on my way back to Beijing. At that time, Hong Kong was a foreign place in my eyes, and I was eager to stop and take a look, and maybe buy something. I got my wish, but at the same time, I was greatly stimulated. Because that time, as a poor journalist, I dared to walk into a jewelry store, and the welcoming staff mistook me for a Japanese or Taiwanese person, quickly rushed over to me, pulled me to the counter, and let me sit in a small circle. It was hot, and they even specially brought me a bottle of "Wong Lo Kat" herbal tea to drink slowly. My goodness, at that time, I was so moved that I vowed to write an article praising Hong Kong's customer service, and thought that I had really become a "god" in Hong Kong. However, the staff of this jewelry store later insisted that I was Japanese, and I got upset, saying that I am not Japanese, "I am Chinese". Immediately, the face of the staff member changed, turned his head, and walked away without acknowledging me. I even said "hey, hey" several times, wanting to ask how much a ring I was interested in would cost, but he pretended not to hear. At that time, there were several other staff members in the jewelry store, all of whom were fine, but they all played dumb, as if they didn't understand what my English meant...

十几年前的这份“遭遇”事后让我很长时间都惊诧:香港的店员ー见穷人,变脸的速度怎么会那么快?卿的一声,穷人在富人面前就被扒光了衣服,让人有地缝儿都来不及钻。然而10年后我再来到香港,以CCTV记者的身份在这里常驻,领了香港居民身份证,学会了几句粤语,有时,特别是溜达到大街上,自己俨然也是ー个香港人,可是这件事儿我却怎么也忘不了,好几次都想拿着信用卡,再去ー趟那家金店,非要买回当年我看中的那枚戒指不可!可是十余载光阴,当年的小金店如今仙踪何处我已无从查找,同时身边还有一个拦路虎总是会适时地站出来阻止我、嘲笑我,说人家香港的店员现在对内地人态度早已经和从前不同了,现在内地的很多“阿灿”和“表叔”,如果他们再来香港,大小商铺,店员不仅不会再行歧视,相反, 很多人的脸上还会挂着对待衣食父母般的殷勤。

This "encounter" from over a decade ago surprised me for a long time afterward: how could the attitude of Hong Kong shop assistants change so quickly when they see a poor person? With a slight change in tone, the poor person is stripped bare in front of the rich, and there is no place to hide. However, ten years later, I came back to Hong Kong as a CCTV journalist, and I reside here permanently with a Hong Kong resident identity card. I learned a few words in Cantonese, and sometimes, especially when I walk on the street, I feel like a Hong Kong person myself. But I can't forget about this incident. Several times, I wanted to take my credit card and go to that gold store again to buy the ring that I liked back then. However, after more than a decade, I have no idea where that small gold store is anymore. At the same time, there is always an obstacle in my way, blocking me and laughing at me. They say that the attitude of Hong Kong shop assistants toward Mainland Chinese has changed, and now many "Ah Chans" and "Uncles" from the Mainland will be treated with the same enthusiasm as their own parents if they come to Hong Kong.

2006年新年过后,我习惯地走进跑马地ー家小什杂店买菊花,泡普洱茶。那家小店我过去不止ー次光顾,10块钱ー包的菊花也是已经买过了好几回。可是那天小店里的菊花不知怎么突然涨价了,10块钱ー包变成了 13块,这是怎么回事呢? 跑马地作为香港的“高尚住宅区”,本来东西就比其他地方的要贵,我是因为考虑时间成本,オ宁肯多花几块而不去跑远路。于是就问老板:“头先你们的菊花不是10元一包吗?”老板的脸有我平时熟悉的友善,此时却多了一抹无奈:“没办法啦, 这些菊花都是从你们内地运来的,现在内地发达啦,人民币不断升值,我不加价,亏本啦!”

After the New Year of 2006, I habitually walked into a small grocery store in Happy Valley to buy chrysanthemums and Pu'er tea. I had visited this store many times before and had bought the chrysanthemums that cost 10 Hong Kong dollars per bag several times. However, on that day, the price suddenly increased to 13 Hong Kong dollars per bag, and I was puzzled. Happy Valley is known as a "high-end residential area" in Hong Kong, and the prices of goods are already higher than in other areas. Considering the cost of time, I would rather spend a few more dollars than travel further. So I asked the owner, "Didn't your chrysanthemums cost 10 Hong Kong dollars per bag before?" The owner's face was friendly as usual, but with a touch of helplessness: "There's nothing I can do. These chrysanthemums are all imported from the Mainland, and now that the Mainland is developing rapidly and the RMB is constantly appreciating, if I don't raise the price, I'll lose money!"

回家的路上,我兜里的硬币少了,心里却莫名地漾出来ー样东西,这样东西是什么?高兴,为什么高兴?小店的老板肯定不理解,我自己也没想得太深刻,只是人逢喜事精神爽,嗓子眼儿就涌来小曲儿,哼哼唧唧的,很认真。突然我打住了,自问:“什么?我刚オ在唱什么?’你看,你看,月亮的脸,月亮的脸偷偷地在改变。’” 天呀,我的嘴巴怎么会冒出这支歌,是谁在提醒我什么?

On my way home, I found that I had lost some coins from my pocket, but I felt an inexplicable sense of joy in my heart. What was that thing? Why was I happy? The owner of the small shop wouldn't understand, and I didn't think too deeply about it myself. I just felt happy and started humming a little tune to myself. Suddenly, I stopped and asked myself, "What was I just singing? 'Look, look, the moon's face is secretly changing.'" Oh my, how did that song come out of my mouth? Who was reminding me of something?

2006年1月9日,中国国家统计局发布了关于中国GDP历史数据修订结果的公告,按照被修订后的GDP数据重新计算:1979年至2004年,中国GDP连续25年每年平均增长率为9.6%。为了配合发布这条消息,中央电视台的《中国周刊》栏目特别约我在香港为他们采访世界一流咨询机构ーー高盛公司在中国地区的首席经济师梁红女士。梁女士同意接受我的采访,大家坐下来交谈,ー上来她就反问: “不知道你还记得不记得,1957年,中国提出了一个响当当的口号,叫作’超英赶美’？”我说:“记得,怎么能忘记?好多那个年代出生的人,有人的名字干脆就叫 ’超英‘「’她说对,就是“超英”。现在,2005年,中国经济实カ已经超过了英国,在世界已经坐到了“第四大经济体”的席位,而再过5年,中国的经济还有可能超过日本,日本在世界上目前可是排名第二……

On January 9th, 2006, the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics issued an announcement on the revised historical data of China's GDP. According to the revised GDP data, from 1979 to 2004, China's GDP had an average annual growth rate of 9.6% for 25 consecutive years. To coincide with this news, the "China Weekly" program of China Central Television specially invited me to Hong Kong to interview Ms. Liang Hong, the chief economist of Goldman Sachs in China. Ms. Liang agreed to the interview, and when we sat down to talk, she asked me: "Do you remember, in 1957, China proposed a slogan called 'surpassing Britain and catching up with the United States'?" I replied, "Of course I remember, how could I forget? Many people born in that era are even named 'Chao Ying' (Surpass Britain)." She confirmed my answer and said that in 2005, China's economy had already surpassed that of the UK and had become the "fourth largest economy" in the world. In another five years, China's economy could even surpass that of Japan, which is currently ranked second in the world.

从跑马地小什杂店买菊花回来的那天路上,我一路欢歌,当时想的其实更多的是经济预测专家告诉我的中国“超英”的好消息,下ー步就是“赶美”的时间表（最晚2041年）一祖国大陆在香港正北已然成为ー棵大树,让香港背靠,将来还可以让他们充分乘凉,这是何等令人快慰、骄傲之事!多花了三块钱,我倒乐得像捡了个大便宜,一到家就泡上了一壶“菊普茶”,一人边饮、边笑、边思量。

On the way back from buying chrysanthemums at the small grocery store in Happy Valley, I was singing happily all the way home. At that time, I was thinking more about the good news that the economic forecast experts had told me about China's "surpassing Britain", and the timetable for "catching up with the US" (at the latest by 2041). Mainland China has already become a big tree to the north of Hong Kong, which can provide shade for Hong Kong and make us feel proud and comforted. Even though I spent three more dollars on the chrysanthemums, I felt like I had hit the jackpot. As soon as I got home, I brewed a pot of "chrysanthemum Pu-erh tea" and drank it while laughing and thinking.

1993年,我离开香港时要写的那篇小稿儿,现在,是到了该动笔的时候了。可是写什么呢? 其实买卖人,“无利不起早”,甚至“看人下菜碟儿”,说到底并不是香港商家独有的毛病,天下商人谁能摆脱这种“小气鬼”的胸襟?但是商家看人是不是也有 “看人”的眼光?货真价实、童叟无欺,这当然包含着人类的传统美德,但是“看人” 的学问还有智慧、前瞻与理性。假使今天,一位顾客走进了金店,他买不起钻戒,明天呢?明天是一个多大的变量?想不到“明天”,小店员当然有理由卿地ー转身, 再也不搭理这位穷顾客;可是想到了“明天”,情形就有可能改变,小店员不仅不会再转身,脸上还会继续保持着微笑,因为明天,“穷顾客”也许依然还在受穷;也许人家已经发达一再进金店,点名要的就是ー颗“钻戒”,而且论个头儿,还是最大的,这一点,谁又能提前说得好呢……

The time has come for me to write the little article that I had to write when I left Hong Kong in 1993. But what should I write about? As a businessman, "no profit, no get up early" and even "judging people by their dishes" are not just faults unique to Hong Kong merchants. Who among the world's businessmen can escape from the narrow-mindedness of being a "miser"? However, do businesspeople also have the vision to judge people? Being honest, fair, and not deceiving customers is certainly a traditional virtue of humanity, but the art of "judging people" also includes wisdom, foresight, and rationality. If a customer walks into a jewelry store today and cannot afford a diamond ring, what about tomorrow? How big is the variable tomorrow? If they cannot think of "tomorrow," the store staff certainly have reason to turn their backs and no longer serve the poor customer. However, if they think about "tomorrow," the situation may change. The store staff will not only not turn around but also keep smiling, because tomorrow the "poor customer" may still be poor. Or perhaps they have become rich and come back to the jewelry store, asking for the biggest diamond ring. Who can predict it in advance?

九、内地人难道不该受点“剌激”？香港回归10年,特别是2003年7月开始实施“自由行”,内地人到香港的数量大了,带旺了香港的人气,帮助了香港的经济,这自不待言。但是内地人通过“自由行”自己得到了什么?满足了“来看看”的欲望这是其ー,背回去了大包小囊是其二,那么其三呢?收获了更多精神上的东西,这些“东西”包括开眼、认识,受启发、受教育,甚至包括方方面面的“受刺激” 。

IX. Shouldn't Mainland Chinese People Receive Some "Stimulation"? Ten years after Hong Kong‘return, especially since the implementation of "individual travel" in July 2003, the number of mainland Chinese people coming to Hong Kong has increased, which has boosted Hong Kong's popularity and helped its economy, this goes without saying. But what have mainland Chinese people gained through "individual travel"? Firstly, they have satisfied their desire to "have a look"; secondly, they have brought back large and small packages. But what about the third thing? They have gained more spiritual things, including broadening their horizons, gaining knowledge, being inspired and educated, and even being stimulated in various ways.

让我先说内地人在香港感到最风光的一面: 2006年年初,我的四位朋友通过“自由行”来到香港,她们当中只有一人是首次来港,其余的三位都是多次。这些女人到了香港,一是吃喝,ニ是购物,走到哪里出手都特别“大方”,把香港人看得目瞪ロ呆。比如有一次在一家眼镜店,因为过去我曾经在那里挑上过一副眼镜,大家看了都觉得挺好看,于是就决定让我引路带她们去看看。到了眼镜店,好家伙,有人买了一副,有人买了几副,最多的ー个“眼镜欲望”不经意被突然点燃,最后竟在香港买下了 7副,回到住处摆在床上,白被单衬了 7双花花绿绿的大“眼睛”,还特意请我去看,立时愕得我不知道应该给她道贺还是应该把她痛斥ー顿一“烧包” !

Let me first talk about the most glamorous side of mainland Chinese visitors in Hong Kong: At the beginning of 2006, four of my friends came to Hong Kong through "individual travel", of which only one was her first visit to Hong Kong, and the other three had been here several times. These women came to Hong Kong, firstly for eating and drinking, and secondly for shopping. Wherever they went, they were particularly generous, astonishing the locals. For example, one time in an eyeglasses shop, because I had picked a pair of glasses there before and everyone thought they looked good, they decided to let me lead them to take a look. When they arrived at the eyeglasses shop, oh my god, someone bought a pair, someone bought several pairs, and the biggest "eyeglasses desire" was suddenly ignited and ended up buying 7 pairs in Hong Kong. They put the seven pairs of colorful "eyes" on the bed in the residence, and even invited me to take a look. I was instantly stunned and didn't know whether to congratulate them or give them a scolding!

“从什么时候开始你们内地人变得这么有钱?” 她们走后,眼镜店的小老板问我。我说:“啊,我们内地人比你们香港人有钱吗?”小老板没听出我的“弦外之音”,还接着说:“当然啦,你想想看,我们香港人什么时候买东西是这个样子?大家一般选中了哪些物品,特别是ー些昂贵的名牌货, 总要反反复复地看上好几回,然后等到商店打折了,他们オ会往外掏钱。”

"When did you mainland Chinese become so rich?" The small shop owner of the eyewear store asked me after my friends left. I said, "Ah, are mainland Chinese richer than Hong Kong people?" The small shop owner didn't catch my implication and continued, "Of course! Just think about it, when do Hong Kong people buy things like this? When people choose items, especially expensive branded goods, they usually look at them repeatedly, and wait for the store to offer discounts before they pay for them."

小老板描述的情况基本上是实情,香港人虽然比内地人富裕,但他们毕竟也是从过去的贫困当中走来,因此懂得货比三家、避贵买贱,而且养成了习惯;内地人的富裕虽说只是近几年的事,但是在香港消费却能吓坏当地人。这种“大款”的姿态不只是在证明他们现在的腰包的确鼓了,而且个中还有一种心理的满足,时运轮流转,贫富两重天,一片“翻身道情”的滋味儿。尽管他们在家,完全不会这么“潇洒”,也根本没必要如此“摆谱儿” 。

The description provided by the small shop owner is mostly true. Although Hong Kong people are wealthier than mainland Chinese, they also come from poverty in the past, so they have learned to compare prices and avoid buying expensive things, and have developed such habits. On the other hand, the recent prosperity of mainland Chinese has shocked locals in Hong Kong with their extravagant spending. This "big-spender" attitude not only proves that their wallets are indeed fuller now, but also provides a sense of psychological satisfaction - the feeling of turning the tables on fate, from rags to riches. Even though they don't behave so flamboyantly at home, there's simply no need to show off like this.

举完了内地人在香港购物开心的例子,我就要说说“受教育”,特别是“受刺激” 了。这种“刺激”依我看只有利用“自由行”才能“享受”,如果换了“公务”,出差的人走到哪里,个个有身份、有地位,还不处处都得让自己尽可能地显出“正人君子“样？

After sharing about how mainland Chinese enjoy shopping in Hong Kong, now I want to talk about education, especially the kind of stimulation one can experience. I think this kind of stimulation can only be "enjoyed" through the use of "individual travel." If it were a "business trip," the people who travel there would have status and position, and they would need to present themselves as a "gentleman" in every situation.

2005年9月中旬,香港迪士尼乐园开幕,紧跟着就是内地国庆7天长假的“旅游黄金周”,因此很多内地游客都选择了 “十一”扶老携幼来到香港“先玩儿为快”。 10月的香港,天气还很热,大家在“迪士尼”玩转了一会儿就满身冒汗。

In mid-September 2005, Hong Kong Disneyland opened, followed by the "Golden Week" of the seven-day National Day holiday in Mainland China. As a result, many Mainland tourists chose to visit Hong Kong during the "Golden Week" to have fun. In October, Hong Kong was still hot, and people were sweating profusely while having fun at Disneyland.

同样是热,香港人受得了,内地人却受不了,这本是常情,可是你内地人别在香港的文明世界里肆意而为呀一有人热到无奈,找到一条长椅,坐下来就把鞋子脱掉,赶快放两只大脚丫子出来透气风凉。这样的举动在内地也许并不一定会让人觉得有多么缺少教养,公共场合,又不是密不透风的小屋子。可是香港人就看不下去ーー于是“十ー”长假还没完,当地的很多报纸就开始连续多日有文章指责内地人“没有公德”“没有教养”“当众脱鞋随地吐痰”,甚至“ 一个人霸住了一条长椅竟然躺下来休息”“有人一时找不到厕所干脆就让小孩子随地大小便”,哎呀,香港人对这些简直接受不了……

It is natural for Hong Kong people to tolerate the heat, but mainland Chinese cannot bear it. However, mainland Chinese should not act recklessly in Hong Kong's civilized world. When they feel too hot, they quickly find a bench, take off their shoes, and stick out their feet to cool off. Such behavior may not necessarily be considered uncivilized in mainland China, but in Hong Kong, many local newspapers began to criticize mainland Chinese people for "lack of public morality", "lack of education", "taking off shoes in public and spitting everywhere", and even "occupying a bench and lying down to rest", "letting children urinate and defecate on the ground when they cannot find a restroom". Oh my, Hong Kong people cannot tolerate these behaviors...

面对铺天盖地的“埋汰”,我看报、上网,心里颇不是滋味儿,可是又有什么办法呢?人家香港人数落的难道不是事实? 如果没有“自由行”,如果没有一个社会的普通老百姓到另ー个社会的普通老百姓当中去彼此相见、彼此碰撞,人们也许永远都不会知道凡事ー经“比较”,印象就更加深刻。有几次我回家不知道该对谁发火,ー个劲地对老公说:“哼,香港人真是得理不让人,好像他们自己就不是刚刚从落后与愚昧中走出来。哦,别的不说,光看到内地人到你们香港来到处’散德行’,他们怎么就不看看这么多的内地人到香港来消费,给香港社会带来了多少好处?”

Faced with the overwhelming criticism, I read the news and browse the internet, feeling somewhat uneasy in my heart. But what else can I do? Isn't it a fact that Hong Kong people are pointing out the flaws? Without "individual travel", without ordinary people from one society meeting and colliding with ordinary people from another society, people may never know that everything is "relative", and their impressions will be even more profound. Several times when I returned home, I didn't know who to vent my anger on and kept saying to my husband, "Hmm, Hong Kong people are really unreasonable, as if they didn't just emerge from backwardness and ignorance themselves. Oh, let's not talk about anything else, just seeing how many mainlanders come to Hong Kong to consume and bring so many benefits to Hong Kong society, why don't they see that?"

老公没有顺着我,相反倒是非常理智:“嘿嘿,桥归桥,路归路,你可别把两件事情弄到ー起,这样要是嚷嚷到了外面,显得咱多'护犊子’,多小家子气!” 我明白老公提醒我的话有理,文明与贡献本来就是两个层面上的不同事情。对于内地游客的种种“低素质”,即使香港人不骂,我自己在朋友圈子里也会经常抱怨:“净出来给大家丢人现眼!” My husband didn't agree with me and was very rational: "Hey, hey, don't mix two things together. If you keep shouting like this outside, it will make us look too protective and petty!" I understood that my husband's reminder was reasonable. Civilization and contribution are two different things. Even if Hong Kong people don't scold mainland tourists for their various "low-quality" behaviors, I myself often complain in my circle of friends: "All they do is embarrass us!"

香港回归已经10年,两地人员的交往日益频繁,这个过程人们注定要互相影响、互有摩擦,但利大于弊是本质,“恨铁不成钢”的心理不仅我有,香港人一定也有,只是时候不同、方面不同、层次不一样罢了。

It has been 10 years since Hong Kong’s return, and the interaction between people from the two places has become more frequent. In this process, people are bound to influence each other and have friction. However, the benefits outweigh the disadvantages. Not only do I have the mentality of "hating iron for not becoming steel," but Hong Kong people must also have it. It's just that the timing, aspects, and levels are different.

十、“拆了墙”更是一家 1997年香港回归后,香港作为中华人民共和国的ー个“特别行政区”,每年不需要向中央政府交税,这件事从根本上讲应该是对香港天大的，，利好，，。但是这个话题,我来香港以后很少听人提起,相反2004年我刚到香港驻站后的第一个周末, 记得要和先生上街购买生活必需品,先生说:“记住,兜里头装上点散纸,今天是香港的’卖旗’日,否则,手头没零钱,到时候咱可就得往外掏大票儿。”

X. "Breaking down walls" is a family affair

After Hong Kong's return to China in 1997, as a "special administrative region" of the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong is exempt from paying taxes to the central government. This is fundamentally a huge benefit for Hong Kong. However, since coming to Hong Kong, I have rarely heard anyone mention this topic. On the contrary, during my first weekend in Hong Kong in 2004, I remember having to go shopping with my husband for daily necessities. He said, "Remember to bring some loose change with you. Today is Hong Kong's 'Flag Day.' Otherwise, if we don't have any small change on hand, we will have to dig out a lot of cash."

“卖旗”?当时我并不知香港的“卖旗”为何意,也不知道原来香港的慈善机构在向政府申请获得批准后,每年都可以上街进行ー次募捐筹款,这种活动一般只在每周六的上午进行,叫作“卖旗” 。因此一年52个星期,每次到了周六,满街都是来做义エ的中学生,这些孩子身上都会挎着个大大的钱袋,手里则拿着好几张不干胶的小贴纸（原来是一面面的小旗子）,见了行人就要求你“买旗”。

"卖旗" is it? At that time, I didn't know what "selling flags" meant in Hong Kong, nor did I know that charitable organizations in Hong Kong can apply for approval from the government to conduct a fundraising event on the streets once a year. This activity usually takes place only on Saturday mornings and is called "selling flags". Therefore, there are 52 weeks in a year, and every Saturday, the streets are filled with high school students who are doing charity work. These children carry a large money bag and hold several stickers (which used to be small flags) in their hands, asking pedestrians to "buy a flag."

此时,行人多半都会把ー两块的零钱交给他们,他们就撕下ー张上面印着某某慈善机构名称的不干胶,往你的衣领或胸前ー贴,就表示你今天已经对社会表示过爱心了,别的慈善团体再见到,就会放你过去。

At this time, most pedestrians would give them two dollars in change, and they would tear off a sticker with the name of a certain charity organization printed on it and stick it on your collar or chest, indicating that you have shown love to society today, and other charity organizations would let you go if they see it.

香港的“捐献文化”我曾经由衷地钦佩,历史悠久,社会认同度高。他们捐钱捐物,并不认为自己的行为有什么惊天动地、可歌可泣。曾经有位朋友晚上约好了和我一起外出办事,ー见面她就说:“真不好意思,我得先去找家银行的自动取款机。”我问为什么,她说:“刚オ有个社团组织对内地贫困儿童的募捐,我把兜里的钱都捐了,现在是身无分文,什么事也干不了。”

I truly admired the "donation culture" in Hong Kong, which has a long history and high social acceptance. They donate money and goods without thinking that their actions are earth-shattering or inspiring. I once had a friend who had arranged to go out with me at night for some errands, but as soon as we met, she said, "I'm really sorry, I have to go find an ATM first." I asked why, and she said, "Just now, a charity organization was raising money for poor children in the mainland, and I donated all the money in my pocket. Now I'm broke and can't do anything."

内地人和香港人同根同祖,血管里流淌着的是同一腔热血,因此两相融合本不会生出排异。但是香港人对内地人的支持,内地人深怀感激;内地人对香港人尽了手足之情,不知道为什么,我在香港经常感到,他们却不会轻易地被感动。

Mainland Chinese and Hong Kong people share the same ancestry, and their blood is filled with the same passion, so there should not be any rejection between them. However, Hong Kong people's support for mainland Chinese has been deeply appreciated, and mainland Chinese have shown their fraternal affection for Hong Kong people. I don't know why, but I often feel in Hong Kong that they are not easily moved.

2007年春节过后,我到香港后写的第一本书《晚来香港ー百年》即将付梓,我的那位为内地贫困儿童捐款可以捐到“身无分文”的朋友来到我家做客。我们谈到目前香港与内地的关系,她听我说了很多香港的好话,有些不耐烦,就打断我, 说:“哎呀,从你的嘴里,我怎么尽听到恭维,为什么你对香港人从来就没有一句埋怨?”我说:“是吗?那好,那我现在就说说你们香港人的不是。”朋友洗耳恭听,我也不客气。她最后怎么也想不到我会说出下面这样一句话:“你们香港’不懂得领情’！”之后大家都沉默,过了一会儿,朋友把眼光端正,冲我点点头,同时解释:“香港人不爱说,不善表达。”

In 2007, after the Chinese New Year, I wrote my first book about Hong Kong called "Hong Kong - One Hundred Years", which was about to be published. A friend who had donated all her money to help poor children in mainland China came to visit me. We talked about the relationship between Hong Kong and mainland China, and she was getting impatient with me because I only said good things about Hong Kong. She interrupted me and said, "Why do you never have a single complaint about Hong Kong people?" I said, "Really? Okay, then I'll tell you what I don't like about Hong Kong people." My friend listened attentively as I spoke frankly. She was surprised when I said, "Hong Kong people don't know how to show gratitude." We fell silent for a while, and then my friend looked at me, nodded her head and explained, "Hong Kong people are not good at expressing themselves."

如果小做总结,香港回归这10年,连香港人自己也承认,港人的生活自觉不自觉地已经和内地发生了很多方面的融合。2005年,据有关机构统计:香港共有 2.49万宗申请了“寡老证”的男性公民与内地的女性在港结婚,而香港女性与内地男友结婚的人数也接近了 5000,比4年前整整增加了一倍。

To sum up, even Hong Kong people themselves acknowledge that in the ten years since the handover, there has been a lot of integration between their way of life and that of the mainland, whether consciously or unconsciously. According to statistics from relevant agencies in 2005, 24,900 male Hong Kong citizens applied for "one-way permit" to marry women from the mainland in Hong Kong, while the number of Hong Kong women marrying mainland boyfriends was also nearly 5,000, exactly double that of four years earlier.

2006年,30%的受访香港应届会考生表示愿意“北上”就读内地的高校,香港的孩子为什么会有这样的意愿?因为他们在内地读大学,所交学费和生活费用不仅远远低于赴海外留学费用,而且香港的学生,父母挣的是当地的工资,但是他们的子女在内地却可以享受和内地的大学生一样的学费标准以及政府补贴。

In 2006, 30% of surveyed Hong Kong high school graduates expressed their willingness to attend universities in mainland China. Why do Hong Kong students have such a desire? Because the tuition and living expenses they pay for studying in mainland China are not only much lower than the cost of studying overseas, but also because the parents of Hong Kong students earn local wages, and their children can enjoy the same tuition standards and government subsidies as mainland Chinese university students.

香港政府规划署调查发现:香港回归以前,到内地定居,这种事情对香港人来讲简直是不可思议!然而回归以后,香港人返迁内地去生活渐渐已经成了大趋势, 每两年都以50%的速度增长。

A survey conducted by the Hong Kong Planning Department found that before the return of Hong Kong, it was unthinkable for Hong Kong people to settle in mainland China. However, after the return, it has gradually become a trend for Hong Kong people to move back to live in mainland China, with a growth rate of 50% every two years.

“香港人,”我继续对朋友说要是能够懂得自强不息也懂得领情,那就更好、更可亲可爱。” 朋友点头的频率不断加快,她说:“是啊,其实不用你讲,有时连我自己也觉得我们香港人好像永远都不知足,这种心理是好是坏我ー时也难下结论。” 我说:“香港回归很快就10年了,大家有目共睹,这!0年香港与内地的合作大家都见到了双赢的局面,以后的岁月,两地people就谁也不要再给谁脸子看啦,赶紧手拉手,努力打拼,ー块去追赶日本、美国,那该有多牛?这不就应了《红灯记》里的那句戏文:‘不拆墙我们是一家,拆了墙我们就更是一家’了!”

"If I were to summarize, even Hong Kong people themselves admit that in the 10 years since the handover, their lives have unconsciously integrated with the mainland in many aspects. In 2005, according to relevant statistics, 24,900 male citizens of Hong Kong applied for "one-way permit" to marry mainland women in Hong Kong, and the number of Hong Kong women marrying mainland boyfriends also increased by 100% compared to four years ago, reaching nearly 5,000."

"In 2006, 30% of the surveyed Hong Kong students who just graduated from high school expressed their willingness to study in mainland universities. Why do Hong Kong children have such willingness? Because studying in mainland universities not only costs much less in tuition and living expenses than studying abroad, but also Hong Kong students can enjoy the same tuition standards and government subsidies as mainland students, even though their parents earn local wages."

"The Hong Kong Planning Department survey found that before the handover, it was unimaginable for Hong Kong people to settle in the mainland. However, after the handover, the trend of Hong Kong people returning to live in the mainland has gradually become mainstream, growing at a rate of 50% every two years."

"'Hong Kong people,' I continued to tell my friend, 'if only they could understand self-improvement and also gratitude, then that would be even better and more endearing.' My friend nodded more frequently, saying, 'Yes, in fact, sometimes even I myself feel that we Hong Kong people never seem to be satisfied. It's hard to say whether this psychology is good or bad.'"

"I said, 'It's been almost 10 years since the handover, and everyone has witnessed the win-win situation of Hong Kong's cooperation with the mainland in the past decade. In the future, let's not give each other face anymore, let's join hands and work hard to catch up with Japan and the United States, how great would that be? This is in line with the play line in The Red Detachment of Women: 'We are one family if we don't tear down the wall, and we are even more one family if we do.'"

朋友说:“对呀,几十年后,当中国人在世界舞台上腰更粗了,气更壮了,中国的人口不仅在世界上排名第一,经济实カ以及各种综合国力也都能让全球刮目相看。到了那个时候,我们再举杯,饭桌上不管坐的是香港人还是内地人,人人都有理由喝个ー醉方休、酣畅淋漓!“

My friend said, "Yes, in a few decades, when the Chinese people have a stronger presence on the world stage, with a larger population than any other country, and with economic and overall national strength that will impress the world, we can all raise our glasses and celebrate together, regardless of whether we are from Hong Kong or the mainland, and have a reason to drink and be merry!"

朋友的话说得真好,说进了我的心里,谁说香港人“不爱说,不善表达” ? 2007年4月初的几天,我一连采访报道了几场由政府和民间组织的“热烈庆祝香港回归祖国10周年”系列活动的“启动仪式”。后来得知:仅政府ー个方面, 此次准备拿出来搞大庆的活动经费就高达9000万。而香港社会各民间团体陆陆续续也将要举办的各种方式不同的庆典更是不计其数,当然花费也绝对不在小数一香港人不是很讲实惠、很务实吗?为什么全体上下对“ 10年回归”的纪念如此地不惜重金,如此地倾注热情?

My friend's words were really touching and they resonated with me. Who says Hong Kong people "don't like to talk and aren't good at expressing themselves"? In early April 2007, I covered several events for the "10th Anniversary of Hong Kong's Return to China" series organized by the government and various civil organizations. Later, I learned that the government alone had allocated a budget of 90 million for the celebrations. Countless civil society groups in Hong Kong were also organizing their own celebrations, each with different styles and costs. Aren't Hong Kong people known for being pragmatic and practical? Why are we willing to spend so much money and pour so much enthusiasm into commemorating "10 years of return"?

看来香港人心还是热的,他们不是嘴巴笨,而是该说话的时候オ说,该动情的时候自会动情!

It seems that the hearts of Hong Kong people are still warm. They are not bad at expressing themselves, but they speak when they need to and become emotional when they need to.

（原载《北京文学》2007年第7期） (Originally published in "Beijing Literature" in the 7th issue of 2007)

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Contents

Contents

Li Yan

卷三：6.智慧风暴

卷四：3.香港回归祖国

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 五、在生命最脆弱的日子里
+V. In the Most Fragile Days of His Life
 母亲在上海站见到儿子,泪水掉了下来。
+但母亲马上说:“没事,会好的!”
-但母亲马上说:“没事,会好的!”
+When his mother saw him at the Shanghai train station, tears streamed down her face. But she quickly said, "It's okay, everything will be fine!"
 母亲姓周名邈清,生于!901年。外祖父在清政府尚存时就为她取的“邈清”这 个名字,似乎真赋予她某种东西。母亲一生都坚强而凛然。现在,母亲开始竭尽全 カ地拯救儿子。
+His mother's name was Zhou Maioqing, born in 1901. Her grandfather gave her the name "Miaoqing" when she was born during the Qing dynasty, as if it had given her something special. His mother had always been strong and resolute. Now, she started to do everything in her power to save her son.
 儿子已熬出多种疑难杂症,在上海治疗仍然未见寸功。
+Her son had endured various illnesses and treatments in Shanghai, but there was still no improvement.
 母亲从未失去半寸信心。
+His mother never lost an inch of her confidence.
 母亲自幼没有裹脚,62岁的母亲脚步匆匆,出门请医、寻药,回来煎药,ー碗碗 送到儿子唇边……王选躺在床上,对于母亲夏去秋来的努力,他感到身体的内部有 ー个强烈的声音在说,“你可不能让母亲失望啊”,感到生命力在很深很深的地方 被ー点点地召唤回来。每个人都有母亲,世上还有什么比母爱更无私更让人感动 的呢!在母亲的身上,实际上还有留洋归来的外祖父的理想,白发皤然的母亲,把 顽强把坚韧不拔的毅カ和爱,一点一点地灌输给儿子……在王选生命力最微弱的 日子里,母亲オ是他真正的保护神！
-隆冬过后是春天,王选的生命出现转机,他可以下床走动了。在母亲身边1〇 个月,王选犹如再次体验了诞生。
+His mother had never bound her feet and at the age of 62, she hurriedly went out to seek medical attention, searched for medicines, came back to boil the medicine, and spoon-fed her son... Wang Xuan lay in bed, feeling the strong voice inside his body saying, "You cannot disappoint your mother", and feeling his vitality being called back from the depths of his being. Everyone has a mother, and what else in the world can be more selfless and touching than a mother's love! In fact, his mother's unyielding and tenacious willpower and love were also instilled in him little by little, which was the ideal of his maternal grandfather who had returned from studying abroad. In the most fragile days of Wang Xuan's life, his mother was his true guardian angel!
+隆冬过后是春天,王选的生命出现转机,他可以下床走动了。在母亲身边10个月,王选犹如再次体验了诞生。
+After the winter came spring, and Wang Xuan's life took a turn for the better - he could get out of bed and walk around. Spending 10 months by his mother's side, Wang Xuan felt like he was born again.
 七宝镇的田野和未名湖畔的绿树,又生机盎然地回到记忆,生命如同一只重新 长出羽毛的鸟,渴望飞翔……一个念头冒出来:他想搞ー个计算机高级语言编译 系统。
+The fields of Qibao Town and the green trees by the shore of Weiming Lake vividly returned to his memory, and his life was like a bird that had grown new feathers, eager to fly... An idea came to him: he wanted to develop a high-level computer language compilation system.
 这是ー个近乎妄想的念头。可供研究的资料在国内外都少得可怜。这就像ー 只病中的孤雁想重新飞上蓝天一样不可思议。但是,这是坚定地朝他选定的跨领 域研究挺进！
+This was an almost delusional idea. There were scant resources available for research both domestically and abroad. It was like a sick lonely wild goose dreaming of flying back to the blue sky. But he firmly pushed forward towards the interdisciplinary research he had chosen!
 他开始托人四处收集资料。一天,朋友给他带来了一本《ALGOL 60修改报 告》。王选翻开,像看天书一样,但是,他知道,这是极其珍贵、极其难得的国外计算 机高级语言。
+He began to ask people to collect information for him. One day, a friend brought him a copy of the "ALGOL 60 Revised Report". Wang Xuan opened it, feeling as if he were reading a foreign language book, but he knew that this was an extremely precious and extremely rare foreign computer language.
 “谁托你带来的?”
-“陈鑒獄老师。”
+"Who asked you to bring this?"
+“陈堃銶老师。”
+"Professor Chen Kunqiu."
-陈鑒株就是北大计算数学专业的青年女教师。王选不是ー只孤雁了。此后几 年,他就在上海家中,以惊人的毅カ和卓越的总体设计,与北大许卓群、陈鑒竦、朱 万森等人ー起向这个难题进军。
+陈堃銶就是北大计算数学专业的青年女教师。王选不是ー只孤雁了。此后几年,他就在上海家中,以惊人的毅カ和卓越的总体设计,与北大许卓群、陈堃銶、朱万森等人ー起向这个难题进军。
+Professor Chen Kunqiu was a young female teacher in the computational mathematics department of Peking University. Wang Xuan was not a lone wild goose anymore. In the following years, he worked on this problem at home in Shanghai with remarkable perseverance and outstanding overall design, together with Xu Zhuoqun, Chen Kunqiu, Zhu Wansen, and others from Peking University.
 年夏,母亲为王选整理行装的情景,让我再一次想起保尔•柯察金要归 队时母亲为他整理行装的那一幕……孩子长大,ー个个都飞走了,只有负伤或生病 时オ会回到母亲身边,刚好点儿,又要走了……“妈妈,学校把我们搞的’系统‘列 入了北大的科研计划,我该回校了。”
+In the summer of 1965, the scene of his mother packing his bags reminded me of the scene when Paul Keres' mother packed his bags when he was about to return to the team... Children grow up, one by one they fly away, only returning to their mothers when they are injured or sick, just for a little while, and then they have to go again... "Mom, the school has included our 'system' in Peking University's research plan. I have to go back to school."
 是的,孩子是国家的。65岁的母亲再一次把儿子送上火车,汽笛响了,母亲热 泪盈眶地微笑着。母亲怎么也不会想到,儿子这一去,还将经历另一次劫难。
+"Yes, children belong to the country." The 65-year-old mother once again put her son on the train, the whistle sounded, and the mother smiled with tears in her eyes. Little did she know that her son would go through another ordeal on his journey.
 王选回到北大了。
+Wang Xuan returned to Peking University.
 就像一尾鱼回到大海,有了更多同人的帮助,这个项目终于开花结果,为我国 推广计算机高级语言做出了宝贵的贡献。这ー贡献被载入了中国计算机发展史。
+Like a fish returning to the sea, with the help of more people, the project finally bore fruit, making a valuable contribution to the promotion of advanced computer programming languages in China. This contribution was recorded in the history of China's computer development.
 他首次看到“我们的”研究成果进入应用。这时的王选已是我国少有的精通 软、硬件的“两栖”专家。用王选自己的话说:“软、硬件两方面的知识和实践,是我 后来能够承担激光照排系统总设计的决定性因素。”
+He saw "our" research results being applied for the first time. By then, Wang Xuan was one of the few experts in both software and hardware in China. As Wang Xuan put it, "Knowledge and practical experience in both software and hardware were the decisive factors for me to undertake the overall design of the laser typesetting system later."
 知识向着理想的方向增长,前途像抉择的那样光明,突然,一夜之间……王选 看到自己的名字被涂到墙上,踩到地下。他不是因言获罪,是因“听”获罪。他曾 每天收听ВВС的英语广播,罪名是“收听敌台”。他在下乡劳动的途中病倒,1961 年的病症全部卷土重来。
-他被送到京郊十三陵分校。这儿根本没有医疗条件。失去医疗救治,王选如 同被抛到岸上的一尾鱼,病情日趋恶化……此时,北大还会来看他的人只有陈 鑒钺〇
+Knowledge was growing towards an ideal direction, the future was bright as a fork in the road, but suddenly, overnight... Wang Xuan saw his name painted on the wall and trampled on the ground. He was not guilty of speaking out, but guilty of "listening". He used to listen to BBC's English broadcasts every day, and the charge was "listening to the enemy station." He fell ill on his way to rural labor, and the illness of 1961 returned in full force.
+他被送到京郊十三陵分校。这儿根本没有医疗条件。失去医疗救治,王选如 同被抛到岸上的一尾鱼,病情日趋恶化……此时,北大还会来看他的人只有陈堃銶。
-“王选,你不能在这里等死。”陈鑒蘇说〇
+He was sent to the Thirteen Tombs branch school in the suburbs of Beijing. There were no medical facilities there. Without medical treatment, Wang Xuan's condition deteriorated day by day... At this time, the only person from Peking University who came to see him was Chen Kunqiu.
+“王选,你不能在这里等死。”陈堃銶说。
 王选不知道还有什么办法。
-陈鑒钺说:“回北京,我照顾你。”
+陈堃銶说:“回北京,我照顾你。”
 王选想了想,说:“不行。”
-陈鑒獄说:“我和你结婚,谁还能说什么!”
+陈堃銶说:“我和你结婚,谁还能说什么!”
+"Wang Xuan, you can't wait to die here," Chen Kunqiu said.
+Wang Xuan didn't know what else to do.
+Chen Kunqiu said, "Come back to Beijing, and I'll take care of you."
+Wang Xuan thought for a moment and said, "No."
+Chen Kunqiu said, "Then I'll marry you. Who can say anything about that?"
 同时代的消息与参考故事:
+Contemporary events and reference stories:
 年（王选诞生的第二年）,美国贝尔实验室发明了世界上第一台继电器式 数字计算机;1940年,提出电子模拟计算机的基本概念;1948年,威廉•肖克利、约 翰・巴丁和沃尔特・布拉顿在贝尔实验室发明了晶体管。我把这看作20世纪最 重要的发明。因为只有发明出晶体管,オ可能研制出现代意义的电子计算机。电 子计算机一旦问世就如同瓦特蒸汽机的诞生,标志着ー个新的经济时代诞生。多 年后这个时代被称为“知识经济时代”。
+In 1938, the Bell Labs invented the world's first relay-based digital computer. In 1940, the basic concept of electronic analog computers was proposed. In 1948, William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invented the transistor at the Bell Labs. I see this as the most important invention of the 20th century because only with the invention of the transistor was it possible to develop electronic computers in the modern sense. Once electronic computers were invented, they ushered in a new economic era, like the birth of the Watt steam engine. Many years later, this era was called the "knowledge economy era."
 （贝尔1847年生于英国爱丁堡,1876年在为美国独立宣言发表!00周年举办 的博览会上展示了他于当年发明的电话机,人类的信息传递进入一个新时期。）
+(Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1847. In 1876, at the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, he exhibited the telephone he invented that year, marking a new era of human communication.)
 埃克特和毛奇利1946年发明的世界上最早的电子数字计算机EN1AC,是一台 巨大的装置,占地3000立方英尺,重30吨,用了 18000个电子管,需大量电流,同 时冷却成为主要问题,计算机不能长时间连续工作。同年他们离开宾タ法尼亚大 学,去组建计算机公司以实现自己的梦想。1951年他们完成了世界上第一台通用 的商业化计算机UN1VAC,提供给美国人口统计局使用,埃克特和毛奇利由此完成 了电子计算机从实验室走向社会应用的历程。
+The EN1AC, the earliest electronic digital computer in the world, was invented by Eckert and Mauchly in 1946. It was a huge device that took up 3,000 cubic feet, weighed 30 tons, used 18,000 vacuum tubes, required a lot of electricity, and cooling became a major problem. The computer could not work continuously for a long time. In the same year, they left the University of Pennsylvania to form a computer company to realize their dream. In 1951, they completed the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer UN1VAC, which was provided to the U.S. Census Bureau. From this, Eckert and Mauchly completed the process of electronic computers moving from the laboratory to social application.
 第二章太平村童话