Difference between revisions of "Machine Trans EN 3"

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-'''3 肖毅瑶(On the Realm Advantages And Symbiotic Development of Machine Translation And Human Translation)'''
-[[Machine_Trans_EN_3]]
-===Abstract===
-Machine translation has achieved great advancement since its appearance in 1947, and plays an increasingly significant role in translation market. Then it gives rise to a intense argument among the scholars on the relationship between machine translation and human translation. Does the emergence of machine translation exactly pose a huge challenge or bring incredible opportunities to the human translation market? What might be going on between the two kinds of translation? Will they replace each other or develop hand in hand? How should translators cope with such a competitive situation?
-The author consider that along with the continuous improvement of science and technology, although machine translation indeed has occupied a dominant position in some specific fields, it  still exists certain defects and is improbable to displace human translation.Therefore, based on the distinctive characteristics of machine translation and human translation, this paper intends to briefly analyze their respective advantages in different fields and to explore the possibilities and approaches for their symbiotic development.
-===Key words===
-Machine Translation; Huamn Translation; Realm Advantages; Symbiotic Development
-===题目===
-论机器翻译与人工翻译的领域优势及共生发展
-===摘要===
-机器翻译自1947年问世以来不断发展，并逐渐在翻译市场发挥着举足轻重的作用，随之而至的便是人们对于机器翻译与人工翻译之间关系的思考与研究。机器翻译的应运而生给人工翻译市场带来的究竟是巨大的冲击还是无限的机遇呢？二者的关系走向将会如何，是取而代之还是并驾齐驱？译者该如何应对机器翻译的挑战？
-笔者认为随着科学技术的不断完善，人工翻译和机器翻译在不同的领域各自都具备一定主导地位，但机器翻译仍旧存在一定缺陷，永远不可能取代人工翻译。本文立足于机器翻译与人工翻译的不同特点，浅析二者各自的领域优势，探究其共生发展的可能性以及途径。
-===关键词===
-人工翻译；机器翻译；领域优势；共生发展
-===1. Introduction===
-From the dawn of time, translation has always been of great necessity in every aspects, such as in political, economic and daily life. With countries around the world becoming more inter-linked, it demands much more amounts of translators. Nevertheless, human translators are quite expensive and also limited by time and space. Then machine translation comes into being for higher efficiency and lower cost. Machine translation, also called computer aided translation, refers to using a computer to translate the source language into target language. It is completely automatic without any human intervention. Currently, machine translation has hold a great position in the translation market and has caused certain impact on the employment of human translators. Thus many scholars are concerned about whether human translators could be totally displaced by machine translation. The answer is absolutely not. Obviously, both machine translation and human translation have their own advantages and disadvantages. Machine translation can not completely eliminate human translation, on the other hand, human translation can never completely deny the great role of machine translation playing in the translation market. The relative status of machine translation and human translation is different in some field and both the two has different functions in a same specific field. Therefore, how could translators get along with machine translation in harmony and complementarily? How could they achieve a win-win situation, both human translation and machine translation making competitive progress?
-This paper aims to through a comparative analysis between machine translation and human translation to figure out their respective advantage as well as the existing defects. The author believes that machine translation can be both a challenge and an opportunity, which depends on how human translators deal with such a situation. Therefore, in this paper, the author attempts to present some advice on how could human translation and machine translation achieve a cooperative development.
-===2. A Brief Comparison Between Machine Translation and Human Translation ===
-.1 The emergence and development of machine translation
-The Origin of machine translation can be traced back to 1949，when Warren Weaver first proposed the idea of machine translation, three years after the invention of the first computer in 1946. In 1954, the first translation machine IBM-701 was co-invented by IBM and the George University in the United States, which can translated some simple Russian sentences into English. It was exactly the first system that broke up the mere word-to-word translation and elevated into a higher sentences or text level. In the following several decades, America had played a leading role in the research of machine translation, while this situation ended in an accuse of uselessness to the whole society by American government. The immature computer system did faced great challenge in mass or high-standard translation. Therefore, machine translation research entered into a stagnation due to the shortage of funding support. While in 1970s, with the increasing communication among nations, the amount of literature and other materials in different languages surged out around the world. Then, the explosion of information required much more translation, in which the translators can hardly met the demand for their own limitation of efficiency. Thus people’s interest on machine translation was raised again, and obtained a considerable development. Besides, the gradual maturity of computer also benefited the spread of machine translation a lot. With the continuous advancement of science technology in China, machine translation gradually gained more and more attention. Many researchers and companies began to realize the great value and profit in it and put more and more energy on the research of machine translation. Various systems and softwares emerged one after another, such as Weinder in Canada and SYSTRAN in America. These systems could overcome the problems existing in former ones. In 21th century, the whole word entered into a zone of high technology, in which machine translation industry also made another leap progress. Such translation tools did bring a lot convenience to human life, and enjoyed much more preferment from people for its high efficiency and economical essence compared to human translators.
-According to the classification of computer, machine translation systems can be roughly divided into three generations: simple word-to-word translation, translation capable of simple syntactic processing and translation with a certain semantic analysis function.
-Machine translation in China first developed in 1960s, a few years later compared to the western world. Actually, the appearance of Machine Translation in China mainly was due to the frequent economic and political contacts between China and the Soviet Union at that time. There was a large demand for Chinese and Russian translation, then the machine translation system came into being. From mid-1980s to 1990s, two English-Chinese machine translation systems KY-1 and 863-IMT showed up successfully. Recent decades has witnessed how machine translation gain a foothold in China. Huge amount of invest did help companies make great profits, and these translation apps invented by them, such as Youdao and Baidu, also to a great extent are able to satisfy people’s ordinary demands of translation.
-.2 General advantages of machine translation
-High efficiency. Machine Translation is established on a huge corpus, thus it can deal with a large number of original texts at the same time, and the corresponding target texts can be achieved instantaneously. Also, it is free from the limitation of time and space, by which human translation is highly limited. People can use such translation tools whenever they want to and wherever they are.
-Low or free cost. If a company or an institution wants to develop a machine translation system, it only invest fund before and during the process. Once the system is set up, it can be put into practice directly. For most of the translation app in translation market, users don’t need to pay anything for their translation. Everyone is available to such translation tools only if installing successfully.
-Multilingual translation. With the huge corpus, machine translation system is often equipped with multiple language materials. Users can freely chooses their original language and target language, and are able to translate a source language into several different language simultaneously without no effort. Compared to human translation, it often takes a lot of resources to cultivate a skillful translator, let alone an adroit multilingual translator. A multilingual translator always are considered as high-level talents and tend to serve for some significant matters. Thus, machine translation’s multilingual service is a great option for ordinary people when they are faced with different situation in the background of multiple language.
-Wide translation coverage. A machine translation system is always developed for the whole language system and is oriented for all fields. Although limited by the technology, machine translation still covers a wide range of fields. It is well-known that translation of a specific sort of text requires much corresponding supporting knowledge. And developers always have input a lot of data and information from different fields when developing the system. In this way, machine translation system can automatically make use of related language materials and terms to achieve an appropriate style of target text.
-.3 Human Translation
-Human translation has a long history and has gone through many different period of translation. Western translation can be dated back to the ancient Egypt, and Strictly speaking, the first western translation work was the Greek Homer Epic Odyssey translated into Latin by Licius Livius Andronicus in Rome in the middle of the 3rd century BC. The history of western translation can be divided into several periods: translation in the initial stage, translation from the late Roman Empire to the early Middle Ages, translation in Medieval period, translation in Renaissance, translation in Modern translation period and translation after World War II. While the earliest translation activities in China can be traced back to the Zhou dynasty (11th c.BC) and reached a small climax in the Buddhist translation. Chinese translation history mainly includes: buddhist translation in ancient China, translation of science and technology in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, translation in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, translation history since reform and opening up. Many scholars and researchers have devoted a lot to translation studies, and put forward numerous theories to improve human translation activities. Translators play a extremely significant role in every aspect, such as political, economic life and literature. It do benefit a lot both every individual and the whole human being, both the inner development of a nation and the mutual development between nations.
-To be a translator, it entails endless effort and practice. Basically, they should be proficient not only in the target language but also in the source language. However, translation has never been just a matter of speaking two languages. There is a big difference between knowing two languages and being able to switch between them. Translators should be equipped with many other background knowledge and some cultural information. They have to be a good receptor as well as expresser. Once receiving the signal of original text, their brain has to immediately analyze the text, reconstruct the information and then express the main idea out clearly and appropriately. Although translation should not pay too much attention to skills, it is also an activity of skill. Translators need to have certain translation skills and be able to make use of and adjust proper skills to perfect their translation in different situations. Without any skills but mere rote memorization often leads to nothing. Therefore, even if a translator has reached the language foundation, he will still not necessarily be able to meet the requirements of translation and to be a qualified translator. At the same time, translators in different fields should not only have certain translation skills, but also have to expand corresponding professional knowledge. Especially for those who serve for some specific companies, because when translating company documents, it will inevitably encounter some professional needs. Then, such translators need to have certain professional qualities and have a good command of the professional terms. If the professional knowledge is insufficient, the translator staff will definitely be eliminated by the company, and those applicators will not have any competitive advantage in their application and promotion.
-Compared to high efficient and low-cost machine translation, human translation still has its own defects, which is also partly the reason why machine translation comes into being. Before doing some translation work, the translator must have to make a great preparation, which might take as long as the time during the exact translating work. Besides, a translator cannot deal with several translation work at the same time, and their focus will only be concentrated on the target work. Thus, human translation, not to mention the quality of translation, in terms of translation efficiency, is far inferior to machine translation, because human translation takes much longer time in all parts of translation than machine translation. The limited vocabulary and data accumulated by translators is nothing compared to the vast corpus of machine translation. As mentioned above, cultivating a qualified translator requires time and resources, much more is for a multilingual translator. Therefore, bilingual translators are the most common in translation market, which also brings many limitations to translators' work. They are more likely to be lack of the related background information and cultural knowledge. Translation is a profession of high requirements but also a well-paid job, so only when having some specific needs, people will be willing to spend a large sum of money to resort to translators. However, in our daily life, people often encounter language barriers in many ordinary things, then they would not like to and there is no need to pay for such a translation work. What's more, it is obviously unrealistic to equip an accompanying translator for everyone. As far as convenience is concerned, human translation is inferior to machine translation. In this way, to some extent, human translation is not enough to meet all of the needs of people's life.
-.4 The irreplaceability of human translation
-According to the linguistic, language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Such a short definition exactly capture the main characteristics of language. The word “human” refers to that language is human-specific. While “translation” in Webster means a rendering from one language into another. Thus, translation should have to be also human-centered, and whether human translation or machine translation, its primary purpose is to serve human beings. Translation is a creative activity, which not only have to transfer the content and deep thought, but also language style expressed in original language to the target language accurately and appropriately. However, for machine translation, there is nothing about creativity, whose aim is to only mechanically and repeatedly recombine the words and sentences contained in the corpus and then output the results of such a series of translation process. Translation is never and will never be a mechanical transformation between two languages, but a process of re-creation. According to the different needs of the text genre, the scope of the translator's re-creation is somewhat floating, but it must be digested and absorbed by the translator before it is produced. Humans can meet this requirements perfectly, but machines cannot. That is to say translation only focus on the literal and superficial meaning of the original text but not a matter of free translation, without any spiritual connotation at all. Then, It's hardly for machine translation to express correctly the deeper meaning contained in the original text. Also, the writing style of the target text might become inappropriate or even totally different. When it comes to human translation, although it is less efficient than machine translation, the quality of the translation is often higher, because the work produced by human translation is often carefully considered and polished, and the words and expressions are selected elaborately. Besides, during the process of human translation, translators are able to give full play to their own subjective initiative and carry out creative activities in combination with their own cultural background knowledge. Human's special empathy ability enables the translator to better understand the deep meaning and thoughts of the original text. In this way,  the style of the translation will be much more appropriate to the original text.
-Actually, the emergence of machine translation stems from the needs of people, whose main purpose is to provide much more service for human in order to better serve human being. In other words, machine translation is a product created by human beings giving full play to their subjective initiative. It exists for human being, Then how can it replace human translation?
-Secondly, translation has to take the context into consideration, here the context refers to in which the language is used. Roughly speaking, context can be divided into linguistic context, situational context and cultural context. Translation is greatly influenced by the above three contexts. Linguistic context determines the vocabulary that the translator will choose while situational context and cultural context determines the translation style and the translation strategies that the translator might adopt. As for machine translation, without the knowledge of context, it is quite difficult for it to determine the exact meaning of words and expressions in a specific context, let alone take into account the coherence of the original text and its cultural background knowledge. In terms of human translation, on the other hand, translators always have strong contextual association and cognitive ability, which enable them to grasp the correct meaning of the source text. They can also make full use of their cultural knowledge to analyze and judge the context of the source text, so as to choose some appropriate words and translation strategies and then produce a translation work that conforms to the style of the original text and the intention of the author to the greatest extent.
-===3.===
-===4.===
-===5. ===
-===Conclusion===
-===References===

Difference between revisions of "Machine Trans EN 3"

Latest revision as of 18:23, 15 December 2021

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