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-'''3 肖毅瑶(On the Realm Advantages And Symbiotic Development of Machine Translation And Human Translation)'''
-[[Machine_Trans_EN_3]]
-===Abstract===
-Machine translation has achieved great advancement since its appearance in 1947 and plays an increasingly significant role in the translation market. Then it gives rise to an intense argument among the scholars on the relationship between machine translation and human translation. Does the emergence of machine translation exactly pose a considerable challenge or bring incredible opportunities to the human translation market? What might be going on between the two kinds of translation? Will they replace each other or develop hand in hand? How should translators cope with such a competitive situation?
-The author considers that along with the continuous improvement of science and technology, although machine translation indeed has occupied a dominant position in some specific fields, it still exists certain defects and is improbable to displace human translation. Therefore, based on the distinctive characteristics of machine translation and human translation, this paper intends to analyze their respective advantages in different fields briefly and to explore the possibilities and approaches for their mutual development.
-===Key words===
-Machine Translation; Huamn Translation; Realm Advantages; Symbiotic Development
-===题目===
-论机器翻译与人工翻译的领域优势及共同发展
-===摘要===
-机器翻译自1947年问世以来不断发展，并逐渐在翻译市场发挥着举足轻重的作用，随之而至的便是人们对于机器翻译与人工翻译之间关系的思考与研究。机器翻译的应运而生给人工翻译市场带来的究竟是巨大的冲击还是无限的机遇呢？二者的关系走向将会如何，是取而代之还是并驾齐驱？译者该如何应对机器翻译的挑战？
-笔者认为随着科学技术的不断完善，尽管机器翻译在某些领域早已抢占一定主导地位，但机器翻译仍旧存在一定缺陷，机器翻译与人工翻译在不同的领域占据一定优势，所以机器翻译永远不可能取代人工翻译。本文将立足于机器翻译与人工翻译的不同特点，浅析二者各自的领域优势，阐述人工翻译的不可替代性，以及探究其二者共同发展的可能性以及有效途径。
-===关键词===
-人工翻译；机器翻译；领域优势；共生发展
-===Introduction===
-From the dawn of time, translation has always been of great necessity in every aspect, such as in political, economic, and daily life. With countries around the world becoming more inter-linked, it demands much more amounts of translators. Nevertheless, human translators are quite expensive and also limited by time and space. Then machine translation comes into being for higher efficiency and lower cost. Machine translation, also called computer aided translation, refers to using a computer to translate the source language into the target language. It is completely automatic without any human intervention. (Chen 2021:190)
-Currently, machine translation has held an excellent position in the translation market and has caused a particular impact on the employment of human translators. Thus many scholars are concerned about whether human translators could be totally displaced by machine translation. The answer is absolutely not. Obviously, both machine translation and human translation have their own advantages and disadvantages. Machine translation can not completely eliminate human translation, on the other hand, human translation can never completely deny the great role machine translation plays in the translation market. The relative status of machine translation and human translation is different in some field and both the two has different functions in the same specific field. Therefore, how could translators get along with machine translation in harmony and complementarily? How could they achieve a win-win situation, both human translation and machine translation making competitive progress?
-This paper aims to through a comparative analysis between machine translation and human translation to figure out their respective advantage as well as the existing defects. The author believes that machine translation can be both a challenge and an opportunity, depending on how human translators deal with such a situation. Therefore, in this paper, the author attempts to present some advice on how could human translation and machine translation achieve cooperative development.
-===A Brief Comparison Between Machine Translation and Human Translation===
-====The emergence and development of machine translation====
-The Origin of machine translation can be traced back to 1949，when Warren Weaver first proposed the idea of machine translation, three years after the invention of the first computer in 1946. In 1954, the first translation machine IBM-701 was co-invented by IBM and the George University in the United States, which can translate some simple Russian sentences into English. (He 2021:49)It was exactly the first system that broke up the mere word-to-word translation and elevated it to a higher sentences or text level. In the following several decades, America had played a leading role in machine translation research, while this situation ended in an accuse of uselessness to the whole society by the American government. The immature computer system did face great challenges in mass or high-standard translation. Therefore, machine translation research entered into stagnation due to the shortage of funding support. While in the 1970s, with the increased communication among nations, the amount of literature and other materials in different languages surged out around the world. Then, the explosion of information required much more translation, in which the translators could hardly meet the demand for their own limitation of efficiency. Thus people’s interest in machine translation was raised again, and obtained a considerable development. Besides, the gradual maturity of computers also benefited the spread of machine translation. With the continuous advancement of science technology in China, machine translation gradually gained more and more attention. Many researchers and companies began to realize the great value and profit in it and put more and more energy on machine translation research. Various systems and software emerged one after another, such as Weinder in Canada and SYSTRAN in America. These systems could overcome the problems existing in former ones. In 21st century, the whole world entered into a zone of high technology, in which the machine translation industry also made another leap progress. Such translation tools did bring a lot convenience to human life and enjoyed much more preferment from people for their high efficiency and economic essence compared to human translators.
-According to the classification of computer, machine translation systems can be roughly divided into three generations: simple word-to-word translation, translation capable of simple syntactic processing, and translation with a certain semantic analysis function.(He 2021:188)
-Machine translation in China first developed in the 1960s, a few years later compared to the western world. Actually, the appearance of Machine Translation in China mainly was due to the frequent economic and political contacts between China and the Soviet Union at that time. There was a great demand for Chinese and Russian translation, then the machine translation system came into being. From the mid-1980s to the 1990s, two English-Chinese machine translation systems KY-1 and 863-IMT showed up successfully. Recent decades have witnessed how machine translation has gained a foothold in China. A huge amount of investment did help companies make great profits, and these translation apps invented by them, such as Youdao and Baidu, also to a great extent are able to satisfy people’s ordinary demands of translation.
-====General advantages of machine translation====
-High efficiency. Machine Translation is established on a huge corpus, thus it can deal with a large number of original texts at the same time, and the corresponding target texts can be achieved instantaneously. Also, it is free from the limitation of time and space, by which human translation is highly limited. People can use such translation tools whenever they want to and wherever they are.
-Low or free cost. If a company or an institution wants to develop a machine translation system, it only invests funds before and during the process. Once the system is set up, it can be put into practice directly. For most of the translation app in the translation market, users don’t need to pay anything for their translation. Everyone is available to such translation tools only if installed successfully.
-Multilingual translation. With the huge corpus, the machine translation system is often equipped with multiple language materials. Users can freely choose their original language and target language and are able to translate a source language into several different languages simultaneously without any effort. Compared to human translation, it often takes a lot of resources to cultivate a skillful translator, let alone an adroit multilingual translator. A multilingual translator always is considered a high-level talent and tends to serve some significant matters. Thus, machine translation’s multilingual service is a great option for ordinary people when they are faced with a different situation in the background of multiple languages.
-Wide translation coverage. A machine translation system is always developed for the whole language system and is oriented for all fields. Although limited by technology, machine translation still covers a wide range of fields. It is well-known that the translation of a specific sort of text requires much corresponding supporting knowledge. And developers always have input a lot of data and information from different fields when developing the system. In this way, the machine translation system can automatically make use of related language materials and terms to achieve an appropriate style of the target text.
-====The emergence and history of human Translation====
-Human translation has a long history and has gone through many different periods of translation. Western translation can be dated back to ancient Egypt, and Strictly speaking, the first western translation work was the Greek Homer Epic Odyssey translated into Latin by Licius Livius Andronicus in Rome in the middle of the 3rd century BC. The history of western translation can be divided into several periods: translation in the initial stage, translation from the late Roman Empire to the early Middle Ages, translation in the Medieval period, translation in Renaissance, translation in Modern translation period, and translation after World War II. While the earliest translation activities in China can be traced back to the Zhou dynasty (11th c.BC) and reached a small climax in the Buddhist translation. Chinese translation history mainly includes: Buddhist translation in ancient China, translation of science and technology in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, translation in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, translation history since reform and opening up. Many scholars and researchers have devoted a lot to translation studies and put forward numerous theories to improve human translation activities. Translators play an extremely significant role in every aspect, such as political, economic life and literature. It do benefit a lot both every individual and the whole human being, both the inner development of a nation and the mutual development between nations.
-To be a translator, it entails endless effort and practice. Basically, they should be proficient not only in the target language but also in the source language. However, translation has never been just a matter of speaking two languages. There is a big difference between knowing two languages and being able to switch between them. Translators should be equipped with many other background knowledge and some cultural information. They have to be good receptors as well as expressers. Once receiving the signal of the original text, their brain has to immediately analyze the text, reconstruct the information and then express the main idea out clearly and appropriately. Although translation should not pay too much attention to skills, it is also an activity of skill. Translators need to have certain translation skills and be able to make use of and adjust proper skills to perfect their translation in different situations. Without any skills but mere rote memorization often leads to nothing. Therefore, even if a translator has reached the language foundation, he will still not necessarily be able to meet the requirements of translation and be a qualified translator. At the same time, translators in different fields should not only have certain translation skills but also have to expand corresponding professional knowledge. Especially for those who serve for some specific companies, because when translating company documents, it will inevitably encounter some professional needs. Then, such translators need to have certain professional qualities and have a good command of the professional terms. If the professional knowledge is insufficient, the translator staff will definitely be eliminated by the company, and those applicators will not have any competitive advantage in their application and promotion.
-Compared to high efficient and low-cost machine translation, the human translation still has its own defects, which is also partly the reason why machine translation comes into being. Before doing some translation work, the translator must have made great preparation, which might take as long as the time during the exact translating work. Besides, a translator cannot deal with several translation works at the same time, and their focus will only be concentrated on the target work. Thus, human translation, not to mention the quality of translation, in terms of translation efficiency, is far inferior to machine translation, because human translation takes a much longer time in all parts of translation than machine translation. The limited vocabulary and data accumulated by translators is nothing compared to the vast corpus of machine translation. As mentioned above, cultivating a qualified translator requires time and resources, much more is for a multilingual translator. Therefore, bilingual translators are the most common in the translation market, which also brings many limitations to translators' work. They are more likely to be lack of the related background information and cultural knowledge. Translation is a profession of high requirements but also a well-paid job, so only when having some specific needs, people will be willing to spend a large sum of money to resort to translators. However, in our daily life, people often encounter language barriers in many ordinary things, then they would not like to and there is no need to pay for such translation work. What's more, it is obviously unrealistic to equip an accompanying translator for everyone. As far as convenience is concerned, human translation is inferior to machine translation. In this way, to some extent, human translation is not enough to meet all of the needs of people's life.
-====The irreplaceability of human translation====
-According to the Dai Weidong, language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (Dai 2013:7) Such a short definition exactly captures the main characteristics of language. The word “human” refers to that language is human-specific. While “translation” in Webster means a rendering from one language into another. Thus, the translation should have to be also human-centered, and whether human translation or machine translation, its primary purpose is to serve human beings. Translation is a creative activity, which not only has to transfer the content and deep thought, but also language style expressed in the original language to the target language accurately and appropriately. However, for machine translation, there is nothing about creativity, whose aim is to only mechanically and repeatedly recombine the words and sentences contained in the corpus and then output the results of such a series of the translation process. Translation is never and will never be a mechanical transformation between two languages, but a process of re-creation. According to the different needs of the text genre, the scope of the translator's re-creation is somewhat floating, but it must be digested and absorbed by the translator before it is produced. Humans can meet this requirement perfectly, but machines cannot. That is to say, translation only focuses on the literal and superficial meaning of the original text but not a matter of free translation, without any spiritual connotation at all. Then, It's hard for machine translation to express correctly the deeper meaning contained in the original text. Also, the writing style of the target text might become inappropriate or even totally different. When it comes to human translation, although it is less efficient than machine translation, the quality of the translation is often higher, because the work produced by human translation is often carefully considered and polished, and the words and expressions are selected elaborately. Besides, during the process of human translation, translators are able to give full play to their own subjective initiative and carry out creative activities in combination with their own cultural background knowledge. A human's special empathy ability enables the translator to better understand the deep meaning and thoughts of the original text. In this way,  the style of the translation will be much more appropriate to the original text.
-Actually, the emergence of machine translation stems from the needs of people, whose main purpose is to provide much more service for humans in order to better serve human beings. In other words, machine translation is a product created by human beings giving full play to their subjective initiative. It can be easily seen that in every stage of machine translation operation, almost all require human intervention. First of all, the emergence of translation software as a carrier of machine translation is created by human beings and depends on human research and development. Secondly, the emergence and perfection of corpus technology completely depend on the role of human beings. The quality, field and accuracy of machine translation all depend on the corpus behind it. The higher the quality, the wider the content and the larger the scale of the corpus, the more accurate the translated text will be. Corpus is built, collected, supplemented and maintained by people. Finally, machine translation is inseparable from post-translation editing. No matter how advanced the development of machine translation is, if you want to get a qualified translation, manual post-editing must be essential. It exists for human being, Then how can it replace human translation?
-Secondly, translation has to take the context into consideration, here the context refers to in which the language is used. Roughly speaking, context can be divided into linguistic context, situational context and cultural context. Translation is greatly influenced by the above three contexts. Linguistic context determines the vocabulary that the translator will choose while situational context and cultural context determine the translation style and the translation strategies that the translator might adopt. As for machine translation, without the knowledge of context, it is quite difficult for it to determine the exact meaning of words and expressions in a specific context, let alone take into account the coherence of the original text and its cultural background knowledge. In terms of human translation, on the other hand, translators always have a strong contextual association and cognitive ability, which enable them to grasp the correct meaning of the source text. They can also make full use of their cultural knowledge to analyze and judge the context of the source text, so as to choose some appropriate words and translation strategies and then produce a translation work that conforms to the style of the original text and the intention of the author to the greatest extent.
-===Translation in different fields===
-====Absolute advantages of human translation in literary text====
-One of the reasons why human translation cannot be completely replaced by machine translation is the absolute advantage of human translation in literary works translation. Machine translation is an activity of mechanical operation, and its translated text is far less personalized and creative than human translation, as well as the use of words and sentences and semantic connotation.
-Literature refers to works that use language as a tool and various literary forms to vividly reflect life and express the author's understanding and emotion of life and society, so as to arouse people's aesthetic feelings and give people artistic enjoyment. (Li 2004:23) Translation of literary texts mainly includes the translation of novels, essays, poems, and dramas. Because of the high artistic quality and creativity of literary texts, they have the characteristics of flexible and rich wording, vivid language, and diverse style of writing, which condense the author's thoughts, wisdom, emotion and creation. Therefore, literary translation, to some extent, is a kind of artistic translation, which means to reproduce the artistic image, artistic style and artistic conception of the original work in another language, including the analysis and reproduction of many elements such as theme, character, psychology, plot and environment. The translation process of literary texts is not only the simple conversion of language information, but also the exchange, collision and fusion of social background, culture and ideas between two languages. In order to make the target language readers enjoy the same artistic enjoyment as the original language readers, the translation must be based on the principle of "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance", and it is necessary to analyze, sort out and reproduce the words, rhetoric, semantics and style of the original text in detail. This process requires the translator to give full play to his subjective initiative.
-Although machine translation has the characteristics of low cost and high speed, there are some limitations and shortcomings in the translation of literary texts. First of all, machine translation cannot translate the extended content of the original text. Secondly, machine translation cannot accurately reproduce the characters or artistic images described in the original text. Besides, the machine translation of the description of the environment or scenery is a little stiff, lacking of beauty and charm. Then, the machine cannot accurately analyze the psychological activities and emotional expressions of the characters in the work. Finally, the machine can not correctly analyze the semantics and sentence structure, and the translation is prone to language errors and grammatical errors, which makes people unintelligible.
-Therefore, for better translating literary works, machine translation developers could consider collecting more training data on literature and designing translation systems more adaptive to literary narrative structure. There is a great demand for translating foreign literary works and it is expected that in the near future machine translation may offer support to lift translation efficiency and help promote foreign cultures.
-==== Machine Translation on non-literary fields====
-Although machine translation is not well suitable for literary works, it can exert its great advantage in non-literary texts, because these sorts of texts tend to have low standards of translation quality and accuracy. At the same time, this kind of text translation basically has certain corpus storage in the machine translation system, which is usually a kind of model translation and then machine translation is capable of simultaneous processing of several similar texts. Therefore, for some non-literary texts, such as web pages, news, product manuals and so on, the adoption of machine translation can effectively reduce costs and improve efficiency.
-In our daily life, machine translation also plays a more important role. Machine translation can be used for free anytime and anywhere, and it is impractical and expensive for everyone to accompany a translator. Moreover, the language barriers encountered in daily life are often solved perfectly by machine translation, with no need to resort to human translation. For example, when traveling outside and encountering communication barriers, online translators can often be used to solve problems easily. Human translators, or interpreters, are often only necessary for large-scale events or activities with certain professional requirements, and can fully display their strength to the maximum extent.
-===Mutual development of human translation and machine translation===
-At present, it seems that machine translation and human translation are in a competitive relationship, but both of them still have certain defects, for which they are not enough to completely drive the other side out of the translation market. But on the other hand, human translation and machine translation are also in an interdependent relationship, both are indispensable. In order to achieve the harmonious development of the translation market, human beings should take the initiative to adjust the relationship between machine translation and human translation, making use of the high efficiency of machine translation to compensate for the time-consuming of human translation, and using the high quality of human translation to improve the quality of machine translation.
-At the same time, people should combine machine translation and human translation when carrying out translation work. Machine translation and human translation cooperate in the division of labor. Machine translation deals with basic work while human translation takes responsibility for the relatively complex work. For some regular translations with templates, machine translation can first carry out preliminary translation work, while translators act as post-translation editors, which are mainly responsible for proofreading and optimizing the results of machine translation. Such a sort of working mode can not only save time, eliminating a lot of unnecessary repetitive trivial work, but also ensure the quality of translation results to a certain extent.
-To sum up, developers need to constantly improve the machine translation system, update and expand the corpus of the system in time to match the latest language trend, in case the language materials are outdated. As for the translators, they need to improve their own translation skills and expand their knowledge. At the same time, they have to learn to make better use of different machine translation systems，using them to improve their own translation. Actually, the rapid development of machine translation is both a challenge and an opportunity for human translation. The key point is whether translators can adjust the relationship between themselves and machine translation, and then transform the competitive relationship into a cooperative relationship, in which each other obtain certain promotions and also achieve symbiotic development.
-===Conclusion===
-Machine translation is the product of human seeking progress and improving human life, whose original purpose is to promote the development of human translation. With the continuous development of science and technology, machine translation does have caused certain challenges on traditional human translation, but the impact is not enough to eliminate human translation out of the translation market. In addition, the machine translation system is still not mature enough. Although it is highly efficient, low-cost, and covers a wide range of fields, machine translation still has a certain lag and much room for improvement. This is because the corpus on which machine translation is built cannot be updated in time and language materials input in the corpus is insufficient, and such shortage is mainly reflected in the translation of minority languages. And compared with human translation, machine translation is clearly at a disadvantage position in literary translation. Machine translation is a mechanical restructuring operation of language elements, which lack creativity during the translating process. It is unable to combine the specific context and cultural background to the understanding of deep meaning of the source text, and it also cannot do certain translation transformation so as to suit the style of the source text.
-However, machine translation is not completely in a disadvantaged position. For some regular and programmed translations, machine translation obviously gain the upper hand, such as the translation of instructions and technical documents. It is b because such texts often do not require very complicated translation means, but only need to repeatedly reconstruct various terms that have already been input into the corpus and then output the translation results.
-Standing in the perspective of human translation, there is no need for the translator to be worried about the negative impact of machine translation. Because in any event, machine translation was still a product invented by human beings and all its operation and maintenance cannot be departed from human beings. Actually, it can be said that machine translation is subordinate to human beings. What the translator should do is try to improve themselves, pay more attention to the current translation market, and be familiar with all kinds of translation tools. The developers should update constantly the machine translation to better serve human translation. Thus, the competition between machine translation and human translation can be transformed into a mutual promotion and symbiotic development.
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Difference between revisions of "Machine Trans EN 3"

Latest revision as of 18:23, 15 December 2021

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