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1 卫怡雯(A Comparison Between the Quality of Machine Translation and Human Translation——A Case Study of the Application of artificial intelligence in Sports Events) Machine_Trans_EN_1

Abstract

With deeper globalization, international sports competitions become more frequently. Translation plays an important role in sports communication. Nowadays, machine translation has been widely applied in many fields because of the rapid development of artificial intelligence. This essay will expound the current situation of the application of machine translation in sports events and the future of it as well as make a comparison with human translation.

Key words

Machine Translation; Human Translation; International Sports Events；Artificial Intelligence

题目

论机器翻译与人工翻译的质量对比——以人工智能在体育赛事领域的应用为例

摘要

随着全球化的推进，世界的交流增多，国际体育比赛也日渐频繁。语言翻译是体育比赛时重要的沟通工具。随着人工智能的快速发展，机器翻译已经广泛应用于许多领域。本文将探讨机器翻译在体育比赛中的应用现状与未来的发展前景，并将其与人工翻译进行对比。

关键词

机器翻译；人工翻译；国际体育赛事；人工智能

1. Introduction

With the speeding of globalization, not only does economy develop, but China has participated in more and more international sports competitions in order to build a leading sports nation. In the chapter 11 of Genesis of the Bible, it was recorded that men united to build the Tower of Babel with the purpose of reaching heaven. In order to stop the humans' plan, God determined the human beings to speak different languages, so that they could not communicate with each other any longer. The humans' plan finally failed because of the newly created language barrier. Therefore, language communication and translation exert an enormous influence on exchange. The level of language service not only shows the capability of a country to host events, but also a way to show cultural soft power (Liu Yuanyuan 2016).

Since artificial intelligence has developed so fast, whether machine translation will replace human translation one day has been a heated debate for several years. Machine translation has been applied in Tokyo Olympic Games and other individual events, such as football and tennis. It will also be applied in Beijing Winter Olympic Games and Hangzhou Asian Games in the coming year. Though it effectively solves the shortage of translators, there are still many problems existing.

2.The History of Machine Translation

Machine translation means to process a natural language by artificial intelligence. Since 1949, the 'father' of machine translation Warren Weaver put forward the concept, that there were three periods in the development of machine translation. The first period is rule-based machine translation. Linguists at that time believed that there could be rules to follow in a language, so they summarized the rules of different natural languages and used computers to transfer them. The second period is statistical machine translation. It is a data-driven approach by establishing of probability model to calculate the translation.

And nowadays, neural machine translation has been applied in machine translation since 2014, which is the third period. It adopts the continuous space representation to represent words, phrases and sentences. In translation model, it doesn’t need word alignment, phrase extraction, phrase probability calculation and other statistical machine translation processing steps, instead, it only converts source language to target language by neutral network. It can imitate the human brain’s simple information processing, through self-learning of pre-translated materials, constantly improve the quality of translation (Gao Minghu, Yu Zhiqiang 2019: 72-76).

Nowadays, in the market, Youdao, Baidu and Google are popular electronic dictionary apps in search engine, whose core technology is neural machine translation. And Sogou Company has released two types of physical translation machine, which can be taken to everywhere. iFLYTEK Company is a well-known intelligent voice and artificial intelligence listed company in the Asia-pacific region, committed to enabling machines to hear and speak, understand and think, and use artificial intelligence to build a better world.

Youdao electronic dictionary has a complete corpus, with a collection of Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the 21st Century English-Chinese Dictionary and other authoritative dictionary data. The interpretation is also based on powerful search engine and mass information storage such as popular words, names and abbreviations in foreign languages, including film and television titles, celebrity name, brand name, place name, dish name, technical terms, etc (Wang Yun 2019:240-241).

3.1 The shortage of Human Translators

One of the traits of sports translation is real-time. Lagging message is invaluable. Simultaneous interpretation of sports commentators is the most common way in the race. Translators need to bring the first-hand information to the athletes, coaches, referee and audience. Athletes and coach need to adjust strategies to win the game after getting the indication of referee. Audience can feel immerged in the intense situation and experience the nervous atmosphere. The translator must convey the instructor’s both content and content during the competition or when the athletes face the media, the translation should show a determined, persistent and devoted image the same as the player himself presents to the public and cannot distort the image intentionally or unintentionally.

Second, sports translators should equip with many professional knowledge. Sports English vocabulary is based on daily English vocabulary in combination of professional terms, which has a strong particularity. If the words of referee are mistranslated by translators, the players may lose the game due to one small detail. If the words of players are mistranslated in the interview, the players may be misunderstood by the public, which may exert bad influence on plays’ psychological status.

Another trait is that sports translation involves in many languages. Sports players from all over the world will attend the competition. But nowadays, the translation is limit on English.

Finally, sports translation is usually colloquial, it appears in players’ interview, daily communication. Here is an example: staff of the national gymnastics team communicated with each other about muscle stickers via an IFlytek machine translation: Here is the dialogue: Chinese Staff: xxx的贴布它有很多种等级，有那个练习款，它是不同款的，是哪一种等级你觉得它的品质特别好？ Machine: This xxx cloth has many grades if there is an exercise it is different, what kind of grade do you have you think its quality is very good. Chinese Staff:因为它有不同的产品线，它做出来的贴布品质量不一的。 Machine: Because it has different product lines the quality of the items it makes varies. Chinese Staff: 所以你要的是哪一种型号，并不是所有的型号都很好用，之前我用过基本上很多的型号，都不是那么好用。 Machine: So, what kind of model do you want? Not all models are very easy to use. I have used many models before and they are not so easy to use. Foreign Staff: You were right, this one is very good to prove, everyone knows this brand, and actually a lot of famous sports clubs America and Europe are using this brand. Machine: 你说得对，但这个很好，这证明了每个人都知道这个品牌。实际上很多著名的体育俱乐部，在美国、欧洲，他们都使用这个牌子。

Above all, the requirements of sports translators are strict. Therefore, in current time, the demand and supply of sports translation talents are unbalanced. There is in badly-need of sports translators in both quantity and quality. (Sheng Mengmeng 2019) It is necessary to introduce the machine translation to it in order to alleviate human translators’ shortage.

3.2 The development in Machine Translation

Since Sogou Company released simultaneous machine interpretation service in 2016, it has been applied in a number of international conferences. The quality of products has been well estimated by the industry.

In China Open of 2018 in National Stadium, Sogou’s AI simultaneous transmission first appeared in Chinese sports events. The whole competition from the pre-match media conference to the final the champion interview used it. The Grand Slam champion Simona Halep and 2017 ATP final champion Grigor Dimitrov showed up before the competition talking to the reporters along with AI technology. The journalists asked questions in Chinese and the players answered in their languages or English. Sogou’s AI technology transmitted the real-time translation of the dialogue on courtside screen so that both sides can understand each other clearly. Compared with the past, it required both the interviewers and interviewees with a great command of oral English.

In 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, Japanese government had done research and development on many machine translation devices, ranging from portable translation devices to multilingual speakers. Many Olympic logo posted in stadiums with QR codes, which athletes and staff can scan to select a language for inquiring information. When the athletes arrived at Japanese airport for the first time, they were greeted by robots from Haneda Robotics Lab. The robots acted as multilingual guides to guide international travelers. They also scanned for suspicious luggage or other potential hazards and alert human guards. In addition, stadiums and other venues also had AI communication robots that can provide more information about traffic schedules, directions.