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Chen Jing

卷二：7.步鑫生现象的反思

步鑫生现象的反思

Reflection on the Bu Xinsheng Phenomenon

周嘉俊

Zhou Jiajun

夜归的我，通过长街上一个接一个的窗口，把断续传出来的播音员带着惋惜的声音连成了片：

“闻名全国的步鑫生被免去厂长、经理、副支书职务……他的海盐衬衫总厂决定向社会招标……”

Returning at night, I linked together the broadcaster’s intermittent regretful voices which came out of a window one after another on the long street:

The nationally renowned Bu Xinsheng was removed from the position of factory director, manager, and deputy secretary of the branch of Communist Party of China…His Haiyan(Sea salt) Shirt General Factory decided to invite tenders from the society…

河水沉寂下来，议论戛然止住，出现了瞬息的静场。几年来那种朦胧的、不祥的预感，不幸地变成了现实。我意识到这是历史的抉择，我惴惴不安地赶到了钱塘江畔，跨进了我惦念着的工厂。

There was a momentary silence with river falling into silence and the discussion stopping abruptly. The hazy, ominous premonition of the past few years unfortunately became reality. I realized that this was a choice made by history, and I anxiously got to the banks of the Qiantang River and entered into the factory I kept thinking about.

厂区花圃庭院依然，苍松翠柏，小池立鹤，工人们在操作台前劳动。阳光辉煌地在照耀，但是人们异样地沉默，把异样警惕的目光投射到每一个外来陌生人的脸上。一种茫然的失落情绪，紧锁住大门……

The factory’s courtyard with flower patches was just like before, where evergreen pines and cypresses grew well, cranes stood in a small pool, and workers worked in front of the operating table. Despite the brilliant sunshine, people were strangely silent, casting peculiar and wary eyes on the face of every unfamiliar outsider. A bewildered mood of loss locked the door tightly…

蓦然，我想起4年前的5月8日，在那个向来以恪守传统、尊重旧俗著称的英国名记者尤恩·麦克斯基尔发自北京的通讯中的那句话:“中国浙江海盐衬衫厂厂长步鑫生，如今已成了中国最有争议的人物之一……"

At a sudden, I recalled the words in a newsletter: “Bu Xinsheng, the director of Haiyan (Sea Salt) Shirt Factory in China's Zhejiang Province, has now become one of the most controversial figures in China…”, which was sent by the famous British journalist Ewen MacAskill in Beijing on May 8 four years ago. He has always been known for his scrupulous abiding by tradition and respecting old customs.

我无法准确推测这旧话重提的价值，但这个“最有争议的人物之一”如今又成为人们议论的热点，却是毫无疑义的。

Although the value of this reiteration cannot be precisely measured, there is no doubt that this "one of the most controversial figures" now has become a hot topic once again.

“我要反思。" —步鑫生费力地打开沉默的铁闸，吐出一句话来。

“I am going to have a reflection.” --Bu Xinsheng struggled to open his wordless mouth and uttered these words.

历史的倾诉

History’s Narratives

于是我紧跟着历史，跌入了一个痛苦的过程。我的笔，应该为英雄立传，恰恰我的面前坐着一位自称是一出话剧中失败的主角。

Therefore, I followed on the heels of history and fell into a painful course. I was supposed to compose a biography for a hero with my pen while a protagonist was happening to sit in front of me who claimed himself as a loser in a drama.

反思总夹带着痛苦，带着历史的重压，但是也有那么一丁点儿诱惑的魅力，毕竟它能给人以清醒，以新的前进的动力。

Reflection is always tinged with pain and the burden of history, but also accompanied by a little bit of alluring charm. After all, it can make people sensible and give them more momentum to go forward.

小镇的居民神秘地告诉我一个传说，在遥远的一个乌云翻滚的午夜，钱塘江在狂风的鼓动下，曾掀起过一次大潮，几乎吞没这座古镇。4年前，又掀起了一阵旋风，那样震慑和牵动武原镇父老兄弟的心扉，旋风却来自那位以后经常在电视屏幕上出现的步鑫生。瘦骨伶仃的身子，机灵的小眼睛，滑稽的手势，以及当时被视为不可思议的改革。小镇人多半是善良而拘谨的，时间使他们接受了新的现实，无数的信息反馈，就像贯流镇中那条浑茫的盐平河一样，无时无刻不在告诉他们，古镇又出了能人。于是，这位步家裁缝的后代，又成了小镇人的楷模，他们踏着拘谨的步子，学着偶像的模样儿，一步一步朝前走，古镇活跃起来了，全国活跃起来了。

The residents of the town mysteriously told me a legend that long ago in a midnight with the sky covered by layers of thick dark clouds, the Qiantang River, stirred by the gale, once raised a tide that almost swallowed the ancient town. Four years ago, another whirlwind was set off, which equally shocked and touched the locals’ hearts. The whirlwind came from the one who often appeared on the TV screen afterwards, Bu Xinsheng. His figure was scrawny and bony, eyes small and shrewd, gestures comical and clownish, and his reform was then seen as incredible. Over time, the new reality had been received by the people of the small town, most of whom were kind and restrained. Countless feedbacks, like the muddy Yanping River running though the town, were telling them all the time that another man of ability had emerged from the ancient town. Therefore, the townsmen took the tailor’s descendant of Bu family as their model, walked in reserved steps towards the forward just like their idol, activating the ancient town, and the country.

现在，仿佛又是这条永不停息的盐平河，带来了令人沮丧的消息，那奔忙的钱塘江，又掀起了不祥的狂涛，步鑫生——他们心中的偶像出事了! …

Now, something had happened to Bu Xinsheng-- the idol in their hearts as if it was this ceaselessly surging Yanping River again that had brought the disheartening news and it was the rushing Qiantang River that had raised ominous gigantic waves again! …

那一天，走进他自行设计的、带有农村味的豪华接待室，我的心情有点沉重，我想在回顾逝去的历史中，寻觅这个神奇人物的踪迹。

印花地毯，工艺精巧的高背藤椅、茶几，嵌镜的墙壁，闪光的产品陈列柜，菱形吊灯，好像经过精心的拭擦，却总感到蒙着一层尘雾、一层阴晦。

That day, walking into his self-designed luxurious reception hall with a rural flavor, I was so depressed that I wanted to look back on the passing history to look for the traces of this magical man.

Printed carpet, crafted high-backed rattan-woven chairs, end table, walls with mirror embedded, glittering product display cabinets, diamond-shaped chandeliers, as if carefully wiped, but seemingly were covered with a film of dust and mist and a layer of obscurity.

这几年，他已不再接待记者 ,他的这种固执引起过麻烦。今天，他破例接待了我。

他坐在三人藤椅中间特意准备的海绵软垫上。他更瘦了，坐着，仿佛远山之间隐约的一个点。如是而已。

他对我凝目注视，似探询，似回答：

你要知道什么呢？失败？成功？幕起？幕落？

In the past few years, he had stopped receiving journalists, and his stubbornness had caused trouble. Today, he made an exception and received me.

He sat on a customized sponge cushion in the middle of a three-person rattan-woven chair. With a leaner body, he sat there looking like a looming dot between distant mountains. That's all.

He gazed at me, as if inquiring, as if answering:

What do you want to know? Failure? Success? Curtain up? Curtain down?

我猛然想起，一位省委书记说他是夏伯阳式的人物。可是，我却产生了奇怪的念头，在我写他几篇数万字的文章时，总有一个不祥的预感，无端地困扰着我。

It occurred to me that a provincial secretary said he was a Xia Boyang-type character. However, I had strange thoughts. When I was writing his several tens of thousands of words, there was always an ominous premonition that bothered me for no reason.

到过武原镇的人都知道，小镇的桥南有一家茶馆，人们捧着油亮发黑的茶壶，议论的老话题是步家裁缝的兴衰，带着一种同情、惋惜和小城人士的世故，哀叹: 唉，这个步鑫生！

People who had been to the Wuyuan town know that in the south of the town's bridge sat a teahouse, where people were holding a glossy black teapot and discussing the same old topic, the rise and fall of the tailor Bu’s family. “Alas, this Bu Xinsheng!” They lamented with sympathy, regret, and the worldliness of small-town residents.

然而，从几张长着几颗老黄牙的嘴和一只墙角上的“喇叭头”所获信息毕竟是有限的。他们习惯依据的是盛极衰来的道家老皇历。

However, the information obtained from the mouths with a few yellow teeth, and a “loudspeaker” on the corner is, after all, limited. What they are accustomed to rely on was the Taoist cliché of declining after the heydays.

小镇的盛典

A Grand Ceremony of the Town

越发精瘦的步鑫生，显得茫然、颓丧，同时，仍有荣耀之人的傲气：“我现在承受的压力，是任何一位厂长所经受不住的。”他机灵的眼睛扫视着辉煌的四壁，然后又愣愣地望着我。

The increasingly leaner Bu Xinsheng looked bewildered and dispirited, but at the same time, still had the arrogance of an honorable man: “The pressure I bear now is more than any factory manager could ever endure.” His quick-witted eyes swept the splendid walls, and then stared blankly at me.

可不，我曾是他这段历史的同路人。

1984年盛夏，这位被中央指名号召学习的改革者也是坐在这只三人藤椅上发出了他的命令∶就是要像模像样地庆祝一番！

Exactly, I was a fellow traveler in this part of his history.

In the midsummer of 1984, the reformer, who had been mentioned and called upon by the central committee to learn from him, also sat in this three-person rattan-woven chair and gave his orders: celebrate in style!

一周以后，这里出现了旷古未有的盛典：

是日，上海市、浙江省有关机关、单位、新闻界都来了人。轿车几乎把小镇街道挤满，公安局出动了民警来维持秩序。小镇上爆竹声此起彼伏，处处飘荡着煎鱼烧肉的香味，见人开饭，十人一桌，台上表演的是闻名全国的三个大剧团的拿手好戏。歌颂改革英雄，谁不趋之若鹜！

大幕拉开，步鑫生，在灯光追踪下，米色的西装笔挺，红色领带闪烁光彩，昂首，宣读受他奖励的全国参加报道他的工厂改革业绩的记者名单。 ……

A week later, there was an unprecedented event:

On that day, this town welcomed many people from the authorities, institutions and press. The cars almost blocked the streets of the town, and the Public Security Bureau sent out the police to maintain order. The sound of firecrackers boomed hither and thither, and the aroma of fried fish and roasted meat was floating everywhere. The meal was served to ten people at a table, and three major opera troupes, which enjoyed nationwide fame, performed their best plays one by one on the stage. Who wouldn't be in a hurry to glorify a reform hero!

As the curtain opening, tracked by lights, Bu Xinsheng in his sharp beige suit and red tie shimmering with brilliance, held his head high and read out the list of journalists nationwide who had been rewarded by him for their participation in reporting on his factory’s reform performance.

是夜，小镇人一夜未眠。步鑫生兴奋地思考小镇的命运、国家的命运。改革，这个新鲜而有着无限魅力的字眼，从此在古镇上扎下了根。

步鑫生，满面红光，又坐到三人藤椅上来。十里长席，终于散了，小镇出现了狂欢后的冷寂，似乎连小镇原先的繁荣都跟着盛典的旋风而远去了。

That night, they stayed awake all night. Bu Xinsheng excitedly thought about the fate of the town, the fate of the country. Reform, what a novel word with infinite attractiveness, has since taken root in this ancient town.

Beaming ruddy, Bu Xinsheng sat on that rattan chair again. The feast which extended quite long on the streets of the town finally ended. The town appeared to be gloomy and silent after the revelry, as if even the original prosperity of the town was taken away by the whirlwind of the ceremony.

还是这间被来访者赞誉备至的接待室里，步鑫生端坐在长藤椅上，手上摆弄的是来自全国十几个省市签订的数十万件衬衫的订单，然后，便不屑一顾地将它摞在面前的茶几上。他有点儿不能自已。是的，就是要改革，没有改革，就没有步鑫生——

他有点幻觉，却又是事实。他清晰地记得，半月前的那天晚上，中央人民广播电台重要预告新闻里的话：明天有重要广播，本社明天有重要广播……隔天就广播了关于他的改革的事迹、中央的批示。

Still in this reception room highly praised by visitors, Bu Xinsheng sat on a long rattan chair, fiddled with orders for hundreds of thousands of shirts signed with a dozen provinces and cities across the country, and then, stacked them casually on the coffee table in front of him. He kind of couldn’t calm himself down. Yes, just have to reform, without reform, there is no Bu Xinsheng—

He was a little disillusioned, yet it was true. He vividly remembered, that night half a month ago, the words in China National Radio’s important forecast news: tomorrow there is an important broadcast, we have an important broadcast tomorrow…the next day, his deeds of reform and the instructions from the central government were broadcast.

步家裁缝后代有很好的记忆，这样庄重的仪式，在几年前有过一次，那就是播送十一届三中全会公报的前夜。当然，他没有理解此举的深层含义。

The descendant of tailor Bu’s family had a good memory of such a solemn ceremony. Another alike ceremony took place once a few years ago, the night before the broadcast of the Communiqué of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee. Of course, he did not get the deeper meaning of this act.

从小就拈针引线的步家裁缝后裔，没有读过几年书，缺乏现代人的价值观，但是他强烈地要求改变现状，要发展他小小的工厂，打出他的牌子。一句话，商品经济的规律，促使他需要冲破多来年套用的陈规旧习，旧的框框，旧的机制，他自然地喊出了“不改革就没有出路”顺乎潮流的呼声。加上他的机灵、大胆，于是，决口在这儿被他打开了，他取得了人们已经知道的胜利和拥护！政府及时抓住这个典型，推向全国！

As a descendant of a tailor family who had done needlework from childhood, he hadn’t studied for several years and lacked modern ideas, but he urged to change the status quo, to develop his tiny factory and build his brand. In a word, the laws of the commodity economy prompted him to break through the outdated rules and old mechanisms that had been applied for many years, and he naturally shouted “no reform, no way out” in line with the trend. Coupled with his resourcefulness and audacity, the junction was thus opened by him here, and he achieved the victory and advocacy that people already knew! The government seized this example in time to promote it to the whole country!

县委的一位报道组组长告诉我，他做了一个粗略的统计，自从共和国的太阳普照大地至今，报纸杂志上宣传个人事迹的文章之多，也许除了雷锋，就是步鑫生了！

A report team leader of the county party committee told me that he made a rough statistic, since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the personage who had been reported so many articles in newspapers and magazines that promoted their personal deeds, in addition to Lei Feng, has to be Bu Xinsheng.

但，如果把我国几年前所开始进行的改革看作是一次革命，对于这位小镇能人的宣传就不足为奇了。

那时，人们不仅熟读了关于他的报道，也熟悉了电视屏幕上他那瘦小好动的形象、带点滑稽味儿的手势、过分自信的谈吐。

只要他在屏幕上一出现，观众都能叫出:步—鑫—生！

However, if the reform that our country started a few years ago was seen as a revolution, the propaganda for this competent town man was not a surprising thing.

At that time, people were not only familiar with the reports about him, but also with his thin and active image on the TV screen, with a bit of comic gestures and overconfident talk.

As soon as he appeared on the screen, the audience could call out: Bu-Xin-Sheng!

中国，第一流的西装线和第一块大石头

China, the First-class Suit Production Line, and the First Boulder

胜利，是人们所向往的，但急于胜利又往往成为导向失败的指路牌。

今天，人们在议论他决策失误的时候，第一热点是西装，这曾是一股困惑成千上万经营者的怪潮。

深夜，接待室灯火辉煌。工人们是熟悉的，这个灯光告诉他们，他们的厂长在思考，在工作，在开会。他们信任自己的司令员，灯光给他们欣慰。

Victory is what people aspire to, but the eagerness to win often become the guiding sign of failure.

Today, when people talk about his decision-making mistakes, the first hot spot is the suit, which had been a strange trend that confused thousands of operators.

Late at night, the reception room was ablaze with lights. The workers were familiar with this sight, which told them that their plant manager was thinking, working, and having a meeting. They trusted their commander and the light gave them comfort.

他们怎么也不会想到，他们信赖的带头人进行的是一项导致翻船的错误决策。

室内烟雾弥漫，每个人都困倦了，有人甚至在打盹。但是，他们运筹帷幄的却是决定工厂命运的大事。

They would never have anticipated that their reliable leader was making a wrong decision that led to the capsizing of the ship.

Everyone was sleepy and some were even nodding off in the smoky room. But what they were deploying was a major event that would determine the fate of the plant.

“老步，我们可以做做西装。”二轻局局长，又被称为"政委" 的老沈从蝴蝶花纹藤椅上直起身，凝视着步鑫生说。

“Bu Senior, we can try to make suits.” The director of the Second Light Industry Bureau, also known as the “political commissar”, said Shen senior, who straightened up from the rattan chair butterfly pattern and stared at Bu Xinsheng.

西装热，这是一股从 1983 年底形成，1984 年即进人高潮的带点滑稽、讽刺味道的旋风。有些人把穿西装作为时髦、拥护改革的标志。从庄严的人民大会堂上的要人，到普通老百姓，从公司经理到街头卖生煎馒头的个体户，从笔挺挺的到皱巴巴的西装，穿到各色人等的身上，买的、送的、半买半送的。西装走红就像发生在中国的“国际玩笑”。就在这家衬衫厂里，每天像蚕宝宝吐丝，成百成千条的领带哗哗地往外吐。

Suit fever, a comical and ironic whirlwind that took shape in late 1983 and culminated in 1984. Wearing a suit was seen as a sign of being fashionable and embracing reform. People from dignitaries in the solemn Great Hall of the People, to ordinary people, from company managers to self-employed sellers of fried buns on the street, worn tailored or crumpled suits, either bought, or given, or half bought, half given. The popularity of suits was like an “international joke” that happened in China. In this shirt factory, like a baby silkworm spitting silk, hundreds and thousands of ties were spitting out every day.

“不——搞！”他终于表态了，轻轻地摇摇头，但是，他那双机灵的小眼睛分明在告诉你，他正认认真真地盘算着哩，我步鑫生不傻哩！这位祖上承制过清朝官宦、商贾宝眷们花衫旗袍的老裁缝后代，正毫不含糊地在他灵活的脑子里盘算着利害得失呢！

“No--engage!” He finally took a stand and shook his head gently, but his smart little eyes were clearly telling you that he was seriously calculating. I, Bu Xinsheng, am not stupid! The descendant of the old tailor, who made floral cheongsams for the officials and merchants of the Qing Dynasty, was acutely weighing the pros and cons in his nimble mind!

步鑫生站起来，又一次坚定地回答：“不，我是从衬衫发展起来的，不搞西装！”

这是春天。越过了夏天，秋天来临了。

这位老沈又来了：“嘉兴搞了，海宁也在搞，我们小搞搞吧！”

Bu Xinsheng stood up and replied firmly once again, “No, my business developed from the shirt, not the suit!”

It was spring. Autumn arrived after the summer.

This Mr. Shen came again: “Jiaxing is engaged, so is Haining. Let's engage in a small scale!”

于是，领带车间建立了，印染车间建立了，庞大的衬衫车间正在生产着“三毛”“双燕”“唐人”这些引为殊荣的产品，再建立一个西装厂，那不就成龙配套了吗? 眼前已经出现了宏伟景象，使改革家的雄心勃发了。

“搞！”向来坐不住的厂长蹭地从藤椅上站起来，挥动着人们在电视里熟悉的手势，瞪大了机灵的小眼睛，“好，8万套。搞条流水线，进口，去日本！”

Thereupon, the tie workshop was founded, as well as the printing and dyeing workshop. The huge shirt workshop was producing remarkable products such as “Sanmao”, “Shuangyan” and “Tangren”. If another suit factory was established, it will be a one-stop package, right? A grand scene emerging in front of the eyes made the reformer's ambition burgeoned.

“Engage!” The factory manager, who had never been able to sit still, stood up from his rattan chair, waved the gestures that people saw on TV, and had his smart little eyes wide open, “Alright, 80,000 sets. Get an assembly line, import, to Japan!”

两小时——谁也不能想象，这样重大的决策，他俩竟是在两个小时中拍板的。

他不明白，企业立于不败之地，依赖于决策的透明度，依赖于蛛网般的信息网络，依赖于科学手段深层的探测。今天，他以胜利者的自信，性格上的傲慢，作风上的随意性，做出了这一危险的决定。

他遭到了抵制，一向为他的改革家气魄所折服的副厂长小沈提出了异议：“不能这样匆忙决定，要研究一个可行性方案！”这位管着大印的青年人敢于犯上了。

Two hours--no one could imagine that such a critical decision was taken by the two of them in two hours.

He didn't understand that the invincibility of the enterprise depended on the transparency of decisions, on the cobweb-like information network, on the deep detection based on scientific means. Today, he made this risky decision with the confidence of a victor, with the arrogance in his character and the arbitrariness in his style.

Bu was resisted, and Shen Junior, the deputy factory manager who had always been impressed by his reformer spirit, raised objections: “We can't make a hasty decision like this, we have to find out a feasible plan!” This young man in charge of the factory seal dared to offend his superior.

但是，被后来批评为“刚愎自用”的厂长轻率地否定了：“你懂什么，老三老四！ ”

小沈感到委屈，他坚持很久，不愿在上报的申请书上盖印，但最后，他屈服了。

However, the factory manager, who was later criticized as “headstrong”, dismissed it rashly: “What do you know, you little brat!”

Shen felt resigned, and he insisted for a long time that he would not stamp on the submitted application, but finally, he gave in.

我们不应苛求他，这是当时唯一明确表示异议的青年干部。我们应该赞扬他的这种勇敢。事实上，他远比那些身居要职，明知不对，却一味奉承，举手赞成，事后又高唱所谓“违心”的人的品质高出百倍。

We should not be harsh on him, and this was the only young cadre who expressed clear dissent at the time. We should commend him for his bravery. In fact, he was far more dignified that those who were in high positions and knew that it was wrong but flattered and raised their hands in favor of it, and then claimed afterwards that it was “against their will”.

接着，他提出了一份年产8万套西装、18万美元的估算和外汇额度的申请。

Next, he applied for an annual production of 80,000 sets of suits, an estimate of $180,000 and a foreign exchange quota.

加快了车速

Car Accelerated

沿着杭嘉湖大平原丰饶的绿水田陌，他乘上轿车，颠颠簸簸，一路风尘赶到了省政府。厅长热情地接待了他，香醇的龙井茶，双手捧到为全省争了光的改革家面前。

Along the field road of the Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Plain with green grass patches and lucid waters, he drove a sedan, passing through ups and downs, all the way to the provincial government. A head of a department under the provincial government received him warmly and delivered with both hands the fragrant Longjin tea, a specialty in Zhejiang Province, to the reformer who had won glory for the province.

“行，行！”他一迭声地赞扬改革家的又一大胆创举，“就是要有这种不断改革的精神！”厅长呷了口茶，以一副更具气魄的神态说，“我说，要搞就搞大的，年产30万套，到1990年，就80万套！嗯？”为了显示决策的气魄，他故意作了一个短暂的休止，此时无声胜有声——我是多么坚决支持改革！

8 万变成了 80 万！

“Good, good!” He praised this reformer again and again for another courageous initiative, “we just need to have this spirit to reform all the way!” The leader took a sip of tea and said, with a more imposing demeanor, “well, let’s make a big deal. 300, 000 sets per year, and 800, 000 sets by 1990! Um-hum?” In order to show the ambition of the decision, he deliberately made a short break at this time when no sound was better than any sound--how firmly I support reform!

80, 000 turned into 800, 000.

中国人素有“好大”的癖好，“大跃进”“文化大革命”，只是结果总不是那么美妙！

轿车驶上归途，颠颠簸簸，返回盐平河畔。

在宏观上，从县到省，竟没人把关，反而加大了规模。多么可怕的锦上添花！

The Chinese has had a fetish for “greatness”, the “Great Leap Forward” and the “(Great) Cultural Revolution”, but the results are not always so wonderful!

The car drove on the way home, passing through ups and downs, back to the banks of the Yanping River.

At the macro level, from the county to the province, no one was even keeping an eye on this decision, but instead increased the scale. What a horrifying way to add fuel to the flames!

“喜讯”在盼望中接踵而来：

轻工业部批准了他们的计划；

国家经委批准了他们的报告；

由省、市、县有关人士参加的审计会议严肃而热烈地开始了。

6000平方米西装大楼的方案以异乎寻常的速度拟就。征地、拆迁、进人、贷款……

失控的列车，疯狂地向谷底滑去！

The "good news" came in hope:

The Ministry of Light Industry approved their plan;

The State Economic and Trade Commission approved their report;

The auditing meeting attended by the provincial, municipal, and county personages began in a serious and heated manner.

The proposal for the 6000-square-meter suit building was drawn up with extraordinary speed. Land acquisition, demolition, staff intake, loans…

The out-of-control train was sliding wildly towards the bottom!

消息，在盐平河边传开了，从工人到家属，从镇上学校到商店，终于又传到了乡镇的新闻集散地——桥南的那爿茶馆。

“喔唷，伲海盐要造大楼哩！”

“喔唷，步家裁缝的后代要出洋了！”

“喔唷，步鑫生要做西装了，西装是专门卖给外国人的！”

The news spread along Yanping River, among workers and families, from schools to stores, and finally to the township’s news distribution center--the teahouse south of the bridge.

“Oh wow, we’re going to build a mansion in Haiyan!”

“Oh wow, the descendant of tailor Bu’s family is going abroad!”

“Oh wow, Bu Xinsheng is going to make suits only for foreigners!”

坐在这趟列车上的这位“小镇伟人”却预想着未来的胜利，他踌躇满志。他也像所有历史上的人物那样，胜利使自己放松了对自身弱点的警惕，尘埃扑上了双眸。

大厦出现倾斜，一再追加的基建投资，几乎超出了全部固定资产的总和，一把给了我们多次惩罚的经济规律之剑，开始出鞘。

但是，借贷暂时支撑着改革家肩上的重负。

The “great man of the town” who was on this train envisioned the incoming victory full of ambition. Victory dusted his eyes, making him, like all historical figures, let down his guard against his own weakness.

The building appeared tilted, requiring more additional infrastructure investment which was almost beyond the sum of all fixed asset. A sword of economic law, which had given us many punishments, began to be sheathed.

However, the heavy burden on the reformers’ shoulders was temporarily supported by the debit.

我想起了1985年春节。我应邀赶到交通大学的外宾餐厅，参加他的宴会，只是校长没有躬身莅临，使我很感遗憾。那时我正在探索，一个在国际上有声望的名牌大学校长如何给一位乡镇小手工业者出身的企业家以理论上的指导，并促进他的自身完善。对步鑫生来说，这是多么至关重要。这样的结合在外国不乏先例，在国内，当时尚未出现。

I was reminded of the Spring Festival of 1985. I was invited to the foreign guest dining hall of Shanghai Jiao Tong University to attend a banquet for Bu Xinsheng. It was just that the principal didn’t make his presence, which was a pity for me. Back then, I was wondering how a principal of a prestigious international university could give theoretical guidance to an entrepreneur who was of rural craftsman origin and contribute to his self-improvement. How crucial it was for Bu Xinsheng. There was no shortage of precedents for such a combination in foreign countries; but it had no yet occurred at home.

辉煌的灯光下，步鑫生穿一套淡色西装，显得潇洒而精悍，却仍是一副坐立不安的好动模样。

“我就要去日本 , ××服装株式会社邀请的，这就走，机票已订好了。”他兴奋地握着我的手。

“祝贺你又有了新的开拓。”我随口应和着。

In the glorious light, Bu Xinsheng, in a light-colored suit, looked dashing and refined, but still fidgety and restless.

“I’m going to Japan, I'm invited by ×× Garment Co.” He shook my hand excitedly.

“Congratulations on your new venture.” I responded casually.

“啊，是嘛！”他用道地的海盐口音接上了话茬，“改革如果不和开拓结合起来，那么改革就没有方向、目标、前途！”“小镇伟人”有使用同义词的习惯，有时也不无闪光的语言和在断断续续中自成一体、不无道理的观点。

“Ah, really!” He picked up the conversation in his authentic Haiyan accent, “if reform is not combined with pioneering, then reform will have no direction, goal and future!” The “great man of the town” had the habit of using synonyms, and at times there were also some fancy words and self-contained reasonable points of view in the discontinuity.

“唉，你过些日子来看吧，西装流水线一引进，那边大楼造好，年产30万套，到1990 年是80万套。嗯，海盐厂就算是配套成龙了！”良好的自我感觉摧毁了他精明的防线。

“Well, you can come to see in a few days. Once the suit assembly line is introduced and the mansion is built, the annual output would be 300,000 sets, to 1990, 800,000 sets. Well, then Haiyan factory is a one-stop package!” The good feeling of himself destroyed his shrewd defense.

锦上添花，喜讯接着喜讯——新华社报道：著名改革家步鑫生增补为全国政协委员。亿万人民又一次在荧屏上见到了令人感动的一幕：德高望重的邓大姐，迈着艰难的步履，在人群中找到了这位小个子的改革家，谆谆祝愿：“步鑫生同志，你要继续改革。你有什么困难吗?”

The icing on the cake, good news followed by good news--Xinhua News Agency reported: the famous reformer Bu Xinsheng was added to the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Once again, hundreds of millions of people saw a touching scene on the screen: the admirable and respected Mrs. Deng Yingchao , in tottered steps, found the small reformer in the crowd and gave her earnest wishes: “Comrade Bu Xinsheng, you should continue to reform. Do you have any difficulties?”

“没有，没有，现在一切都很顺利！”小经营者常有的狂热和沾沾自喜同时流露出来。小个子改革家怎么也没有预料到，一块大石头已悄悄地搬上了自己的脚面。历史已经写下，无法抹去。

“No, no, everything is going well now!” The fervor and complacency often found in small operators flowed out all at once. The diminutive reformer could not foresee at all that a big stone had been moved above his feet without any signs. History had been written already and could not be erased.

世界仍在注视着他

The World Still Watching Him

中国经济改革，继续成为世界瞩目的中心，而在这改革潮头上翻飞腾跃的冲浪者，仍然是钱塘江畔这家小小衬衫厂中那位裁缝出身的厂长，引起了西方好奇的新闻记者的浓厚兴趣，他们不满足于一年前长城饭店那次短暂的会见。太神秘了，太有新闻价值了。外交部不断收到外国驻京记者雪片似的申请，请外交部设法为他们安排去实地采访步鑫生的活动！

China’s economic reform kept at the center of the world’s attention, and the surfer who soared on the tide of this reform was still the tailor-born director of this small shirt factory on the banks of the Qiantang River. It aroused the strong interest of curious Western journalists who were not satisfied with that brief meeting at the Great Wall Hotel a year ago. He was so mysterious, with so much news value. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs kept receiving snowflake-like requests from foreign journalists in Beijing, asking the Ministry to try to arrange a field trip for them to cover Bu Xinsheng on the spot!

他们习惯用观察和猜测来确定对待中国一切事物的方式，龙的国家以这么高规格来宣传步鑫生，显示未来的一种模式、一个信号、一个信息！

是日，一支长长的豪华车队，浩浩荡荡地挤进了武原镇，南斯拉夫人、法国人、美国人、苏联人、波兰人，镇上的父老兄弟真是打心眼里感激这个步家裁缝后代为武原镇的家家户户光耀门楣。

记者招待会开得很有气魄。步鑫生独占一个三人长藤椅，风度极好，一切都妥帖得体，就像厂里熨烫的衣服一样平整。

“先生，你说你的衬衫能赶上或是超过美国名牌衬衫吗？” 一位美国记者颇有兴趣地提问。

“当然，那是毫无疑问的。”身材瘦小得只有89 斤的步鑫生习惯性地侧转头，不假思索地回答。其实在这一年多来，他的厂房顶上虽然还通宵地亮着“信誉至上，质量第一”的霓虹灯招牌，实际上已疏于去顾及“第一”的质量问题了。

“Sir, do you think your shirts can catch up or surpass the American brand shirts?” An American journalist asked with great interest.

“Of course, that is no doubt.” Bu Xinsheng, as lean as only 98 pounds, habitually turned his head sideways and answered without thinking. In fact, over the past year or so, the neon light which wrote “credit first, quality first” was still lit all night, but the “first” quality issues had been neglected.

他的回答，引起在座记者们一阵风似的低语。

“步先生，你能告诉我们吗，‘文革’前贵国经济上的主要问题是什么？”这是一位法国记者的提问。

His answer aroused a wind-like murmur from the present journalists.

“Mr. Bu, can you tell us what the main problems of your country's economy before the ‘Cultural Revolution’ were?” This was a question from a French journalist.

“是吃‘大锅饭’！”步鑫生用这句形象生动的语言概括了我们多年来的弊病。他很神气，仿佛圆满地回答了老师的课堂提问。

“这是你们国家独有的吗？”

“It’s eating from the ‘big pot of rice’!” With this vivid image, Bu Xinsheng summed up our malady over the years. He was complacent, as if he had answered the teacher's class question perfectly.

“Is it exclusive to your country?”

“不，各位先生，”步鑫生激愤起来，加强了手臂的挥舞动作，他敏感地意识到这句问话的内涵，“我们中华民族一向勤劳勇敢，‘大锅饭’是 20 世纪 50 年代从国外引进，1958 年全面推广的。”

“No, gentlemen,” said Bu Xinsheng, getting indignant and intensifying the waving of his arms, for he was sensitively aware of the connotation of the question. “We Chinese people have always been industrious and courageous, and the ‘big pot of rice’ was introduced from abroad in the 1950s and fully promoted in 1958."

他的回答没有结束，记者们已经开怀地笑起来，闪光灯像雷雨天的雷电一样闪烁。

“先生们，我说，这‘大锅饭’，不是我国发明的，我们不要这个发明权！”他进一步发挥。

又是一阵哄笑。

Before he could finish his answer, the reporters were already laughing cheerfully, and the flashing lights flashed like lightning on a thunderstorm day.

“Gentlemen, I say, this ‘big pot of rice’, is not invented by our country. We don't want the right of invention!” He made further explanation.

There was another burst of laughter.

这是一次既成功又不成功的记者招待会。一位新华社记者说：“老步，你长了社会主义的志气！”但是，事后他再也拿不出更好的衬衫。他的“唐人”“三毛”“双燕”，始终在原地踏步，不仅没有“当然”地赶上美国的名牌，而且，他的掌上明珠“唐人”牌衬衫，在青岛全国衬衫评比中被扣了15分，以0.05分之差，落选了！这是1985 年的金秋，可惜季节没有给他带来相应的硕果。这是又一个不祥的征兆。但是，改革家的目光始终没有在这重要问题上停留。

It was a press conference which can be defined as a success or a failure. A journalist from Xinhua News Agency said, “Old Bu, you’ve grown socialist ambition!” But afterwards he failed to produce better shirts. His shirt bands, “Tangren”, “Sanmao” and “Shuangyan”, remained in the same place. Not only did they not catch up with the American brand “of course”, but “Tangren” shirt, the apple of his eye, was deducted 15 points in the national shirt competition in Qingdao and lost by 0.05 points! It was the harvest autumn in 1985, but unfortunately the season didn’t bring him the desired fruit. This was another ominous sign. But the reformer’s eyes never dwelt on the important issue all along.

海盐县武原镇首幢大楼——他的西装大楼，已经打好桩基，吞钱的闸口就此打开。

与此同时，一衣带水的那个服装株式会社轻快地收下他们的数十万美元的巨款。

他，应该坐下来，认认真真地运筹帷幄，脚踏实地地思考了。

The first building in Wuyuan Town, Haiyan County--his suit building--had been piled up, and the floodgates to devour money were opened.

In the meantime, that garment company in the neighboring country lightly received their huge sum of hundreds of thousands of dollars.

It was time for him to sit down, seriously work out a plan, and think about it in a realistic way.

他应该明白，正是中国这一经济上的改革，才产生了步鑫生，不是步鑫生掀起了中国的这场经济改革！

He should realize that it was this economic reform in China that generated Bu Xinsheng, not that Bu Xinsheng set off this economic reform in China!

在逝去的一个冬天的深夜，我曾在步鑫生的办公桌上，看到一位科学工作者，从遥远的北京的来信，是给这位已经红遍全国的步鑫生的：“改革是一场伟大的事业。作为一位改革家，你要戒骄戒躁，更加谦逊谨慎。峣峣者易折，皎皎者易污。木秀于林，风必摧之；行高于人，众必非之…… ”

In a late night of a past winter, I once saw on Bu Xinsheng’s desk a letter from a scientific worker from distant Beijing, addressed to the already nationwide popular Bu Xinsheng: “Reform is a great cause. As a reformer, you have to abstain from being conceited and impetuous, and should be more humble and careful. That which is tall and towering is apt to fall, and that which is pure and clean is apt to be defiled. A tree high above the forest always is blown first by wind. A person standing out too much would be criticized”

中国的思想家，用凝聚智慧的语言，唤醒无数的沉睡者，使他们清醒、理智，使他们鹏程万里。

“这封信，很有意义！”我说。

“晤，好，藏起来，以后好好地看。”他颇有诚意，随手交给正在理信的副厂长小沈。

Chinese thinkers, with words of cohesive wisdom, have awakened countless sleepers and brough them into their senses and sanity, setting them on a promising course.

“This letter, it’s very meaningful!” said I.

“Got it, well, let me hide it and read it carefully later.” He was quite sincere and handed it over to Shen, the deputy factory manager who was sorting out the letter.

信藏起来了，自然再也没有回忆起它。

接着，从遥远的北京赶来了各国驻华使节，他明白，世界仍在关注他。

接着，国家各部委的负责人来了，省市的领导来了，总书记的夫人也特地来看望他，代表总书记向小镇上的改革家问好。

The letter was hidden away, and it was natural that he never recalled it again.

Then, the arrival of different countries’ ambassadors from distant Beijing made him understand that the world was still watching him.

Then the heads of national ministries and commissions came, so did provincial and municipal leaders. And the General Secretary’s wife also came to visit him and greeted the reformers in the town on behalf of the General Secretary.

改革家，面颊显得消瘦，整天冥思苦想，他自我告诫：应该考虑改革大局，应该面向全国！ (他哪里会预料到三年后的今天，他面对我说：“我的事业在海盐！”悲壮而又凄楚。)

The reformer, whose cheeks were skinny, meditated all day and admonished himself that he should consider the big picture of reform, he should face the whole country! (How could he have anticipated that, three years later, he said to me face to face: “My career is in Haiyan!” in a solemn and stirring manner.)

他乘着火车、乘着轮船、乘着飞机，奔忙于全国各地。

他和教授、大学校长发起一次又一次全国性的关于改革的讨论会，农村的、城市的、文教的，拥挤在一起，在庄严的讲台上，讲着他自己也不甚了了的问题。他远远地离开了他的海盐、他的事业，他仿佛承担了整个国家改革的使命！

He travelled around the country by train, by ship and by plane.

He launched one after another national seminar on reform with professors and university presidents. People either from rural or urban area, from literary and educational fields crowded together. He, on the solemn podium, talked about those issues that he himself didn’t quite understand. Far from his Haiyan, his career, he seemed to have taken on the reforming mission of the whole country!

不过，他有一种很好的自制能力，他从不享受邀请单位请他夫人同往和休养的待遇。尽管在滨海的八大关和羊城为他预订了舒适的房间，他总是预订返程机票，匆匆而返。

However, he had a so good command of self-control that he never received the treatment of the inviters to invite his wife to go with him and recuperate. Although comfortable rooms were reserved for him in the coastal cities like Badaguan and Guangzhou, he always booked return air tickets and hurried back.

他仿佛要充分体现他的自身价值，然而，离开了武原镇南边那家衬衫厂，他会失去真正的价值，来自乡村的企业家，没懂得这个质朴的真理!

这时候，中国大地上涌现了新的改革英雄，马胜利出现了，这个冀中大汉在会上宣称：我是学习了步鑫生的事迹才闹起改革来的；

浙江的鲁冠球出现了，他也说，走改革之路，走步鑫生之路，才能搞好我们的企业！

后来居上——可悲又可喜的事实!

He appeared to fully embody his own value, however, leaving the shirt factory in the south of Wuyuan town, he would lose his true value. The entrepreneur from the countryside did not understand this simple truth!

At this time, a new reform hero sprang up on Chinese soil. Ma Shengli, a man from central Hebei, declared at the meeting: I had studied the deeds of Bu Xinsheng before I started the reform;

Similarly, there was Lu Guanqiu in Zhejiang Province. He also said: “stick to reform, stick to the way blazed by Bu Xinsheng, only in this way can we run our businesses well.

The later comes first-- a pathetic but a delightful fact!

大厦开始倾斜

这时候，他的西装大楼又砌高了一层，这是他从南方的大学讲学归来偶然发现的。然而，大楼却停止了上升。

“为什么？”

“没有钱了。”几位年轻的副厂长回答。那时仅土建一项就花去70万元。

“可以借嘛！”步先生挥一下手，他的神态就像在合肥的改革讨论会上做报告那么潇洒。

The Mansion Started Tilting

At this time, his suit mansion was built one floor higher, which he had discovered by chance on his return from lecturing at a university in the south. However, the building stopped rising.

“Why?”

“There’s no more money.” Several of the young assistant factory managers replied. The infrastructure alone had cost 700,000 yuan.

“We can borrow money!” Mr. Bu waved his hand, with a demeanor as dashing as if he were giving a presentation at a reform seminar in Hefei.

他不大看报。那时，国家财政拮据，出现高额的赤字，银根紧缩了，基建战线迫不及待地收短了，无力去“喂”那些特殊企业了。

He seldom read newspapers. At that time, due to the strained national finance, the large amount of deficit, and the tightened currency, the government was unable to “feed” those special enterprises, hence the front line of infrastructure was urgently forced to retreat.

“老步，需要我们时开个口就行了。”一年多以前，银行的同志总是这样笑脸相迎，唯恐他不光顾。

现在，冷若冰霜了。这当然是一种进步。

“Mr. Bu, just tell us when you have any need.” More than a year ago, the bank’s comrade always greeted him with such a big smile, afraid that he would not patronize.

Now, his face was as cold as ice. This was certainly an improvement.

一切陈旧的，带着浓重行政色彩、感情色彩的狭隘的旧意识统治下的生产关系就应该统统摈弃，金融必须登上商品经济的历史舞台，主宰一切！

It was reasonable to abandon all the archaic productive relations which had strong administrative and emotional natures and were under the rule of old narrow ideologies. Finance must step onto the historical stage of the commodity economy and dominate everything!

“小镇伟人”端坐在长藤椅上，听着财务科科长老陆的汇报：

水泥从600元一吨涨到1600元一吨，20万元的流动资金已全部投人。

建成的西装大楼又检查出偷工减料，这是南京一家建筑队的“杰作”，钢筋生锈，露出了水泥……不值一文钱的职业道德，展示着它的丑态，折射出卑劣的灵魂。

基建被推迟了。小镇的能人沉寂了。

The “great man of the town”, sitting on a long wicker chair, was listening to the report by Mr. Lu, the head of the finance section:

The price of cement rose to 1600 yuan a ton from 600 yuan a ton, and 200,000 yuan of working capital had been fully invested.

The completed suit building was inspected for jerry-building, which was the “masterpiece” of a construction team from Nanjing. The rusty steel bars and the exposed cement… The worthless professional ethic showed its ugliness and reflected the despicable soul.

The construction of the infrastructure was postponed. The able man of the town fell silent.

我却记起了他高峰时期在北京的一次讲话，他的听众是掌管全国劳动人事的厅局长：“一个企业的厂长、经理，与一个家长当家一样。一个月收入除了柴米油盐酱醋茶开门七件事，其他钱是给阿大添裤子，还是给阿二添袜子，都要盘算，量力而行！”多么生动、形象、幽默、智慧。

I instead recalled a speech he gave in Beijing in his prime, where his audience was the director of the department in charge of the national labor and human resources: “The factory director and manager of an enterprise are the same as a parent in charge. He must allocate the monthly income properly and decide whether to buy pants for Tom or socks for Dick, besides the payment for bread and butter.” What a vivid, image, humor, wisdom.

显然，现在他陷人窘境是因为没有买足油盐酱醋，就为阿大添了裤子、阿二添了袜子，并且还添置了全毛西装！这是真理，真理就这么朴实无华。

Apparently, the reason why he was in this predicament was because without buying enough bread and butter, he bought pants for Tom, socks for Dick, and a full wool suit! This is the truth which is so plain and simple.

然而，这位“家长”毕竟有他过人的机智和独特的创造力，在这窘迫时刻，他提出了召集小镇居民，每人出1000元，即可进入工厂工作。他给了个名称：集资户。将资金变成资本，然后去扩大生产、投人市场，这是商品经济的基础，是获得利润的钥匙。

However, this “parent”, after all, had his superior resourcefulness and unique creativity. In that dilemma, he gathered the residents of the town and proposed that each of them pay 1,000 yuan to enter the factory to work. He gave it a name: a capital-raising account. Turning capital into capital, then expanding production and investing in the market, which is the basis of the commodity economy and the key to profit.

海盐厂在武原镇有着无可置疑的崇高的荣誉和诱惑力，没费多少日子，三百多人就投到工厂的怀抱里来了，这不仅给步鑫生瘦削的脸庞上增添了几丝笑纹，而且增加了一种常胜将军的自豪感。

It is undeniable that Haiyan factory had an lofty honor and seductive power in Wuyuan town. It only took few days for more than 300 people to throw themselves into the embrace of the factory, which not only added a few lines to Bu Xinsheng’s thin smiling face, but also increased a sense of pride like a ever-victorious general.

制造西装的人员进来了，其中有几位是高薪的老西装裁缝，他们是上海的退休工人。在改革年代，不乏一批寻找发挥余热的人才。然而，他们的技术毕竟是过去时代的了，皱巴巴的前摆，皱巴巴的驳头，毫无时尚气息。

The suit-making crew arrived, several of whom were highly paid veteran suit tailors, retired workers from Shanghai. In the age of reform, there was no shortage of talent looking for a way to use their spare time. However, their skills were, after all, from a bygone era. The crumpled front hems and wrinkled lapels had nothing to do with fashion.

步鑫生的工厂造出了西装，不管是套在乡村干部身上，还是套在路边炸油条、卖烘山芋师傅结实的身上。

这时全国的报刊上，西装热已成为人们议论的热点。

半夜，他回到厂房后面那幢住宅楼的顶层房间，他的夫人意外地还没有睡去，脸上被一层焦愁泪影所笼罩，这是一种为丈夫担忧的善良、贤惠的妇人的典型表情。

Bu Xinsheng’s factory managed to make suits, whether on the countryside cadres, or on the sturdy street peddlers who fried dough sticks or sold roast potatoes.

By this time, suit fever had become a hot topic of discussion in the national press.

As he returned to the top floor room of the residential building behind the plant in the midnight, he unexpectedly found that his wife was not asleep yet. Her face was covered with a layer of anxious sorrow and traces of tears, a typical expression of a kind and considerate woman who was worried about her husband.

“听说西装卖不掉？”她怯生生地问。

“啥人讲，瞎话三千！”他是好强的。

其实,海盐衬衫厂的西装已出现了滞销的迹象。但是 ,衬衫厂的西装依然以它原来的速度生产着。人，是一种奇怪的动物，常常以主观的臆想去看待事实。

“I heard the suit sells bad?” She asked timidly.

“Who says? Crap!” He had high self-esteem.

In fact, there were signs that the suits of Haiyan Shirt Factory were not selling well. However, the factory’s suits were still being produced at its original pace. Human, a strange animal, tends to face the facts through subjective assumptions.

“中国会有这么多人穿西装吗？”妻子睁着疑虑的眼睛。

“十亿人中，只要一百人中有一个人穿西装，用新西装线投产也来不及做呀，要想得远一些！”

“穿西装要打领带，多麻烦！”农村妇女总有那么一点执拗和唠叨劲。

“睡吧，你不懂！”

“Will so many people in China wear suits?” His wife’s eyes were wide with doubt.

“There are one billion people. If one out of a hundred people wears a suit, it would be too late even if the new suit line is put into production. Think farther!”

“You have to tie if wearing a suit, so complicated!” Rural women have always been a bit stubborn and nagging.

朦胧的危机感逐渐明朗起来。他显得心烦意乱，喝着桌上半热的粥。胃不好，粥是他的主食。

他的窗是面向钱塘江的，夜静，常闻涛声，只是他并不去聆听那令人感奋和联想的诗一般的呼唤声。

The vague sense of crisis gradually became clearer. He looked distracted and drank the lukewarm porridge on the table. With a poor stomach, porridge was his staple food.

His window was open to the Qiantang River. He often heard the rolling waves in serene nights, but he didn’t listen to the poetic call that elicited inspiration and reminiscence.

灿烂的星辰悄悄地滑过

Shining Stars Flit by Silently

他毕竟是幸运的。

5月，我们的总理在省委领导的陪同下，光临了他的工厂。对步鑫生来说，这是机会。

总理颇有兴趣地注视着这位中国改革的风云人物。是呀，在改革潮流已经风起云涌的今天，他要来看看这个“源头”的变化。

He was lucky after all.

In May, our Premier, in the company of the provincial party leaders, visited his factory. For Bu Xinsheng, this was an opportunity.

Premier gazed with great interest at the man who was the driving force behind China’s reform. Indeed, today, when the tide of reform was already in full swing, he wanted to see the changes at the “source”.

“……啊，我是慕名而来呀！”总理一跨下汽车，就握着他的手说。

他给总理汇报，陪总理参观他的工厂。

“……那是印染分厂，那是领带分厂，那是从日本引进的西装分厂，我们已经开始生产西装……”他自信而自豪。

总理迈着坚实的步子，习惯性地将左手放在背后，看着、听着、思考着。

“…Ah, I’m attracted to be here by its fame!” said the Prime Minister, who shook his hand as soon as he stepped out of the car and.

He gave a report to the Premier and accompanied him on a tour of his factory.

“…That’s the printing and dyeing section. That’s the section for tie. That’s the section of suit line which was introduced from Japan. And we have started producing suits…” he said with confidence and pride.

——要主动争取上海方面的支持；

——可以多搞些时装，加强应变能力；

——夹克衫很好，随便，老小都可以穿。

总理对于步鑫生津津乐道的西装，似乎没有给予多大关注，更没有给予赞扬。

--You need to take the initiative to get support from Shanghai;

--You could design more fashionable dress to strengthen the resilience;

--Jackets are good, casual to wear, suitable for both the young and the old.

It seemed that the Prime Minister give neither much attention nor even praise to the suit that Bu Xinsheng enjoyed talking about.

步鑫生的思维突然地出现了一个空白，出身于小裁缝的企业家，缺少这种经营意识，这使他无法上一个新的台阶，他有点愕然：“是的，是的。”他不断地应诺着，缺乏政治经验的乡村改革家，没有敏锐地意识到这是一个战略性的经济信息。

他不能自拔。悲剧继续深入，像一只雄鹰从翱翔的天空折翅，跌向深渊。 … There was a blank in Bu Xinsheng’s mind suddenly. The lack of business sense prevented him, an entrepreneur who started out as a small tailor, from taking the next step. He was a little stunned: “Yes, yes.” He responded over and over. Lacking political experience, the rural reformer was not keenly aware that this was a economic message with strategic importance.

He couldn't help himself. The tragedy went on deeper, like an eagle breaking its wings from the soaring sky and falling into the abyss.

如今，他已经悔悟不及 ,他看着眼前那块印着厂标、被千万人景仰和脚踏过的羊毛大地毯，黯然神伤地对从数百里外赶来见他的我说：“我怎么会没照总理的话去做呢？”脸上呈现失败者的沉痛。

Now, it was too late for his repentance. He looked at the big wool carpet with the factory logo, admired and trodden by millions of people, and said sadly to me, who had come to see him from hundreds of miles away: “How could I not do as the Premier said?” The sorrow of a loser emerged on his face.

其实，就是从那时将船掉头，也为时晚矣!

他太缺乏现代企业家的素质了，他的奋起，是由于旧生产关系长久束缚后产生的反弹力的一种表现。现代企业需要更高的素质要求，需要经营者在社会、心理、科技、文化、国情、管理等领域的钻研和准备，即使某种程度的涉猎也是有益的。

Actually, even if he turned the boat around from then on, it was already too late!

He was too needy in qualities of a modern entrepreneur, and his rise was no more than a manifestation of the rebound from the long fettered old production relations.

改革家的视角仍在扩展

The Reformer's Perspective Still Expanding

早晨，在食堂的餐桌上，他疲惫地呆坐着。剩下小半碗稀粥，他放下了筷子，桌上的凉拌豆腐未动一筷。

“中午不要给我准备了。”他懒懒地关照正准备给他添菜的服务员。

“先生，你吃得太少啦！”焦急的服务员真诚体贴地说。这是工厂的当家人呀！

52岁的步鑫生成了一个小老头。

In the morning, at the canteen table, he sat in fatigue. He put down his chopsticks with half a bowl of thin porridge left, and the raw tofu in sauce on the table remained untouched.

“No need to prepare for me at noon.” He slackly concerned the waiter who was about to refill his dishes.

“Sir, you have eaten too little!” The anxious waiter said sincerely and compassionately. This was the man of the factory!

The 52-year-old Bu Xinsheng became a little old man.

岁月，像盐平河水平静地奔流，又送走了一个季度。冬季来临了。珍贵的 200万元的流动资金投进了土里。

The time, flowing calmly like the water of the Yanping River, sent away another season. Winter came. The precious 2 million yuan of working capital was thrown into the earth.

匆匆上马的印染车间，花去了近130万元，由于技术没过关，只有几个农村散打散干的染缸师傅凑起来的一班人马，他们一月只挣数十元的工资；领带分厂的效益也降到了冰点，看不到一点希望。那位副厂长小李也不是一位好的经营者。

Hastily launched printing and dyeing workshop cost nearly 1.3 million yuan, but due to the immature technology there was only a crew made up of few rural unprofessional dyeing men who earned as little as tens of dollars a month. The benefit of the tie branch factory also dropped to a freezing point, with no hope in sight. The deputy factory manager, Xiaoli or Li Junior, was not a good operator either.

“小李，你那里的效益怎么样？”充满了失落感的改革家带着希望询问。

“我已和杭州、嘉兴联系了，喔，我还要到江苏去走走，唔，人家说要回升的。”他支支吾吾。

“Xiao Li, how is the benefit of your place?” The reformer, filled with loss, still asked with hope.

“I’ve contacted with the fellows in Hangzhou and Jiaxing, ooh, and I’m going to do a field survey in Jiangsu, well, people say the market is going back up.” He stammered.

“这样是不行的，不行的，办厂总要讲效益嘛！”步鑫生涨红了脸 ,他那小眼睛上的浓眉，几乎要蹦跳出来。这个所谓分厂虽然被小李说得天花乱坠，却总是看不到一分一厘的利润，这一切深深地炙烤着自己的心，现实向他进行无情的嘲弄。

“It doesn’t work, it doesn’t work, the factory always has to rely on benefits!” Bu Xinsheng’s face flushed, and his thick eyebrows on his small eyes almost pop out. This so-called branch factory, exaggerated wildly by Xiao Li though, hadn’t seen a penny of the profits yet. All these deeply scorched his heart, and the reality made a merciless mockery of him.

衬衫，年产量高达120万件，是这里的吃饭产品，还支撑着门面，但是，财务科长两次告急：“先生，进面料的款子没有了。”

“新疆伊犁不是有一笔款子汇来吗?”他的记性颇佳。

“给银行抵债了！”财务科长无可奈何地回答。

“势利！”他愤愤然。

The shirt, with an annual production of up to 1.2 million pieces, was the subsistence product here and supported the image of the factory. However, the head of the finance section had twice complained of an emergency: “Sir, there are no funds left for purchasing fabric.”

“Wasn’t there a payment remitted from Yili, Xinjiang?” He had quite a good memory.

“It was given to the bank to cover the debt!” The head of the finance section replied in despair.

“Snobbish!” He said with indignation.

用一句商人和金融界的行话：银根紧了，掉不转头寸了。曾经被新闻媒介多次渲染的海盐县第一家年产值超过1000万元的工厂，全国最早的一家以改革闻名海内外的工厂，露出了败象。

In a jargon used by businessmen and the financial circle: the currency is tighter, hard to get recovered. The first factory in Haiyan County that had been repeatedly hyped by the news media with an annual output value of more than 10 million yuan, one of the first factories in China to be famous for its reforms at home and abroad, revealed its downfall.

然而，这位改革家仍不由自主地随着那个惯性的旋律，驰骋于各地，面对全国甚至海外发表着长篇大论：《谈谈对城市改革的看法》《谈当前改革中的若干问题》……

However, the reformer still couldn't help but follow the inertial melody and travel around to address long speeches facing the whole country and even overseas: Views on Urban Reform and On Some Issues in Current Reform

这些报告不仅仅在工厂，还在机关、学校甚至部队宣传。有限的精力被分散到无限的报告中去，本应投注他全部精力的自身改革和经营，受到了冷遇。

一切排场仍未收缩：厂庆耗资7万元；横向联系、赞助、广告费近20万元!

而 1985 年的纯利润仅52万元!

何等惊人!

这是用几十万条领带、近百万件衬衫、近千人的辛勤劳动所换得的呀!

These reports were propagated not just in factories, but also in institutions, schools and even troops. Finite energy was distributed into infinite reports, and his own reform and operation, which should have bet his whole energy, received a cold shoulder.

All the displays of extravagance were still not contracted: the factory’s celebration cost 70,000 yuan; the sum of the contact expenditure with cooperative factories, sponsorship, and advertising reached nearly 200,000 yuan!

And the net profit in 1985 was only 520,000 yuan!

How amazing!

It took hundreds of thousands of ties, nearly a million shirts, and the hard work of nearly 1,000 people to make this happen!

旧传统意识的重负——阔绰的排场吞噬了来之不易的利润。甚至工人拿不到厂长亲口允诺的奖金，流水线上工人的奖金在逐月递减。

出现了争吵，出现了懈怠。他的权威受到了严重的挑战!

The burden of the old traditions -- the ostentation and extravagance were eating up hard-earned profits. Even workers didn’t get the bonuses promised by the factory manager himself, and the bonuses for workers on the assembly line were decreasing month by month.

There was bickering and slacking off. His authority was faced serious challenge!

“你答应的条件，为啥不兑现?" 一个副厂长据理力争。

“这样我们还拼命干啥?”

出现了实际上的怠工：供销人员懒于火车、轮船、飞机的奔波, 留在办公室里聊大天!

“Why don’t you deliver your promised terms?” A deputy manager argued reasonably.

“In this case, what’s the point of our hard working?”

There was an actual slacking off: the supply and marketing staff were reluctant to run around by train, ship, or plane, and just stayed in the office to chat!

“为啥会这样?”我问一位副厂长。

“步先生太自作主张!”

“Why things go like this?” I asked a deputy factory manager.

“Mr. Bu is too self-absorbed!”

时代不同了。诚然，现代管理学最突出地表现为“意志”和“权力”的集中，它的基础却是民主，是决策的透明度。经济管理学家早已明智地看到了这一点。

于是，企业中至关重要的凝聚力消失了。

The time is different. It is true that modern management, which is most prominently characterized by the centralization of “will” and “power”, is based on democracy and transparency in decision-making instead. Economic managers have long been wise enough to see this.

Thus, the vital cohesion in the company disappeared.

领带、绞索、领带官司

Tie, Noose, Tie Lawsuit “步鑫生被绿杨领带厂告到法院去了！”

“步鑫生上法院了！”

“海盐衬衫总厂和上海绿杨领带厂打官司！”

“Bu Xinsheng was sued by the Green Yang Tie factory!”

“Bu Xinsheng went to court!”

“Haiyan Shirt Factory and Shanghai Green Yang Tie Factory are in a lawsuit!”

在价值观念重新复苏的今天，几乎一夜之间，我国所有新闻媒介都把这一特大新闻传送到亿万读者手里。名人名事，历来是新闻记者乐于攫取的高价新闻。

At a time when the consciousness of values revived, almost overnight, all of our news media delivered this big news to hundreds of millions of readers. Celebrities and events have always been high-priced news that journalists are willing to capture.

在中国，知名度往往和谣言是成正比的。我记得迄今有过两次关于步鑫生的谣言高潮，第一次是他去北京开会期间，说他被逮捕了；第二次就是在他兴旺时期，他的名字在报纸上销声匿迹了，有人传说他因贪污被审查了。记者在最近一次出差的火车上，听邻座的一位海宁县的供销员说：“步鑫生被逮捕了。”

In China, popularity is often directly proportional to rumors. I remember two climaxes of rumors about Bu Xinsheng so far, the first being that he was arrested during his trip to Beijing for a conference; the second being that during his prosperous period when his name disappeared from the newspapers, it was said that he was being censored for embezzlement. On a recent business trip on the train, a reporter heard a supply clerk from Haining County in a neighboring seat say, “Bu Xinsheng has been arrested.”

几乎已经是四面楚歌的步鑫生，端坐在宽大的、铺放着厚海绵垫子的藤条椅上。

被接待的是一位30来岁的妇女，笑容可掬，后来反目而成为原告的上海嘉定绿杨领带厂的女厂长、上海市新长征突击手，时髦的称呼为“女强人”。依次排坐在雕花藤椅上的是她的几位副手，另有一位年近花甲的工人模样的老人——

Bu Xinsheng, who was already almost in a desperate plight, was sitting on a wide rattan chair cushioned a thick sponge mat.

The person being received was a woman in her 30s, beamed with smile. She who became Bu’s plaintiff was the female factory director of Green Poplar Tie Factory in Jiading of Shanghai and the commando of Shanghai New Long March, thus got a fashionable name -- “queen bee”. Seated in order on the carved rattan chairs were her deputies and an elderly worker who was nearly 70 years old.

“这是我的干爹！”女厂长开口介绍 ,“我的干爹是老印染工，老内行！”

“哦，哦！”步鑫生沉思着，闭一闭眼，眉宇间闪动了一下。

“This is my godfather!” The female manager spoke to introduce, “my godfather is an experienced printer and dyer, a veteran insider!”

“Oh, oh!” Bu Xinsheng pondered with eyes blinking and eyebrows flickering for a moment.

“哎哎，步厂长，这就是我的过房囡。”这位老工人满是皱纹的黑红脸膛上浮起了笑容，“步厂长，你的名声大，各方面兜得转，帮帮我过房囡的忙吧！”

“喔，好说，好说。”步鑫生轻飘飘了，他那小镇人生意经上的警惕性受到了影响，他的感情型的气质占了上风。

“Hey, hey, Director Bu, this is my goddaughter.” This old worker’s wrinkled reddish black face emerged a smile, “Director Bu, you have a big reputation, powerful in every aspect, please do my girl’s favor!”

“Well, no problem, no problem.” Bu Xinsheng, walking on air, relaxed his guard as a small-town businessman, and his emotional temperament prevailed.

“我这过房囡厂里的领带，你帮她推销推销，他们的质量是不错的。”老工人亮出了底。

“你那印染车间需要帮忙，呶，有我过房爷！”女强人轻松地笑了。

“The ties in my girl’s factory need your help in marketing. The quality is quite good.” The old worker clarified his intention.

“If you need help in your printing and dyeing workshop, here, ask for my dad!” The “queen bee” laughed naturally.

“啊，啊！”老步应着，心里盘算着眼前那个上不去的印染车间的印花线生产，正是那个自己一无所知的玩意使他烦恼，使他得不到起码的效益，这是他的第二个沉重的包袱。

“让他做你们的顾问！”她继续做着宣传。

“好好，老施就做我们印染车间的技术指导。”

“Ah, ah!” Bu meditated the substandard printing line production of the printing and dyeing workshop as responding. It was the contraption he was ignorant about that troubled him and prevented him from getting the minimum benefit, which was his second heavy burden.

“Let him be your consultant!” She continued with her recommendation.

“Good, good, Senior Shi is to be our technical director of the printing and dyeing workshop.”

客人满意地走了。

“步先生 ,我们的领带也不好销呀！”耿直的副厂长小沈，在没有旁人的情况下怯生生地提醒他尊敬的上级，海盐衬衫厂已经无法周转了，哪能再背上新的包袱？

The guests left contentedly.

“Mr. Bu, our ties are not selling well either!” Xiao Shen, the straightforward deputy manager, timidly reminded his esteemed superior in the absence of others that the Haiyan Shirt Factory was already unable to run, so how could it carry a new burden?

“唉，想办法，要向远处看。”他有点虚弱，总盼着柳暗花明的时刻。

“步先生！”小沈又怀着希望唤叫了一声，眼里噙着泪，几乎要落下来。

“你懂什么！”改革家的语调变得粗暴，他不愿别人干涉他的决策，眼前经济上的拮据，从反方向增强了他的致命弱点 ,也是一种逆反心理。

“Well, just figure it out, we should look further,” said he feebly, who always expected a better situation.

“Mr. Bu!” Shen wistfully called out again, with tears in his eyes almost dripping down.

“You know nothing!” The reformer’s tone got brusque. He didn’t want others to interfere with his decisions. The immediate financial deficit amplified his fatal weakness in the opposite direction, which belongs to a reverse psychology.

“步先生，你应该三思！”小沈没有示弱，他已经看到了西装线的悲剧，而悲剧是完全可能重演的。

他却扭转头，站起身，拉开背后的小门，走进办公室

“Mr. Bu, you should think twice!” Shen didn’t retreat because after the tragedy of the suit line he knew it was entirely possible for the tragedy to repeat.

Turning back has head, Bu stood up, pulled open the small door behind him, and walked into the office.

这一笔在后来被认为继西装分厂上马后第二个让厂里大伤元气的领带事件，终于未被阻止。

经过一番短暂而匆忙的来往，由领带厂起草的合同终于签成了。

13万条双绉、斜纹领带， 22万元巨款。代销变成了购销。那个“过房爷”销声匿迹了，没有给印染厂以任何技术指导。

This tie affair, which was later considered the second one to cause major damage to the factory after the launch of the suit branch, was finally not stopped.

After short and hurried approach, the contract, drafted by the tie factory, was finally signed.

130,000 crepe and twill ties cost a huge sum of 220,000 yuan. The way of sale transformed from consignment to purchase and sale. The “godfather” disappeared and didn’t give any technical guidance to the printing and dyeing factory.

几天后，衬衫厂供销人员在领带厂发现了领带质量问题，他们为了全厂职工的身家性命、工厂的前途，回厂和副厂长小沈商量后，决定发一个电报给领带厂，请他们暂勿发货，同时向步鑫生汇报，请他采取措施，步鑫生没有给予重视。那位女强人倒是颇有远见，隔天的深夜十一点半亲自押车，将 68776 条领带闪电般地送进了海盐衬衫厂警卫森严的大门。

步鑫生终于发现了领带的质量、面料、规格、类别上的问题，决定退货，遭到了领带厂的拒绝。

A few days later, the supply and sales staff of the shirt factory found quality problems with ties in the tie factory. For the sake of the well-being of the factory workers and the future of the factory, they decided to send a telegram to the tie factory after discussing with the deputy director, Xiao Shen, asking them not to ship the goods for the time being, and reported to Bu Xinsheng, asking him to take measures. Bu Xinsheng didn’t give due attention. The “queen bee”, however, was quite foresighted to personally escort the 68776 ties into the heavily guarded gates of the Haiyan Shirt Factory late the next night at 11:30.

Bu Xinsheng finally found out the problems in the quality, fabric, specification, and category of the ties and decided to return them, which was turned down by the tie factory.

“我们不付款！”一向以为有无限权威的厂长发怒了。领带厂很快就上诉法院，要求衬衫厂按合同付清货款。既合法，又冷峻。

到此，中国第一个响当当的改革风云人物，终于被传到被告席上。

事实上，是他自己一步一步走上被告席的。

“We don’t pay!” The factory manager, who had always thought he had infinite authority, snapped. The tie factory appealed to the court in no time, demanding that the shirt factory pay for the goods according to the contract. It was both legal and grim.

上诉、答辩：

衬衫厂说领带厂的领带质量有问题；

但是，领带厂却说衬衫厂没在限期内提出，应视为合格。

是的，一切都已无济于事了，因为超过了期限。

Appeal and reply:

The shirt factory said that there were quality problems in the tie factory’s ties.

However, the tie factory claimed that the shirt factory didn’t raise it within the deadline and it should be considered as qualified.

Yes, everything was already inextricable because the deadline expired.

把法律推得远远的步鑫生绝不会知道，世界众多的企业经营者为了自身权益，每时每刻都准备和对手在斯德哥尔摩的国际商业法庭上决一死战。

在他们看来，竞争就是你死我活，中国式的温良恭俭让，是不能进入商品经济海洋中的。

Bu Xinsheng, who pushed the law far away, never knew that many business operators around the world were ready to fight to death for their own rights with their rivals in the international commercial court in Stockholm every moment.

In their view, competition is a life-or-death struggle, and the Chinese style of being gentle, modest, and courteous is not allowed to enter the ocean of commodity economy.

最后高级人民法院做出了调解：“本院认为，领带厂交付的领带确有少部分面料、品种不符合同的规定，应承担一定责任……衬衫厂没有在收货后十天限期内提出书面异议，应视为所交产品符合合同规定……双方均应从中吸取教训……”

At last, the Supreme People’s Court made a mediation: “The Court justifies that in the ties delivered by the tie factory, a small number of ties’ fabrics and varieties did fail to conform the provisions of the contract, the tie factory shall bear the corresponding responsibility…Shirt factory didn’t submit a written material for dissention within the ten-day deadline after receipt of goods, so the delivered products shall be deemed to be in compliance with the provisions of the contract…Both sides should learn from the lessons…”

报纸、电台、电视台尽情地做了渲染。千余职工含泪听完了广播、看完了报纸，这一天，全厂职工怨愤满怀，跌入了深深的沉默。

Newspapers, radios, and TV stations made an indulgent rendering. More than a thousand workers listened to the radio and read the newspapers with tears. On this day, the staff were full of grievances and fell into a deep silence.

债台高筑，面包车开走了 The Debt Platform Built High, The Van Drove away

积压的领带，最后以几毛钱一条的低价，被一位无锡个体户收购。这样，步鑫生肩上又背上了22万的巨债。

Lastly, the backlog of ties was acquired by an individual from Wuxi, Zhejiang Province, at a low price of a few cents a piece. Thus, Bu Xinsheng took another huge debt of 220,000 yuan.

如何筹措? 诚恳老实的副厂长，畏畏缩缩地来到上级省厅告贷。找财政厅。

“厅里没有钱！”

找总公司。

“你们自己想办法。”

How to raise money? The sincere and honest deputy director cravenly came to the higher provincial office to sue for a loan. Asked for the Department of Finance.

“We don’t have money.”

Asked for the parent company.

“Figure it out yourselves.”

可敬的领导们忘记了，如果不是西装线的包袱，海盐厂还清这 22 万元还是游刃有余的哩！

告贷无门，窘相毕露。

Respectable leaders forgot that if not for the encumbrance of the suit line, it would still be easy for Haiyan to pay off the 220,000 yuan!

There was no way to get a loan, and the dilemma was revealed.

拖欠、拖欠。

工厂走向了深渊。是日，在人们还没醒悟过来的时刻，厂里的两辆卡车，被法院派来的司机开走了。

Default and default.

The factory went to the abyss. On some day when people still didn’t come to realize the reality, the drivers sent by the court took away the two trucks of the factory.

但是，22 万元，岂是两部旧卡车所能抵消的？这一天，从上海又来了几个人，其中一个是司机，他们的目标是那辆海盐镇上最漂亮的小面包！

But two old trucks were not enough to offset 220,000 yuan? That day, a few more people came from Shanghai, one of whom was a driver, and their target was the most beautiful minivan in Haiyan town!

工人们愤怒了，老工人噙着泪，关上了铁门，堵起了人墙：不准！不准！！不准！！！

但这是法院的判决，是法律！

是呀，这里不可能有温情，只有铁一般的严峻！

The workers were furious, and with tears in their eyes, they closed the iron gates and built a human wall: No! No! No!!!

But this is a court judgment, this is the law!

Yes, there can be no tolerance, only iron-clad rigor!

桥南的那爿茶馆又有了新的信息传播。

“唷唷，步鑫生欠下的债是还不清的，明天啊，嗨，人家还要来分厂哩！”

“啊！啊啊！”

From the teahouse south of the bridge pieces of news was spread out.

“Yo Yo, the debt that Bu Xinsheng owes is unpayable. Well tomorrow, hey, people will come to the branch factory!”

“Ah! Ahhh!”

在浙江一带农村，那些“桥头阿七”“茶馆阿八”，是最有效的新闻媒介。那些形形色色无可稽考的谣言，一夜之间会传到四村八舍。

In the rural areas of Zhejiang, those Toms and Dicks who hang out at the bridge and the teahouse are the most effective news media. Those all sorts of unsubstantiated rumors would be spread throughout the town overnight.

于是，金灿灿的太阳还没有从钱塘江的水平线那边发出它无比灿烂的光芒时，就有人站到厂长面前：

“把1000元钱还给我吧！”

又来一个：“还给我们吧！”

“还给我，1000块！”

由执着地索讨发展到愤懑地怒吼！

So, before the golden sun had emitted its immense brilliance over the horizon of the Qiantang River, someone came up to the director:

“Repay me my 1,000 yuan!”

Another one: “Give it back!”

“Give me back my 1,000 yuan!”

From persistent claiming to indignant roaring!

“我们不会少你们一分一厘的！”干部们劝阻。

“不，还钱，还钱！”

厂长的信誉受到严重的挑战！

“We won't shortchange you a penny!” The cadres dissuaded.

“No, pay it back, pay it back!”

The director’s credibility was seriously challenged!

当年改革创举，变成今日的灾难！

这笔30多万的巨款，何处去寻?

步家裁缝出类拔萃的后代，此刻显得沮丧、疲惫。

That year’s pioneering reform turned into then disaster!

Where to find such a huge amount of money more than 300,000 yuan?

The outstanding descendant of the Tailor Bu’s family looked frustrated and fatigued at this moment.

翌日，全中国所有报纸、电台、电视台，都报道了叱吃风云的改革人物，走进了西子湖畔高等学府—浙大教室读书的消息：海盐衬衫厂厂长步鑫生进浙大深造……

——步鑫生体面地下台了。

桥南茶馆里又开始传播出新的消息。

The next day, the news appeared on newspapers, radio stations and TV stations throughout China that the influential reformer has studied in Zhejiang University, an institution of higher education locating on the shore of the West Lake: Bu Xinsheng, the director of Haiyan(Sea Salt) Shirt Factory, will further his study in Zhejiang University…

--Bu Xinsheng descended from his position with decency.

At the same time, new rumors began to spread again from the teahouse south of the bridge.

在这种困难时刻，一家以宣传法制为己任的报纸，又以步鑫生拒绝采访为内容而洋洋洒洒写了两大版文章，说步鑫生忘恩负义，过河拆桥，忘记了未出名时如何热情接待记者，甚至说他老婆的户口是利用职权从农村迁人市区的；因为积极与港商做生意便诬陷他收了两枚金戒指，说得有鼻子有眼，这当然是不必经过深刻的反思就可明白的事。步鑫生对此既愤慨又坦然，就在这次相见时他还对我说：“他们有时间造谣，我没时间辟谣，我的苦恼是我自身素质的欠缺，我的反思只限于自身的内省。”

往日叱吃风云的改革家，陷人了苦恼的回顾。

盐平河啊，在悄悄地翻腾。

In such a tough time, a newspaper which acclaimed to take the promotion of the rule of law as their mission, wrote a two-page article about Bu Xinsheng's refusal to be interviewed. It wrote that Bu Xinsheng was ungrateful and that he had forgotten how warmly he received reporters when he was not famous, and even said that he moved his wife's registered permanent residence from the countryside to the city by using his authority. Because he had had frequent commercial intercourse with Hong Kong businessmen, this newspaper falsely accused him of receiving two gold rings, which was seemingly true but actually was something that can be understood without deep reflection. Bu Xinsheng was indignant but also calm about it, and he said to me at this meeting: “They have time to create rumors, but I have no time to refute them. What distresses me are my defective character and my limited introspection which is only towards myself.” The formerly influential reformer was trapped in a distressing retrospective. The Yanping River was surging and tumbling without any sound.

海盐，善良的人们想着你。

Haiyan, Those Kind People are Missing You

……心悬悬呵意迟迟，多好的词！多动人的笳声。静夜，我又想起了海盐，想起了阔别已久的钱塘江畔那位“小镇伟人”。

…My mind, worried and distracted. What a good line! What a moving reedy melody. In this quiet evening, I recalled Haiyan once again as well as the long absent “great man of the town” along the Qiantang riverbank.

1986 年 3 月 ,步鑫生在县、市政府向省要求下回到厂里。

不久 ,我坐在黑色轿车的边座上 ,我前面坐着一位秀气而端庄的小姐。宽松的原白绸衫，淡色的西装裤。

她递过来一张名片:张海英—新开发企业有限公司(香港) 。

“喔 ,张小姐 ,去海盐？”

In March 1986, Bu Xinsheng returned to the factory at the request of the county and municipal governments towards the provincial government.

Soon after, I was on the side seat of a black car. In front of me sat a fair and elegant lady who wore a loose white silk shirt and light-colored suit pants.

She handed over a business card: Zhang Haiying--New Development Enterprise Ltd (Hong Kong).

“Hello, Miss Zhang, going to Haiyan?”

"是呀是呀 ,找步厂长做生意。" 一口闽南话，很真诚 ,毫无矜持。

"啊 ,老客户？"我感到奇怪 ,在我和步鑫生较长时间的交往中 ,好像没见过这位张小姐。

"哦 ,新客户中的老客户 ,这一个月中我来了三次啰！"她微微一笑。

司机告诉我 ,张小姐刚下飞机。

“Yeah, yeah, to do business with the Director Bu.” Her speech in southern Fujian dialect sounded very sincere and natural.

“What, a regular customer?” I felt quite strange as it seems that I hadn’t seen this Ms. Zhang in my long-lasting relationship with Bu Xinsheng.

“Yeah, an old customer in the new customers. I’ve been here three times this month!” She smiled faintly.

The driver told me that Ms. Zhang just got off the plane.

"步厂长有信誉……"汽车戛然刹车 ,张小姐的话被打断。

刚开始的谈话就此终止 ,小车沿着沪闵公路、金山卫大堤、钱塘江大堤一直向海盐县武原镇奔去。

“Director Bu is a credible man…” An abrupt brake interrupted Miss Zhang’s words.

This was the end of the initial conversation. The car drove towards Wuyuan Town of Haiyan County along the Humin Highway, Jinshanwei Dam, Qiantang River Dam.

已是暮色苍茫了，走进厂门，啥也看不清。我踏进了熟悉的接待室，四周高背的藤条椅、壁灯、垂落的大窗帘。他在哪里？哦，在三人大藤条椅上坐着 ,步鑫生依然是一套米色薄西装 ,淡色斜纹领带 ,但是 ,精瘦的脸庞失去了往日的风采 ,伤感又一次不由自主地袭上我的心头。

It was already dusk, and I couldn't see anything when I walked through the gate. Stepping into the familiar reception room, I was surrounded by high-backed rattan-woven chairs, wall lamps, and wide draped curtains. Where was he? Oh, sitting on the rattan-woven chair for three men. Bu Xinsheng still wore a thin beige suit and a light twill tie, but his lean face lost the radiance in his past. I was overwhelmed by the feeling of sorrow once again.

"我错了！"他拉着我的手。

我愕然 ,在"小镇伟人" 嘴里 ,我第一次听到"错" 字。蓦然 ,我想起一位哲人的话:"认识自己是伟大的发现。"

“I was wrong!” He took my hand and said.

I was stunned. It was the first time that I had heard the word “wrong” from the mouth of “the great man of the town”. Suddenly, I thought of the words of a philosopher: “To know oneself is the great discovery.”

"嗯 ,嗯。"我拉着他的手 ,他在颤抖。

"没关系 ,只要厂在 ,人在 ,我就不怕 ,一切从零开始 ,三年 ,翻它个身！"

“Well, well.” I took his hand and found him trembling.

“It’s okay. As long as the factory is here, our staff are here, I wouldn’t be afraid. Everything starts from scratch, three years, turn the tables!”

他又一个习惯手势 ,挥个弧形 ,侧过脸 , 向着前方 ,小而机灵的眼睛里又闪出神彩！喔喔 ,我无法用一个作家的心智去感悟他现时的心境。

——你先听听 ,去看看 ,晚上再谈。

哦 ,我发现张小姐姗姗过来了。

With another habitual gesture, he waved an arc, turned his face sideways facing forward, and his small and smart eyes shone with vigor again! Oh wow, I can’t understand his current state of mind through a writer’s mind.

--You can listen to it first, go and see, and then we’ll talk about it tonight.

Oh, I found Miss Zhang came over slowly.

——我的事业在海盐。

3月，我从浙江最高学府归来。

春天里，冬青竟变得焦黄、零落。

-- My career is in Haiyan.

In March, I returned from the highest school in Zhejiang.

In the spring, the holly even became sallow and withered.

门卫不在，金鱼池水枯了。我去看车间 ,冷冷清清 ,他们没有看见我，还是故意回避？我走进食堂，连椅桌都转了向，蜂窝式的小菜橱门都七零八落地敞开着，大灶也已经塌了。

昔日繁荣安在？怪谁？我？

The gatekeeper was not there, and the water in the goldfish pond had dried up. I went to see the workshop and found it deserted. Did they not see me or deliberately evade me? As I went into the cafeteria, I found even the chairs and tables had been turned around, the cupboard doors with small beehive-like holes were left open in various places, and the large stove had collapsed.

Where was the prosperity of the past? Who is to blame? Me?

账上，亏损已接近300万元。今年年初，花1万元开订货会，只来了七位客户，却没有一位经理到场。昔日趋之若鹜，今日门庭冷落。

On the account, the loss was close to 3 million yuan. Early this year, only seven customers came to the order meeting which costs 10,000 yuan, but not a manager to the scene. In the past, there was a great rush, but today it was deserted here.

有人在赌博；有人拿着工厂发的衬衫在桥头摆摊叫卖；有人大白天在桥头新开张的咖啡厅跳迪斯科，喝饮料，一身新潮服饰，耳环、戒指，骂娘、打牌、扭腰……

一个40来岁的技术工伏在杂货柜台里。

Some were gambling; some were hawking the factory’s shirts in stalls at the bridge; some were dancing disco and drinking in the daytime at a newly opened cafe at the bridge, all in trendy clothes, earrings and rings, cursing, playing cards and twisting…

A 40-odd-year-old technical worker prone on the inside surface of the grocery counter.

"步厂长，回来了?"

"你怎么在这里?不上班?"

“退啦！春节镇上哪爿厂不发两三百元奖金，伲厂? 10元，不够给儿子买炮仗。三天两日停工。步厂长，你不是在读书? 还回来。”

哼，过去有谁敢在这位"小镇伟人" 、改革家、步厂长面前如此大胆放肆讲话！无可奈何花落去。

“Director Bu, you’re back?”

“Why are you here? Not at work?”

“I Quit! Which factory in town does not give out two- or three-hundred-yuan bonuses for the Spring Festival, and our factory? 10 yuan, not enough to buy firecrackers for my son. Shut down intermittently. Mr. Bu, aren’t you studying? Why you come back?”

In the past, who dared to speak so boldly in front of this “great man of the town”, reformer and factory manager! There was nothing to do but see the passing prosperity.

深夜 ,两位青年副厂长走到他跟前。

"步先生，让我们分出去吧！"

“什么?”

“我们把印染分厂带走 ,你的负担也好轻一些。”显然，他们经过商量。

Late at night, two young deputy managers came up to him.

“Mr. Bu, let’s divide it up!”

“What?”

“We’ll take the dyeing plant away, and your burden will be lighter.” Obviously, they had discussed it.

小沈——那位曾在西装和领带问题上向他提出过异议的副厂长，终于也离开了他。他们对他感到失望。他们不能让自己绑在一辆冲向深渊的战车上。

Shen junior -- the deputy factory manager who had challenged him on the issue of suits and ties --finally left him as well. They were disappointed in him. They couldn’t allow themselves to be tied to a chariot rushing toward the abyss.

他站到盐平河畔，流水和他絮语——

——他们抛弃了我。

——不，首先是你抛弃了他们，你自以为是万能的神！盐平河回答。

——我是厂长 ,我要决策！

——你的傲慢抵制了他们的智慧 ,他们有力量抗御非理性的戏弄。

——我该怎么办?

——回去吧 , 回到历史中去 ,为历史构思新的浪花。河水在奔涌。

He stood on the banks of the Yanping River, and the flowing water murmured with him--

--They have deserted me.

--No, it was you who abandoned them in the first place, you thought you were an almighty god! Yanping River replied.

--I’m the director, I have to make the decisions!

--Their intelligence was impeded by your arrogance, and they have the power to resist irrational teasing.

--What should I do?

--Go back, go back to history, and conceive new waves for it. The river is surging.

面对困境、寻觅生路中的步鑫生，显得有些失魂落魄，甚至也有点愤愤不平。去浙大读书前，那位曾把8万套西装提高为30万套的厅长，又慷慨宣传厅里将拨款200万填补他的亏损，结果也成画饼，未见一个子儿。步鑫生在叹惜之余，终于又想再做一次拼搏。他自信，能把十几个人的红星成衣社变成海盐衬衫总厂的改革家，也一定能将这破船撑向新生的彼岸。

Bu Xinsheng, being in the predicament and looking for a way out, looked sort of dispirited and a bit aggrieved. Before going to study at Zhejiang University, a head of a department who had raised 80,000 suits to 300,000 generously advertised that the department would allocate 2 million to fill his deficit, which also turned out to be a rhetoric, without seeing a single penny. After sighing, Bu Xinsheng finally wanted to make another fight. He was confident that since he was the reformer who could turn the dozen-strong Red Star Garment Workshop into Haiyan Shirt Factory, he would also be able to pole the broken boat to the other side of the new life.

又回到了这个接待室，开会。干部、工人愣愣地凝望着。他们过去见到厂长的机会太少了，厂长被洋人、领导、记者，以及一些不相干的人包围了，厂长也用自己织起的网络裹住了自己。

Once again, Bu returned to this reception room for the meeting. The cadres and workers stared in disbelief. They used to have too few opportunities to see the factory manager, who was surrounded by foreigners, leaders, journalists, and some irrelevant people, and the factory manager had wrapped himself in his own web.

他推开话筒，侧着头，看一眼那样品橱窗里的“唐人”“三毛”“双燕”，做了一个稍稍思索的动作，说：“我错了。”他刚说了一句便又收住了，沉默下来，仿佛故意要拉长时空的距离，让人们咀嚼他说话的分量、滋味。

He pushed away the microphone, turned his head sideways at the “Tangren”, “Sanmao” and “Shuangyan” in the sample window. Then he made a slight thoughtful movement and said: “I made a mistake.” He just finished one sentence and then stopped, being silent as if deliberately to stretch the space and the time to make people chew the weight and the taste of his words.

“我对不起党组织，对不起海盐的30万群众，对不起海盐厂全体职工。”他又打住了，似乎想说些具体的东西，但果断地否定了，“我说，你们要走，我不拦；要分，也不拦。我希望跟我一起干下去，我今年53，还有劲干，3年，翻它个身。跟着我干，帮助我，你们不要走！”

“I feel sorry to the Party, sorry to the 300,000 citizens of Haiyan, sorry to all the workers of Haiyan factory.” He stopped again, seeming to want to say something specific, but decisively denied, “I’d say, if you want to quit, I won’t stop; if you want to be apart, I also won’t stop. I hope you to work with me. I am 53 this year. I still have energy to work. With 3 years, let’s turn the tables. Follow me and help me, don’t leave me!”

面对往日自傲矜持、不易近人、刚愎自用的厂长朴实的内省、自责，人群中出现了骚动，激起的兴奋赶走了刚才的沉闷、疑虑、不悦和怨尤。但毕竟是开始，人们的态度仍然是保留的。

Hearing the plain introspection and self-reproach of the director who used to be proud, demure, unapproachable, and headstrong, there was a stirring in the crowd, and the stimulating excitement drove away the earlier dullness, doubts, displeasure, and resentment. But it was the beginning after all, people’s attitudes were still reserved.

“现在劳动纪律不好！”不知谁埋怨地插了一句。

“我晓得，有人打人，有人赌博，有人把厂里的东西带到外面去了（他很机灵，没有说一个‘偷’字），你们还骂我，我一律不追究了，以后好好干！”

“The current labor discipline is poor!” Someone interjected with complaint.

“I know, someone fought, someone gambled, someone took the factory’s belongings outside (he was very smart, did not say a word ‘steal’). And you still scolded me. I would let all these go and work well in the future!”

“春节我们只拿了10元奖金，买炮仗还不够哩！”有人嘀咕了一句。这事一直成为镇上人们的笑料。

“今年加一个零！”

“零？”有人怀疑，不解！

“100 元！”政委马上补了一句。

全场沉默。

“We only got a bonus of 10 yuan for the Spring Festival, even not enough to buy firecrackers!” Someone muttered. This had been the laughingstock of the townspeople.

“Add a zero this year!”

“Zero?" Someone doubted and wondered!

“100 yuan!” The political commissar added right away.

The whole room was silent.

“我们还有600万元的债，每月利息就近10万哪！”半路杀出了程咬金。

重重的一锤子，把刚刚活起来的会场打翻了，好像当胸一拳，让人窒息得不吱声了。

可不，10 万元相当于全厂两个月的工资！

“Yet we still have 6-million-yuan debt, monthly interest is nearly 100,000!” Halfway there was a spoiler.

A heavy hammer knocked over the just vibrant meeting, as if a punch to the chest suffocating people unable to utter.

Indeed, 100,000 yuan is equivalent to two months’ salary for the whole factory!

政委的身子在坚硬的藤条椅上禁不住颤动了一下，对于只有150万固定资产的衬衫总厂来说，这个数字简直是一座无法移动的大山。这座大山是由200万元的西装大楼，130多万元的印染厂，那个领带生产线，失败的领带官司负债22万元，还有那300多位朱三太式的集资工紧急索走的30来万元以及各种亏损而堆成的。步鑫生在那高等学府攻读的几个月，他为筹措五六万元的工资，没有少叩头拜佛呀，到后来，工资也凑不齐，只能靠停工、打折扣来解燃眉之急。前些日子，银行听说步鑫生返厂，人家要索取每月的利息了。

The political commissar’s body couldn’t help but tremble on the hard rattan chair. For the general shirt factory, which had only $1.5 million in fixed assets, this figure was an irremovable mountain. This mountain was made up of the 2 million yuan for the suit building, the 1.3 million yuan for the printing and dyeing plant, the tie production line, the debt of 220,000 yuan fined by the defeated tie lawsuit, and the 300,000 yuan pressingly solicited by 300-odd nominal capital-raising workers plus other all kinds of losses. During the several months when Bu Xinsheng studied in that university, he always begged for 50,000 to 60,000 yuan to raise his salary. In the end, he couldn’t raise sufficient salary, so he had to shut down or decrease working days to meet the urgent needs. Some days ago, the bank side heard that Bu Xinsheng had returned to the factory, hence they were going to claim the monthly interest.

刚刚挥着手说完加个“零”字的步鑫生，瞬间凝成了一座不动的塑像，机灵的小眼睛正对着橱窗中那件有些儿泛黄的唐人牌高级衬衫上——那正是他三年前改革的产物，他也曾亲自带到五运会上，送给当时一跃而成为破世界跳高纪录的朱建华的手里，他很喜欢讨吉利，期望也有震惊世界的一跃!

Bu Xinsheng, who had just waved his hand and finished uttering the word “zero”, instantly froze into a static statue. His shrewd small eyes were right on that somewhat yellowed high-grade shirt of Tangren brand in the shopwindow -- that was the product of his reform three years ago, which he brought to the 5th National Games and personally handed it over to Zhu Jianhua, who broke the world high jump record in one leap at that time. He would like to pursue a good omen, hoping for a great leap to shock the world!

会就这样草草地结束了。

……

“我当时承受着全中国任何一个厂长都难以承受的困难！”5个月之后的今天，他这样对我说。

The meeting ended in such a hasty manner.

…

“I was suffering from difficulties that no factory manager in China could bear!” He said this to me today, five months later.

当时，困难正像钱塘江大潮，全线汹涌着向他袭来。

“还是让我们走吧！”大会以后，那两位曾经和他同过患难的年轻厂长又来了。

“好吧！”他终于咬着牙答应下来。

船翻了，总得让船里的人逃生呀！

At that time, difficulties were coming at him like the great tide of the Qiantang River, raging in full force.

“Better let us go!” After the conference, the two young factory managers who had shared weal and woe with him came again.

“All right!” He finally agreed reluctantly.

When the boat capsized, people on the boat should be allowed to flee!

“请先生批一下。”他们还沿用这至上的称呼，但要求是苛刻的。

——扫帚、备箕、桌、凳……

“好！”他颤抖着手签上了名字，“以后好好办，缺啥再来拿。”他终究比年轻人更懂得创业之艰难。

“Please approve it, sir.” They still apply this supreme address, but the requirements are demanding.

-- Broom, dustpan, table, stool…

“Well!” He signed his name with a trembling hand, “run the factory seriously later and come back to get anything you don’t have.” He after all knew more about the difficulties of starting a business than young people.

“我们还要几个机修工、电工——”递上了名单。

“喔——”凝视着名单的厂长愕然了，那几位正是自己欣赏的技术工呀——“好吧！”他终于把名单递还了他们，全身顿时一阵发软。

我熟悉这几位离他而去的人，他们年轻，有活力，甚至有点儿艺术细胞，海盐城，全中国第一首厂歌，倾注着其中一位的智慧。

“And we need a few more mechanics, electricians…” the list was handed over.

“Wow...” The director gazed at the list and was stunned, those were the skilled workers he appreciated…” “Okay! Fine!” He finally handed them back the list, and his whole body went limp.

I am familiar with these people who left him. They are young, energetic, even a little artistic. Haiyan City, the first factory song in China, has the wisdom from one of them.

“你是用了不当的人，还是不当地用人？”我静视着他。

“唉，唉，我错了，错了！”他巧妙地避开了。

讲究企业精神的今天，不能回避人才运用问题，这是企业发展的内部条件。而历史又证明，用人得失是古今中外治乱兴衰所系之大事。

“Did you use the wrong people, or did you use them wrong?” I looked at him statically.

“Well, well, I was wrong, I was wrong!” He tactfully avoided it.

Nowadays, when enterprise spirit was pronounced, we can’t ignore the employment of talents which is the internal condition of development. And history has proved that personnel management matters the prosperity and the decay no matter at any time and place.

幸运的星辰还会升起吗?

Will the Lucky Star Still Rise?

破碎的家，破碎的工厂！

他清早起来，抚摸着沿围墙而植的冬青，仿佛在思考什么。云柏凌乱蓬松，他找到一位勤杂工：“师傅，请你修剪一下，好吗?”

A broken home, a broken factory!

Early in the morning, he got up and stroked the holly planted along the fence, as if he was thinking about something. At the sight of disheveled and fluffy cypresses, he asked a handyman, “Mr., would you please trim them?”

“步厂长 ,你到车间去看看！”车间主任小金一脸焦虑地来拉他。

“我——知道！”他的心在战栗。

“知道什么？”小金噘起了嘴，“七点上班八点落班，七上八落，上回好不容易接了一批加工衬衫的任务，没人，到咖啡厅去拉，我还给他们骂。”小金几乎涌出眼泪。

“Director Bu, go to the workshop to take a look!” The workshop director Jin Junior came to pull him with a frantic face.

“I... know!” His heart was throbbing.

“Know what?” Jin pouted, “they go to work at 7 and finish at 8. Last time we strenuously got a task to process a batch of shirts, there was no one engaged. Then I went to the café to recruit people, I even got scolded by them.” His tears almost gushed out.

是的，就在桥南茶馆的附近市场上新开了一家咖啡馆，虽然带着乡土气，对于小镇上的青年来说，够得上是一个新潮的刺激。厂里没有活，工资七折八扣，上班就七上八落，有人在这里寻觅跳厂的路子，寻觅获利的交易。小镇青年对个性解放、自主意识有着独特的理解。

Yes, a new cafe was opened in the market near the teahouse south of the bridge. With a rustic style though, it could be considered a novel excitement for the youth of the town. Since there was no work in the factory, salaries were discounted, went to work at seven and ended at eight, some people here were to find a way to hop out of the factory for a profitable deal. The youth of this small town had a unique understanding on individual liberation and sense of autonomy.

“回去，做生活！”

“喔唷喔唷，做啥生活？厂都要关门了，省省吧。”

凝聚力已经逝去，剩下的是一堵剥落的粉墙。

“Go back, make a living!”

“Wow, wow. What do you do for a living? The factory is closing, save it.”

The cohesion was gone, and what remained was a peeling wall.

“谢谢你们，有生活了，厦门接来的，同志，帮帮忙！”车间主任几乎下跪。

“小阿妹，你也帮帮阿拉忙！”小师傅不甘示弱，举起饮料在这位车间主任眼前晃晃，“你也帮帮忙，弄两张大团结吧！”是嘛，乡村青年也有他的自我价值观，当然，那是低层次的愿望——钱！

半拖半拉，半骂半喊，小师傅被女车间主任撤在工作凳上，然而，领角一高一低，纽扣眼忘锁，线缝稀疏了。

“Thank you, we get a new order picked up from Xiamen, Fujian Province . Comrades, give me a hand!” The workshop director almost kneeled.

“Little sister, please do me a favor!” The young worker, unwilling to give in, raised her beverage shaking in front of the workshop director, “please do me a favor too, give me two 10-yuan bills!” Well, the country youth also had her own self-value, of course, that is the low-level desire--money!

Being dragged and pulled, scolded, and yelled, the young worker was removed by the female workshop director on the work bench. However, the collar corner is high on one side and low on the other, the buttonhole was left to lock, the thread seam was sparse.

“我知道。”厂长眼睛里喷着火，含着泪。

3年前一位副厂长迟到3分钟，他在财务科送来的单子上毫不犹豫地签上扣款的数额。

他已经感到由于自己决策错误所带来经济失控的严重性了，工人们拿不到奖金，甚至工资也要拖欠，而物价却在上涨，他仿佛找到了问题的症结。他对着几位厂级干部说：“应该让工人长长膘！”面对投来疑虑目光的干部，又说，“实行计件制，做一件拿一件工资，不做，一分也不给！”

盐平河两岸、桥南茶馆、咖啡厅那边有了新的议论，新奇惊异，嘁嘁喳喳！

“I know.” The factory director’s eyes were spitting fire and tears.

Three years ago, a deputy factory manager was three minutes late and he signed the amount of deduction on the list of the finance section without hesitation.

He was already aware of the severity of the uncontrollable economy due to his wrong decisions. Workers couldn’t get their bonuses, and even their salaries were in arrears, while prices were rising, as if he had found the crux of the problem. He said to several factory cadres, “the workers should be allowed to fatten up!” Face with cadres’ doubtful gaze, he said, “we will carry out a piecework system, by which do a piece, earn a wage. If do nothing, they won’t get a penny!”

There was fresh, amazing and noisy discussion on both sides of Yanping River, the teahouse south of the bridge, the cafe

见不到那几个女车间主任在咖啡厅、落弹场上，像赶鸭子、捉小鸡那样把工人们拉回车间缝衬衫、搬衣料的滑稽场面了。

“主任，我的任务快完了，下面的活可要抓紧准备好，闲下来可要你补给我钱哪！”小青年一边低着头赶制衬衣，一边催促领导。

People didn’t see the comical scene anymore that several female workshop directors pulled workers back to the workshop sewing shirts and moving clothes materials in the cafeteria and beaten zone like catching ducks and chicks.

“Director, my task is almost finished, the following work needs to be prepared timely. If I get idle, you should make up for me!” The youth urged the leader while lowering head making shirts quickly.

不久，财务科的老陆报出一连串令人吃惊的数字：海盐厂平均工资从80.5元一跃而达160元！多的高达300元或400元！

人们惊讶地嚷开了：这是浮肿，不是长膘！

对于这一“长膘”事件，在全厂职工中自然是褒贬不一的，长膘者作喜，未长膘者作怒。实行计件制是一种改革，但需要伴随着严格的科学管理，合理的计量、定时——

“我能想到那么多吗？”他苦恼地自问，他寻觅着答案。

Soon, Lu senior of the finance section reported a series of striking figures: the average salary of the Haiyan factory jumped from 80.5 yuan to 160 yuan! Higher ones were up to 300 or 400 yuan!

People exclaimed surprisingly: this is swelling, not fattening up!

For this “fattening” event, there were naturally mixed reviews among the factory workers, with those who had fattened being happy and those who didn’t being angry. The implementation of piecework system is a reform, but it needs to be accompanied by strict scientific management and reasonable measurement and timing...

“Can I cover it all?” He asked himself confusedly. He searched for an answer.

香港女经理

Female Manager in Hong Kong

步鑫生的失败，并没有使我忘却海盐衬衫厂工人、干部甚至客户们为挽救厄运中的帆船所做的努力，他们是善良的。我想起了那位小有接触的胖墩墩的张小姐。

那天深夜，我独自一人在衬衫厂厂区的过道上散步，寻找逝去的繁华。记忆总是带给人们过多的烦恼和惆怅。手中的那只袖珍半导体，轻声地报道当天最后的国内国际经济信息。

我意外地发现了接待室的灯光。我走进去。

Bu Xinsheng’s failure did not make me forget the efforts of the workers, cadres and even customers of the Haiyan Shirt Factory who were kind enough to save the doomed sailboat. I remembered the chubby Miss Zhang whom I had a little contact with.

Late that night, I was walking alone in the aisles of the shirt factory plant, looking for the prosperity that had passed away. Memory always brings people too much annoyance and melancholy. The pocket-sized semiconductor in my hand gently reported the last domestic and international economic information of the day.

I unexpectedly spotted the light in the reception room. I walked in.

一幅令人惊喜、令人深思的画面：

几个人伏在铺展在地毯上的几张剪样上，他们是车间主任、生产科长、副厂长小刘、香港的女经理张小姐。

剪刀、铅笔、纸样，低声地磋商。

A surprising and impressive scene:

Several people crouched over the carpet on which several cut-out samples spread out. They were the workshop director, the chief of production section, the deputy factory manager Liu Junior, and the female manager from Hong Kong, Miss Zhang.

Scissors, pencils, paper samples, whispered consultations.

“喔，您还没睡？”首先和我搭腔的正是和我同车到达海盐的张小姐——一位秀丽文雅的福建姑娘。

张小姐选择海盐做她的业务伙伴自然是在步鑫生名扬海外的时期，这是十多位港商伙伴中的一位，是一位热情的伙伴。

“Oh, you are not sleeping yet?” The first person to talk to me was none other than Miss Zhang, who arrived in Haiyan on the same bus with me--a fair and elegant Fujian girl.

Miss Zhang chose Haiyan as her business partner undoubtedly during the period when Bu Xinsheng was famous overseas. And she was one of more than a dozen Hong Kong business partners, a warm partner.

在这几天的接触中，海盐厂的几位女干部在我面前毫不吝啬地运用她们所知道的褒誉之词——平易近人，诚恳辛劳，有事商量，有活一起干，打成一片，不摆老板架子，还爱和女干部们一起吃些小零嘴，嘻嘻哈哈，不拘小节等，来评价张小姐。

In these days of contact, several female cadres of Haiyan factory frankly used the praise words all they knew in front of me to evaluate Miss Zhang—she was easy-going, sincere and hard work, discussed things with them, worked together, played together, didn’t put on the boss stand, also loved to eat snacks with the female cadres, cheerful, unpretentious, etc.

她的公司在香港商业中心租了几间办公楼。从香港到厦门，到上海，到海盐，空中，陆地，旅途劳顿，但是她终于寻到了钱塘江畔的这家衬衫厂。

前年，张小姐的开发公司碰到了难题，香港市场需要乔其纱女式衬衫，原来交美国一家服装厂加工生产，但其时适逢封关，女经理找到了步鑫生派驻厦门的代表小刘。

Her company rented several office buildings in the commercial center of Hong Kong. From Hong Kong to Xiamen, to Shanghai, then to Haiyan, she went on a tiring journey in air and on land, but she finally found this shirt factory on the banks of the Qiantang River.

The year before last, Ms. Zhang's development company encountered a problem. The Hong Kong market needed georgette women’s shirts which were originally handed over to a U.S. garment factory to process and produce. But it coincided with the closure of customs, the manager contacted the representative Liu Junior who was sent to Xiamen by Bu Xinsheng.

“接不接? 12天，4000 件！”小刘在长途电话中拔高嗓音问他的厂长。

美国、中国，在这个小小的女衣制作上形成了一个热点，要展开一场竞赛。

“接！”

“Take it or not? 12 days, 4,000 pieces!” Little Liu asked his factory director, raising his voice over the long-distance phone.

America and China formed a hot spot on this minor women’s clothing production and were about to start a race.

“Take it!”

12天，4000件精美别致的女式乔其纱衬衫，像奇迹一般运到了张小姐的面前。

中国有个步鑫生，去找他！

她介绍的吴小姐 ,要最新式的女式时装12套，按时完成！

她又介绍了她的服装伙伴。

In 12 days, 4,000 pieces of exquisite and chic women’s georgette shirts were shipped to Miss Zhang like a miracle.

There’s a Bu Xinsheng in China, go find him!

She introduced Ms. Wu, who wanted 12 sets of the newest women’s fashion, on time!

She introduced her garment partner again.

海盐厂出现了艰难的局面，失误了，工人的心散了，嗣后的22000打衬衫失约了。长途电话的冲击波也激不起原有的活力，派经纪人来，看到一副败落的景象，哭了！

“哭得够惨的，男子汉呀！”见到过当时那副可怜相的服务员小高对我说，“海盐厂身败名裂了，人家不来了。”

到后来我才知道，这位女经理既守信誉，又讲情谊，她在那批订单完成后，又拨来一批6万套衣服的业务，却被海盐厂回掉了。

Haiyan factory had a tough time then with mistakes, the disunified workers, the defaulted subsequent 22,000 dozen shirts. The shock wave from the long-distance calls also couldn’t stir the previous vitality. The agent that was sent saw a desolate scene and cried!

“Crying badly enough, he is a man!” The waiter who had seen that pathetic look at the time, Xiaogao, said to me, “The Haiyan factory is in disrepute, people were unwilling to come.”

Only later did I learn that the female manager both kept her word and remain faithful to friends, and she allocated an order of 60,000 sets of clothes after that order was completed, but only to be turned down by the Haiyan factory.

这位面目清秀的张小姐是“文革”期间从国内出去的。她热爱自己的家乡，自然也谙熟它的脾气，因此坚持“合理想象”——在这块日夜眷念和熟悉的土地上的业务伙伴。

她抚弄着搁在膝上精致的港式手提包，有点不在乎地说：“人人都会有失败，打官司，败诉，胜诉，在我们那里天天有，数不尽，跌倒了，爬起来再干就是啦嘛！”

This good-looking Ms. Zhang left China during the “Cultural Revolution”. She loved her hometown and was of course familiar with its temperament, so she sticks to “reasonable imagination” -- a business partner in this land that she missed day and night and acquainted with.

She fiddled with her delicate Hong Kong-style handbag on her lap and said casually: “Everyone has failures, lawsuits, losses and victories, there are countless of them every day in our place. Fall down, just get up and do it again!”

她的胜败观，确是具有商业场上久经沧桑后的坦然，深烙着现代商人的经商意识。副厂长告诉我，在今年春夏之交，这位略显发福而风韵极雅的女经理，带着她近20万套的服装加工业务，飘飘地降落到这块土地上。

Her view about winning and losing indeed bears the openness brought by the vicissitudes on the business field and is deeply branded with the business sense of modern businessmen. The deputy factory manager told me that at the turn of spring and summer this year, this slightly fattening but still elegant female manager landed on this land with her nearly 200,000 sets of garment processing business.

今晚，她伏在地毯上就是和恢复海盐厂生机的骨干们研讨一批出口意大利的运动服的剪裁、式样、用料等问题。腰缠万贯的老板，也照样熬夜苦战，这也是一种启迪。

我坐在藤椅上，趁着间隙，问张小姐：“你不怕担风险，同海盐厂做生意？”

“嗨呀，做生意总要担风险的嘛！”她浓厚的闽南音中带着很自信的味道。

“在资本世界里是大鱼吃小鱼的呀，你是在有意支持海盐厂吧？”我说。

Tonight, that she ambled on the carpet was to discuss with the cadres of Haiyan Factory, who restored their vitality, the cut, style, materials, and other issues of a batch of sportswear exported to Italy. It was enlightening to know that a wealthy boss also stays up late and works hard as other ordinary people.

I sat on a cane chair and took the opportunity to ask Miss Zhang: “Aren’t you afraid to take the risk to do business with Haiyan?”

“Well, there is always a risk in business!” Her strong southern Fujian accent carried a very confident feeling.

“In the capital world, the big fish eat the small fish, you are intentionally supporting Haiyan, right?” I said.

“你说得太好了，都是一家人呢。我大鱼算不上，一条普通的鱼，大家一起游嘛！”她笑了，脸上红艳艳的。她告诉我，她有七个妹妹，都靠她供给生活费、学费，她三十七岁了，还没有结婚，要带着七条小鱼（七姐妹）一起游嘛！

“You flatter me, we’re all family. I don’t count as a big fish, just an ordinary fish, we all swim together!” She smiled and flushed. She told me that she has seven sisters, all rely on her to supply living expenses, school fees. She was thirty-seven years old, not yet married, and was going to take the seven small fish (seven sisters) to swim together!

沙漠里的几滴水

善良的人们还想助他一臂之力。

电话铃又闹起来了。

A Few Drops of Water in the Desert

Good people still want to give him a hand.

The phone was ringing again.

“老步，我在伊犁。”哦，是供销员从天山脚下打来的长途，“这里的纺织品站李经理愿意支援我们，他们有几万尺面料在常熟，叫我们赶快派人去看，合适的话就拿来加工衬衫，不要付钱，卖掉后，我们拿加工费！”

“行！”步鑫生的眼泪在涌动。

这是一笔不用先拿钱买面料的无本生意，这是一种友谊的援助。

“Elder Bu, I’m in Ili.” Oh, it was the long-distance call from the foot of Tianshan Mountain from the supply and marketing clerk, “Manager Li of the textile station here is willing to support us. They have tens of thousands of feet of fabric in Changshu, told us to send someone to see it quickly. If it fits, bring it to process shirts, no need to pay, after selling it, we get the processing fee!”

“Okay!” Tears were welling up in Bu Xinsheng’s eyes.

This is a no-budget business without paying for the fabric first, which can count as a friendly assistance.

又来了一个同行，远在郊区的新友服装厂厂长、县政协委员陆友根，61岁了，紫铜色脸庞，硬朗挺拔。

“你不要灰心，衬衫厂的事就是我的事。”他深深地吸了一口烟，“你有服装任务，我帮你做。做衬衫没劳力，我派人来，你们带，渡过这个难关！”

门口忽然传来大声吆喝和重重的开门声响，接着门卫小季、小吴奔进来了：“诸暨装来35000 尺面料，特地赶来的，书记押车。”

“卸吧！”厂长看看手表，夜里十一点半。

There came another peer, the director of Xinyou (New Friend) garment factory far away in the suburbs, the county CPPCC member 61-year-old Lu Yougen, a hale tall man with purplish copper-colored face.

“Don’t be discouraged, the shirt factory’s business is my business.” He took a deep puff of smoke, “you have a clothing task, I help you do it. No labor to make shirts, I send people, led by you, tide over this difficult time!”

A loud yell and a heavy sound of opening door suddenly came from the gate, then the doorman Little Ji, Little Wu ran in: “35,000 feet of fabric were delivered from Zhuji, came here especially, the secretary escorted the car.”

“Unload it!” The factory manager looked at his watch, 11:30 pm.

叫醒了仓库管理员，加上门卫，加上伏在地毯上的这批辛勤的熬夜者，一个小时，面料整整齐齐地进了仓库，汗水滴进了被海边夜雾润湿了的土地里。

但是，这却如干旱沙漠里的几滴水，无济于事。感情，在经济规律面前是最无能的一种自嘲！

The warehouse manager, the janitor, plus the group of hard-working people who had lain on the carpet all night were waken up. In one hour, the fabrics were taken into the warehouse neatly, sweat dripping into the land wetted by the nighttime sea fog.

However, this was like a few drops of water in the arid desert, to no avail. Emotion, in front of the laws of economics is the most impotent kind of self-deprecation!

不是光明的尾巴

Not the Tail of Light

搞财务的人，有他特殊的内在素质，总是那么实在、那么精细、那么一丝不苟，财务科长老陆除具有以上特点，他又是一个不易乐观的人。坐在藤椅上，他严肃而忧虑地对我说：“海盐厂的苦日子还在后头！”这话一点不假。

The person who works on finance has special inner quality, always so practical, so careful, so meticulous. In addition to the above characteristics, the finance section chief Lu senior is a person who isn’t inclined to be optimistic. Sitting on a rattan chair, he said to me seriously and worriedly: “The bitter days of the Haiyan factory are still ahead!” This is true.

这天，他从银行回来，双眉立成了山。

他开始汇报：1987 年1到4月亏损265000元，这月工资——发不出，银行坚持不借钱给亏损户，流动资金利息60万元，积压物资、设备、衣料、服装有200万左右，只能回收60%，至多70%，加工所得进款都被银行扣除。

瘦脱了形的步鑫生用他竹节般的手，紧紧地握住藤椅扶手，心里盘算着工厂的家底，脸上的阴云又升起来了。

This day, he came back from the bank, both eyebrows frowning like a mountain.

He began to report: the loss of January to April in 1987 was 265,000 yuan, and this month’s salary – can’t be issued. The bank insisted not to lend money to unprofitable enterprises. The interest of working capital was 600,000 yuan, and the backlog of materials, equipment, clothing, and garments that were worth about 2 million can be only recovered 60%, at most 70%, and the processing income were deducted by the bank.

The emaciated Bu Xinsheng clutched the armrests of the rattan chair with his bamboo-like fingers and was calculating the factory’s assets in mind. The cloud rose on his face again.

“通知所有的供销员外出时要收回过去未收齐的欠账。”改革家虽然不知欠账的底里，但为客户加工后费用不及时去收的事，他是有所耳闻的。

“平湖还有一个小集体单位欠我们3万元面料钱呢!”老陆又提醒厂长。

“对，老陆，”厂长接上财务科长的话头，“麻烦你去调查统计一下，到底还有几笔欠账在外面，请外出人员落实追回。”

“Notify all supply and marketing clerks to collect any outstanding accounts that have not been collected in the past when they go outside.” Although the reformer didn’t know the details of the arrears, he had heard that the fee wasn’t collected in time after processing for customers.

“There was a small collective enterprise that owes us 30,000 yuan in fabric in Pinghu Lake!” Elder Lu reminded the factory manager again.

“Right, elder Lu,” the factory manager picked up the words of the head of the finance section, “please go to investigate there are how many outstanding accounts outside and send our people to implement the recovery.”

“还有行政费用，步先生，这也是一笔可观的数字，上个月就花 15000 以上。”

“对对。”精明的厂长受到了启发，兴奋不已，”你记住，以后非生产开支一律冻结，碰到修厂房、添置零配件，凡是上200元的，除了主管领导批准以外，你要交给我审批！”他开始节流。

“步厂长，”财务科长抬头望了厂长一眼，似有犹豫，但还是接着说，“还有请客吃饭？”

“我亲自批！”他的语气更坚决了。

“And the administrative costs, Mr. Bu, that’s also a significant figure, over 15,000 yuan spent last month alone.”

“Right, right.” The shrewd factory manager was inspired and excited, “remember, in the future, all expenses unrelated with production will be frozen. As for plant repairs and parts purchase, once over 200 yuan, in addition to the approval of the supervisor, you have to give it to me for approval!” He began to cut costs.

“Director Bu,” the head of the finance section looked up at the director, seemingly hesitant, but continued to say, “same with the treats?”

“I will personally approve it!” His tone was more resolute.

可不，处处要用钱。

但已是杯水车薪，无济于事了。

“生财、理财、聚财的能手啊，你为什么不早早提醒我呢？”改革家沮丧地凝视着财务科长。

Well, indeed, they needed money everywhere.

But it’s helpless, like a drop in the bucket.

“Why didn’t you warn me earlier, the expert in making, managing and gathering money?” The reformer gazed dejectedly at the head of the finance section.

精明的科长报着数字，将手指依次地揿倒：工商银行贷款645万，省财政借款77万，县财政贷款135万，省二轻公司借款30万，县二轻公司借款12万，库存损失60万，于是，近1000万借贷的资产逐渐变成了一个冷峻的负数！厂长的脸庞上，似乎也游动着内疚和痛惜交织的神色。

The calculative section chief read the figures, snapping his fingers in order: 6.45 million in loans from the Industrial and Commercial Bank, 770,000 in loans from the provincial finance, 1.35 million in loans from the county finance, 300,000 in loans from the provincial Second Light Company, 120,000 in loans from the county Second Light Company, and 600,000 in inventory losses, so the nearly 10 million borrowed assets gradually turned into a cold negative number! The factory director’s face, seemingly, also emerged a mixed look of guilt and regret.

入不敷出，负债累累，海盐厂由于经营失策，已陷人破产窘境……

一切都无法挽回了！

企图以三年时间来挽回败局的努力，到此宣告结束。从经济的视角剖析，竞争总伴随着失败。转化，需要新的条件。

曾经活跃在改革旋风中心的步鑫生平静下来，回顾童话般的往昔，陷人了痛苦的反思。

The income is unable to cover the expenses, and the debt was heavy. Haiyan factory, due to business mismanagement, had been trapped in bankruptcy dilemma…

Everything was irreversible!

Attempts to redeem the defeat in three years’ time came to an end. From an economic point of view, competition is always accompanied by failure. Transformation demands new conditions.

Bu Xinsheng, once active in the center of the reform whirlwind, calmed down, looked back on the fairy-tale past and fell into a painful reflection.

不是最后的对话

Not the Last Conversation

在他的临时卧室里，我和刚刚接到免职令的步鑫生相对默望着。我曾多次和这位闻名的企业家单独对话，但都进行得那么艰难，那么短暂。找他的人太多了，有谈改革的，有谈学校的，甚至有叫他谈计划生育经验的。他开始苦恼地东躲西藏。但是，不乏能干的记者竟将他藏起来，企图搞独家新闻。

In his temporary bedroom, I looked at him in silence opposite Bu Xinsheng, who had just received his removal order. I had had many separate conversations with this famous entrepreneur, but they have been so difficult and brief. He was approached by too many people, some talking about reform, some about schools, and even some asking him to talk about his experience in family planning. He began to duck and hide in distress. But there was no shortage of competent journalists who went so far as to hide him in an attempt to get an exclusive news.

我力图从他脸上寻找通常人在猝遭超常打击时常有的沮丧和尴尬情绪，我惊讶地失望了。他的眼睛喷射着激动和祈望的光芒。他自己从五层楼下的食堂为我打来了开水，不一会儿又上来一个炊事员，请我去吃晚饭，我这才知道他在打水时做了关照，炊事员态度和蔼亲切，这倒引起了我的感慨，我有点感动。

室内很静，楼下车间里也没有人坐夜班。

我们的对话继续下去。

I tried to find in his face the common look of frustration and embarrassment that one usually feels when one is struck by a sudden and extraordinary blow, and I was surprised and disappointed. His eyes glowed with excitement and hope. He himself brought me boiling water from the canteen downstairs on the fifth floor, and in a short time another cook came up and invited me to dinner. I realized that he had notified the cook when fetching water. And the cook was kind and gracious, which aroused my emotions and touched me somewhat.

It was quiet indoors and there was no one on duty in the workshop downstairs for the night shift.

Our conversation continued.

“我没有预料到会有这个结局。”他说。

“为什么?”

“I didn’t anticipate this ending.” He said.

“Why?”

“我是全心全意扑在事业上的。”

“这我完全相信。”我说。白天，副厂长小刘就毫不讳言地对我说过：“到现在为止，我敢说步鑫生是厂里工作热情最高的人。”

“但作为企业家，这还是远远不够的。”

“I am fully committed to my career.”

“I totally believe that.” I said. During the day, Little Liu, the deputy factory manager, had said to me frankly, “Up to now, I dare say that Bu Xinsheng is the most enthusiastic worker in the factory.”

“But as an entrepreneur, this is still far from enough.”

“西装、领带、用人、脾气——”他自语着，旋即又否定似的摇摇头，“是我的素质没有提高。”

“唔——”我应了一声，无话可答。我是企业管理的外行，时代是在前进的，企业家的自我完善将会是一个重要课题。旧的自我在实践中淘汰，新的自我又在反思中诞生。

“我本来打算让海盐厂三年内翻过身来，可是刚刚过了一年——”他把话题拉了回来。

“The suit, the tie, the use of people, the temper--” he muttered to himself, and then shook his head as if in denial, “it’s my quality that hasn’t been improved.”

“Well—" I responded, speechless. I was an amateur in business management. The time is moving forward, and self-improvement of entrepreneurs will be an important subject. The old self is eliminated in practice, and the new self is born in reflection.

“I had planned to make Haiyan revive around in three years, but just after a year--” he pulled the topic back.

我凝视着他，我捉摸不透他目前的所思所虑，我等待着他把话说完。

“其实，今天的决定对我是好事而不是坏事，我要更好地反思，我还要开拓，三年之后，还是我这个步鑫生！”他瘦小的手又挥动起来。

I stared at him, confused about his current thinking, and waited for him to finish his words.

“In fact, today’s decision is good for me rather than bad, I have to reflect better, I have to pioneer, and three years later, it's still me, Bu Xinsheng!” His skinny hand waved again.

我无意中发现他床头的几封信，几乎都是大学生热情的笔迹，来自西北、来自浙江、来自北京、来自上海。我惊讶地发现，这些信的写作日期几乎都是新华社播出免职通知的当天——16日。这个细节会引起人们的注意。一位同济大学研究生说:

I stumbled on several letters on his bed, almost all in the enthusiastic writing of college students, from the northwest, from Zhejiang, from Beijing, from Shanghai. I was surprised to find that almost all these letters were written on the same day that the Xinhua News Agency broadcast his removal notice -- the 16th. This detail will attract attention. A Tongji University graduate student wrote:

公司倒闭，经理下台，也属正常，并不意味你的人生道路的失败。

你曾经是一面旗帜，但这面旗上的污点不少。现在被免去了，这反映了我们党有错必改，处事坚决果断且有分寸。没有哪一个人能不犯错误，而要善于解剖自己，吸取教训，不断前进，坚强而不固执，才是真正的男子汉！……想要做什么事业，任何时候都不迟。

That company goes bankrupt and the manager steps down is normal, which doesn’t mean the failure of your life.

You used to be a flag, but this flag has a lot of stains on it. Now they are eradicated, which reflects that our party is determined to correct any mistakes, the way our party handle things is firm and decisive and discreet. No one won’t make mistakes, but we should be good at dissecting ourselves, learn lessons, and keep moving forward. Being strong and not stubborn is the real man! ... It’s never too late to do what you want to do for a cause.

此刻，我眼前出现了一瞬间的回顾。不久前，年迈的经济学家于光远先生专程来到海盐，目睹现状后，握着步鑫生的手，说：“你只要接受教训就可以了。世界上获得成功的企业家没有不摔跤的，不摔跤的企业，不可能成为真正的企业……”他看得很远，这无疑也是一种鼓励。

At that moment, a flashback appeared before my eyes. Not long ago, the aged economist Mr. Yu Guangyuan made a special trip to Haiyan, and after witnessing the current situation, he shook Bu Xinsheng's hand and said, “You just have to accept the lesson. There is no successful entrepreneur in the world who does not wrestle, and a business that does not wrestle cannot be a real business…” He looked far ahead, and this is undoubtedly an encouragement.

信和对话都显示了社会宽松自由的氛围正在形成，显示舆论对重大社会事件的倾注，表现了一种来自群众的意向。

我们不能糊涂地把一切与某种决定的不同看法视为“逆反情绪”“逆反心理”，这恰恰会成为一种可利用的遁词，回避了问题的实质。

Both the letter and the dialogue show that a liberal and free atmosphere is forming in society, that public opinion is devoted to major social events, and show an intention from the masses.

We should not confusingly consider all disagreements with certain decisions as “rebellious sentiments” and “rebellious psychology”, which can become a kind of a hideous word that can be used to avoid the essence of the problem.

步鑫生说得好，他应该进行认真的反思。然而，难道仅仅是步鑫生一个人的反思，而不是步鑫生现象的反思? 从海盐厂的盛衰过程，就不难看出客观环境的作用，在某些具体环节中甚至起到举足轻重的作用。我在海盐城的采访中，听到了不少人的议论，表现了对步鑫生某种做法的不同看法。有人说，该免职的难道仅仅是步鑫生！一位车间干部对我说，把一切责任推到步鑫生身上是不公道的！有的新闻工作者提出，把步鑫生当作一个孤立的人物，只从个人道德、伦理品质等方面去评述成败，而没有从宏观的、历史的角度来考察，就会失真。人们开始自由评说。

What Bu Xinsheng said made sense that he should conduct a serious reflection. However, is it only the reflection of Bu Xinsheng alone, but not the reflection of the Bu Xinsheng phenomenon? From the process of the boom and bust of Haiyan factory, it is easy to see the role of the objective environment which even plays a pivotal role in some specific sections. In my interview in Haiyan City, I heard a lot of comments showing a different view on a certain practice of Bu Xinsheng. Some people said, should be removed from office is not only Bu Xinsheng! A workshop cadre said to me that it was unfair to put all the blame on Bu Xinsheng! Some journalists suggested that treating Bu Xinsheng as an isolated figure and commenting on success or failure only from personal moral and ethical qualities, without examining it from a macro and historical perspective, would be distorted. People began to comment freely.

改革是社会整体的运行，又是一个历史的过程。它需要摆脱许多陈旧的羁绊，需要寻找出新的、符合人们愿望和经济发展规律的社会机制，这就需要经过无数次尝试。这便是目前进行的这场牵动亿万人心的大改革的艰难所在。个人的一切行动离不开客观环境，个人素质的自我完善离不开历史条件。

Reform is the operation of society as a whole and a historical process. It needs to shake off many hackneyed constraints and to find new social mechanisms that meet people’s aspirations and the laws of economic development, which requires numerous attempts. This is the difficulty of the current reform, which is affecting the hearts and minds of millions of people. All actions of individuals cannot be separated from the objective environment, and the self-improvement of individual qualities cannot be separated from historical conditions.

步鑫生现象的反思带有深刻的历史意义!

The reflection on the phenomenon of Bu Xinsheng carries profound historical significance!

此刻，我又想起几年前有人对步鑫生改革说过的“三月桃花一时红”的话，会不会又被人提起呢? 也许会的。但这样的预言是必定要失败的。纵观全局，我们的改革不是正在蓬勃地开展着吗？困难和曲折是存在的，却正在被克服着。

At this moment, I recall the line that someone said to Bu Xinsheng’s reform a few years ago, that is “Peach blossoms are just red for a while in March”, will they be mentioned again? Maybe it will. But such a prophecy is bound to fail. Looking at the whole situation, isn’t our reform being carried out vigorously? Difficulties and twists and turns exist, but they are being overcome.

我们不仅祈望三年后又是一个步鑫生，也祈望有更多的改革家在广阔的土地上诞生！

We pray not only for another Bu Xinsheng in three years, but also for more reformers to be born in the vast land!

(原载《文汇月刊》1988 年第9期)

(Originally published in Wenhui Monthly, No. 9, 1988)

卷五：5.“神州”天路

“神舟”天路

中国载人航天工程纪略

兰宁远

The Long Journey of “Shenzhou” to Space

-- Chronology of China’s Manned Space Program

Lan Ningyuan

时光进入21世纪,我国空间科学实验的重大战略工程一载人航天工程已由梦想变成了现实。从航天员首次飞向太空到第一次太空漫步，从“神舟”“天宫” 实现“太空之吻”到女航天员的首次出征,从航天员的太空授课到太空33天的全新征程，回望“神舟”飞天的壮丽航程，中国航天人在迈向建设航天强国的征途上，走出了一条“自主创新，重点跨越，支撑发展，引领未来”的飞天之路…… Time into the 21st century, China’s major strategic project of space science experiments -- manned space program has become a reality from a dream. The astronauts’ first flight to space and the first spacewalk was accomplished; the creation and construction of “Shenzhou” and “Tiangong” was achieved; the “space kiss” and the first march of female astronauts were made; the astronaut space lectures and a new journey of 33 days in space were completed. Looking back on the magnificent space voyage of “Shenzhou”, a spaceflight path of “innovate independently, emphasizing transcendence, supporting development and leading the future” has been taken by Chinese astronauts on the way to building a major power in space…

“神舟"从东方起航

自古以来，浩瀚宇宙，璀璨星河；嫦娥奔月，吴刚折桂；牛郎鹊桥会织女，敦煌伎乐舞天宫……数不尽的神话传说寄托着炎黄子孙对飞天的梦想和遐思。千百年来，虽然人类时时刻刻都在受着地球引力的束缚，但从来没有停止对飞天的探索。

“Shenzhou” Set Sail from the East

Since ancient times, the universe is vast and the stars are bright; Chang’e flying to the moon and Wu Gang chopping the laurel to get freedom; the Cowboy and the Weaver girl meet at the magpie bridge, female performers in Dunhuang Grotto singing and dancing in the heaven palace…countless myths and legends carry the Chinese nation’s dream and reverie to fly to the sky. For thousands of years, human beings though have been bound by the earth’s gravity at all times never stop exploring space travel.

当人类文明进入20世纪，世界上的一些大国将探索太空奥秘、寻找能够利用的空间资源的目光瞄准了距离地球300-500公里之遥的太空，这里具有高真空、高温差、微重力、超洁净等独特环境。在这个轨道高度上运行的载人航天器可以进行地球环境与资源探测、开展生命科学和空间医学实验、进行卫星释放等太空活动。

When human civilization was in the 20th century, some of the world’s major powers targeted their attention on exploring the mysteries of space and finding available space resources as far as 300 to 500 km away from the Earth, where the unique environment of high vacuum, high temperature difference, microgravity and ultra-clean is available. Manned spacecraft orbiting at such an altitude can detect the Earth’s environment and resources, conduct life science and space medicine experiments, and launch satellite releases and other space activities.

20世纪50年代，刚刚从战火中走来的中国人从过去百年的屈辱史中深刻地体会到落后就要挨打的道理，也把目光瞄准了正在飞速发展的航天技术。面对新的国际局势和高技术发展的迅猛势头，1956年春，在周恩来总理的主持下，国务院成立了科学技术规划委员会，组织全国600多名科学技术人员历时半年，研究制订了《1956-1957年科学技术发展远景规划纲要》，明确提出，在航天技术方面要发展喷气和火箭技术。

In the 1950s, the Chinese people, who had just come from the fire of war, learned deeply from the humiliating history of the past century that they would be beaten if they lagged behind, and set their eyes on the rapid development of space technology. Given the new international situation and the strong momentum of high-tech development, in the spring of 1956, under the leadership of Premier Zhou Enlai, the State Council set up State Scientific and Technological Commission and organized more than 600 science and technology personnel throughout the country for half a year to study and formulate the 1956-1967 Long Range Development Program of Sciences and Technology, which clearly proposed to develop jet and rocket technology in space technology.

1956年10月8日，中国第一个导弹研究机构——国防部第五研究院成立，刚刚归国不久的科学家钱学森被任命为首任院长。这一天，是中国火箭导弹事业的奠基日，也是这一天，中国的航天事业在“一穷二白”中迈出第一步。

On October 8, 1956, China’s first missile research institution, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, was established, and Qian Xuesen, a scientist who had just returned to China, was appointed as the first director. This day was the groundbreaking day of China’s rocket and missile industry, and it was also the day when China’s space cause took its first step in poverty.

1957年10月4日，苏联第一颗人造地球卫星成功发射。毛泽东主席在第二年5月召开的党的八大二次会议上，发出了“我们也要搞人造卫星”的号召，重新唤起中华儿女的千年飞天梦想。中国航天人凭着“可上九天揽月”的雄心壮志，开始探索我国载人航天事业的发展路途。同年，在中国西北部的内蒙古巴丹吉林沙漠开始破土动工建设航天发射场。1966年5月，一项“以科学实验卫星作为开始和打基础，以测地卫星特别是返回式卫星为重点，在此基础上发展载人飞船”的规划设想开始实施。在当时没有运载工具的情况下，规划先从探空火箭开始。这年7月15日清晨，中国第一枚生物试验火箭搭载着一只名叫“小豹”的小狗发射升空并安然返回。7月28日，我国又成功发射了第二枚生物试验火箭，箭头生物舱被完整无损地回收，随舱搭载的小狗“珊珊”与白鼠等小动物均平安返回地面。

On October 4, 1957, the first Soviet artificial earth satellite was successfully launched. Chairman Mao Zedong, at the second plenary session of the 8th Party Congress held in May of the following year, issued a call for “we should also engage in artificial satellites”, reawakening Chinese nation’s thousand-year dream to fly into the sky. With the ambition of “being capable of reaching the moon”, Chinese astronauts began to explore the development of manned spaceflight in China. In the same year, the construction of a space launch site came into operation in the Badain Jaran Desert of Inner Mongolia in northwestern China. In May 1966, a conceived plan “with scientific experimental satellites as the beginning and the foundation, with geodetic satellites, especially recoverable satellites, as the priority, based on which to develop manned spacecraft” began to be implemented. In the absence of a carrier at that time, the project started with a sounding rocket. In the early morning of July 15 of that year, China’s first biological test rocket was launched with a puppy named “Little Leopard” and returned safely, on July 28, China made another successful launch of the second biological test rocket. And the biological capsule in the rocket head was recovered intactly, with the puppy “Shanshan” on board, who together with a white mice and other small animals were sent to the ground safely.

1970年4月24日，随着“东方红一号” 的发射成功，我国成为世界上第五个独立研制和发射人造地球卫星的国家，开始了探索外层空间的新纪元。钱学森向中央建议：发展载人航天事业。毛泽东在国防部五院和空军联合起草的“上马宇航工业”的报告上批示“同意”，随即着手载人飞船的研制工作。5月，中央军委下达选拔航天员的任务，从空军歼击机优秀飞行员中选拔出了20名预备航天员，集中生活、训练，计划在1973年年底发射第一艘载人飞船，命名为“曙光一号”。虽然“曙光一号”计划点燃了航天人继“两弹一星” 后的热情，然而，处在动荡时期的中国，无论是经济能力、工业基础，还是设计、制造工艺，特别是航天发射、测控水平，远不具备开展这一庞大系统工程的条件。“曙光一号”计划最终只停留在了一个两舱式全尺寸的飞船模型上，但航天科技工作者探索太空的脚步并没有因此停止，依然在一步一个脚印地稳步推进。1975年11月26日，我国第一颗返回式遥感卫星由“长征二号”火箭发射入轨，绕地球飞行3天47圈后被成功回收，这是我国进行的首次卫星返回技术试验。

On April 24, 1970, with the successful launch of “Dong Fang Hong 1”, China became the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch artificial earth satellites, ushering in a new era of outer space exploration. Qian Xuesen suggested to the central government to develop manned spaceflight. Mao Zedong approved the report of “Launching the Aerospace Industry” jointly drafted by the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense and the Air Force, and then proceeded with the development of manned spacecraft. In May, the Central Military Commission issued a recruitment task that 20 candidates selected from among the best pilots of air force jets live and train together, preparing for the launch of the first manned spacecraft, named “Aurora I”, which was scheduled at the end of 1973. Although the “Aurora I” program has ignited the spacefarers’ enthusiasm after the “two bombs and one satellite” Project, China, whether from the economic capacity, industrial base, or design and manufacturing technology, especially the level of space launch, tracking telemetry and command (TT&C), was far from qualified to carry out such a huge systematic project in the turbulent period. The “Aurora I” program eventually stayed on a full-size model of the two-compartment spacecraft, but astronautic scientists didn’t stop exploring space thereupon, and are still making steady progress step by step. On November 26, 1975, China’s first return remote sensing satellite was released into orbit by the “Long March II” rocket, and was successfully recovered after orbiting the Earth for 3 days and 47 laps, which was the first satellite return technology test conducted in China.

1979年，中国改革开放的总设计师邓小平赴美国访问时，特意参观了美国航天博物馆。他坐在美国的月球车上，清楚地看到了中国与世界先进国家的差距。他意识到，20世纪60年代，没有原子弹、导弹，在世界上说话就不算数；70年代，没有人造卫星说话也没有分量；80年代以后，航天成为世界各国高科技发展的主流之一，中国作为一个有着飞天梦想的文明古国、一个正在崛起的航天大国，没有理由缺席。

In 1979, when Deng Xiaoping, the chief architect of China's reform and opening up, visited the United States, he made a special visit to the U.S. Air and Space Museum. When sitting on the U.S. moon rover, he clearly saw the gap between China and the advanced countries in the world. He realized that in the 1960s, without atomic bombs and missiles, China had no say in the world; in the 1970s, without artificial satellites, China’s words would be no weight; after the 1980s, spaceflight became one of the mainstreams of high-tech development in the world. China, as an ancient civilization with a dream of flying into the sky and a rising power in astronautics, had no reason to be absent.

在这个科学发展的春天里,中国航天人瞄准国际水平再一次迈开了向宇宙进军的步伐。1980年5月1日，我国第一支远洋航天测量船队起锚远航；5月18日，我国研制的第一枚洲际运载火箭飞向太平洋；1984年4月8日，“长征三号”火箭将我国第一颗试验通信卫星“东方红二号”送入赤道上空……

In this spring of scientific development, Chinese aerospace practitioners marched into universe once again with the international level as a target. On May 1, 1980, China’s first expeditionary space survey fleet set sail; on May 18, the first intercontinental launch vehicle developed by China flew to the Pacific Ocean; on April 8, 1984, the “Long March III” rocket sent China’s first pilot communication satellite “Dong Fang Hong II” over the equator…

与此同时，席卷全球的高科技竞争拉开了帷幕。美国为促进科技和经济的全面振兴实施“星球大战计划” ，欧洲各国为发展未来高技术联合实施“尤里卡计划” ，苏联随即也提出了自己的高科技发展纲要。面对这场迅猛的科技革命浪潮，邓小平指出，中国必须在高技术领域有一席之地。

Meanwhile, the curtain of high-tech competition that swept the world was raised. At the same time, the curtain of high-tech competition that swept the world was raised. The United States implemented the “Star Wars Program” to promote the comprehensive technological and economic revitalization. European countries made a joint action of the “EURECA Plan” for the future high-tech development, and the Soviet Union subsequently put forward its own high-tech development outline. In such a technological revolution torrent, Deng Xiaoping pointed out that China must have a place in the field of high technology.

1986年3月，一封攸关我国高技术发展的来信呈到了邓小平面前，王大珩、王凎昌、杨嘉墀、陈芳允四位科学家联名提出了《关于跟踪研究外国战略性高技术发展的建议》。他们说,真正的高技术是花钱买不来的，建议国家制订“高新技术发展规划”，集中现有的科研实カ出成果,同时培养新一代高技术人才。两天后,邓小平在这封信上做出批示:“此事宜速作决断，不可拖延。”8个月后，中共中央、国务院批准了一项具有深远意义的重大决策——《国家高技术研究发展计划纲要》，也就是著名的“863计划”。航天技术被列入七大领域之中，两大主题项目都与载人航天紧密相关：大型运载火箭及天地往返运输系统、载人空间站系统及其应用。

In March 1986, a letter concerning Chinese high technology development was submitted to Deng Xiaoping. It is A Proposal to Follow up on the Development of Foreign Strategic Advanced Technology” put forward jointly by Wang Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Yang Jiachi, Chen Fangyun four scientists. They stated that the real high technology cannot be bought with money and suggested that China should draw up a “high-tech development plan”, pool existing scientific research strength to make achievements, and train a new generation of high-tech talent at the same time. Two days later, Deng Xiaoping made an instruction on the letter: “This matter should be decided without delay.” Eight months later, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council approved a far-reaching major initiative, the Outline of the National High Technology Research and Development Program, also known as the “863 Program”. Space technology was included in the seven major areas, and two major thematic projects were closely related to manned spaceflight: large launch vehicles, space transportation systems for space station, and manned space station systems and their applications.

1987年，“863计划”正式启动实施,中国的航天事业发展开始进入加速期。载人航天工程作为“863计划”的重点发展项目,开始进行技术经济可行性论证。当时的国防科工委组织成立了由屠善澄、任新民等航天科学家组成的“航天技术专家委员会”和两个下属主题项目专家组，负责研究载人航天技术的发展途径和总体方案。原国防科工委主任、中国载人航天工程首任总指挥丁衡高院士回忆说,“863计划”整体来说是一个探索性的项目，载人航天对我们来说也是探索性的，怎么起步是很重要的问题，所以就提出来了概念研究。概念研究搞了4年，从总体上到各个分系统都搞得比较细，使得可行性论证和立项论证仅仅用了半年的时间就完成了。后来，在概念研究的基础上，确定了整个载人航天工程的技术途径。

In 1987, the “863 Program” was launched and the development of China’s space cause started to accelerate. As a key development project of the “863 Program”, the manned space program began to carry out technical and economic feasibility studies. At that time, the National Defense Science and Technology Commission established the “Space Technology Expert Committee” composed of Tu Shancheng, Ren Xinmin, and other space scientists, and two subordinate thematic project expert panels, which were responsible for studying the development path and overall plan of manned space technology. Academician Ding Henggao, former director of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission and the first general director of China’s manned space program, recalled that the “863 Program” as a whole was an exploratory project, and manned spaceflight was also exploratory for us, and how to start was a very important issue, so a conceptual study was proposed. The conceptual study was carried out for four years, and the feasibility study and project justification were completed in half a year. Later, on the basis of the concept study, the technical approach of the whole manned space program was defined.

专家们在深入航天领域的各大系统中考察时,欣喜地看到,我国独立自主研制的11种不同型号的“长征”系列运载火箭已走向了世界；“长征二号E”捆绑式大推力火箭将近地轨道的运载能力提升到了8吨。同时,还掌握了返回式卫星的制造和回收技术；建成了酒泉、西昌、太原三个航天器发射场；航天测控网也已初具规模。当时的中国已成为世界上第五个能独立发射卫星特别是地球静止轨道卫星、第三个能回收卫星、第四个掌握了一箭多星技术的国家,积累了数十次成功发射的经验。更重要的是综合国力和技术水平较20年前有了长足的发展,已具备启动载人航天工程的基础。考察结束，专家委员会得出的结论是：时机成熟，条件具备，载人航天工程可以“立项”。

When looking deep into the major systems of the space sector, the experts were pleased to see that China’s 11 different types of independently developed launch vehicles of “Long March” series had gone global; the strap-on rocket with high thrust “Long March II E” has increased its capacity to 8 tons in near-Earth orbit. At the same time, China also mastered the manufacturing and recovering technology of recoverable satellites; built three spacecraft launch sites in Jiuquan, Xichang and Taiyuan; and the space flight TT&C network had also taken shape. At that time, China had become the fifth country in the world to independently launch satellites, especially geostationary orbit satellites, the third to recover satellites, and the fourth to master the technology that one rocket launches multi-satellites, and had accumulated experience of dozens of successful launches. More importantly, the comprehensive national power and technology level developed considerably compared with those of 20 years ago, and the foundation for launching manned space program was already in place. At the end of the inspection, the expert committee concluded that: the time is ripe, the conditions are there, manned space program can be “established”.

专家们结合国际研制载人航天器的情况，筛选出空天飞机、火箭航天飞机、小型航天飞机、可部分重复使用的小型航天飞机、多用途载人飞船等5个技术途径方案。当时，国际航天界应用较多的是载人飞船和航天飞机方案。专家们对这两种方案争论了数年，并逐渐倾向于采用航天飞机方案，拟报中央。报告呈送到钱学森的案头。时年78岁的钱学森曾亲历了中国探空火箭的研制并领导了“曙光一号”方案的制订，他通过对当时国情、国力进行综合集成分析，经过深思熟虑后，在给中央的报告上慎重地加上了一句话：“应将飞船方案也报中央。”钱学森的建议得到了专家们的重视。中国工程院院士王永志是中国载人航天工程的首任总设计师，他回忆说，载人航天工程需要巨大的投资，我们不盲目追随国外先进的国家，完全根据自己的独立思考和实际需要，结合我们的国情，有重点地发展、跨越式地赶超。最终，钱学森的建议得到中央的采纳，从而结束了载人航天的技术途径之争，推动了载人航天工程的决策实施。

Considering the international development of manned spacecraft, the experts screened out five programs of technical paths, such as the space shuttle, the rocket space Shuttle, the mini space shuttle, the partially reusable mini space shuttle, and the versatile manned spacecraft. At that time, manned spacecraft and space shuttle programs were more frequently used in the international space community. Experts debated these two programs for several years, and gradually preferred the space shuttle program to be reported to the central government. The report was presented to Qian Xuesen’s desk. Qian Xuesen, then 78 years old, had personally experienced the development of China’s sounding rocket and led the development of the “Aurora I” program. Through a comprehensive analysis of the national landscape and the national power at the time and after careful meditation, he carefully added a sentence in the report to the central government: “the spacecraft program should also be reported to the central government.” Qian’s suggestion was taken seriously by the experts. Wang Yongzhi, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, was the first chief designer of China’s manned space program. He recalled that the manned space program required huge investment, and that we didn’t blindly follow advanced foreign countries, but to develop with key points and to catch up with leapfrog progress based entirely on our own independent thinking and practical needs and taking into account our national conditions. In the end, Qian Xuesen’s suggestion was adopted by the central government, thus putting an end to the dispute over the technical approach to manned spaceflight and promoting the implementation of the decision of the manned spaceflight project.

1991年，联合论证组完成了《载人飞船工程实施方案》，并提出《关于我国载人飞船工程立项的建议》：航天飞机造价昂贵、技术复杂，中国还不具备生产的技术条件，中国的载人航天工程应从飞船起步，最终建成空间工程大系统。6月，时任国务院总理、中央专门委员会主任的李鹏主持中央专委会议，决定“从飞船起步，立即发展我国载人航天技术”。会后，当时的国防科工委和航空航天部迅速成立载人航天工程领导小组，由时任国防科工委主任的丁衡高出任主任。

In 1991, the Joint Validation Group completed the Implementation Plan of Manned Spacecraft Project and put forward the Proposal on the Establishment of China's Manned Spacecraft Project: the space shuttle is expensive in cost and complex in technique; China isn’t equipped with the technical conditions to produce it, so China’s manned spacecraft project should start from the spacecraft and eventually a large space program system is built. In June, Li Peng, then Premier of the State Council and Director of the Central Specialized Committee, presided over the Central Specialized Committee meeting which came out a decision that “start with spaceships and develop China’s manned space technology right away”. After the meeting, a leading group for manned space program was set up by the then State Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and the Ministry of Aeronautics and Space quickly, with Ding Henggao, then director of the State Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, as the director.

1992年是“国际空间年”，也值得中国航天人永久铭记。这一年，中央专委第七次会议决定由原国防科工委组织开展载人航天工程研制，并做出了分“三步走”的发展规划：

The year 1992 was the “International Year of Space”, which is also worth bearing in mind for Chinese astronautic practitioners. In that year, the seventh session of the Central Special Committee decided that the former National Defense Science and Technology Commission would organize the development of manned space program, and made a “three-step” development plan:

第一步，发射载人飞船，建成初步配套的试验性载人飞船工程，开展空间应用实验；第二步，突破航天员出舱活动技术、空间飞行器的交会对接技术，发射空间实验室，解决有一定规模的、短期有人照料的空间应用问题；第三步，建造空间站，解决有较大规模的、长期有人照料的空间应用问题。

The first step is to launch a manned spacecraft and build a preliminary experimental manned spacecraft project to carry out space application experiments; the second step is to make a breakthrough in technology of astronauts’ extravehicular activity and space vehicle rendezvous and docking technology, and launch a space laboratory to solve the space application problem with a certain scale that should be attended in short term; the third step is to build a space station to solve the space application problem with a larger scale that should be attended in a long term.

这次会议结束时，李鹏总理请参加会议的每一位同志都在会后形成的《会议纪要》上签名。李鹏说，此事要向中央政治局常委汇报，在座的每个人都要负责任，立军令状。

At the end of this meeting, Premier Li Peng asked every comrade who participated in the meeting to sign the Minutes of the Meeting. Li Peng said that it was necessary to report this matter to the Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau, and that everyone here should take responsibility and set up a military order.

9月21日，江泽民总书记主持召开中央政治局常委会议，认真总结和分析了当前国际航天事业以及我国航天事业的现状，讨论通过了中央专委提交的《国防科工委关于开展我国载人飞船工程研制的请示》，批准了“三步走”的战略蓝图。江泽民说，我们今天就做决定，要像当年抓“两弹一星”那样去抓载人航天工程，要坚持不懈地、锲而不舍地把载人航天工程搞上去。这一天，我国历史上规模最大、系统组成最复杂、技术难度最高、协调面最广的国家重大工程——载人航天工程正式启动。

On September 21, then General Secretary Jiang Zemin chaired a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau where the current international and domestic space industry were seriously summarized and analyzed, the Application of National Defense Science and Technology Commission on the Development of China’s Manned Spacecraft Project submitted by the Central Committee was discussed and adopted, and the “three-step” strategic blueprint was approved. Jiang Zemin said, we make our mind today, that we are going to carry out the manned space program as hard as to the “two bombs and one satellite” that year, and to persistently push forward manned space program. That day, the largest major national projects in China’s history with the most complex system composition, the highest technical difficulty and the most extensive coordination -- manned space program was officially launched.

载人航天工程立项时由工程总体和七大系统组成，分别是：航天员系统、空间应用系统、载人飞船系统、“长征二号F”运载火箭系统、酒泉发射场系统、测控通信系统和着陆场系统，各系统分别建立了行政和技术两条指挥线和总指挥、总设计师联席会议制度。考虑到工程总体与各系统之间关系密切，且工程耗资较大、研制进度较紧的特点，经国务院和中央军委批准，专门成立了中国载人航天工程办公室，作为统一管理载人航天工程的专门机构，对工程实施专项管理。

When the manned space program was established, it consisted of the overall project and seven major systems, namely: astronaut system, space application system, manned spacecraft system, “Long March II F” launch vehicle system, Jiuquan launch site system, TT&C communication system and landing site system. And each system has established administrative and technical command line respectively along with the joint meeting system of chief commander and chief designer. Considering the close relationship between the general project and various systems, and the characteristics of the project’s large cost and tight development schedule, the State Council and the Central Military Commission approved the establishment of the China Manned Space Program Office as a specialized agency to implement unified management of this project.

1994年10月28日，北京航天城在北京北郊唐家岭开工奠基。空间技术研制试验中心、航天员培训中心、指挥控制中心等多家航天机构在这里集中建设，各大系统的设计和研制工作也同时全面展开。中华民族的飞天梦想化作国家的发展战略，开始了实实在在的行动。

实现载人航天飞行，势必要面对飞天路上的重重挑战，运载火箭要确保把飞船安全送入轨道；载人飞船要保证稳定地在轨运行，提供满足人类生存的舱内环境, 安全地将人送回地面。这些要求远比人造卫星难得多也复杂得多，而且，国外对中国实行严格的技术封锁。中国航天人面临着巨大的挑战。如何攻克这些难题？中央明确要求，我们起步虽晚，但起点要高，要从总体上体现中国特色和技术进步。

On October 28, 1994, the groundbreaking of Beijing Space City was held in Tangjialing, a northern suburb of Beijing. A number of space agencies such as the Space Technology Development and Test Center, Astronaut Training Center, and Command and Control Center were built here, and the design and development of major systems were also fully launched meanwhile. Chinese people’s flying dream turned into a national development strategy with concrete action.

To achieve manned space flight, it is bound to face a lot of challenges on the way to the sky. The launch vehicle must ensure that the spacecraft is safely put into orbit; the manned spacecraft has to ensure stable operation in orbit, provide a cabin environment to meet human survival, and safely send people back to the ground. These requirements are far more difficult and complex than those for artificial satellites. Besides, China is under a strict technology embargo from abroad. Chinese astronauts are faced with enormous challenges. How to overcome these challenges? The central government clearly requires that although we start late, we should start high and reflect Chinese characteristics and technological progress in general.

“保证航天员的安全”是载人航天工程始终坚持的首要原则，其核心问题是要确保航天员的安全。用最可靠的火箭，将航天员安全地送入太空，是运载火箭系统研制者的郑重诺言。接到研制载人火箭的任务后，运载火箭系统原总设计师、中国科学院院士刘竹生感到压カ重重：一般的运载火箭，对安全性要求不是很高，可是用于载人运载的火箭，却对安全性和可靠性有极高的要求。为此，火箭系统在“长征2E”捆绑式火箭的基础上进行改进，提出了载人运输火箭安全性指标要求必须达到0.997，并将可靠性指标提高到了0.97。这一标准之高在中国航天史上是空前的，世界上也只有个别型号的运载火箭能达到。根据这个目标，运载火箭系统原总指挥、中国工程院院士黄春平提出了一个创新的方案：火箭系统增加两个系统，一个是故障检测系统，一个是逃逸系统。这两个系统可以在火箭待发段和上升段出现故障时，自行检测、诊断，自动发出信号，逃逸救生系统能迅速实施自动逃逸或地面控制逃逸，确保航天员的生命安全。新的运载火箭研制成功后，被命名为“长征二号F”，这枚火箭的起飞重量为480吨，可将8.5吨的有效载荷送入近地轨道, 是我国目前可靠性最高的运载火箭。

“Guarantee the safety of astronauts” is the primary principle that the manned space program has always adhered to, and its core issue is to ensure the astronauts’ safety. It is the solemn promise of the researchers of the launch vehicle system that astronauts will be sent into space safely with the most reliable rocket. After receiving the task of developing manned rockets, Liu Zhusheng, the former chief designer of the launch vehicle system and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, felt heavily pressed: the safety requirements for general launch vehicles are not very high, but the rockets used for manned launch have extremely high requirements for safety and reliability. For this reason, the rocket system was improved based on the “Long March II E” strap-on rocket, and the safety index of the manned launch vehicle must reach 0.997, and the reliability index was raised to 0.97. This high standard is unprecedented in the history of Chinese spaceflight, and only a few types of launch vehicles in the world can reach it. Given this goal, Huang Chunping, the former chief commander of the launch vehicle system and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, proposed an innovative solution: two systems were added to the rocket system, one is a fault detection system, and another is an escape system. These two systems can detect and diagnose and send out signals automatically when there is a failure in the readied and ascent segments of the rocket, and the escape rescue system can quickly conduct automatic escape or ground-controlled escape to ensure the safety of astronauts’ lives. After the new launch vehicle was successfully developed, it was named “Long March II F”, which has a take-off weight of 480 tons and can send 8.5 tons of payload into near-Earth orbit, making it the most reliable launch vehicle in China.

载人飞船是整个工程的核心部分，也是难度最大、对安全性和可靠性要求最高的系统。载人飞船系统原总指挥、总设计师、中国工程院院士戚发轫接到任务时说：飞船方案一开始就要把功能设计全，使它成为标准的定型天地往返运输工具。戚发轫把设计目标瞄准了世界上最为先进的第三代飞船——苏联的“联盟TM号”，采用具有中国特色的三舱一段方案，即由返回舱、轨道舱、推进舱和附加段构成，具有起点高、具备留轨利用能力等特点。在戚发轫等的带领下，研制人员在短短几年时间内，先后攻克飞船三舱的分离解锁、调姿制动、升力控制、防热、回收等五项关键技术，完成各种复杂的大型地面试验。飞船的主要分系统——结构与机构、制导、导航和控制、数据管理、推进、热控、无线电测控、电源、返回着陆、环境控制与生命保障、仪表照明、应急救生系统等技术也相继取得了一系列创新成果。 1996年，飞船全系统的电气设备开始桌面联试，经过5个月的测试获得成功，证明了飞船电气系统方案的正确性，飞船进入初样研制阶段。

The manned spacecraft is the core part of the whole project and is also the most difficult system with the highest requirements for safety and reliability. When Qi Faren, the original chief commander and chief designer of the manned spacecraft system and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, received the task, he said: the spacecraft program should be designed to be fully functional at the beginning, so that it becomes a standard and definitive round-trip transportation vehicle. Qi set the design target on the world’s most advanced third-generation spacecraft, the Soviet Union’s “Soyuz TM”, and adopted a three-compartment, one-section program with Chinese characteristics, i.e., consisting of a recoverable module, an orbit module, a propulsion module, and an additional section, with a high starting point and the ability to stay in orbit. Under the leadership of Qi, the researchers tackled five key technologies in just a few years such as separation and unlocking, direction adjustment, lift control, heat shielding and recovery of the three modules of the spacecraft and completed various complex large-scale ground tests. The main subsystems of the spacecraft -- structure and mechanism, guidance, navigation and control, data management, propulsion, thermal control, radio TT&C, power supply, returning and landing, environmental control and life support, instrument lighting, emergency life-saving system and other technologies have also achieved a series of innovative results successively. In 1996, the electrical equipment of the whole spacecraft system started the joint desktop test, and the test obtained success after 5 months, which proved the validity of the program of the spacecraft electrical system. The spacecraft entered the preliminary development stage.

经过5年的艰苦创业，1997年到来的时候，运载火箭、发射场、着陆场、测控网, 这几个系统都已经具备了执行发射无人飞船的能力。但是，上天的飞船还在研制阶段，没有生产出来。12月，时任载人航天工程副总指挥的沈荣骏来到承担飞船发动机研制任务的上海航天局考察。此行的目的是如期完成“争八保九”的目标。“争八保九”指的是，第一艘飞船要争取1998年、确保1999年首飞。然而，飞船其他产品可以由初样产品改制，发动机产品却必须是正样状态，才能确保飞行任务成功。发动机产品主要是新研类型，可靠性试验子样还很少，正样研制任务重、时间紧，发动机产品研制成了整个工程的短板。上海航天局领导表示，“争八保九”是我们对中央的承诺，一定全力以赴，保证完成任务。

After five years of hard work, systems like the launch vehicle, launch site, landing site, TT&C network had the ability to perform the launch of unmanned spacecraft. However, the spacecraft that took to the sky was still in the development stage, not produced yet. In December, Shen Rongjun, then deputy director of the manned space project, came to inspect the Shanghai Space Bureau which was responsible for the development of the spacecraft engine. The purpose of this trip was to complete the “strive for eight and ensure nine” goal as scheduled. The “strive for eight and ensure nine” refers to, the first spacecraft would be due in 1998 and ensure that the first flight would be taken in 1999. However, other products of the spacecraft can be modified from the initial prototype, but the engine products must be standard sample to ensure the success of the mission. Since engine products were mainly newly developed types, sub-samples of reliability testing were still very few. The development task of the standard samples was heavy, and time was tight, so the engine product development became the shortcomings of the entire project. The leaders of Shanghai Space Bureau said, “strive for eight and ensure nine” is our commitment to the central government, we must do our best to ensure the completion of the task.

中国航天人做到了，1998年到来的时候，飞船和火箭如期竖立在发射台上——

The Chinese space people made it. When 1998 dawned, the spacecraft and rocket were erected on the launch pad as scheduled --

1998年1月9日，工程总指挥、总师联席会议决定：在1999年利用“长征二号 F”运载火箭首次飞行试验的机会，发射一艘试验飞船，重点考核火箭的可靠性和飞船的舱段分离、返回控制等关键技术。

On January 9, 1998, the joint meeting of the Project Commander and the Chief Engineer decided to make use of the opportunity of the first flight test of the Long March II F launch vehicle to launch a test spacecraft in 1999, focusing on the reliability of the rocket and key technologies such as segment separation and return control of the spacecraft.

1998年5月，载人航天工程第一次在刚刚落成的酒泉卫星发射中心载人航天发射场完成了合练，全面检验了火箭、飞船、发射场各系统之间的匹配性和协调性；7月，飞船参加整流罩横向解锁试验获得成功；10月，至关重要的模拟真实飞行程序的运载火箭——飞船的零高度逃逸救生飞行试验程序取得成功，逃逸救生技术获得突破。

In May 1998, for the first time, the manned space project completed a rehearsal at the newly inaugurated manned space launch site of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, which fully tested the compatibility and coordination among the rocket, spacecraft and launch site systems; in July, the spacecraft succeeded in the transverse unlocking test of the fairing; in October, the vital simulation of the real flight procedure of the launch vehicle -- the zero-altitude escape life-saving flight test procedure of the spacecraft was successful, making a breakthrough to the escape life-saving technology.

当得知我国载人航天工程前期工作连获喜讯时，江泽民同志亲笔为正在制造的第一艘试验飞船题名“神舟”。

When Comrade Jiang Zemin learned that the preliminary work of China’s manned space program received a succession of good news, he personally entitled and wrote the name “Shenzhou” for the first being-built test spacecraft.

1999年，举国欢庆50周年国庆和澳门回归的喜庆日子里，在中国西北大漠深处，秘而不宣的中国载人航天工程正悄悄准备着首次奔向太空的腾飞。11月20 日，成千上万的人在戈壁黎明的寒风中兴奋地等待着，翘首以望一座全新的巍然屹立的发射塔架。6时30分，随着发射指挥员“点火”命令的下达，大地震颤，烈焰喷腾，“长征二号F”火箭托举着中国人自主研制的“神舟一号”无人飞船冲上云天……

In 1999, when the country was celebrating the 50th National Day and the return of Macau, deep in the desert of northwest China, the secret Chinese manned space program was quietly preparing for its first flight into space. On November 20, thousands of people waited excitedly faced with the chilly wind in the early morning in Gobi, eagerly gazing at the brand new towering launch tower. At 6:30, with the order of “fire” given by the launch commander, the ground shook, flames spurted, and the “Long March II F” rocket carried the “Shenzhou I” unmanned spacecraft developed by Chinese independently into the clouds…

中国人来到太空了

The Chinese Come to Space

20世纪90年代，一颗外国卫星在太空中发现，中国西北荒漠，一座全新的、体量巨大的钢铁结构正悄然竖立，与之相距1500米的是一栋蓝白相间的单层建筑。国外航天界猜测中国正在进行一项重大的太空计划。

In the 1990s, a foreign satellite spotted from space a new, massive steel structure being erected in the desert of northwest China, with a single blue and white building 1,500 meters away from it. The foreign space community speculated that China was working on a major space program.

卫星上的那片建筑就是中国酒泉卫星发射中心载人航天发射场。这里是中国的航天第一港，我国第一枚导弹在这里发射，第一颗卫星在这里上天，第一枚洲际运载火箭从这里飞向太平洋。这里积累了丰富的实践经验和雄厚的技术基础，拥有完善的测量、控制、通信、气象、计量、铁路运输、发供电设施设备，可完成多种轨道卫星的测试发射任务，具有良好的载人航天发射试验基础。同时，中心处于戈壁平原地带，人烟稀少，地势平坦，视野开阔，气象条件优越，对跟踪测量的限制小，发射前后航天员应急救生条件极好，年可发射时间长达300多天，有利于发射场各项设施的建设。1994年7月3日，载人航天发射场在大漠深处奠基。总装备部原副部长、发射场系统原总指挥李元正中将参与了发射场的早期论证和建设，他回忆说，我们的建设思路非常明确，载人航天发射场一定要赶上世界同类发射场的技术水平，一定要采用世界上最先进的技术体制和技术方案，来确保我们国家载人航天发射的安全可靠。

That building on the satellite is the manned space launch site at China’s Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. It is the first port of spaceflight in China, where China’s first missile was launched, the first satellite was put into the sky, and the first intercontinental launch vehicle flew to the Pacific Ocean from here. It has accumulated rich practical experience and strong technical foundation, and has perfect facilities and equipment for measurement, control, communication, meteorology, metering, railroad transportation, power generation and supply, which can complete the test and launch tasks of many kinds of orbiting satellites and has a good foundation for manned space launch test. At the same time, the center is located in the Gobi plain area, with sparse population, flat terrain, open view, superior meteorological conditions, little restriction on tracking and measurement, excellent conditions for astronaut emergency rescue before and after the launch, the annual launch time is up to more than 300 days, which is conducive to the construction of the launch site facilities. July 3, 1994, manned space launch site in the depths of the desert laid the foundation stone. Lieutenant General Li Yuanzheng, former Vice Minister of the General Armament Department and former commander-in-chief of the launch site system, participated in the early demonstration and construction of the launch site, and recalled that our construction idea was very clear: the manned space launch site must catch up with the technical level of similar launch sites in the world, and must adopt the world’s most advanced technical system and technical solutions to ensure the safety and reliability of our national manned space launch.

1998年建成的中国载人航天发射场，采用的是当时具有国际先进水平的“三垂一远”发射模式。“三垂一远”指的是：垂直组装、垂直测试、垂直整体运输和远距离测试发射控制。“三垂一远”发射模式最大限度地减少了技术状态的变化，大幅度提高了载人发射的安全性和可靠性，具备短时间内连续发射的能力，同时满足未来空间站应急救援发射的需求。

China’s manned space launch site, completed in 1998, adopted the then internationally advanced “three verticals and one far” launch model. The “three verticals and one far” refers to vertical assembly, vertical testing, vertical overall transportation, and long-distance test launch control. The “three verticals and one far” launch mode minimizes the change of technical status, significantly improves the safety and reliability of manned launches, provides the capability of continuous launches within a short period of time, and meets the future demand for emergency rescue launches from space stations.

随着中国“神舟”的第一次壮美升空，各大系统迎来了首次全方位的重大考验。

With the first magnificent lift-off of China’s Shenzhou, the major systems were put to the test for the first time in a comprehensive manner.

浩瀚苍穹，“神舟”飞船穿行其间，会受到空间各种干扰。为了保证飞船及轨道舱的正常工作，并确保飞船顺利返回，必须通过由飞行控制中心、地面测控站、海上测控站和中继卫星构成的天地一体化的测控管理体系来对飞船轨道进行实时跟踪和控制。如果把飞船比作风筝，测控系统的专家就是手握风筝线的人，测控通信链路就是那根至关重要的线。而20世纪80年代建成的中国航天测控网，却只能完成测控卫星的任务，无法满足载人航天工程高精度、大容量的数据传送和大覆盖面的要求，必须采用新的技术手段，并扩大和完善全球布站。曾担任测控通信系统总指挥的董德义回忆说：天地通信是一大考验，各种数据、调度指令、语音和视频通话等信息，在千里之遥的天地间传输，是复杂的系统工程，任何节点发生错漏，都会导致无法挽回的后果。工程立项后，我国自主研发了集遥测遥控、测距测速和话音图像传输等功能于一体的S频段统一测控系统，新建了青岛测控站和两个国外测控站，形成了由北京、西安、东风三个中心和遍布国内外的测控站、船组成的载人航天测控网，不论是测控覆盖率，还是测控精度，都实现了大幅跃升。经过这些重要的技术补充，陆、海基测控网建设更加完善，可以覆盖整个中国和世界三大洋。

The “Shenzhou” spacecraft will be subject to various disturbances in space as it travels through the vast sky. In order to ensure the regular work of the spacecraft and the orbit module, and to ensure the successful return of the spacecraft, the spacecraft orbit must be tracked and controlled in real time through a space-ground integrated TT&C management system composed of the flight control center, ground TT&C station, ocean TT&C station and relay satellite. If the spacecraft is compared to a kite, the expert of the TT&C system is the person grasping the kite string, and the TT&C communication link is the crucial string. The Chinese space TT&C network built in 1980s could only complete the task of measuring and controlling satellites, which couldn’t meet the requirements of high precision, huge capacity data transmission and large coverage of manned space program, so new technical means had to be adopted and the global deployment of stations had to be expanded and improved. Dong Deyi, who served as the general director of the TT&C communication system, recalled that the space-ground communication was a major challenge, and the transmission of information like various data, scheduling instructions, voice and video calls between space and earth which were thousands of miles away, was a complex systematic engineering, and any error or omission at any node would lead to irreversible consequences. After the program was established, China independently developed the S-band unified TT&C system integrating telemetry and telecommand, range and range rate and voice and image transmission, etc. New TT&C stations was built, one is in Qingdao and two is overseas, forming a manned space flight TT&C network consisting of three centers in Beijing, Xi’an and Dongfeng and TT&C stations and ships at home and abroad, and achieving a significant leap in both coverage and accuracy in TT&C. With these important technical supplements, the construction of land- and ocean-based TT&C network has become more complete and can cover the entire China and the world’s three oceans.

“神舟一号”飞船在轨运行期间，地面测控系统和分布于公海的4艘“远望号”测量船对其进行了跟踪与测控，成功进行了一系列科学试验。11月20日18时，当“神舟一号”第14次飞临南大西洋海域上空时，正在这里待命的“远望三号”测量船准确地发出了返回指令。随后，飞船建立返回姿态，制动发动机点火，从太空开始返回。

During the orbital operation of the Shenzhou-1 spacecraft, the ground-based TT&C system and the four “Yuan Wang” instrumentation ships distributed in the high seas tracked and controlled it, and successfully conducted a series of scientific experiments. At 18:00 on November 20, when “Shenzhou I” flew over the South Atlantic Ocean at the 14th time, the “Yuanwang III” instrumentation ship, which was on standby here, accurately issued the return command. Then, the spacecraft set a return attitude, launched the retro-rocket motor and started to return from space.

工程立项之初，在中国960万平方公里的疆域中，要找到一块既能够满足着陆条件，又符合飞船轨道要求的区域并不简单。着陆场系统的技术人员对河南、内蒙古、辽宁等所有理论上适宜飞船着陆的地方，经过6次大规模的实地勘察，最终将主着陆场定在了地势宽阔、平坦的内蒙古自治区中部的四子王旗阿木古郎草原，副着陆场选在了内蒙古阿拉善盟额济纳旗的中南部地区，恰好处在飞船返回舱返回主着陆场的途中，如果主着陆场的气象条件不好，可选择在这里降落。

At the beginning of the project, it was not easy to find an area in China’s 9.6 million square kilometers that could meet both the landing conditions and the orbital requirements of the spacecraft. After six large-scale field surveys in Henan, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and other places theoretically suitable for spacecraft landing, the technical staff of the landing site system finally set the main landing site in the Amugulang Grassland of Siziwang Banner in the central part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, where the terrain is wide-open and flat, and the secondary landing site was chosen in the south-central area of the Ejinna Banner of the Alxa League in Inner Mongolia, which is exactly on the way of the spacecraft recoverable module to the main landing site. If the weather is not good at the main landing site, it can be the landing site.

“神舟一号”飞船在太空中飞行21个小时后，于1999年11月21日凌晨3时 41分顺利降落在预定主着陆场。我国自主研发的“救生回收地理信息电子显示系统”，首次实现了搜救现场方位态势的三维实时显示，极大地方便了指挥通信，提高了搜救效率，一个具有中国特色，配套齐全，适应载人航天高安全、高可靠性要求的载人航天着陆场系统已经建成。

After flying in space for 21 hours, the “Shenzhou I” spacecraft landed successfully at the scheduled main landing site at 3:41 a.m. on Nov. 21, 1999. China’s independently developed “electronic display system for geographic information of life-saving recovery” for the first time realized the three-dimensional real-time display of the orientation of the search and rescue site, which greatly facilitated the command communication and improved the efficiency of search and rescue. With Chinese characteristics and complete support, a manned space landing site system which can adapt to the high safety and reliability requirements of manned spaceflight was built.

“神舟一号”任务的圆满成功，标志着我国载人航天技术获得了重大突破。但“神舟一号”还不是一艘正样飞船，只是一艘处于初级技术状态的电性船。飞船所有分系统设计的正确性、合理性、协调性和可靠性，以及飞船与其他大系统之间的协调性和可靠性，都有待于在“神舟二号”上得到进一步验证。

The successful completion of the mission of “Shenzhou I” marks a major breakthrough in manned space technology in China. However, “Shenzhou I” was not yet a standard spacecraft, but only an electric ship in a primary technical state. The correctness, rationality as well as the coordination and reliability between the spacecraft and other large systems are yet to be further verified on “Shenzhou II”.

“神舟一号”成功后，科研人员将飞船变轨列为重大技术攻关项目。他们将原定飞船第14圈返回时变轨的设计方案，在“神舟二号”任务中提前到第5圈，同时加上了回归轨道的设计，这样可以让飞船每天都有返回着陆场的机会。此外，飞船还增加了由航天员控制的手动应急程序，大大提高了返回的安全性。

After the success of “Shenzhou I”, the researchers listed the spacecraft orbital transfer as a major technical project. The design that the spacecraft should transfer orbit at the 14th lap was advanced to the 5th lap in the “Shenzhou II” mission and the design to return orbit was also added, so that the spacecraft could have the opportunity to return to the landing site every day. In addition, the spacecraft also added a manual emergency procedure controlled by the astronaut, greatly enhancing the safety of return.

2001年1月10日凌晨1时，“神舟二号”发射升空。这是我国第一艘正式用于太空试验、功能基本齐全的无人飞船，自主飞行7天，绕地球108圈，变轨程序在飞船运行到第5圈时启动，并获得了成功。“神舟二号”检验了各系统的工作性能，仪表照明、应急救生、乘员和有效载荷等分系统工作在这次任务中全面展开，并重点考核了环境控制与生命保障系统的功能，进一步检验了飞船系统与其他系统的协调性。“神舟二号”任务中最引人关注的应该说是“模拟人”了。身着白色航天服、戴着透明头盔的形体假人，安然坐在座椅上，这套由人体代谢模拟装置、拟人生理信号设备以及形体假人组成的拟人载荷系统，能模拟航天员在太空生活时的多种重要参数，如脉搏、心跳、体温、血压、饮食等与真人一样的生理信号并传回地面, 随时接受地面指挥中心的监控，地面医监人员可以通过监测这些生理信息来判断航天员的健康状况，从而保证在真正载人飞行时能对航天员的生理信号进行正确的采集、处理和传输。

At 1:00 a.m. on January 10, 2001, “Shenzhou II” was launched into space. This is the first unmanned spacecraft officially used for space experiments in China with nearly complete functions. It flew independently for 7 days and circled the earth 108 times, and the orbital transfer procedure was started when the spacecraft was running to the 5th circle and was successful. “Shenzhou II” examined the performance of the systems, carried out subsystems work including instrumentation and lighting, emergency rescue, crew, and payload in full swing in this mission and focused on the assessment of the function of the environmental control and life support system to further test the coordination between the spacecraft systems and other systems. The most notable thing in the “Shenzhou II” mission should be the “simulator”. Dressed in a white space suit, wearing a transparent helmet, the dummies sat quietly on the seat. This set of anthropomorphic load system composed of human metabolic simulation device, anthropomorphic physiological signal equipment and dummies, can simulate a variety of important parameters of astronauts living in space, such as pulse, heartbeat, body temperature, blood pressure, diet and other physiological signals with real people and transmitted them back to the ground, ready to accept the ground command center monitoring at any time. The ground medical supervisors can monitor this physiological information to evaluate the astronaut’s health condition, thus ensuring the correct collection, processing, and transmission of the astronaut’s physiological signals during the real manned flight.

“神舟二号”飞行试验对载人航天工程各系统从发射到运行、返回、留轨的全过程进行了全面的考核和检验，获取了大量试验数据，于2001年1月16日19时 22分返回地面。之后，“神舟二号”的轨道舱进行了留轨运行，在轨工作的半年时间里，成功进行了微重力环境下的空间生命科学、空间材料、空间天文、空间物理等四大科学领域的空间应用试验。

The “Shenzhou II” flight test made a comprehensive assessment and inspection of the whole process of manned space program systems from launch to operation, return and orbit stay, and obtained a large amount of test data, and returned to the ground at 19:22 on January 16, 2001. After that, the orbit module of “Shenzhou II” was left in orbit, and during the six months of work in orbit, space application experiments in four major scientific fields, such as space life science, space materials, space astronomy and space physics, were successfully carried out under microgravity environment.

2001年9月30日，“神舟三号”飞船运抵发射场。这是一艘经过改进的正样飞船，技术状态与载人飞船基本一致。在发射前进行的技术测试刚进行到第三天，工作人员忽然发现飞船的穿舱插头有一个连接点出现不导通问题。尽管这只是所有同类插头2000多个接点中的一个，而且所有使用这个插头的信号都是双点双线连接，一个连接点出问题未必会导致任务失败，但考虑到“神舟三号”飞船要严格考核飞船的载人性能，专家们建议拆换飞船内所有同类插头，重新生产。但飞船一共使用了77个插座，共有1500多点，如果全部重新设计、重新投产，飞船的发射至少需要推迟3个月时间。当时来自各地的实验队已经进入发射场，撤场势必会造成巨大的经济损失和发射时间的延误，而按照原计划，江泽民同志是要亲临发射场坐镇指挥的。工程总体的压力很大，一时难以下决心，指挥部专门向中央做了汇报。中央军委原副主席、总装备部原部长、时任中国载人航天工程总指挥的曹刚川上将回忆说：“正在这个时候，江主席闻讯打来电话说，你们一定要保证产品质量, 什么时间能发射，就定在什么时间，不要按我计划去的时间。这使我们很受感动，对工程给予很大的支持。中央领导的指示及时地解除了大家的思想负担，指挥部最终决定推迟发射。”

On September 30, 2001, the “Shenzhou III” was delivered to the launch site. This is a modified standard spacecraft, and its technical status is basically the same as that of the manned spacecraft. On the third day of the technical tests before the launch, the crew suddenly found that a connection point of the spacecraft’s plug was not conducting. Although this was only one of more than 2,000 joints of all similar plugs, and all the signals that used this plug were connected by double points and double wires, one missing connection point may not lead to the failure of the mission, in view of the strict assessment to the manned performance of “Shenzhou III” spacecraft, experts recommended the all the plugs of the same type in the spaceflight should be disassembled and manufactured again. But the spacecraft used a total of 77 sockets with more than 1,500 points, and if all of them were redesigned and put back into production, the launch of the spacecraft would need to be delayed by at least three months. At that time, experimental teams from all over the country had already entered the launch site, and the withdrawal would inevitably cause huge economic losses and delay in the launch time. While according to the original plan, Comrade Jiang Zemin was to sit in command at the launch site in person. The overall pressure on the project was so great that it was difficult to make up its mind for a while, and the command department made a special report to the central government. General Cao Gangchuan, former Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission, former Minister of the General Armaments Department, and then Commander-in-Chief of China’s manned space program, recalled: “At this time, Chairman Jiang called at the news and said, you must ensure the quality of the product, what time can be launched, set at what time, don’t go to the time I planned. This moved us a lot and gave great support to the project. The central leadership’s instruction relieved everyone’s mind in time, and the command finally decided to postpone the launch.”

“归零”是中国航天人创造的一个名词。在载人航天工程的管理规定中，这个可以简单解释为“从头开始查找故障原因”的词语被进一步细化为5个步骤：定位准确、机理清楚、故障复现、措施有效、举一反三。

“Zeroing” is a term coined by Chinese spacemen. In the management regulations of the manned space program, this term, which can be simply interpreted as “finding the cause of the failure from the beginning”, is further refined into five steps: accurate positioning, clear mechanism, recurrence of the failure, effective measures, and learning from the mistakes.

出现故障的穿舱插头拿回北京“归零”，结果发现插座设计存在根本性缺陷, 是批次性问题。针对查出的问题，载人航天工程各大系统展开了一场翻箱倒柜式的“质量归零战”。中国空间技术研究院在这次“归零”中，还发现正在生产的用于首次载人航天飞行的“神舟五号”飞船返回舱壳体也存在错焊缺陷，研究院没有去修修补补，而是将这个返回舱壳体作为警示钟放在厂房里。这件事极大地教育了全体参试队伍。当时正担任中国空间技术研究院院长、载人飞船系统总指挥的袁家军回忆起当时的情景时说：通过这件事，我们把“严、慎、细、实”的作风贯穿到后来飞船系统的研制生产过程中，无论受到怎样的挫折，为了航天员的安全，再大的压力也要承受。

The malfunctioning plugs were taken back to Beijing for “zeroing”, and it was found that there was a fundamental defect in the design of the socket, which resulted from a batch problem. In response to the problems found, the major systems of the manned space program launched a “quality zeroing war”. In this “zeroing”, China Academy of Space Technology also found that the recoverable module shell of “Shenzhou V” spacecraft being produced for the first manned space flight also had a faulty weld defect, the Institute didn’t repair it but put it in the plant as a warning bell. This incident greatly edified the whole test team. Yuan Jiajun, who was serving as the director of the Chinese Academy of Space Technology and the chief commander of the manned spacecraft system, recalled the scene at that time and said: By this incident, we put the “strict, prudent, careful, practical” style throughout the development and production process of the spacecraft system later, no matter what setbacks, we have to bear the pressure for the safety of the astronauts.

3个月后，一批经过重新设计、生产的“神舟三号”飞船专用插座在北京通过专家组鉴定验收后，运抵发射场。

Three months later, a batch of redesigned and produced special sockets for “Shenzhou III” spacecraft were delivered to the launch site after passing the expert group’s appraisal and examination in Beijing.

2002年3月25日，江泽民同志亲临发射场指导并观看“神舟三号”发射，他说，“神舟三号”发射成功，举国振奋，大长了中国人民和中华民族的志气。这次任务之前，江泽民还为“长征二号F”运载火箭亲笔题名“神箭”。

On March 25, 2002, Comrade Jiang Zemin personally visited the launch site to guide and watch the launch of Shenzhou III. The successful launch of Shenzhou III, he said, had lifted the nation’s spirits and had greatly boosted the aspirations of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. Before this mission, Jiang Zemin also authored the name “Shenzhou” for the “Long March II F” launch vehicle.

“神舟三号”任务期间，工程各系统在全状态下参加任务，逃逸与应急救生功能首次全面启用，火箭控制系统首次实现了控制系统冗余，同时，还增加了火箭上升段偏航机动、纳米比亚测控站、“远望四号”船上行遥控、飞船轨道舱偏航试验等内容。“神舟三号”在太空绕地球飞行107圈后开始返回，着陆场系统获取了飞船黑障前后返回舱测量数据，完成了遥测接收和遥控发送，返回舱于4月1日16时 51分返回地面。

During the “Shenzhou III” mission, all systems of the project participated in the mission in full state. The escape and emergency rescue functions were fully activated for the first time and the rocket control system realized redundancy of the control system for the first time. At the same time, the yaw maneuvering of the rocket’s ascent section, the Namibian TT&C station, the “Yuanwang IV” shipboard telecommand and the spacecraft orbit module yaw test were added. “Shenzhou III” began to return after flying around the earth 107 times in space, and the landing field system obtained measurement data of the return cabin around the spaceflight’s blackout time and completed the telemetry receiving and remote control sending. The recoverable module landed at 16:51 on April 1.

8个月后，深冬的戈壁滩已是一片萧瑟景象，“神舟四号”飞船运抵发射场。12 月21日，距离预计的发射时间只剩下8天，一股罕见的西伯利亚强劲寒流突然袭击了发射场，最低气温瞬间下降到零下30摄氏度。按照惯例，火箭发射时，最低气温不能低于零下20摄氏度。低温发射会导致火箭密封圈失效，引起燃料泄漏，诱发管路堵塞，造成电缆插头接触不良。尤其是火箭发动机的可靠性要求极高，倘若低温环境超越底线，后果不堪设想。而此时，火箭燃料已加注完毕，可以说是箭在弦上，不得不发了。为了给火箭保温，发射场成立了临时“火箭飞船抗寒抢险小组”，迅速展开一系列保温工作。工作人员先是弄来两台小型热风机，放在发射平台上，向火箭发动机舱内送热风。但火箭舱体为金属材料所制，受热快，散热也快，加之外面温度很低，热风送进去很快就凉了。接着，又启动了二十多台大功率空调，昼夜不停地给火箭强行送暖。再接着，给火箭、飞船套上“防寒服”，贴上泡沫塑料，再用几千瓦的电灯泡照烤。但是，火箭飞船袒露在戈壁滩寒冷的冬夜里，热量很快就散去了。情急之下，发射中心的官兵火速从营房中扛来200床军用棉被，包裹在火箭和飞船的关键部位上……在这样的努力下，火箭和飞船没有受到低温的影响，始终保持着正常的待发状态。直到12月30日，发射场的气温开始回升，达到了发射规定的温度时，“神舟四号”飞船才成功发射升空。

Eight months later, in the dead of winter, the Gobi Desert was already a desolate scene when the “Shenzhou IV” spacecraft arrived at the launch site. On 21 December, only eight days before the expected launch, a rare and powerful Siberian cold wave suddenly hit the launch site, and the minimum temperature instantly dropped to minus 30 degrees Celsius. As a rule, the minimum temperature for a rocket launch should not be below minus 20 degrees Celsius. A low temperature launch can lead to the failure of rocket seals, thus triggering fuel leaks, pipeline blockage and poor contact of cable plug. Particularly, the requirement for the reliability of rocket engines is extremely high. If the low-temperature environment exceeds the bottom line, the consequences are beyond imagination. At that time, the rocket fuel had already been refilled, so it could be said that the arrow was on the string and had to be launched. In order to insulate the rocket, the launch site set up a temporary “anti-cold rescue team for rocket space” and quickly embarked on a series of insulation work. First, the staff got two small hot fans and placed them on the launch platform to send hot air to the rocket engine compartment. However, the rocket body was made of metal material, which heats up quickly and dissipates heat quickly too, plus the very low temperature outside, the hot air sent in quickly cooled off. Then, more than twenty high-powered air conditioners were operated, forcibly sending warmth to the rocket day and night. Then, the rocket and the spaceship were covered with “cold-proof clothes” and polyfoam and baked with several kilowatts of electric bulbs. However, the rocket and the spacecraft were exposed to the cold winter night of the Gobi Desert, and the heat soon dissipated. In an emergency, officers and soldiers of the launch center quickly carried 200 military quilts from the barracks and wrapped them around the key parts of the rocket and spaceship… With such efforts, the rocket and the spaceship were not affected by the low temperature and always maintained a normal state of readiness for launch. It was not until December 30, when the temperature at the launch site began to rise and reached the temperature specified for the launch, that the “Shenzhou IV” spacecraft was successfully launched into the sky.

“神舟四号”任务是载人飞行前的最后一次彩排，飞船的技术状态与载人飞船完全一致，设计师们根据前几次飞行试验中暴露出来的问题，对部分技术状态进行了改进，设计了八种救生模拟方式，完善了应急救生系统功能，增加了航天员手动控制系统，增强了整船偏航机动能力，以便在不同阶段出现意外时都能保证航天员安全返回。

“Shenzhou IV” mission is the last rehearsal before the manned flight, the technical state of the spacecraft is identical to the manned spacecraft. Based on the problems exposed in the previous flight tests, the designers improved some of the technical state, designed eight life-saving simulations, improved the function of the emergency life-saving system, increased the astronaut manual control system, enhanced the yaw maneuvering capability of the entire ship, so that the astronauts could return safely when accidents occur in different stages.

“神舟四号”飞行中，先后进行了对地观测、材料科学、生命科学实验及空间天文和空间环境探测等一系列科学技术实验，于2003年1月5日19时16分，安全返回地面。

During the flight of “Shenzhou IV”, it has carried out a series of scientific and technological experiments including earth observation, materials science, life science experiments and space astronomy and space environment exploration. It safely returned to the ground at 19:16 on January 5, 2003.

“发射一次，前进一步”，这四次无人飞行试验对工程总体和各系统从发射到运行、返回、留轨的全过程进行了全面的考核验证，特别是“神舟三号”“神舟四号”在全载人状态下连续发射成功，都相继在第5圈完成变轨任务，使“神舟五号”飞行一天返回成为可能。时任总装备部副部长、载人航天工程副总指挥的胡世祥中将回忆说：首飞任务要想成功，必须有成功的子样，我们从“神舟三号”开始就确定了技术状态；“神舟三号”“神舟四号”“神舟五号”的技术状态要一致，如果前几次都是成功的，我们就可以下决心在“神舟五号”上人了。从“神舟一号”到“神舟四号”，四次无人飞船的连续发射成功，预示着我国载人航天工程无人飞行阶段的结束和载人飞行阶段的开始。

Each launch makes an advance. These four unmanned flight tests conducted a comprehensive assessment and verification on the overall project and the whole process of the systems from launch to operation, return and stay in orbit. “Shenzhou III” and “Shenzhou IV”, in particular, were successfully launched in succession under fully manned conditions, and both completed their reorbiting tasks in the fifth circle, making it possible for Shenzhou V to return in one day. Then Vice Minister of the General Armament Department, deputy commander-in-chief of the manned space program, Lieutenant General Hu Shixiang recalled: the first flight mission to be successful, there must be a successful sub-sample, so we determined the technical state from “Shenzhou III”; the technical state of “Shenzhou III” “Shenzhou IV” “Shenzhou V” should be consistent. If the first few times are successful, we can make up our mind to put people on Shenzhou V. From “Shenzhou I” to “Shenzhou IV”, the four successive successful launches of unmanned spacecraft heralded the end of the unmanned flight phase and the beginning of the manned flight phase of China’s manned space program.

载人航天工程是中国航天史上规模最大的跨世纪工程，航天员是这项工程的最后实践者。工程立项后，创立于1968年的宇宙医学及工程研究所，更名为航天医学工程研究所，具体负责航天员的管理和训练。当时，美、苏两国的载人航天事业经过40多年的发展，已经掌握了一整套完善的航天员训练方案，拥有一批经验丰富的教练员。而对我国的航天员系统来说，培训航天员不像其他系统的工作那样具有一定的继承性，一切都要从零开始。20世纪90年代，通过临床医学选拔、生理功能检查、心理品质测试和面试、家庭查访、综合评定等工作，我国从空军1500多名现役歼击机飞行员中选拔出14名预备航天员。载人航天工程原副总设计师、航天员系统原总指挥、总设计师宿双宁回忆说：航天员训练的成功与否直接影响到载人航天工作的成败，当时大家都暗暗下定了决心，一定要战胜这个挑战。航天员的训练要建立一个完整的训练体系，首先是要组建一支特别能奉献、特别能攻关，有扎实基础理论知识和科学训练方法的教练员队伍。

In the manned space project, the largest cross-century project in the history of Chinese spaceflight, astronauts are the final practitioners of this project. After the project was established, the Institute of Cosmic Medicine and Engineering, founded in 1968, was renamed the Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering, which was specifically responsible for the management and training of astronauts. At that time, the United States and the Soviet Union, after more than 40 years of development of manned spaceflight, mastered a complete set of sophisticated astronaut training programs, with a number of experienced trainers. For China’s astronaut system, the astronauts’ training was not as inheritable as the work of other systems and everything had to start from scratch. In the 1990s, China selected 14 reserve astronauts from more than 1,500 commissioned fighter pilots in the Air Force through clinical medical selection, physiological function examination, psychological quality test and interview, family visits, comprehensive assessment and other work. The former deputy chief designer of the manned space program, the former commander-in-chief of the astronaut system, chief designer Su Shuangning recalled: the success or failure of astronaut training directly affects the work of manned spaceflight. At that time, we all made up our minds secretly, we must overcome this challenge. To establish a complete training system for astronauts, the first thing is to form an instructor team who are especially dedicated and capable of tackling problems and have solid basic theoretical knowledge and scientific training methods.

1996年，航天员吴杰和李庆龙奉命赴俄罗斯加加林航天员训练中心接受培训，他们仅用了一年的时间就把通常需要四年学习时间的课程全部学完。回国后, 他们和教员们一起研究摸索出了一套适合中国航天员特点的训练模式。

In 1996, astronauts Wu Jie and Li Qinglong were ordered to the Gagarin Astronaut Training Center in Russia to receive training. They completed all the courses that usually take four years of study in just one year. After returning to China, they worked with their instructors to develop a training model suitable for the characteristics of Chinese astronauts.

1998年1月5日，一个简短的仪式翻开了中国航天史上的重要一页——中国航天员大队正式成立，并正式由空军部队移交原国防科工委管理。从这天起，中华民族的飞天梦想、共和国几代航天人的希望，都落到了这14位空军骄子的肩上。

On January 5, 1998, a brief ceremony turned an important page in the history of Chinese spaceflight--Chinese Astronaut Brigade was formally established and officially transferred from the Air Force to the former National Defense Science and Industry Commission management. From that day on, the manned spaceflight dream of the Chinese nation and the hope of several generations of spaceflight people of Republic fell on the shoulders of these 14 honorable personages of the Air Force.

航天员从事的是神圣的事业，更要面临严峻的挑战。他们的职业是要离开人类适合生存的地球，去一个不适宜人类活动的区域工作，要在密闭狭小的飞船中经历超重、失重、低压、旋转相互交替的过程，必须通过特殊的训练来主动适应。因此，走进航天员大队，远不能说明冲过重重关卡的幸运者就是一名完整意义上的航天员，这只是拉开了航天员职业生涯的序幕。此后的几年，他们向着自身的生理、心理和意志极限发起了挑战。

Astronauts are engaged in a sacred cause and moreover have to face severe challenges. Their careers require them to depart from the earth which is suitable for human survival to work in a region unsuitable for human activities. To bear the process alternating between superheavy, weightlessness, low pressure, and rotation in the confined and narrow spacecraft, they must actively adapt through special training. Therefore, engaging in the astronaut brigade is far from stating that the lucky ones who have passed the many hurdles are an astronaut in the full sense, which is only the prologue to the career of astronauts. In the years that followed, they launched challenges to their physical, mental and will limits.

正规的学习开始，一座巨大的科学殿堂矗立在了航天员们面前。他们首先要闯过的是航天科学的基础理论，包括空气动力学、飞船设计原理及舱载系统等与航天技术有关的课程，天文学等与航天环境有关的课程，解剖生理学、航天医学、心理学等医学课程，还有高等数学、流体物理、力学、电工电子学、英语、哲学等共8大类58个专业。

At the beginning of the formal study, a huge scientific hall stood in front of the astronauts. The first thing they had to break through was the basic theory of space science, including aerodynamics, spacecraft design principles and cabin systems and other courses related to space technology, astronomy and other courses related to the space environment, medical courses like anatomy, physiology, space medicine and psychology, as well as advanced mathematics, fluid physics, mechanics, electrical and electronics, English, philosophy, with a total of 58 majors in eight categories.

为了让航天员适应太空的特殊环境，提高他们对各种负荷的耐受性，教员们最大限度地模拟太空中的各种环境。在这个非常艰苦的过程中，既有利用旋梯、滚轮、蹦床、旋转秋千等器材提高前庭功能的训练，针对提高低压缺氧耐力的游泳、攀岩训练，也有为提高超重耐力专门进行的胸、腹部和四肢肌肉的训练，还有模拟飞行任务的直升机吊救训练、跳伞训练、飞行失重训练……这种被称为“魔鬼训练”的强度之大、要求之高，远非战斗机飞行员训练可比，其精神和体力的巨大付出不是一般人可以承受的，需要一项项克服，一个个战胜。

In order to enable the astronauts to adapt to the special environment of space and improve their endurance of various loads, the instructors simulated the various environments in space to the maximum extent possible. In this extremely arduous process, there were training to improve the vestibular function by using equipment such as spinning ladders, rollers, trampolines, rotating swings, swimming and rock-climbing training to improve hypoxic endurance, training for chest, abdominal and limb muscles to improve overweight endurance, and helicopter rescue training, parachute training, flight weightlessness training to simulate flight missions… The high intensity and requirements of this so-called “devil training” far outstrip the fighter pilot training, and the enormous mental and physical effort is not generally affordable and needs to be overcome one by one.

就在航天员艰苦训练的同时，首次载人航天飞行任务的决策工作也在紧锣密鼓地进行。2002年10月17日，中央专委同意按照“1名航天员、飞行1天”的方案，在2003年实施我国首次载人航天飞行。胡锦涛同志做出批示：“这是2003年度最重大的科研实践活动，一定要高度重视、精心组织。”

Just as the astronauts were training hard, the decision-making process for the first manned space mission was also in full swing. On October 17, 2002, the Central Specialized Committee approved the implementation of China’s first manned space flight in 2003 under the program of “1 astronaut, flying 1 day”. Then Comrade Hu Jintao made a directive: “This is the most significant scientific research and practical activities in 2003, and it must be highly valued and carefully organized.”

2003年春节过后，国际航天界噩耗频传。2月1日，美国“哥伦比亚号”航天飞机返回时突然解体，7名宇航员全部遇难；5月4日，俄罗斯“联盟TMA-1”飞船返回时，落点偏离400多公里，险些酿成严重后果；8月22日，巴西VLS系列运载火箭在发射场爆炸，21人不幸丧生。在国内，一场“非典”疫情不期而至，工程遇到了前所未有的严峻挑战。

After the Chinese New Year in 2003, the international space community was inundated with bad news. On February 1, the U.S. space shuttle “STS Columbia OV-102” suddenly disintegrated upon its return, with all seven astronauts dead; on May 4, the Russian “Soyuz TMA-1” spacecraft returned with a landing point more than 400 kilometers off, nearly leading to serious consequences; on August 22, Brazil’s VLS launch vehicle exploded at the launch site, causing the deaths of 21 people. In China, the SARS epidemic came unexpectedly, and the project encountered unprecedented serious challenges.

获知“哥伦比亚号”航天飞机失事的那天，正是中国农历的大年初一，载人航天工程指挥部的领导们匆匆赶到了航天员们中间。而出乎他们意料的是，14名航天员平静地表示，加入这支队伍，职业的荣誉、百姓的目光，已使他们忘记一切。航天员的光荣，正在于把生命融入人类探索太空、征服宇宙的征程中。这样的回答坚定了总指挥部按照原计划当年发射“神舟五号”的决心。5月9日，载人航天工程指挥部通过各大新闻媒体正式宣布：“神舟五号”飞船将于10月如期发射。提前发布消息，足以证明中国对自己的首次载人航天飞行充满了必胜的信心。

It was the first day of the Chinese Lunar New Year when they learned of the crash of “STS Columbia OV-102” space shuttle, and the leaders of the Manned Space Program Command hurried to the astronauts. And to their surprise, the 14 astronauts calmly said joined the team, the honor of the profession and the people’s eyes made them forget everything. The glory of astronauts is in integrating their lives into the journey of human exploration of space and conquest of the universe. Such a reply confirmed the determination of the General Command to launch Shenzhou V in accordance with the original plan. On May 9, the Manned Space Program Command officially announced through major news media that the Shenzhou V spacecraft would be launched in October as scheduled. The early announcement proves that China is full of confidence in its first manned space flight.

这时，航天员已完成了5年多的学习训练，即将面临“毕业考试”，要对每个人进行全面综合的考评，再根据成绩进行首飞梯队的选拔。根据我国载人航天的计划，载人飞行任务的密度不大，是用不了14名航天员的，当初之所以选拔了14个人，主要是考虑到“淘汰率”的问题。美国和俄罗斯在航天员训练过程中的淘汰率一般为50%。借鉴国外的经验，工程指挥部决定，在最后的考核评定中，不合格者将被淘汰。7月3日，经过由工程指挥部领导以及航天医学工程研究所专家组成的选评委员会严格、公正的考核评定，揭晓了考评结果：14名航天员全部通过考核，创造了“零淘汰率”的奇迹。这一令世人惊叹的结果，意味着我国已创建了具有中国特色的航天员训练体系。在接下来进行的“首飞梯队”选拔中，经过三轮筛选，航天员杨利伟的成绩始终名列第一，他和排名第二、第三的翟志刚、聂海胜入选了“首飞梯队”。

By this time, the astronauts had completed more than five years of study and training, about to face the “graduation examination”, which was to conduct a comprehensive and integrated assessment on each person, and then select the first flight echelon according to the results. According to China’s manned space program, manned missions were not very intensive and didn’t need 14 astronauts. The reason for the selection of 14 astronauts was mainly because of the “elimination rate”. The elimination rate was generally 50% in the United States and Russia in the astronaut training process. Drawing on foreign experience, the project command decided that those who failed in the final assessment evaluation would be eliminated. On July 3, after the strict and fair assessment and evaluation of the selection committee composed of leaders from the Program Command and experts from the Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering, the results were announced: all 14 astronauts passed the assessment, creating a miracle of “zero elimination rate”. The world marveled at the results, indicating that China created an astronauts’ training system with Chinese characteristics. In the next “first flight echelon” selection, after three rounds of screening, astronaut Yang Liwei’s results always ranked first. He together with Zhai Zhigang and Nie Haisheng who ranked second and third respectively was selected for the “first flight echelon”.

10月14日，“神舟五号”飞船发射的前一天，任务总指挥部决定，由杨利伟执行载人飞行任务。这一次具有划时代意义的出征，牵动着党和国家领导人以及13亿华夏儿女的心。当天下午，中共十六届三中全会一闭幕，胡锦涛同志就赶往酒泉卫星发射中心，为中华民族历史上的一次伟大出征壮行。在10月15日清晨举行的出征仪式上，胡锦涛深情地说：“杨利伟同志就要作为我国第一个探索太空的勇士出征，肩负着祖国和人民的重托去实现中华民族的千年梦想。相信你一定会沉着冷静、坚毅果敢，圆满完成这一光荣而神圣的使命。我们等待着你胜利归来。”

On October 14, the day before the launch of the “Shenzhou V” spacecraft, the mission headquarters decided that the manned mission would be carried out by Yang Liwei. This epoch-making mission touched the hearts of the Party, the national leaders, and the 1.3 billion Chinese people. In the afternoon of that day, as soon as the Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee closed, Comrade Hu Jintao headed to the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center to march for a great expedition in the history of the Chinese nation. At the departure ceremony held early in the morning of October 15, Hu Jintao said affectionately: “Comrade Yang Liwei is about to go out as our first space exploration warrior, shouldering the responsibility of the motherland and the people’s trust to realize the millennium dream of the Chinese nation. I believe you will be calm, resolute, and courageous, and complete this glorious and sacred mission successfully. We are waiting for your triumphant return.”

晨曦中的酒泉卫星发射中心圆梦园，挤满了赶来为航天员壮行的人群，军乐队奏响《歌唱祖国》的雄壮乐曲，身穿白色航天服的航天员杨利伟迈着从容而稳健的步伐，向载人航天工程总指挥李继耐上将报告出征。随着总指挥庄重有力的“出发”命令，杨利伟一个标准的军礼，定格在了共和国的航天史册上。

In the morning sun, the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, Dream Park, was crammed with people coming to see off the astronaut. In the majestic music of Ode to the Motherland played by the military band, astronaut Yang Liwei, dressed in a white space suit, took a calm and steady step to report his departure to Admiral Li Jinai, the commander-in-chief of the manned space project. With the commander-in-chief’s solemn and powerful “departure” order, Yang Liwei made a standard military salute, which was fixed in the history of the Republic of spaceflight.

9时整，在举世关注的目光中，火箭腾空而起，驶向浩渺的太空。发射场和地面指挥大厅里，所有的人都屏住呼吸。9时9分47秒，甩掉最后一级火箭的“神舟五号”飞船进入了预定轨道。“飞船一切正常”，得到杨利伟来到太空后的第一声报告时，地面指挥大厅里掌声雷动。杨利伟在《飞行日志》上写道：“为了人类的和平与进步，中国人来到太空了！”飞船飞行到第7圈时，杨利伟展示了中国国旗和联合国旗帜。“和平利用太空，造福全人类”——这声“太空宣言”穿越茫茫宇宙，传递着一个民族飞天梦圆的心声。

At 9:00 a.m., the rocket lifted off and sailed into the vast space under the eyes of the world. All the people in the launch site and the ground command hall held their breath. At 9:09:47, the “Shenzhou V spacecraft”, which had dumped its last stage, entered the scheduled orbit. “All is well with the spacecraft,” said Yang Liwei, the first report after coming to space, and thunderous applause broke out in the ground command hall. Yang Liwei wrote in the Flight Log: “For the peace and progress of mankind, the Chinese have come to space!” As the spacecraft flew to its seventh lap, Yang Liwei displayed the Chinese and United Nations flags. “Peaceful use of space for the benefit of all mankind” -- this “space declaration” across the vast universe, conveying the voice of a nation’s manned spaceflight dream.

在“神舟五号”飞行期间，测控通信系统按照飞控计划与太空中的杨利伟进行了天地通话，通过生理遥测参数和电视图像监视他的身体状态，对飞船进行了跟踪测量和监视控制，圆满完成了与航天员通信联络及图像接收处理、测控计划生成、遥测数据接收与处理、遥控与数据注入、轨道控制与确定、天地校时等任务。

During the flight of “Shenzhou V”, TT&C communication system talked to Yang Liwei in space according to the flight control plan, monitored his physical status through physiological telemetry parameters and TV images, tracked and measured the spacecraft and monitored and controlled it, and successfully completed the tasks such as communication with astronaut and image reception and processing, measurement and control plan generation, telemetry data reception and processing, remote control and data input, orbit control and determination, and time calibration

10月16日4时19分，“神舟五号”飞船环绕地球飞行了整整14圈后，接到了北京航天飞行控制中心下达的返回命令，开始返回。6时28分，“神舟五号”飞船返回舱在红白相间的巨大降落伞的拖带下，安然降落，距理论着陆点仅4.8公里。经历21个小时的太空洗礼，杨利伟的双脚重新稳稳地踏在了祖国的大地上。阿木古郎草原迎来了中国第一位巡天归来的航天员，蒙古族群众用传统的礼节为他献上了洁白的哈达。人们紧紧地把杨利伟围在中间，无数双手把他高高地抬了起来，每个人的目光中都透着一种无法抑制的兴奋和喜悦。这时，杨利伟举手投足的每一个瞬间，都成为世界的焦点。“飞船运行正常”“自我感觉良好”“我为祖国感到骄傲”，杨利伟用这样的三句话概括了自己的太空之旅。这一刻，千年的梦想、十几年的研制、5年的训练、21小时的飞行，证明了一个事实：中国人飞向太空不再是梦。

At 4:19 p.m. on Oct. 16, the “Shenzhou V” spacecraft flew around the Earth for 14 full laps before receiving a return order from the Beijing Space Flight Control Center and starting to return. At 6:28, the “Shenzhou V” spacecraft landed safely under the towing of a huge red and white parachute, only 4.8 kilometers from the theoretical landing site. After 21 hours of space baptism, Yang Liwei’s feet were firmly planted on the motherland again. The Mongolian people offered him a white khata (a piece of silk used as a greeting gift) in the traditional ritual. People surrounded Yang Liwei tightly in the middle and lifted him up high with countless hands with irrepressible excitement and joy in everyone’s eyes. At this moment, Yang Liwei’s every instant and every movement became the focus of the world. “The spacecraft is running normally,” “I feel good about myself,” “I am proud of my country,” Yang Liwei used these three sentences to summarize his space journey. At this moment, a thousand-year dream, a dozen years of research and development, five years of training, and 21 hours of flight proved the fact that it is no longer a dream for Chinese to fly into space.

首次载人航天飞行任务成功后，中国载人航天代表团前往香港、澳门访问。所到之处，欢迎的民众自发地排成长队，挥舞着五星红旗及特别行政区区旗，激起了极富精神意蕴的“航天热”。“中国的飞船飞得有多高，海外华人的头就能抬多高。”飞天梦想的实现，给海外华人带来的是国家强大带给他们的荣耀。联合国秘书长安南在祝贺声明中专门用汉语说出“航天员杨利伟”。美联社报道说：“继美国和苏联之后，中国成为世界历史上第三个有能力这样做的国家。”路透社报道说：“神舟五号”的成功，使其带领中国跨入由苏联和美国垄断40多年的太空俱乐部的任务宣告完成。

After the success of the first manned space mission, the Chinese manned space delegation visited Hong Kong and Macau. Everywhere they went, welcoming people formed long spontaneous queues, and waved the five-star red flag and the flag of the Special Administrative Region, stirring up a “spaceflight fever” with great spiritual meaning. “How high the Chinese spaceship flies, how high the heads of overseas Chinese can be raised.” The realization of the manned spaceflight dream brings overseas Chinese the glory of a powerful country. In his congratulatory statement, U.N. Secretary General Annan specifically said “astronaut Yang Liwei” in Chinese. The Associated Press reported, “Following the United States and the Soviet Union, China became the third country in world history to have the ability to do so.” With the success of “Shenzhou V”, the mission to lead China into the space club, which was monopolized by the Soviet Union and the United States for more than 40 years, was completed, Reuters reported.

太空中的中国步伐

Chinese Steps in Space

2004年5月19日，中国载人航天代表团在美国访问时，专程来到位于纽约的联合国总部。身着蓝色航天服的中国航天员杨利伟将一面曾和他一起飞向太空的联合国旗帜递交给时任联合国秘书长的安南，向世界诠释了中国人开展载人航天的意义——“和平利用太空，造福全人类”。

On May 19, 2004, during its visit to the United States, the Chinese manned space delegation made a special trip to the United Nations headquarters in New York. Wearing a blue space suit, Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei handed over a UN flag, which had flown to space with him, to the then UN Secretary-General Annan, explaining to the world the significance of Chinese manned spaceflight – “peaceful use of space for the benefit of all mankind”.

2005年的世界航天领域，发生了许多未曾预料的大事。新上任的美国航空航天局局长格里芬宣布了“新登月计划”。美国“发现号”航天飞机重返太空时，发射过程中出现绝热瓦和绝热泡沫脱落现象，引发了全球对太空探索、航天技术安全问题的极大关注与辩论，也从一个侧面提醒中国的研制队伍，“成功并不等于成熟，一次成功并不等于次次成功”，一定要把高质量和可靠性作为最重要的原则，贯穿工程始终。

In the national space field of 2005 witnessed many unforeseen events. New NASA Administrator Griffin announced the “New Moon Program”. When the U.S. space shuttle Discovery returned to space, the phenomenon of the falling adiabatic tiles and adiabatic foam during the launch process triggered great concern and debate on space exploration and safety of space technology worldwide, and also reminded China’s R&D team from one side that “success is not equal to maturity, and one success is not equal to succeed every time,” we must take high quality and reliability as the most important principle throughout the project.

2005年2月3日，中共中央政治局常委会议做出了启动载人航天工程第二步第一阶段任务和实施“神舟六号”任务的战略决策，明确提出“精心组织、精心指挥、精心实施，确保成功、确保万无一失”的要求，“神舟六号”任务进入了加速推进的关键阶段。

On February 3, 2005, the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee made a strategic decision to launch the second phase of the manned space project and implement the "Shenzhou VI" mission and proposed clear requirements of “careful organization, careful command, careful implementation, ensuring success and ensuring that nothing goes wrong”. The “Shenzhou VI” mission entered a critical stage of accelerated progress.

“神舟六号”是一次承前启后的飞行，将实现多人多天的任务目标，充分考核人在太空中较长时间生活和工作的能力。与“神舟五号”任务相比，“神舟六号”任务无论是飞行产品研制，还是组织实施，都呈现出很多新特点、新挑战。其中，最核心的问题仍然是如何确保飞行的可靠性和安全性。

“Shenzhou VI” is a mission that links the past and the future. It would achieve the goal of multi-person multi-day mission and fully assess the ability of people to live and work in space for a longer period. Compared with the “Shenzhou V” mission, the “Shenzhou VI” mission presents many new features and challenges, both in terms of flight product development and organization and implementation. Among them, the core issue is still how to ensure the reliability and safety of the flight.

杨利伟执行“神舟五号”任务归来后，曾对火箭系统“长征二号F ”火箭的设计人员说，在火箭上升到30多千米的高度时，火箭和飞船突然急剧抖动，产生了大约20秒的振动，让他身体感觉非常痛苦。而在此之前，箭体的振动频率被认为是对航天员没有影响的。杨利伟和设计人员交流了感受，运载火箭系统总设计师荆木春立即带领火箭系统的科研人员开始查找问题。他们从火箭飞行数据分析中发现，一台重要的设备——伺服机构在飞行过程中发生停摆。虽然火箭本身的冗余度和容错能力使故障没有影响发射成败，但在举国欢庆首飞成功的日子里，他们还是开始了紧张艰苦的“归零”工作。技术人员发现，火箭从起飞后126秒开始，出现了逐渐增大的纵向单频振动，频率约为8赫兹。而人体对10赫兹以下的低频振动非常敏感，人的内脏会因此产生共振。而且，这个新的振动叠加在大约6G，也就是大约6倍体重的负荷之上，一般人是根本无法承受的。他们严格按照研制程序和操作规程工作，认真地清理问题，复查数据，100多项试验内容，无数次的试验验证，终于发现“8赫兹振动”现象是助推器动力输送系统产生的问题。研制人员在用于发射“神舟六号”飞船的火箭上，采用使用变能量蓄压器来抑制振动的新技术方案，大大提高了火箭的舒适度，彻底解决了这个问题。同时，火箭第一次安装了图像实时测量系统，将从起飞到船箭分离等动作的画面实时传回，帮助地面更加准确地观测和判断火箭状态。

After Yang Liwei completed the “Shenzhou V” mission, he told the designers of the “Long March 2F” of the rocket system that when the rocket rose to an altitude of more than 30 kilometers, the rocket and the spacecraft suddenly shook sharply, generating about 20 seconds of vibration, which made his body feel very painful. Before that, the vibration frequency of the rocket body was thought to have no effect on the astronauts. Yang Liwei shared his feelings with the designers, and Jing Muchun, the chief designer of the launch vehicle system, immediately led the researchers of the rocket system to start looking for the problem. In the analysis of the rocket flight data, they found that an important piece of equipment, the servo mechanism, had stalled during the flight. Although the redundancy and fault tolerance of the rocket itself didn’t affect the success or failure of the launch, they began the intense and arduous work of “zeroing in” on the days when the whole nation was celebrating the success of the first flight. Technicians found that the rocket showed a gradually increasing longitudinal single-frequency vibration of shafting with a frequency of about 8 Hz starting 126 seconds after takeoff. The human body is very sensitive to low frequency vibrations below 10 Hz, and the human internal organs will resonate as a result. Moreover, this new vibration was superimposed on about 6G, about 6 times the load of body weight, which was simply unbearable for the average person. They worked in strict accordance with the development procedures and operating procedures, carefully removing problems, reviewing data, and conducting more than 100 tests. After countless tests, they finally found that the “8 Hz vibration” phenomenon was resulted from the booster power delivery system. In the rocket used to launch the “Shenzhou VI” spacecraft, the researchers adopted a new technical solution of using a variable energy accumulator to suppress vibration, which greatly improved the comfort of the rocket and completely solved the problem. At the same time, for the first time, a real-time image measurement system was installed on the rocket to send back the images of movements from take-off to separation of the spacecraft and the rocket in real time, helping the ground to observe and judge the rocket status more accurately.

在“神舟五号”飞行中，杨利伟的工作仅限于返回舱内，未进入轨道舱使用生活设施，也没有进行空间科学实验操作。在“神舟六号”飞行中，航天员要从返回舱进入轨道舱工作、生活，这是对飞船生命保障系统的全程考核。返回舱和轨道舱之间有一扇舱门，它的开启和关闭直接关系着航天员的安全。这扇门连接的是两个独立的舱室，如果两个舱室气压不同，舱门要么无法打开，要么会被弹开，撞击到身上，对航天员造成伤害。同时，舱门的密封性至关重要，飞船返回前、两舱分离后，舱门必须严丝合缝地关闭，一旦漏气，返回舱就会在几秒钟之内变成真空世界，航天员的生命面临严重威胁。在国际载人航天事件中，曾发生过因为舱门关闭失败，导致舱内失压、航天员牺牲的惨剧。载人飞船系统为保证这道“生命之门”的安全，创造性地研制成功了舱门密闭快速自动检测装置，并进行了上万次的地面试验。

In the “Shenzhou V” flight, Yang Liwei’s work was limited to the recoverable module. He neither entered the orbit module to use the living facilities nor carry out space science experiments. In the “Shenzhou VI” flight, the astronauts had to enter the orbit module from the recoverable module to work and live, which was the whole assessment of the spacecraft life support system. There is a hatch between the recoverable module and the orbit module, and its opening and closing are directly related to the safety of the astronauts. This door connects two independent compartments. If the air pressure of the two compartments is different, the door won’t be opened or will be bounced off and hit the body causing harm to the astronauts. Meanwhile, the hatch sealing is critical. Before the return of the spacecraft and after the separation of the two modules, the hatch must be tightly closed. Once the air leaks, the recoverable module will become vacuum within seconds, posing serious threats to the astronauts’ lives. Among international manned spaceflight events, there was a tragic event in which cabin pressure was lost and astronauts died because of failed hatch closure. To guarantee the safety of this “door of life”, the manned spacecraft system developed a fast automatic detection device for cabin door sealing and conducted tens of thousands of ground tests.

2005年10月12日，“神舟六号”飞船在酒泉发射场整装待发。清晨，挂满自信笑容的航天员费俊龙、聂海胜在漫天飞舞的雪花中向载人航天工程总指挥陈炳德上将报告出征。

On October 12, 2005, the “Shenzhou VI” spacecraft was ready for launch at the Jiuquan launch site. In the early morning, astronauts Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng, who were wearing confident smiles, reported their departure to Admiral Chen Bingde, the commander-in-chief of the manned space project, amidst the flying snowflakes.

上午9时整，“神舟六号”成功发射，点火后第583秒，飞船与火箭在高度约200千米处成功分离，进入预定轨道。航天员费俊龙打开返回舱与轨道舱之间的舱门，进入轨道舱开展空间科学实验。他惊喜地发现，舱内专门放置了食品加热装置和餐具等生活必需品，墙上挂着一个睡袋，供他们轮流休息用。轨道舱中还特别配置了一个专门的清洁用品柜，航天员可以用里面的湿巾等物品进行清洁。“神舟六号”航天员聂海胜回忆说：因为轨道舱的增加，我们的活动空间就大了，吃喝拉撒睡都在轨道舱，私密性好，个人卫生打理上也方便一些，确确实实给我们带来了很多方便。舒适的太空生活进入了第三天，费俊龙就想让地面的人们知道他们的生活状态。他回忆说：当时我就想，以什么样的形式展现我们的太空生活，让祖国和人民放心，让亲人和战友知道，我们生活得很愉快、很轻松呢？以前，我在资料片中看到，国外的航天员在空间站里做过前滚翻。我想，外国航天员能做到的，我们中国航天员也能做到。我一连做了4个前滚翻，就是要让国际同行们看看，中国航天员同样出色。

At 9:00 a.m., “Shenzhou VI” was launched. 583 seconds after firing, the spacecraft and rocket successfully separated at an altitude of about 200 kilometers and entered the scheduled orbit. Astronaut Fei Junlong opened the hatch between the recoverable module and the orbit module and entered the orbit module to carry out space science experiments. He was surprised to find that the cabin was especially placed with food heating appliances and cutlery and other necessities, and a sleeping bag was hung on the wall for them to take turns resting. The orbit module was also specially equipped with a cleaning supplies cabinet, inside which were wet wipes and other items astronauts can use for cleaning. Nie Haisheng, the astronaut of “Shenzhou VI”, recalled that: thanks to the increased orbit modules, they gave us more space to move and allowed us to eat, drink, excrete and sleep with good privacy and convenience of taking care of our personal hygiene, really bringing a lot of convenience for us. On the third day of the comfortable life in space, Fei Junlong wanted to let the people on the earth know how they were living. He recalled: At that time, I wonder, in what form to show our life in space, so that the motherland and the people are assured, so that relatives and comrades know that we live a very happy and relaxed life? Previously, I saw in the archival film that foreign astronauts had done forward rolls in the space station. I believed that what foreign astronauts can do, we Chinese astronauts can also do. I did four forward rolls in a row to show my international counterparts that Chinese astronauts are just as good as them.

5昼夜的太空之旅，费俊龙和聂海胜在太空中创造了一项又一项的纪录：第一次进行多人多天太空飞行实验；第一次进入轨道舱；第一次实施对地观测、海洋污染监测、大气状况监测、植被状况监测以及生物科学和材料科学的研究；第一次在太空完成压力服穿脱试验、吃上热食和复水食品……

During the 5 days and nights in space, Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng created one record after another in space: the first multi-person multi-day space flight experiment; the first time to enter the orbit module; the first time to implement earth observation, ocean pollution monitoring, atmospheric condition monitoring, vegetation condition monitoring, and biological and material science research; the first time to complete the pressure suit donning and doffing test in space, to eat hot and rehydrated food…

10月17日凌晨，“神舟六号”准确着陆于预定区域。紧随着飞船返回舱的开启，人们看到的是费俊龙、聂海胜淡定的笑容和两个“V”字形的手势。令科技人员欣慰的是，这次115小时33分、绕地球77圈、320万公里的飞行，所有备份设备都没有启动，数百个应急预案都静静躺在抽屉里，每一个细节和步骤都与设计数值高度吻合，以完美的零缺陷圆满收官。

In the early morning of Oct. 17, “Shenzhou VI” landed accurately in the predetermined area. Followed by the opening of the spacecraft recoverable module, people saw the calm smile of Fei Junlong, Nie Haisheng and the two “V” gestures. To the relief of the scientists, this flight of 3.2 million kilometers, which took 115 hours and 33 minutes and travelled 77 laps around the Earth, came to a successful conclusion with zero defect, that is, all backup equipment didn’t be triggered, hundreds of contingency plans were lying quietly in the drawer, and every detail and step are highly consistent with the design figures.

至此，我国已经掌握了飞船较长时间在轨载人飞行的技术，全面实现了载人航天工程第一步战略目标。紧接着第二步的目标是：突破和掌握太空出舱和空间飞行器的交会对接技术，发射空间实验室，解决有一定规模的、短期有人照料的空间应用问题。其中，“出舱活动”这一历史性的重任落在了“神舟七号”肩上。

So far, China had mastered the technology of manned flight of spacecraft in orbit for a longer period, and fully realized the first strategic goal of manned space program. Followed by the second goal is: to break through and master the technology of extravehicular activity (EVA) in space and space vehicle rendezvous and docking technology, and the launch of space laboratories, to solve the problem of a certain scale, short-term manned space applications. Among them, the historic responsibility, “extravehicular activity” fell on the shoulders of “Shenzhou VII”.

出舱是载人航天需要突破的三大技术之一。掌握了出舱技术，就可以为下一步建造空间站、在轨维护航天器、开展外太空试验，以及未来载人登月等航天活动，奠定重要的技术基础。仅仅过去三年、完成两次载人航天飞行之后，就实施航天员太空出舱活动，技术难度之大在世界航天史上前所未有。横亘在科研人员眼前的现实是：底子薄、任务重、时间紧、风险大，特别是用于保障航天员完成出舱活动任务的飞船气闸舱和舱外航天服这两项关键技术将经受实践的考验。

EVA is one of the three major technologies that need to be broken through in manned spaceflight. The mastery of the EVA technology will lay an essential technical foundation for the next step of building space stations, maintaining spacecraft in orbit, conducting outer space experiments, and future manned lunar landings and other space activities. After only three years and the completion of two manned space flights, the technical difficulty of implementing astronauts’ extravehicular activities was unprecedented in the world's space history. The reality in front of the researchers was: the thin base, the heavy task, the tight time, the big risk, especially the spacecraft airlock module and extravehicular space suit which were used to protect the astronauts to complete the mission, were two key technologies that would be tested in practice.

舱外航天服是进行出舱活动的关键。在太空真空、微重力、高辐射、高低温交变、微流星体的撞击等恶劣环境中，不仅要为出舱航天员提供适合生存的环境，还要保证航天员能开展操作、维修等太空作业。这就对舱外航天服的功能提出了极高的要求。因此，确切地说，舱外航天服是一个拥有衣服外观的小型的载人航天器，涉及几十个学科专业、上百种新技术，是衡量一个国家航天科技发展水平的重要标志。

Extravehicular space suit is the key to carry out the extravehicular activities. In the harsh environment with vacuum, microgravity, high radiation, high and low temperature alternations, and impact of micrometeoroids in space, it is not only necessary to provide a survival-friendly environment for the extravehicular astronauts, but also to ensure that the astronauts can carry out operations, maintenance, and other space operations. This places extremely high demands on the function of extravehicular space suits. Therefore, to be precise, an extravehicular space suit is a small manned spacecraft with the appearance of clothes, involving dozens of disciplines and hundreds of new technologies, an important symbol to measure the development level of a country’s space science and technology.

按照最初的计划，中国从俄罗斯引进舱外航天服，在2007年发射“神舟七号”，实施出舱活动。但随着工程的进展，决策者在反复思考，如果用俄罗斯舱外航天服出舱，虽然能够完成出舱活动，但我国其实并没有完全突破和掌握出舱技术。将来中国自己的舱外航天服研制出来后，还需要发射飞船进行试验。可如果现在自行研制，又面临任务进度与技术难关的尖锐矛盾，究竟是引进还是研制？载人航天工程总设计师、中国工程院院士周建平综合大家的意见后说：载人航天要想长期可持续发展，这是必须突破的一项技术。每一次飞行试验都要付出很大的研发代价，如果掌握的技术是不完整的，我们对国家、对老百姓都不好交代。工程总体经过严密论证，认为应该真正实现突破和掌握出舱技术的任务目标。最终决定，中国航天员要穿中国的舱外航天服出舱，将原定于2007年进行的“神舟七号”任务调整到2008年进行。

As initially planned, China would introduce extravehicular space suits from Russia and launch “Shenzhou VII” in 2007 to carry out EVA activities. However, as the project progressed, decision makers pondered repeatedly that if the Russian extravehicular space suit was used for the launch, China hadn’t completely broken through and mastered the launch technology although the launch could be completed. In the future, after China’s own extravehicular space suits were to be developed, it would be necessary to launch the spacecraft for testing. But if it was developed independently then, it faced the sharp contradiction of mission progress and technical difficulties, so should it be introduced or developed? Zhou Jianping, chief designer of manned space program and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, said after integrating everyone’s views: For long-term sustainable development of manned spaceflight, this is a technology that must be broken through. Each flight test requires a great cost of research and development, if the mastery of the technology is incomplete, we can’t report to the country, to the people. After rigorous argumentation on the overall project, it was believed that they should really achieve the mission goal of making breakthroughs and mastering the EVA technology. Finally, it was decided that Chinese astronauts should wear Chinese extravehicular space suits and adjust the “Shenzhou VII” mission, which was originally scheduled for 2007, to 2008.

舱外服研制周期通常是8到10年，而此时，距“神舟七号”发射只剩下不到4年时间。舱外服的研制成了整个工程的难中之难、重中之重、急中之急。一场史无前例的打造航天员“生命盾牌”的科研攻坚战役打响了。大到整体结构和外形，小到元器件、原材料的性能指标，都需要从头设计，所需的设施、设备都是边研制、边建设。年轻的研制队伍迎难而上，选择了一条瞄准世界前沿技术、既有继承又有所创新的攻关之路。其中，舱外服关节技术是公认的世界性难题，既要保证气密性和强度，又要保证关节活动自如。这一对看似矛盾的两个要求，在研制人员的努力下迎刃而解，他们创造的独特的“滚、旋、套、叠”结构的服装活动关节成为中国舱外航天服的创新亮点之一。47个月，100多项大型系统试验，100多家单位的团结协作，为舱外服成功地打上了“中国制造”的烙印。喜讯传到中南海，胡锦涛同志欣然挥笔题名“飞天”。

The development cycle of the extravehicular suit is usually 8 to 10 years, and at this time, only less than 4 years were left before the launch of “Shenzhou VII”. The development of the extravehicular suit became the most difficult, the most important and the most urgent of the whole project. An unprecedented scientific research battle to build the astronaut’s “life shield” was waged. As macro as the overall structure and shape, as micro as the performance indicators of components and raw materials, all need to be designed from scratch, and the required facilities and equipment are developed and built at the same time. The young R&D team took up the challenge and chose a road that aimed at the world’s edged technology, both successive and innovative. Among them, the joint technology of the extravehicular suit was recognized as a worldwide problem, which not only had to ensure the air tightness and intensity, but also had to ensure the joint to move freely. This seemingly contradictory pair of two requirements was solved with the efforts of the developers, and the unique “roll, spin, set, stack” structure of the movable joints created by them became one of the innovative highlights of China’s extravehicular space suits. 47 months, more than 100 large-scale system tests, and the unity and cooperation of more than 100 institutions have successfully marked “Made in China” on the extravehicular suits. When the good news spread to Zhongnanhai, Comrade Hu Jintao gladly wrote the name “Flying Sky”.

2008年，“神舟七号”任务被国家确定为与北京奥运会、纪念改革开放30周年并列的三件大事之一。紧张备战“神舟七号”任务的载人航天发射场，成为奥运火炬传递的重要一站，预示着中国航天人将要在太空的大舞台上为世界带来更多的惊喜。

In 2008, the “Shenzhou VII” mission was identified by the country as one of the three major events together with the Beijing Olympic Games and the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up. The manned space launch site, which was intensely prepared for the “Shenzhou VII” mission, became an important stop for the Olympic torch relay, signaling that Chinese astronauts would bring more surprises to the world on the big stage of space.

“神舟七号”任务最耀眼的亮点就是走出太空舱，虽然舱内、舱外只有一步之遥，但对于独立自主开展载人航天的中国人来说，却是开天辟地头一回。按照国际航天界惯例，对于有两个可供航天员驻留的压力舱的飞船，在执行出舱任务时，需要设置一个气闸舱，作为过渡舱支持出舱活动。气闸舱上有两个门，一个通向宇宙空间，另一个通向返回舱。“神舟七号”飞船和以往一样，也是推进舱、返回舱、轨道舱的三舱结构，并没有单独的气闸舱。如果重新研制飞船，时间来不及，而要从轨道舱中隔出一个气闸舱来，有效空间又不够。载人飞船系统总设计师张柏楠经过深思熟虑提出了一个“一舱两用”设计方案：利用飞船现有构型，保持三舱结构不变，让轨道舱既保留生活舱功能，又充当出舱活动需要的气闸舱。在轨道舱兼作气闸舱的研制中，他带领技术人员先后进行了出舱活动操作空间设计、扶手等限位助力保险装置设计、增大出舱活动通道设计、泄压复压功能设计、出舱活动通信功能设计、出舱活动操作显示界面设计、出舱活动照明摄像功能设计等多项技术创新，实现了气闸舱和生活舱一体化的设计。

The most dazzling highlight of the “Shenzhou VII” mission is to get out of the capsule. Although it is only a step between the cabin and the space, it is a pioneering first for the Chinese people who independently carried out manned spaceflight. As is customary in the international space community, for spacecraft with two pressurized modules available for astronauts to reside in, an airlock module is required to support the extravehicular activities as a transition module during the extravehicular mission. There are two hatches on the airlock module, one leading to the cosmic space and the other leading to the recoverable module. “Shenzhou VII” spacecraft, same as before, is also a three-compartment structure composed of a propulsion module, recoverable module, and orbit module without separate airlock module. If to redevelop the spacecraft, it would have been too late, and if to segregate an airlock module from the orbit module, there would have been insufficient effective space. The chief designer of the manned spacecraft system, Zhang Bonan, proposed a design after careful consideration called “one module, two uses”: using the existing configuration of the spacecraft, keeping the three-compartment structure unchanged, so that the orbit module retains the function as the living module, but also serves as the airlock module necessary to extravehicular activities. In the development of the orbit module as an airlock module, he led the technical crew to carry out a number of technical innovations, such as the design of the EVA operating space, the design of the handrail and other caging booster safeties, the design of the enlarged EVA channel, the design of the depressurization and repressing function, the design of the EVA communication function, the design of the EVA operating display interface, the design of the EVA lighting camera function, etc., achieving the integrated design of the airlock module and the living module.

2008年8月8日，第29届奥运会开幕的日子，全世界的目光都聚焦在古老的北京城。这一天，北京市全城放假，所有的市民都在电视机前静静地期待着圣火燃起的时刻。就在同一天，距离奥运会主会场“鸟巢”18千米的北京航天城内，却是一片忙碌景象。备战“神舟七号”任务的航天员们没有因为奥运会的到来有丝毫的改变，仍在紧张有序地训练，以自己特有的方式迎接奥运的到来。

On August 8, 2008, the opening day of the 29th Olympic Games, the eyes of the world fixed on the ancient City of Beijing. On this day, the whole city was off from work and all the citizens were quietly waiting for the lighting of the sacred flame in front of their TV sets. On the same day, the Beijing Space City, 18 kilometers away from the main venue of the Olympic Games “Bird’s Nest”, was a busy scene. The astronauts preparing for the “Shenzhou VII” mission didn’t have the slightest change because of the arrival of the Olympic Games and were still training in an intense and orderly manner to meet the arrival of the Olympic Games in their own unique way.

在“神舟七号”任务所要突破和攻克的三项关键技术中，有一项是专门针对出舱航天员的训练的。航天员进行出舱活动时，在太空处于失重状态，必须加强失重训练，首当其冲的是要研制出全新的地面训练设备。由航天员系统研发的模拟失重的中性浮力水槽、舱外航天服试验舱、出舱活动程序训练模拟器，这三项训练设施代表着世界先进水平，可以囊括航天员出舱训练所需的各项功能。训练设施建成后，受工程研制进度的制约，留给航天员的适应和训练时间仅有半年左右。但每一项训练对航天员来说，都是向极限挑战的过程。“神舟七号”航天员翟志刚回忆说，航天员最不容易的是日复一日进行这种超越常规的训练，锲而不舍，不谈放弃，永远积极地在努力，任何时候都要把自己最亮丽、最光鲜的精神面貌体现在训练场上。尤其是承受着选拔的压力，对我们来说是巨大的考验。经过一次次这样的考验之后，身心都能够得到锻炼，这支队伍也逐渐迈向成熟。

Among the three crucial technologies to be broken and tackled in the “Shenzhou VII” mission, one is specifically for the training of extravehicular astronauts. When the astronauts in EVA, they are in weightlessness in space, so strengthening the weightlessness training is necessary and the first step is to develop a new field training equipment. The neutral buoyancy sink, the extravehicular space suit test chamber, and the training simulator for the EVA procedures developed by the astronaut system to simulate weightlessness, these three training facilities represent the world’s advanced level and can encompass all the functions required for astronaut extravehicular training. After the establishment of the training facilities, subject to the constraints of the engineering development schedule, only about six months were left for the astronauts to adapt and train. But for astronauts, every training is a challenge to the limit. Astronaut Zhai Zhigang of “Shenzhou VII” recalled that the most difficult thing for astronauts was to carry out this supernormal training day after day with perseverance and no giving up, always to work hard and actively, and to put their brightest and most glorious mental outlook on the training field all the time. Especially under the pressure of selection, it was a huge test for us. After such tests again and again, both body and mind could be cultivated, and this team was gradually moving towards maturity.

2008年9月25日傍晚，曾经三次入选任务梯队的翟志刚和刘伯明、景海鹏成为执行这次任务的航天员，他们向载人航天工程总指挥常万全上将报告出征。20 时10分，“长征二号F”运载火箭准时点火，“神舟七号”飞船发射升空。

In the evening of September 25, 2008, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng, who had been selected for the mission echelon three times, reported to the commander-in-chief of the manned space project, Admiral Chang Wanquan for the expedition. At 20:10, the “Long March 2F” carrier rocket fired on time and the “Shenzhou VII” spacecraft was launched into space.

与“神五”“神六”的太空之旅相比较，“神舟七号”的巡天之路似乎“障碍重重”。进入太空飞行的前三天，由于受到失重环境的影响，航天员最容易发生航天运动病和减压病。而按照任务计划，“神舟七号”航天员乘组却需要在第二天完成出舱活动。9月27日，翟志刚和刘伯明开始在太空组装舱外航天服，这是一项艰难而又细致的工作。由于天地操作差别，地面上很容易做到的事情，在太空中却变得异常困难。原计划16个小时的组装工作却用了近20个小时。连续的工作已使他们十分疲惫，但却不能停下来休息。16时33分，北京航天飞控中心发出指令：“打开轨道舱门，按程序启动出舱。”翟志刚开始开轨道舱的舱门。这个动作，他曾做过无数次的地面模拟试验，从来没有出过问题。但在太空开启舱门时，气闸舱已泄压到1千帕，完全符合打开舱门的条件。然而，当翟志刚胸有成竹地用力拉了三下，门却丝毫没有反应。飞船在测控区的时间是有限的，如果不能尽快打开舱门，地面就无法观测到出舱的过程。此时，飞船即将飞出测控区。地面工作人员和观看电视直播的亿万观众的呼吸似乎凝固，时间在一分一秒流逝。任务遇到障碍，翟志刚不免着急，操作也有些吃力，这时，刘伯明压住他的右手大声说：“稳住，深吸一口气，压下来顶住！”翟志刚迅速冷静下来，用辅助工具撬了两次，刚刚打开一点缝隙，残留的气体又把舱门紧紧吸上了。但就是这一点缝隙，让翟志刚看到了胜利的希望，也坚定了他的信心。他咬紧牙关，坚持，坚持，再坚持，把全身的力气都集中在手上，在刘伯明的帮助下，终于打开了通向浩瀚太空的舱门。此时，距离北京航天飞控中心下达出舱命令，已经过去了7分多钟。正当翟志刚准备出舱时,“意外”再次出现。飞船突然传来报警提示，并不断重复：“轨道舱火灾！轨道舱火灾！”尽管后来确认这是一场虚惊的误报，但在当时，还是令许多人捏了一把汗，如果出现火情，后果会十分严重，甚至航天员将有去无回。此时生死已经不在翟志刚考虑的范畴，只有完成任务才是最重要的，他毫不犹豫地纵身跃出舱门。

Compared with the “Shenzhou V” and “Shenzhou VI” space journey, the space cruise journey of “Shenzhou VII” seems to be “full of obstacles”. During the first three days of space flight, astronauts are most susceptible to space motion sickness and decompression sickness due to the effects of the weightless environment. But according to the mission plan, the “Shenzhou VI” astronaut crew needed to complete the extravehicular activities next day. On Sept. 27, Zhai Zhigang and Liu Boming began assembling their extravehicular space suits in space, a tough and meticulous task. Due to the disparity between space and earth, operations what are easy to do on the earth become extremely difficult in space. The scheduled 16 hours of assembly work took nearly 20 hours instead. The continuous work had exhausted them, but they couldn’t stop to rest. At 16:33, Beijing Aerospace Control Center issued a command: “Open the orbit module hatch and start exiting the module according to the procedure.” Zhai Zhigang began to open the hatch of the orbit module. This action, he had done countless ground simulation tests, never went wrong. When the hatch was opened in space, the airlock chamber had been depressurized to 1 kilopascal, which fully met the conditions for opening the cabin door. However, when Zhai Zhigang pulled hard three times with confidence, the door didn’t have any reaction. The time of the ship in the TT&C area is limited, if they can’t open the hatch as soon as possible, the ground couldn’t observe the extravehicular process. At that time, the spacecraft was about to fly out of the TT&C area. The breath of the ground crew and the hundreds of millions of viewers watching the live TV broadcast seemed to freeze as time passed by. The impeded task made Zhai Zhigang feel anxious instinctively and the operation was also a bit strained. At this point, Liu Boming pressed his right hand and said loudly, “Hold on, take a deep breath, press down and hold it!” Zhai Zhigang calmed down quickly, used auxiliary tools to pry twice. When just opening a little gap, the hatch was tightly drawn by the residual air. But it was this little gap that gave Zhai Zhigang the hope of victory and strengthened his confidence. He spared no effort to insist, insist, and insist again, concentrated his whole-body strength on his hands, and finally opened the hatch to the vast space with the help of Liu Boming. By this time, more than seven minutes had passed since the Beijing Aerospace Control Center gave the order to leave the cabin. Just as Zhai Zhigang was about to leave the cabin, another “accident” appeared. The spacecraft suddenly came to alarm, and repeated: “Orbit module is on fire! Orbit module is on fire!” Although it was later confirmed as a false alarm, but it also made many people be seized with fear at the time. If there was a fire, the consequences would have been very serious, and even the astronauts wouldn’t have come back. At this time, life or death was no longer within the scope of Zhai Zhigang’s thought, and only the completion of the mission was the top priority, then he didn’t hesitate to leap out of the hatch at all.

此时，全中国的目光都锁定在距地面高度343千米的“神舟七号”——通过摄像机，人们可以清晰地看到翟志刚迈入太空的这历史性一步。安装在轨道舱上方的摄像机实时传回了飞船外的美丽画面，推进舱上展开的太阳能帆板如同飞船两只轻盈的翅膀，背后的太空漆黑如墨，映衬在太空中的地球现出一片蔚蓝，此时的飞船正翱翔于大西洋的上空。

Meanwhile, all Chinese people’s eyes were locked on “Shenzhou VII” which was at an altitude of 343 kilometers from the ground -- through the camera, people could clearly see Zhai Zhigang’s historic step into space. The camera installed above the orbit module sent back a beautiful picture of the spacecraft in real time. The solar sail panels unfolded on the propulsion module were like two light wings of the spacecraft, and the space behind was as dark as ink, contrasting the earth in space was azure blue. The spacecraft was soaring over the Atlantic Ocean then.

按照原计划，翟志刚出舱后的第一项任务是取回暴露在舱外的固体润滑材料。在太空中展示国旗，是“神舟七号”飞船发射前20天才定下来的事情，最初的计划中并没有这个动作，在地面也没有进行过相应的训练。那么，航天员出舱之后，什么时候展示国旗最合适？指挥部决定把权力交给任务乘组。随着轨道舱火灾的“警报”不断传来，在舱内的刘伯明果断地调整了任务步骤,他将航天科技工作者们用“十字绣”一针一线亲手绣成的五星红旗递给翟志刚，对翟志刚说:“先展示国旗吧。即使我们回不去，也要让五星红旗在太空留下永远的瞬间！”在黑色天幕和蓝色地球的映衬下，翟志刚挥动国旗向全国人民、向全世界人民问好。鲜艳的五星红旗和雪白的飞天舱外航天服在茫茫宇宙中构成了一幅无与伦比的美丽图画。

As originally planned, the first task after Zhai Zhigang out of the cabin is to retrieve the solid lubrication material exposed outside the cabin. To display the national flag in space was set 20 days before the launch of the “Shenzhou VII” spacecraft. There is neither such action in the initial plan nor corresponding training on the earth. So, when is the most appropriate time to display the flag after the astronauts exit the capsule? The command decided to give the authority to the mission crew. As the fire “alarm” in the orbit module continued to sound, Liu Boming in the cabin decisively adjusted the mission steps. He handed the space science and technology workers with the handmade “cross-stitch” embroidered five-star red flag to Zhai Zhigang and said to him: “Let’s show the national flag first. Even if we can’t go back, we still have to leave an everlasting moment for the five-star red flag in space!” Against the black canopy and the blue Earth, Zhai Zhigang waved the national flag to greet the people of China and the world. The bright five-star red flag and the snow-white extravehicular space suit formed an unparalleled beautiful picture in the vast universe.

紧接着，翟志刚要完成出舱肩负的另一项重要任务——取回暴露在舱外40多个小时的固体润滑材料试验样品。这是我国第一次由航天员直接操作的舱外科学实验，是一项很有意义的基础性材料试验项目。小小的试验装置，包括15种材料80个样品，这一试验的关键和难点在于，航天员需要在失重环境下，对试验样品要能锁得住、解得开、拿得回。翟志刚按照“拨、拉、压、提”四字口诀，一气呵成，单手完成了解锁和回收工作，操作十分顺利。所有的试验任务完成之后，太空变成了翟志刚的个人舞台。转身、飘移、再转身、再飘移，整个身子都飘离轨道舱，潇洒，自由。翟志刚第一次开始了他的，也是中华民族在太空的浪漫舞步。直到接到地面“可以返回轨道舱”的命令后，翟志刚オ结束了他的舱外之旅。这次太空行走共进行了19分35秒，他在舱外飞过了9165千米。这19分钟，是翟志刚个人的一小步，但却是中国人和平利用太空的一大步。茫茫太空中第一次留下了中国人的足迹。

Next, Zhai Zhigang was to complete another important task of EVA -- to retrieve the test samples of the solid lubrication material exposed outside the cabin for more than 40 hours. This was China’s first extravehicular scientific experiment directly operated by astronaut and a very meaningful testing project of fundamental materials. Tiny test device contains 15 kinds of materials and 80 samples. The key and difficulty of this test was that the astronaut was required to be able to lock, unlock and take back the test samples in a weightless environment. Zhai Zhigang followed the four words “plucking, pulling, pressing, lifting”, and finished the unlocking and recovery work with one hand in one go with an extraordinarily smooth operation. After all the testing tasks were completed, space became Zhai Zhigang’s personal stage. He turned around, drifted, turned around again, drifted again, and his whole body drifted away from the orbit module, dashing and free. For the first time, Zhai Zhigang began his and the Chinese nation’s romantic dance in space. Till receiving the ground “return to the orbit module” command, Zhai Zhigang ended his extravehicular journey. The spacewalk lasted 19 minutes and 35 seconds, and he flew over 9,165 kilometers outside the capsule. The 19 minutes is a small step for Zhai Zhigang personally, but it is a big step for Chinese people to use space peacefully. For the first time, a Chinese footprint was left in the vast space.

9月27日19时24分，“神舟七号”飞船飞行到第31圈时，准备启动此行的又一项重要任务——释放伴飞小卫星。这是我国首次开展此类试验。与“神舟七号”伴随飞行的这颗只有40千克的小卫星是我国自主研制的微力型卫星，它安装在飞船轨道舱前端，通过弹簧装置给予初始速度后，伴随在“神舟七号”附近做周期性相对运动，可用于观测飞船、拓展主星功能。19时24分45秒，景海鹏按下伴星释放按钮，6秒后，伴星拍下了第一张飞船彩色照片，这是中国人第一次在太空中看到“神舟”飞船的全貌，从此，太空中多了一双既能看天又能看地的眼睛。

At 19:24 on September 27, when flying to the 31st circle, “Shenzhou VII” spacecraft was ready to start another major task of the trip -- the release of the small companion satellite. It was the first time that China had carried out such a test. This small satellite of only 40 kg, which flew with “Shenzhou VII”, was a micro satellite developed by China which was installed in the front of the orbit module of the spacecraft. After given initial speed by a spring device, it made periodic relative motion near “Shenzhou VII”, being used to monitor the spacecraft and expand the function of the main satellite. At 19:24:45, Jing Haipeng pressed the button to release the companion satellite, and 6 seconds later, the companion satellite took the first color photo of the spacecraft, which was the first time that Chinese people had seen the panorama of the “Shenzhou” spacecraft in space. From then on, there was a pair of eyes in space that could see both the space and the earth.

9月28日17时37分，夕阳西照，彩霞满天。“神舟七号”飞船返回舱安全着陆，实现了“准确入轨、正常飞行、出舱活动圆满、安全健康返回”的目标。翟志刚取回来的固体润滑材料也一起回到地面，它让“神舟七号”飞行任务“有人参与”的空间试验变得更加具体，是我国载人航天工程开展空间科学试验中有人参与和舱外试验的里程碑标志。在这次任务中，我国自主建成的第一代全天候、全天时、区域性卫星导航定位系统——“北斗”试验卫星导航系统以及“天链一号” 中继卫星全面启用，加上新研制入列的“远望5号” “远望6号”航天测量船远征大洋，我国的航天测控覆盖率大为提高。

At 17:37 on September 28, the sun set in the west and the sky was full of colorful clouds. “Shenzhou VII” spacecraft recoverable module safely landed, achieving the goal of “accurate orbiting, normal flight, successful extravehicular activities, safe and sound return”. The solid lubricating material that Zhai Zhigang retrieved also returned to the ground together. It makes the “manned” space experiments of the “Shenzhou VII” mission become more specific, marking the milestone of manned extravehicular test in extravehicular science experiments conducted by China’s manned space program. In this mission, China’s independently developed the first generation of all-weather, all-day, regional satellite navigation and positioning system -- “Beidou” navigation satellite system and “Tianlian 1” relay satellite were in fully operation, and the newly deployed “Yuanwang 5” “Yuanwang 6” space instrumentation ship stated their expedition to the ocean, greatly increasing China’s space TT&C coverage.

中国式“太空之吻”

A “Space Kiss” in Chinese Style

2001年3月23日，盛极一时的“和平号”空间站在南太平洋上空坠毁，从而结束了俄罗斯在空间站领域的霸主地位，取而代之的国际空间站成为唯一在轨长期运行的载人航天器。这个建成于1998年，重458吨、长108米的庞然大物，由美国、俄罗斯、欧洲、日本等多个国家合作建设，一度成为引领世界先进航天技术的标志。2006年，美国国家航空航天局在正式发布的“重返月球计划” 中说，他们将在2014年左右放弃国际空间站而于2020年前后“重返月球”。面对国际环境的变化，中国的载人航天工程自信地继续走自己的路，稳步推进“三步走”战略。

On March 23, 2001, the highly prosperous “Mir” space station crashed over the South Pacific Ocean, thus putting an end to Russia’s dominance in the space station field and replacing it with the International Space Station, the only manned spacecraft in orbit for a long period of time. Built in 1998, the 458-ton and 108-meter-long behemoth was jointly built by the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan, and other countries, and once became a symbol of the world’s advanced space technology. In 2006, NASA stated in its official “Constellation Program” that they would abandon the ISS around 2014 and “return to the moon” around 2020. In the face of the changing international environment, China’s manned space program has confidently continued on its own path, steadily advancing its “three-step” strategy.

2008年之后，我国已经成功掌握了载人天地往返和出舱活动这两项载人航天关键技术，接下来的重大难关就是突破空间交会对接技术。中国载人航天工程总设计师、中国工程院院士周建平谈到中国的交会对接技术方案设计时说：交会对接是载人航天非常重要的基本技术。从载人飞船的任务来讲，最重要的能力是为在轨道上运行的空间站或者空间实验室提供运输服务，这是长期保证人能够在轨道上有效工作的最恰当也最经济的一种方式。

After 2008, China already mastered the two key technologies of manned spaceflight, that is, the manned space-ground round trip and extravehicular activities. The next major challenge was to break through the space rendezvous and docking technology. China’s chief designer of manned space program, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering Zhou Jianping talked about China’s rendezvous and docking technology program design, said: rendezvous and docking is a very important basic technology of manned spaceflight. In terms of the mission of manned spacecraft, the most important capability is to provide transportation services for space stations or space laboratories operating in orbit, which is the most appropriate and most economical way to ensure that people can work effectively in orbit in the long term.

交会对接是一项国际公认的高难度航天前沿技术。在中国之前，世界上掌握这项技术的只有美国和俄罗斯。美、俄两国在交会对接任务中曾多次出现严重事故。据统计，1960年至1998年，俄罗斯载人航天飞行任务的33次重大故障中，交会对接故障就占到了24.3%。为了验证交会对接技术，美、俄在进行载人航天器交会对接之前，分别进行了3次飞船与飞船之间的对接，也就是说，发射了6艘飞船。空间实验室系统总设计师杨宏采用的是一种更为经济、高效的技术方案——发射一个目标飞行器，分别与3艘飞船进行对接。这种方式减少了两次发射，大大降低了成本，还可以提前验证建设空间站的若干重要技术。

Rendezvous and docking technology is a cutting-edged space technology with globally recognized high difficulty. Before China, the only nations in the world that mastered this technology were the United States and Russia. These two countries had several serious accidents during rendezvous and docking missions. According to statistics, rendezvous and docking failures accounted for 24.3% of the 33 major failures of Russian manned space missions from 1960 to 1998. To verify the rendezvous and docking technology, the U.S. and Russia conducted three dockings between spacecrafts before conducting manned spacecraft rendezvous and docking, which means that six spacecraft were launched. Yang Hong, chief designer of the Spacelab system, adopted a more economical and efficient technical solution -- launching one target vehicle and docking it separately with three spacecrafts. This approach reduces two launches, greatly lowering costs and also allowing early verification of several important technologies for building the space station.

2009年，一个神秘礼物出现在这年中央电视台春节联欢晚会的舞台上，它就是我国自主研制的目标飞行器——“天宫一号”的模型。由此，我国载人航天工程的第八个系统——空间实验室系统正式亮相。

In 2009, a mysterious gift appeared on the stage of the CCTV Spring Festival Gala, China’s self-developed target vehicle -- the model of “Tiangong-1”. Thus, the eighth system of China’s manned space project -- the space laboratory system was officially unveiled.

“天宫一号”是在飞船轨道舱基础上研制的全新的空间实验室雏形。高10.4 米、重8.5吨，分为实验舱和资源舱，舱体的最大直径达3.35米。与之前的载人航天器相比，“天宫一号”为航天员提供的可活动空间大大拓展，达15立方米，能够同时满足3名航天员工作和生活的需要。实验舱前端装有被动式对接结构，可与追踪飞行器进行对接。根据任务计划，“天宫一号”要在轨飞行两年以上。而只有6个月寿命的轨道舱技术已经远远满足不了任务要求。如何保障“天宫一号”内500 多台设备在两年多时间里正常运行，成为研制人员要攻克的新难题。为此，他们在地面进行了大量试验，有的设备试验次数甚至达到了万次以上。针对可能出现的故障，他们还制订了几百种预案，从系统到分系统再到单机，各层面都做了备份，为“天宫一号”长期运行加上了“双保险”。

The “Tiangong-1” is a new prototype of the space laboratory developed on the basis of the spacecraft orbit module. It is 10.4 meters high and weighs 8.5 tons and is divided into a lab module and a resources module, with the largest diameter of the module reaching 3.35 meters. Compared with the previous manned spacecraft, “Tiangong-1” provides a larger activity space for the astronauts, up to 15 cubic meters, meeting the needs of three astronauts to work and live at the same time. The front end of the lab module is equipped with a passive docking structure, which can be docked with the tracking vehicle. According to the mission plan, “Tiangong-1” would fly in orbit for more than two years. And the orbit module technology with only six months of lifespan is far from meeting the requirements of the mission. How to guarantee over 500 sets of equipment in the “Tiangong-1” to function normally in more than two years became a new problem to be overcome by the development staff. To this end, they performed myriads of tests on the ground and some sets of equipment were even tested more than 10,000 times. For potential failures, they also prepared hundreds of plans. From the system to the subsystem to the single machine, all levels were made backups, adding “double insurances” for the long-term operation of “Tiangong-1”.

2011年6月29日，“天宫一号”运抵酒泉卫星发射中心。7月23日，用于发射“天宫一号”的“长征二号F”运载火箭也到达了发射场。运载火箭系统总指挥刘宇满怀信心地说：“火箭各个系统都针对最后实现的目标做了相应的改进工作，新的整流罩从直径和长度上来讲，都是目前国内最大的，还有，我们采用了迭代制导的技术，使火箭入轨的精度达到了国内最高的水平，可靠性的指标、安全性的指标，又有了很大的提高。”

On June 29, 2011, “Tiangong-1” was transported to the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, and on July 23, the “Long March-2F” launch vehicle used to launch “Tiangong-1” also arrived at the launch site. Liu Yu, chief commander of the launch vehicle system, said with confidence: “Each of the rocket’s systems has been modified to meet the final objectives. The new fairing is the largest in China by diameter and length, and we have adopted iterative guidance technology, enabling the accuracy of the rocket injection to reach the highest level in China and greatly increasing the indicators of reliability and safety.”

可就在距预定发射日期只剩下12天时，任务总指挥部突然下达了“暂停发射”的命令。原来，此前一直保持着100%发射成功率的“长征二号丙”火箭在8月18日发射“实践十一号”04星时发生了故障，卫星未能进入预定轨道。“长二丙”火箭与即将发射“天宫一号”的“长二F”火箭同属“长征”系列，发动机也由同一厂家生产。导致“长二丙”失利的原因会不会也隐藏在“长二F”上呢？“天宫一号”任务总指挥部连夜召开会议，决定在问题彻底查清之前，暂停“天宫一号”发射计划。这给工程人员心头蒙上了一层阴影。接下来的几天，整个发射场都弥漫在一种紧张的气氛之中。技术人员和专家们夜以继日地进行数据分析、仿真和试验，直到查明故障原因，采取改进措施，彻底排除隐患之后，任务总指挥部才再次对外公布：“天宫一号”将于9月27日至30日择机发射。

But just 12 days before the scheduled launch date, the mission’s general command unexpectedly gave the order to “suspend the launch”. It turned out that the “Long March 2C” rocket, which had previously maintained a 100% launch success rate, malfunctioned on Aug. 18 when launching the “SJ-11” 04 satellite and the satellite failed to enter its target orbit. The “Long March 2C” rocket and the “Long March 2F” rocket that would launch “Tiangong-1” belong to the “Long March” series, and the engines are also produced by the same manufacturer. Could the reason for the failure of the “Long March 2C” be hidden in the “Long March 2F” as well? The “Tiangong-1” mission general headquarters held a meeting overnight and decided to suspend the “Tiangong-1” launch plan before the problem was thoroughly investigated. This cast a shadow over the hearts of engineers. In the next few days, the entire launch site was surrounded by a tense atmosphere. Technicians and experts worked around the clock on data analysis, simulation, and testing. After the cause of the failure was identified, improvement measures were taken and potential problems were completely eliminated, the mission’s general command announced again: “Tiangong-1” will be launched on September 27-30.

9月29日21时16分，经过漫长等待的“天宫一号”终于踏上征程，并成功进入预定轨道。与此同时，“神舟八号”飞船已经进入发射场开始测试。按计划，它将在1个月后与“天宫一号”在太空中交会对接。

At 21:16 on September 29, after a long wait, “Tiangong-1” finally embarked on the journey and successfully entered the target orbit. Meanwhile, the “Shenzhou VIII” spacecraft entered the launch site for the start of testing. As planned, it would rendezvous and dock with “Tiangong-1” in space after one month.

让两个飞行器的所有机构在太空高速飞行中精准对接，如同千里之外的“穿针引线”，这也意味着空间交会对接机构将是我国目前最为复杂的空间机构，它包括多个控制器、电机、传感器和上千个齿轮轴承、数以万计的零件和紧固件。在它内部，还有数百条导线纵横密布，任何一个部件出现失误，都可能造成空间交会对接的失败。关于交会对接的核心技术一直以来被国外封锁，我国的方案论证是从一张白纸开始的。

The accurate docking of the two vehicles’ all mechanisms in space at high-speed flight is like “threading the needle” thousands of miles away, which also means that the space rendezvous and docking mechanism would be China’s most complex space agency, including multiple controllers, motors, sensors and thousands of gear bearings, tens of thousands of components and fasteners. In its interior, there are hundreds of wires densely packed vertically and horizontally. Any failure of any one component may cause the failure of space rendezvous and docking. The core technology about rendezvous and docking has been blocked by foreign countries, and the demonstration of China’s program started from a blank sheet of paper.

1994年，研制人员瞄准国际先进水平，采用“导向板内翻式的异体同构周边式构型 ”开始启动对接机构预研工作，5年后，第一台原理样机问世，并成功开发了空间对接机构缓冲试验台、空间对接机构综合试验台、空间对接机构整机特性测试台、空间对接机构热真空试验台4个大型试验设备，创造了“外国有的我们有，外国没有的我们也有”的试验条件，使国外同行刮目相看。2006年，方案样机总装完成后，又进行了上千次对接和数百次分离试验，才保证了空间对接的万无一失。

In 1994, the developers targeted at the international advanced level and started the docking mechanism pre-research work by adopting the "guide plate inward-flip type of heterogeneous homogeneous peripheral configuration". Five years later, the first principle prototype was launched, and successfully developed the space docking mechanism buffer test bench, space docking mechanism comprehensive test bench, space docking mechanism whole machine characteristics test bench, space docking mechanism thermal vacuum test bench four large test equipment, creating “we have what foreign countries have, and we have what they don’t have” test conditions that impressed foreign counterparts. In 2006, after the final assembly of the prototype, thousands of dockings and hundreds of separation tests were conducted to ensure the safety of space docking. The program was completed in 2006.

“神舟八号”飞船既要突破交会对接技术，又要实现载人运输飞船的定型，因此，全船600多台套设备一半以上发生了技术状态的改进变化，实现了更新换代。载人飞船系统总指挥何宇说：“针对任务特点，我们开发了一套在交会对接过程中使用的测量系统，保证在各个距离段上都有测量设备来进行支持，可以做到相互备份，可靠性很高，精度也很高。”

“Shenzhou VIII” spacecraft needed to break through the rendezvous and docking technology and to finish the stereotypes of manned cargo ship. Therefore, more than half of the ship’s 600 sets of equipment improved the technical state to achieve a new generation. Manned spacecraft system director He Yu said: “For the characteristics of the mission, we developed a set of measurement systems used in the rendezvous and docking process to ensure that there is measurement equipment to support at all distances and to do mutual backup with high reliability and high accuracy.”

经过这一次改进后，“神舟八号”飞船不再做大的改动，将真正成为空间实验室和空间站至地球的天地往返运输工具。

After this improvement, the “Shenzhou VIII” spacecraft would no longer make major changes and truly become a round-trip transportation vehicle from the space lab and space station to Earth.

从飞船和目标飞行器准确入轨，到实施交会对接、航天员进驻“天宫”，再到安全撤离返回，要进行高精度的频繁轨道控制和真正意义上的双目标协同飞控，对测控通信系统提出了更高的要求。原测控通信系统总设计师钱卫平说，交会对接的过程实际上是由远及近逐渐逼近的一个过程。飞行控制和轨道控制的精度，决定着交会对接是否能够成功。他们在不断提升测控精度外，还加快完善天基测控系统，拓展陆基测控站点到五大洲，增加海基测控远望船队新成员。“神舟八号”任务前，各个测控节点将点对点的传输方式变更为扁平化信息传输网络，全部实现了升级换代。2008年和2011年，随着两颗中继卫星——“天链一号” 01星、02星的发射和组网运行，测控通信覆盖率发生了质的飞跃。

The accurate injection of the spacecraft and the target vehicle, the rendezvous and docking, astronauts’ stationing in the “Tiangong” and the safe evacuation and return has to carry out frequent high-precision orbital control and the real dual-target cooperative flight control, putting forward higher requirements to the TT&C communication system. The former chief designer of the TT&C system Qian Weiping said that the rendezvous and docking is actually a gradually approaching process from far to near. The precision of flight control and orbit control determines whether the rendezvous and docking can be successful. In addition to continuously improving the precision of telemetry, they also expedited the improvement of space-based TT&C systems, expanded land-based TT&C stations to five continents, and increased the number of new members, the ocean-based TT&C “Yuanwang” fleet. Before the “Shenzhou VIII” mission, each telemetry node was upgraded, with its point-to-point transmission changing to a flat information transmission network. In 2008 and 2011, with the launch and networking of two relay satellites -- “Tianlian I” 01 and 02, a qualitative leap was made in the coverage of TT&C communications.

2011年11月1日5时,“神舟八号”踏上了与“天宫一号”的赴约之路。11月3日凌晨，经过两天的太空追逐和5次变轨，“神舟八号”到达了“天宫一号”的运行轨道。此前，“天宫一号”已经从350千米的近圆轨道降低到约343千米的轨道面上。两个航天器相距只有数十千米时，测控网无法对它们的相对位置提供精确支持，需要航天器之间互相配合，逐步接近。当“神舟八号”和“天宫一号”相距100千米左右时，各自不同的交会测量设备开始启动，对它们之间的相对距离、速度和角度进行准确测量，并渐渐地由远及近。1时36分，茫茫太空中上演了这样的浪漫一幕：“神舟八号”“轻吻”“天宫一号”，接近、捕获、缓冲、校正、拉紧、密封、刚性连接、信息能源并网，对接一气呵成。

At 5:00 on November 1, 2011, “Shenzhou VIII” embarked on the journey to an appointment with “Tiangong-1”. In the early morning of Nov. 3, the “Shenzhou VIII” reached the orbit of “Tiangong-I” after two days of space chase and five orbit shifts. Previously, “Tiangong-1” lowered from a 350 km sub-circular orbit to an orbital plane of about 343 km. When the two spacecrafts were only tens of kilometers apart, the TT&C network couldn’t provide precise support for their relative positions, requiring the spacecrafts to cooperate with each other and gradually approach. When “Shenzhou VIII” and “Tiangong-1” were about 100 kilometers away from each other, their different rendezvous measurement equipment began to run, and the relative distance, speed, and angle between them were measured accurately, and they gradually got nearer from far to close. At 1:36, a romantic scene was shown in the vast space: “Shenzhou VIII” “lightly kissed” “Tiangong-1”, and approaching, capturing, buffering, correcting, tightening, sealing, rigid connection, information and energy grid, and docking were completed in one go.

实现对接后，“天宫一号”与“神舟八号”组合体的控制、管理与分离同样充满风险。从交会到对接上，使命只完成了一半；对得上，还要控得住、分得开。特别是分离是否成功，直接关系到航天员能否顺利从空间实验室或空间站撤离。11月14日晚，“天宫一号”与“神舟八号”成功实施了分离。随后，为验证测量设备对强光的抗干扰能力，两个航天器在光照区又进行了第二次对接。11月16日18时30 分，“神舟八号”飞船与“天宫一号”目标飞行器再次成功分离，返回舱于11月17 日19时返回地面。

After docking, the control, management, and separation of “Tiangong-1” and “Shenzhou VIII” combination was also full of risk. From the rendezvous to docking on, the mission was only half completed; in addition to be docked, the combination also had to be controlled and separated. In particular, the separation is directly related to whether the astronauts can successfully evacuate from the space laboratory or the space station. On the night of Nov. 14, “Tiangong-1” and “Shenzhou VIII” successfully separated. Later, the two spacecraft then docked a second time in the lighted area to verify the measurement equipment’s anti-interference capability against hard light. At 18:30 on Nov. 16, the “Shenzhou VIII” spacecraft and the “Tiangong-1” target vehicle were successfully separated again, and the recoverable module returned to the ground at 19:00 on Nov. 17.

“天宫一号”与“神舟八号”的交会对接是无人状态下的自动交会对接，而一项完整、成熟的空间交会对接技术，不仅要求能自动交会对接，还要能手动交会对接。可以说，手控交会对接是对航天员操作技能的极大考验。掌握了此项技术，才意味着完全掌握了交会对接技术，具备了建造空间站的基本能力。

The rendezvous and docking between “Tiangong-1” and “Shenzhou VIII” are automatic in the unmanned state, but a complete and mature space rendezvous and docking technology requires conducting in both automatic and manual way. It can be said that hand-controlled rendezvous and docking is a great test to the astronaut’s operational skills. Mastery of this technology means the complete mastery of rendezvous and docking technology and the basic ability to build the space station.

2012年，“天宫一号”与“神舟九号”载人交会对接任务正式启动，首要任务就是实施有人参与和自动相结合的交会对接。6月16日18时37分，景海鹏、刘旺、刘洋三位航天员迈着坚定的步伐向太空出征。他们将进驻中国人在太空中的第一个“家”。

In 2012, “Tiangong-1” and “Shenzhou IX” manned rendezvous and docking mission officially started. Its primary task was to implement the automatic rendezvous and docking with human participation. 18:37 on June 16, three astronauts of Jing Haipeng, Liu Wang, Liu Yang marched to the space ambitiously. They were to be stationed in Chinese first “home” in space.

6月17日凌晨起，北京航天飞行控制中心对“神舟九号”实施了多次变轨控制，完成抬高近地点、修正轨道面偏差、抬高远地点、轨道圆化和组合修正，控制飞船到达距离“天宫一号”后下方约52千米处，经过远距离导引段变轨，转入自主控制状态，经寻的段自主脉冲控制，“神舟九号”于6月18日2时41分抵达距“天宫一号”正后方约5千米处的停泊点，以自主导引控制方式逐渐向“天宫一号”靠近，飞抵距“天宫一号”30米停泊点后，以每秒约0.2米的相对速度向“天宫一号”缓缓靠拢。14时14分，“神舟九号”与“天宫一号”对接环轻轻接触，经过捕获、缓冲与校正、拉回、锁紧等技术动作，成功实现精确自动交会对接，建立刚性连接，形成组合体。17时06分，景海鹏先后开启组合体的实验舱舱门、返回舱舱门、轨道舱前舱门，与刘旺进入了“天宫一号”，将各种设备设置成有人状态后，刘洋也进入“天宫一号”。中国航天员首次访问在轨飞行器获得成功，“神舟九号”和“天宫一号”两个航天器成为真正意义上的一个整体。

Since the early morning of June 17, Beijing Space Flight Control Center has carried out several orbit changes for Shenzhou-9, completing the raising of perigee, correction of orbital surface deviation, raising of apogee, orbit circularization and combination correction, and controlling the spacecraft to reach a distance of about 52 km from the rear of Tiangong-1. After the long-range guidance section change of orbit, the spacecraft was transferred to the autonomous control state, and after the autonomous pulse control of the seeking section, “Shenzhou IX” arrived at the parking point about 5 km behind “Tiangong-1” at 2:41 on June 18. After reaching the mooring point 30 meters away from Tiangong-1, it slowly approached Tiangong-1 at a relative speed of about 0.2 meters per second. At 14:14, “Shenzhou IX” and “Tiangong-1” docking ring gently contact, after capture, buffer and correction, pull back, locking and other technical actions, to successfully achieve accurate automatic rendezvous and docking, the establishment of a rigid connection, the formation of the combination. 17:06, Jing Haipeng has opened the combination of the experimental module door, the recoverable module door, orbit module before the door, and Liu Wang entered the “Tiangong-1”, will be a variety of equipment set to man state, Liu Yang also entered the “Tiangong-1”. Chinese astronauts first visit to the orbiting vehicle was successful, “Shenzhou IX" and “Tiangong-1” two spacecraft become a true sense of a whole.

外界对“神舟九号”任务给予了极大关注，不仅因为要在任务中实施首次手控交会对接，更引人注目的是，中国的第一位女航天员飞上了太空。

The public paid great attention to the “Shenzhou IX” mission, not only because the mission was to carry out the maiden hand-controlled rendezvous and docking, but more striking was that China’s first female astronaut flew into space.

2009年5月至12月，经中央军委批准，我国实施了第二批航天员的选拔工作，从空军部队符合条件的现役飞行员中，择优挑选出5名男航天员和2名女航天员。这是实施载人航天工程以来，首次选拔女性航天员。

From May to December of 2009, approved by the Central Military Commission, China executed the selection of the second batch of astronauts, selecting five male astronauts and two female astronauts on merit from the eligible active-duty pilots of the Air Force. This was the first time that female astronauts had been selected since the manned space program.

刘洋，作为我国第一位飞天的女航天员，是第二批航天员中首位参加飞行的。在“神舟九号”任务中，她主要负责航天医学实验和空间技术试验管理。刘洋说：男航天员在体力、耐力，包括果敢、决断上面，会比女性占有一定的优势。但是女航天员性格更细腻、更认真，对狭小空间的耐受力会更强。这对于未来长期的太空飞行是非常有利的，更适合在太空中开展一些比较精细的空间科学实验，积累女性在生理、心理及航天医学方面的飞行试验数据。

Liu Yang, as the first female astronaut to space, was the first one in the second astronaut group to participate in the flight. In the “Shenzhou IX” mission. She was mainly responsible for aerospace medical experiments and space technology test management. Liu Yang said: male astronauts are more dominant than women in strength, endurance, boldness, and decision. But female astronauts are more delicate, more serious, and more tolerant of small spaces. This is very advantageous for the future of long space flight, and more suitable to carry out some of the more delicate space science experiments and to accumulate flight test data of female physiology and psychology, and aerospace medicine.

“神九”乘组采用“新老搭配、男女配合”的方式，除刘洋外，执行任务的还有两名男航天员：景海鹏和刘旺。

The “Shenzhou IX” crew adopted the “mix of the old and the new, male and female”. In addition to Liu Yang, there were two male astronauts on the mission: Jing Haipeng and Liu Wang.

景海鹏曾执行过“神舟七号”任务，此次是“二度飞天”，并由他担任指令长。在驶向发射塔的车上，景海鹏望着窗外挥手送别的人群，悄悄拭去了眼角的泪水。那是对中国航天人十几年艰苦创业、不畏艰难、勇攀高峰的航天精神的衷心致敬。

Jing Haipeng had carried out the “Shenzhou VII” mission, so this was his “second flight” and he assumed as commander. In the car driving to the launch tower, Jing Haipeng looked out the window to wave goodbye to the crowd and quietly wiped away the tears at the corners of the eyes. It was a heartfelt tribute to the spirit of the manned space program of Chinese astronauts who had worked hard and blaze a trail for more than a decade, defied all the odds and determined to climb to the top.

回想起当年的场景，景海鹏说：“那一刻我感受到了全军将士的信任，感受到全国人民给予我们的厚望，这种信任、这种厚望，给了我们能够圆满完成任务的动力和信心。”

Looking back on the scene, Jing Haipeng said: “At that moment I felt the trust of the entire army, feel the high hopes given to us by our people. This trust and this high hope, gave us the motivation and confidence that we can successfully complete the task.”

坐在景海鹏旁边的刘旺，是首批14名航天员中最年轻的成员，脸上始终挂着从容与自信。从1998年进入中国航天员大队到迎来自己的太空“第一飞”，他整整等待了14年。这次手控交会对接，就由刘旺“掌舵”。在太空中，他要准确判断两个航天器的相对位置，手动控制飞船的姿态、速度和方向，将与“天宫”之间的角度严格控制在近乎苛刻的范围之内。为了“一枪中的”，实现精准对接，刘旺在地面进行了1500多次模拟训练，熟练掌握了手控交会对接的操作技能。在出征前，有记者问他有几成把握时，他的回答是“百分之百”：“我坚信，我们国家的载人航天技术是一流的，工程科研人员是一流的，我们中国航天员也是一流的。因此，我有充分的信心完成这一次手控交会对接任务。”

Liu Wang, sitting next to Jing Haipeng, is the youngest member of the first 14 astronauts. His face always hung with ease and confidence. Since 1998 when he enrolled in the Chinese astronaut brigade, he had been waiting for his “first space flight” for 14 years. This time, the manual rendezvous and docking was steered by Liu Wang. In space, he had to make accurate judgments about the relative positions of the two spacecraft, manually control the attitude, speed, and direction of the spacecraft, and keep the angle between the spacecraft and the Tiangong strictly within a nearly demanding range. To “hit the target in one shot” and achieve precise docking, Liu Wang conducted more than 1,500 simulated trainings on the ground and mastered the operational skills of manual rendezvous and docking. Before the expedition, a reporter asked him how sure he was, his answer was “100 percent”: “I firmly believe that our country’s manned space technology is first-class, engineering researchers are first-class, and our Chinese astronauts are also first-class, so I have full confidence in completing this manual rendezvous and docking mission.”

6月24日，是“神舟九号”来到太空的第8天。飞船撤离至距目标飞行器约 400米处，然后自主控制接近目标飞行器，在140米处停泊。12时38分，坐在返回舱中间座椅上的刘旺轻轻握住位于身体两侧的平移控制手柄和操作姿态手柄，包裹在白色手套里的指头上下左右灵活拨动，从容而自信地瞄准目标飞行器十字靶标，实施偏航、滚动、俯仰等3种姿态控制，组合体对他的各项操作都做出了准确响应，逐步接近“天宫一号”。12时48分，对接机构成功接触，7分钟后，对接机构锁紧，“神舟九号”与“天宫一号”再次实现刚性连接，形成组合体，中国首次手控空间交会对接试验取得成功。至此，我国继掌握天地往返、出舱活动技术之后，载人航天三大基础性技术的最后一项——空间交会对接技术获得突破，掌握了这项技术，建设空间站的梦想便不再遥远。

June 24 was the eighth day of “Shenzhou IX”’s arrival in space. The spacecraft withdrew to approximately 400 meters from the target vehicle, then approached the target vehicle under autonomous control and parked at 140 meters. At 12:38 a.m., Liu Wang, sitting in the middle seat of the recoverable module, gently gripped the translation control handle and operating attitude handle located on both sides of his body, and his fingers, wrapped in white gloves, moved flexibly up and down, left and right. He, calmly and confidently, aimed at the target vehicle’s crosshairs and implemented three kinds of attitude control including yaw, roll and pitch. The combination responded accurately to all his operations and gradually approached “Tiangong-1”. At 12:48, the docking mechanisms successfully made contact. And 7 minutes later, the docking mechanisms were locked, and “Shenzhou IX” and “Tiangong-1” again achieved rigid connection and formed a combination, signifying the success of China’s first hand-controlled space rendezvous and docking test. Up to then, China made breakthrough in the last of the three basic technologies of manned spaceflight -- space rendezvous and docking technology after China’s mastery of the round-trip between earth and space and EVA technology. Mastering this technology made the dream of building a space station no longer far away.

在太空飞行了13天后，“神舟九号”即将踏上回家的路，飞船从“天宫一号”撤离时，同样以航天员手控方式进行。返回舱于6月29日10时03分成功降落。“天宫一号”再次转入长期运营管理状态，等待“神舟十号”飞船的到访。

After a 13-day flight in space, “Shenzhou IX” was about to embark on its way home, and the spacecraft was evacuated from “Tiangong-1” in the same manner of astronauts’ manual control. The recoverable module landed successfully at 10:03 on June 29. “Tiangong-1” was again put into long-term operation and management, waiting for the visit of “Shenzhou X”.

迈向空间站时代

Heading for the Space Station Era

太空探索是人类共同的事业，为了开发太空资源，必须建立能长期运行的生活和工作基地，因此，进入空间站成为世界各国航天人努力的方向。20世纪90年代，美国、俄罗斯、欧洲航天局、日本、加拿大和巴西6个国家和地区的太空机构联合推进了一项宏大的合作计划——国际空间站。共有16个国家或地区组织参与其中，唯独对正在蓬勃发展航天事业的中国实施技术封锁、势力遏制，拒绝给中国留出一席之位。

Space exploration is the common cause of mankind. The exploitation of space resources requires to build living and working bases that can operate for a long time, therefore, access to space stations has become the direction of the efforts of astronauts around the world. In the 1990s, six national and regional space agencies - the United States, Russia, the European Space Agency, Japan, Canada, and Brazil -- joined forces to advance an ambitious cooperative program -- the International Space Station. A total of 16 countries or regional organizations was involved. They exclusively imposed a technological blockade and power containment against China which was booming in the space industry, refusing to give China a seat.

20年后，随着空间交会对接技术的突破，独立自主的中国航天人已成功叩响“空间站时代”的大门。

Twenty years later, with the breakthrough of space rendezvous and docking technology, the independent Chinese spacemen managed to knock on the door of the “space station era”.

空间站是载人航天技术的标志性产物，也是中国载人航天工程“三步走”战略的最终目标。建设什么样的空间站、如何应用空间站……一系列问题受到党中央的高度关注。2010年9月25日，中共中央政治局常委会议审议并通过空间站建设立项报告，会议批准的《载人空间站工程实施方案》中明确要求，在2020年前后建成具有中国特色、能够充分发挥效益的空间站。随着空间站工程的立项，载人航天工程又增加了六个系统：货运飞船、载人空间站、光学舱、“长征五号B”运载火箭、“长征七号”运载火箭和海南发射场系统，扩展至十四个大系统。

The space station is a landmark of manned space technology and the ultimate goal of China’s “three-step” strategy for manned space program. What kind of space station to build, how to apply the space station… A series of questions received great attention from the Party Central Committee. September 25, 2010, the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee deliberate and adopted the project report on the construction of the space station. The Manned Space Station Project Implementation Plan approved on the meeting clearly requires that China has to build a space station that has Chinese characteristics and can give full play to its benefits around 2020. With the establishment of the space station project, six more systems were added to the manned space station project: cargo spacecraft, manned space station, optical module, “Long March 5B” launch vehicle, “Long March 7” launch vehicle and Hainan launch site system, expanding to 14 major systems.

2013年，中国的载人航天飞行进入了第十个年头，“神舟十号”将在这一年发射。细心的人们发现，中国飞天的航天员也将达到十位。在这“十全十美”辉煌的背后，中国的航天人更欣慰地看到，中国的载人航天已从探索、突破、掌握载人航天技术开始向空间科学实验和应用试验转变，进入了他们期待已久的应用、发展的崭新阶段。

In 2013, China’s manned space flight entered its tenth year, and “Shenzhou X” would be launched in this year. Attentive people found that the number of Chinese astronauts flying into space would also rise to ten. Behind the glory of these “ten perfects”, Chinese spacemen were much more pleased to see that China’s manned spaceflight begun to shift from exploration, breakthroughs and mastery of manned space technology to space science experiments and application tests, entering a new phase of their long-awaited application and growth.

“神舟十号”的主要任务是为在轨运行的“天宫一号”提供人员和物资运输服务，是面向长期飞行的一次验证性应用飞行。

The main task of “Shenzhou X” is to provide personnel and supplies transportation services for the “Tiangong-1” in orbit, which is a confirmatory application flight for long-term flight.

6月11日14时28分，习近平总书记来到酒泉卫星发射中心航天员公寓问天阁，为即将执行“神舟十号”任务的聂海胜、张晓光、王亚平三位航天员送行。17时 38分，“神舟十号”飞船承载着民族的飞天梦想再度起航。

At 14:28 on June 11, General Secretary Xi Jinping came to the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center’s astronaut apartment, Wen TI to send off three astronauts, Nie Haisheng, Zhang Xiaoguang and Wang Yaping, who were about to carry out the “Shenzhou X” mission. At 17:38, the “Shenzhou X” spacecraft set sail again with Chinese nation’s manned spaceflight dream.

2013年6月13日13时18分，“天宫一号”目标飞行器与“神舟十号”飞船成功实现自动交会对接。3名航天员进入飞船轨道舱后，北京航天飞行控制中心向航天员下达了进入“天宫一号”的指令。二度飞天的航天员聂海胜开启“天宫一号”舱门后，3名航天员依次进入“天宫一号”。在未来十几天的太空生活中，他们不仅要验证组合体对航天员生活、工作和健康的保障能力，做一些建造空间站的实验，而且，还要完成一项特殊的任务。

At 13:18 on June 13, 2013, the “Tiangong-1” target vehicle and the “Shenzhou X” spacecraft successfully achieved automatic rendezvous and docking. After the three astronauts entered the orbit module of the spacecraft, the Beijing Space Flight Control Center gave the astronauts the command to enter the “Tiangong-1”. After astronaut Nie Haisheng who flied into space twice opened the “Tiangong-1” hatch, the three astronauts entered the “Tiangong-1” in turn. In the next ten days of space life, they would not only verify the combination support ability for astronauts’ life, work and health, do some experiments to build the space station, what’s more, complete a special task.

6月20日，在北京人大附中的一间报告厅里和距地球340千米外的“天宫一号”中，300多名中小学生和执行“神舟十号”任务的航天员们组成了一个特殊的天地课堂。这是我国首次在载人航天飞行中开展教育类应用任务——太空授课。航天员王亚平担任了主讲老师，在聂海胜和张晓光的辅助下，分别进行了质量测量、单摆运动、陀螺运动、水膜和水球等基础物理实验，展示了失重环境下物体运动、液体表面张力等奇特的物理现象。全国8万余所中小学的6000余万名师生同步收看了现场实况转播。知识与梦想在天地间传递，让所有的人都感受到一份中国力量。“面对浩瀚宇宙，其实我们都是学生。”王亚平独特的自信和亲和力让冰冷的太空充满了温情，为中国开展载人航天的目的做了最好的注脚——飞天梦永不失重，科学梦张力无限。

On June 20, over 300 primary and secondary school students in a lecture hall at the High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China in Beijing and astronauts on the “Shenzhou X” mission in the “Tiangong-1” 340 kilometers away from Earth formed a special space-earth classroom. It was the first time that China had carried out an education-based application mission, space lectures, in a manned space flight. Astronaut Wang Yaping served as the lecturer, with the assistance of Nie Haisheng and Zhang Xiaoguang, performed basic physics experiments such as mass measurement, single pendulum motion, gyroscopic motion, water film and water ball, demonstrating the curious physical phenomena such as the object motion and liquid surface tension in weightless environment. Sixty million odd teachers and students in over 80,000 primary and secondary schools across China watched the live broadcast simultaneously. Knowledge and dreams were transmitted between space and earth, giving and access to all people to feel the Chinese power. “In front of the vast universe, we are all students actually.” The unique self-confidence and affinity of Wang Yaping warmed the cold space and made the best footnote for the purpose of China’s manned spaceflight -- the manned spaceflight dream never loses weight and the resilience of scientific dream is infinite.

王亚平在返回地面以后，收到了很多很多孩子的信，他们在信中说，我一定会好好地学习，将来也要成为一名航天员，去探索美丽的太空。每次看到这些，她就由衷地感到幸福和欣慰，“这次太空授课不仅仅激发了孩子们对太空的向往、对科学探索的热情，也让他们更多地走近航天、了解航天、热爱航天，激发了他们的求知欲和爱国心”。

After returning to the ground, Wang Yaping received lots of letters from children, in which they said, I will resolve to study hard and become an astronaut in the future to explore the beautiful space. Every time she sees these, she feels happy and gratified sincerely. “This space lecture inspires children’s aspiration for space and enthusiasm for scientific exploration, and makes them get closer to space, understand space, love space, and stimulates their desire for knowledge and patriotism”.

看似简单的太空授课，考验着3名航天员之间的默契与协同，更需要天地通信链路的支持，这次持续40分钟的天地互动是在我国三颗中继卫星的支持下实现的，它们的亮相标志着中继卫星系统全球组网运行，实现了低轨道80%的覆盖率，我国第一次有了比较完整的“陆基、海基、天基”一体的测控通信系统，为载人航天工程向深空挺进提供了有力的保障。

Seemingly simple space lectures tested the tacit understanding and collaboration between the three astronauts, and needed the support of the space-ground communication links moreover. The lasting 40-minute interaction between space and earth was achieved with the support of China’s three relay satellites. Their appearance marked the global network operation of the relay satellite system and realized 80% coverage of low orbit. China had a rather complete “land-based, ocean-based, space-based” TT&C communication system for the first time, providing a strong guarantee for the manned space program to advance into deep space.

6月24日早，就在聂海胜成功执行手动交会对接任务后的第二天，习近平总书记来到了北京航天飞行控制中心，同航天员进行天地通话。习近平说，航天梦是强国梦的重要组成部分。随着中国航天事业的快速发展，中国人探索太空的脚步会迈得更大、更远。

In the morning of June 24, just a day after Nie Haisheng successfully performed a manual rendezvous and docking mission, General Secretary Xi Jinping came to the Beijing Aerospace Control Center to talk to the astronauts between space and earth. Xi said that the aerospace dream is an integral part of the dream of the Chinese nation. With the rapid development of China’s space industry, the Chinese will take bigger and farther steps to explore space.

航天员张晓光执行任务归来后最难忘的就是这次天地通话，他回忆说：“在太空中，让我内心非常激动难忘的事，就是天地通话，当主席说道‘我想问问晓光、亚平，你们第一次上太空感觉怎么样？’，就像唠家常一样，那时感觉到我们不是在遥远的太空孤独地飞行，而是有一个强大的团队在地面支持着我们，全国人民的心都和我们连在一起，让我们感觉到祖国人民赋予我们的情怀。通话结束以后，我跑到睡眠区，流泪了。”

The most memorable thing for astronaut Zhang Xiaoguang after returning from his mission was the call between space and earth, he recalled: “In space, what made me so excited and impressive was the space-ground call, when the President said, ‘I want to ask Xiaoguang, Yaping, how do you feel about your first time in space?’ It was like a family conversation. I felt that we were not flying alone in the distant space, but we had a strong team on the ground to support us. After the call, I ran to the sleeping area and wept.”

由于未来空间站的核心舱、实验舱以及飞船都将分别发射，因此必须通过“绕飞” 技术，在不同方向上使载人飞船、货运飞船与核心舱进行对接。“神舟十号”在轨期间，进行了一次绕飞验证和演练。6月25日，“神舟十号”按照预定程序进行变轨控制，从“天宫一号”上方绕飞至其后方转为正飞姿态，“天宫一号”则转为倒飞姿态，地面控制“神舟十号”接近“天宫一号”，顺利完成近距离交会对接。

As the core module, lab module and spacecraft of the future space station will be launched separately, it is necessary to make the manned spacecraft and cargo spacecraft dock with the core module in different directions through the “fly-around” technology. When “Shenzhou X” was in orbit, the fly-around verification and rehearsal were carried out. June 25, “Shenzhou X” controlled the orbital transfer, flying around the “Tiangong-1” from above to its rear and turning into an upright hover, with “Tiangong-1” turning into an inverted flying attitude. The ground manipulated “Shenzhou X” to get close to the “Tiangong-1”, succeeding to finish the close rendezvous and docking.

6月26日清晨，“神舟十号”飞船圆满完成了各项预定任务，在内蒙古主着陆场成功返回。牧民们用鲜花和哈达迎回了三位遨游太空的追梦人。至此，我国载人航天工程第二步第一阶段任务完美收官。

Early in the morning of June 26, the “Shenzhou X” spacecraft successfully completed all scheduled tasks and returned to the main landing site in Inner Mongolia. The herdsmen welcomed the three dreamers who traveled in space with flowers and Hada, a long piece of silk. So far, the second step of the first stage of China’s manned space program was completed perfectly.

2016年，恰逢中国航天事业创建60周年。4月24日，中国第一个“航天日”宣告诞生。这个具有特别意义的年份，也是我国载人航天工程发展进程中极为重要的一年。生态、环保、开放的新一代航天港海南文昌航天发射场建成使用，优化了我国航天发射场的总体布局；新一代高可靠、高安全、无毒、无污染的中型液体运载火箭 “长征七号”火箭发射升空，将满足发射货运飞船和未来载人运载火箭更新换代的需求；新一代航天远洋测量船“远望七号” 正式入列，大大提升了测控精度和效率……当然，这一年中最令人瞩目的当属“神舟十一号”飞船与“天宫二号 ”的交会对接任务。这是改进型载人飞船和改进型运载火箭组成的载人天地往返运输系统的第二次应用性飞行。

The year 2016 was the 60th anniversary of the establishment of China’s space cause. China’s first “Space Day” was announced on April 24. This year with special significance is also an extremely important year in the development process of China’s manned space program. A new generation of eco-friendly, environment-friendly and open spaceport, Hainan Wenchang Spaceport, was constructed and put into use, optimizing the overall layout of China’s spaceport; a new generation of highly reliable, safe, non-toxic and non-polluting medium-sized liquid launch vehicle, “Long March 7”, was launched, which will meet the needs of launching cargo spacecraft and upgrading future manned launch vehicles; a new generation of aerospace ocean-going survey vessel, “Yuan Wang 7”, was officially inducted into the fleet, greatly improving the accuracy and the TT&C efficiency… Surely, the most remarkable thing in this year was the rendezvous and docking mission between the “Shenzhou XI” spacecraft and “Tiangong 2”. This is the second application flight of the manned round-trip transportation system consisting of an improved manned spacecraft and an improved launch vehicle.

作为载人航天工程“三步走”计划第二步第二阶段的开山之作，“天宫二号”是我国首个正式的空间实验室平台和面向中期驻留的大型航天器。未来建立空间站，在轨维修、太空加注、舱外观测等等，都需要在“天宫二号”中逐步完善。“天宫二号”由实验舱和资源舱组成，设计寿命为两年。相比于五年前发射的“天宫一号”，“天宫二号”有了质的飞跃。最主要的是配备了智能化的“大脑”——控制计算机系统和自主研发的操作系统，可自主地进行航天器飞行轨道、姿态调整、运行状态的智能化诊断。

As the kick-off of the second phase of the step two of the manned space project’s the “three-step” plan, “Tiangong 2” is China’s first official space lab platform and a large spacecraft for mid-stay. The future establishment of the space station, in-orbit maintenance, space refueling, extra-vehicular observation, etc., all need to be gradually improved in the “Tiangong 2”. The “Tiangong 2”, designed to last two years, consists of lab module and resources module. Compared with the “Tiangong 1” launched five years ago, “Tiangong 2” has a qualitative leap. Most notably, it is equipped with an intelligent “brain” -- computer control system and self-developed operating system, which can independently execute intelligent diagnosis of the spacecraft’s flight orbit, attitude adjustment and operational status.

2016年9月15日22时，月朗风清的中秋之夜，在“天宫一号”在轨运行即将达到三周年之际，“天宫二号”飞向太空。十天后，成功完成两次轨道控制，调整至距地面393千米的轨道上，静静地等待着“神舟十一号”的到来。

At 22:00 on September 15, 2016, on the pleasantly cool Mid-Autumn Festival night, “Tiangong 2” flew into space when the “Tiangong 1” was about to reach the third anniversary of its operation in orbit. Ten days later, it successfully completed two orbital controls and adjusted to an orbit of 393 kilometers from the ground, quietly waiting for the arrival of “Shenzhou XI”.

“神舟十一号”飞船在继承“神舟十号”技术状态的基础上，调整了轨道控制策略和飞行程序，将交会对接轨道和返回轨道高度由343千米提高到393千米；优化了货物装载布局方案，提高了随行运输能力；新配备的宽波束中继通信终端设备，可以扩大测控覆盖范围，提升飞船姿态快速变化时的天地通信保障能力；同时，为满足未来空间站交会测量设备长寿命使用要求，还对飞船的交会测量设备进行了升级换代。

Apart from inheriting the technical status of “Shenzhou X”, the “Shenzhou XI” spacecraft adjusted the orbital control strategy and flight procedures to increase the rendezvous and docking orbit and return orbit altitude from 343 km to 393 km; optimized the cargo loading layout scheme to increase the accompanying transport capacity; the newly equipped wide-beam relay communication terminal equipment can expand the TT&C coverage to enhance the spacecraft’s ability to guarantee space-ground communication during rapid attitude transfers; at the same time, in order to meet the requirements of the future space station rendezvous measurement equipment for long-life use, the spacecraft’s rendezvous measurement equipment was upgraded and replaced.

10月17日清晨，执行“神舟十一号”任务的景海鹏、陈冬两名航天员，迎着朝阳向载人航天工程总指挥张又侠上将报告出征。已执行过“神舟七号”“神舟九号”两次飞行任务的景海鹏已是三度飞天，并担任这次任务的指令长，他的搭档是38岁的航天员陈冬，他是我国第二批航天员中第一位飞向太空的男航天员。

In the early morning of Oct. 17, Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong, the two astronauts on the Shenzhou XI mission, reported to the commander-in-chief of the manned space program, Admiral Zhang Youxia, against the rising sun. For Jing Haipeng, who carried out two missions of “Shenzhou VII” “Shenzhou IX”, it was his third time to space and he served as the commander of the mission. His partner, 38-year-old astronaut Chen Dong, is the first male of China’s second batch of astronauts to space.

7时30分，承载着“神舟十一号”飞船的“长征二号F”火箭冲天而起，把一团橘红色的烈焰留在了湛蓝的大漠长空。7时49分，飞船准确进入预定轨道。12点56分，飞船成功实施第一次远距离导引控制，抬高了近地点高度，经过多次变轨，于19日1时11分转入自主控制状态，向“天宫二号”逐步靠近。3时24分，“神舟十一号”与“天宫二号”两个飞行器对接成功，形成组合体。凌晨6时32分，两名航天员打开返回舱舱门，进入轨道舱；紧接着，开启“天宫二号”实验舱舱门，以漂浮姿态进入“天宫二号”实验舱。景海鹏惊喜地发现，比起自己四年前入住的“天宫一号”，“天宫二号”内部发生了很大改观，为营造更人性化的居住条件，“天宫二号”舱内色彩、光线、降噪等都做了人性化的环境布置，不仅铺设了地板，安装了可手动调节亮度的米黄色灯，为每位航天员增加了床头灯，还设置了一个多功能小平台，可以写字、吃饭、做科学实验。此外，实验舱内还配备了蓝牙耳机和蓝牙音箱，便于航天员与地面进行通讯联络，一切都很温馨，真的像是太空中的一个家了。

At 7:30, the “Long March 2F” rocket carrying the “Shenzhou XI” spacecraft shot up to the sky, leaving an orange-red blaze in the blue desert sky. At 7:49, the spacecraft accurately entered the scheduled orbit, and at 12:56, the spacecraft successfully implemented the first remote guidance control and raised the perigee altitude. After several orbital transfers, it was turned into the autonomous control state at 1:11 on the 19th, gradually approaching the “Tiangong 2”. At 3:24, the two vehicles, “Shenzhou XI” and “Tiangong 2” docked successfully, forming a combination. 6:32 a.m., two astronauts opened the recoverable module hatch and entered the orbit module; soon, followed by the opening of the hatch, they floated into the “Tiangong 2” lab module. Jing Haipeng was surprised to find that, compared to the “Tiangong 1” where he stayed four years ago, “Tiangong II” had a greatly improved interior. To create more humane living conditions, humane environment arrangements like the cabin color, light, noise reduction and so on were made in “Tiangong 2”. There was paved floor, beige lights with manual brightness adjustment, a bedside lamp for each astronaut and a small multifunctional platform allowing to write, eat and do science experiments. In addition, the lab module was also equipped with Bluetooth headphones and Bluetooth speakers to facilitate communication between the astronauts and the ground. Everything there was warm, making it really seem like a home in space.

10月23日7时31分，为进一步验证小卫星的在轨释放、驻留和伴飞技术，“天宫二号”成功地释放了一颗伴随卫星。这颗伴随卫星属于新一代先进微小卫星，具备高效轨道控制、灵活姿态指向、智能任务序列处理和天地测控通信高速数传的能力。比8年前的“神舟七号”伴随卫星体积更小、能力更强。10月24日，景海鹏50 岁生日那天，伴随卫星装载的红外相机将“天宫”“神舟”组合体首张图像传回地面。10月25日，另一台2500万像素的可见光相机也传回了所拍摄到的图像。

At 7:31 p.m. on October 23, “Tiangong 2” released an accompanying satellite to further verify the in-orbit release, stationing and accompanying flight technologies of small satellites. This accompanying satellite belongs to a new generation of advanced microsatellite, with efficient orbit control, flexible attitude pointing, intelligent mission sequence processing and high-speed data transmission capabilities of space-ground TT&C communications. This accompanying satellite is smaller and more capable than that accompanied the “Shenzhou VII” eight years ago. On Oct. 24, Jing Haipeng’s 50th birthday, the satellite’s infrared camera sent back the first image of the “Tiangong” and “Shenzhou” combination. On Oct. 25, another 25-megapixel visible camera also sent back the captured images.

11月9日下午，景海鹏、陈冬正在开展机械臂人机协同在轨维修技术试验时，习近平总书记来到中国载人航天指挥中心，同他们进行天地通话。“海鹏同志、陈冬同志，你们辛苦了。”习近平亲切的声音穿越茫茫太空，在“天宫二号”中响起，为两位航天员送去了冬日里暖心的关怀。至此，我国天地通信的传输速度已能满足各种发送需求，航天员与地面无障碍通信已成为现实。

In the afternoon of Nov. 9, when Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong were doing the experiments of human-machine cooperative in-orbit maintenance with robotic arm, General Secretary Xi Jinping came to the China Manned Space Command Center to have a space-earth call with them. “Comrade Haipeng, comrade Chen Dong, you have worked hard.” Xi Jinping’s kind voice rang in the “Tiangong 2” through the vast space, sending a warm care for the two astronauts in winter. So far, the transmission speed of China’s space-earth communication could meet a variety of sending needs, and the barrier-free communication between astronauts and the ground became a reality.

景海鹏和陈冬在太空一共生活了33天，是迄今为止，我国载人飞行时间最长的一次任务。33天时间里，他们既要担任“驾驶员”“科学家”，又要充当“医生”“工程师”等多个角色，创造了太空跑步训练、太空种植、太空养蚕、失重心血管功能研究等载人航天史上的多个“第一”。

Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong lived in space for a total of 33 days which has been China’s longest manned flight mission so far. In 33 days, they had to serve as various roles such as “driver” “scientist”, “doctor” and “engineer” and so on. They pioneered a number of “firsts” in the history of manned space flight, such as the first space running training, the first space planting, the first space sericulture, and the first weightless cardiovascular function research.

11月17日，组合体已在太空飞行了整整30天，即将返航。景海鹏和陈冬把太空试验的丰硕成果全都搬进返回舱，依依不舍地关上“天宫二号”舱门，回到飞船轨道舱。12点41分，“神舟十一号”同“天宫二号”成功分离，踏上归途。

November 17, the combination had been in space for 30 days and was about to return. Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong took all the productive results of space experiments into the recoverable module, reluctantly closed the hatch of “Tiangong 2” and returned to the orbit module of the spacecraft. At 12:41, “Shenzhou XI” successfully separated with “Tiangong 2” and embarked on the way home.

11月18日13时59分，冬日的内蒙古阿木古郎草原这片在蒙古语中意为“平安”的地方，将巡天归来的航天员迎接回家。飞船着陆后，景海鹏自主打开返回舱舱门出舱。这在我国载人飞船的历次返回中，还是第一次。我国第六次载人航天飞行任务在美丽的草原画上了一个完美惊世的句号。

At 13:59 on November 18, the Amugulang Grasslands of winter Inner Mongolia, which means “peace” in Mongolian, welcomed home the astronauts returning from their patrol. After the spacecraft landed, Jing Haipeng independently opened the recoverable module hatch out of the cabin. This was the first time in China’s returning manned spacecraft in all times. China’s sixth manned space mission drew a perfect and amazing end in the beautiful grasslands.

“天宫二号”与“神舟十一号”载人飞行任务实现了“稳定运行、健康驻留、安全返回、成果丰硕”的任务目标，标志着我国载人航天工程空间实验室阶段任务取得具有决定性意义的重要成果，为后续空间站建造运营奠定了更加坚实的基础。

The manned mission of “Tiangong 2” and “Shenzhou XI” achieved its goals, that is, “stable operation, healthy residence, safe return, fruitful results”, marking the critical fruits of space lab, the phase mission in China’s manned space program, laying a more solid foundation for the subsequent construction and operation of the space station.

就在“神舟十一号”在太空中飞行的时候，2016年11月3日20时43分，用于发射空间站主要舱段的“长征五号”运载火箭在海南文昌航天发射场冲天而起，将直径5.2米的整流罩包裹着的太空摆渡车——“远征二号”上面级成功送入预定轨道，我国重型运载火箭关键技术取得突破，跨入世界大吨位火箭发射行列，中国航天事业迈进了崭新的大火箭时代。

Right at the time when “Shenzhou XI” was flying in space, at 20:43 on November 3, 2016, the “Long March 5” launch vehicle, which was used to launch the main module of the space station, shot up from the Wenchang Space Launch Complex in Hainan and put the upper stage of the 5.2-meter-diameter space ferry wrapped in the fairing -- the “Expedition II” into the scheduled orbit successfully. China made breakthroughs in the key technology of heavy launch vehicle, entering into the ranks of the world’s large-tonnage rocket launch. China’s space cause stepped into a new era of large rockets.

对中国载人航天工程来说，空间应用始终是发展的主题和追求的目标，中国航天人在为“仰望星空”付出诸多努力的同时，没有忘记“脚踏实地”地顾及民生。经历工程发展中的多个里程碑之后，飞船发射的常态化让民众已不再仅仅关注火箭腾空的一瞬间，而是把目光更多投向科技成果为国民经济和民生带来的实惠。作为载人航天工程主要系统之一，空间应用系统主要负责空间科学与应用任务的管理和实施。空间应用系统总指挥高铭说：我们有两个目的，一是认知外太空，探索外太空；二是和平利用太空。从“神舟一号”到“神舟十一号”，他们先后研制出上百种船载科学仪器和设备，开拓了空间材料科学、生命科学、天文观测、地球环境监测、空间环境探测与预报、流体物理等科学领域。空间应用系统总设计师赵光恒说，我国近年来开发使用的多种新材料中，大部分是在航天技术的牵引下研制完成的。近2000项空间技术成果已移植到国民经济各个部门，取得近千项国家级发明专利和科技进步，带动了卫星通信、导航定位、气象预报、减灾防灾、远程教育等相关领域事业的发展。特别是，“天宫二号”上安排的空间科学实验和地球科学观测与应用共有十几个大项目，是历次载人航天任务中最多的一次，主要项目的研究水平已经处于国际前沿，技术发展位列国际先进行列。

For China’s manned space program, space applications have always been the theme of development and the goal to pursue. While making many efforts to “look up to the stars”, Chinese astronauts have not forgotten to “put their feet on the ground” to take care of people’s livelihood. After many milestones in the development of the program, the normalization of spacecraft launches has made the public no longer focus only on the moment of rocket takeoff, but more on the benefits of scientific and technological achievements for the national economy and people’s livelihood. As one of the main systems of manned space program, the space application system is mainly responsible for the management and implementation of space science and application tasks. Gao Ming, chief commander of the space application system, said: We have two purposes, one is to cognize and explore outer space; the second is the peaceful use of space. From “Shenzhou I” to “Shenzhou XI”, they have developed hundreds of on-board scientific instruments and equipment, which have pioneered space materials science, life science, astronomical observation, earth environment monitoring, space environment exploration and forecasting, fluid physics and other scientific fields. Zhao Guangheng, chief designer of space application systems, said that most of the multiple new materials developed and used in China in recent years originate from the space technology. Nearly 2,000 space technology achievements have been transplanted to various sectors of the national economy, and nearly 1,000 national invention patents and scientific and technological advances have been made, driving the development of satellite communications, navigation and positioning, weather forecasting, disaster reduction and prevention, distance education and other related fields. In particular, the space science experiments and Earth science observation and application arranged on “Tiangong 2” are more than a dozen large projects, which are the most among all manned space missions, and the research level of the main projects is already at the international forefront, and the technology development ranks top around the world.

2016年11月18日深夜，空间应用系统的工作人员将“神舟十一号”搭载的综合材料实验样品、高等植物培养实验返回单元连夜送回北京的实验室。两项样品分别由设计团队进行检验。首先打开的是综合材料实验样品，这些样品共有12个，包括金属单晶、纳米复合材料等目前最为热门的材料样品，进行解剖分析研究后，实验成果将有望改善人类的生产生活。和材料样品相比，高等植物培养的返回样品显得非常娇贵，不仅配备了自己单独的温度计，还被包裹在了一个黑色的小匣子里，里面盛放的是拟南芥种子。科学家们尝试在“天宫二号”飞行过程中，完成第二代种子的培养。实验的结果，令科学家们很满意，经历了48天的空间培育生长，这些种子已抽薹开花和结荚，完成了从种子到种子的全部发育过程。目前，返回拟南芥样品一部分已做固定处理，拟南芥果荚将在实验室继续培养。除此之外，还有6个样品被留在“天宫二号”中继续在轨进行装置热特性测量实验，以期揭示在地面重力环境下难以获知的材料物理和化学过程的规律，获得优质材料的空间制备技术，指导地面材料加工工艺的改进与发展。

Late at night on November 18, 2016, the staff of the space application system sent the integrated material experimental samples and the higher plant culture experiment return unit carried by “Shenzhou XI” back to the laboratory in Beijing overnight. The two samples were examined by the design team respectively. The first to open were the experimental samples of integrated materials. These samples were 12 in total, including metal monocrystals, nanocomposites and other most popular material samples at present. After anatomical analysis and research, the experimental results were expected to improve human’s production and life. In contrast to the material samples, the return samples cultivated by higher plants appeared to be very delicate and were not only equipped with their own separate thermometers but were also wrapped in a small black box containing Arabidopsis seeds. Scientists tried to complete the second generation of seeds during the “Tiangong 2” flight. Scientists were satisfied with the results of the experiment. After 48 days of space cultivation and growth, the seeds had already flowered and podded, completing the entire growth process from seed to seed. Currently, a portion of the returned Arabidopsis samples have been fixed and the Arabidopsis fruit pods will continue to be cultured in the lab. In addition, six samples were left in “Tiangong 2” to continue the experiments on the thermal properties of the device in orbit to reveal the laws of the physical and chemical processes of materials that are difficult to access under the gravity environment on the ground, to obtain the space preparation technology of high-quality materials, and to upgrade and develop the ground-based material processing technology.

“神舟十一号”飞船返回后，“天宫二号”继续在395千米的轨道上独立飞行，等待“天舟”货运飞船的到来。

After the return of the “Shenzhou XI” spacecraft, “Tiangong 2” continued to fly on its own in an orbit of 395 km, waiting for the arrival of the “Tianzhou” cargo spacecraft.

2017年4月20日19时41分，搭载“天舟一号”货运飞船的“长征七号”遥二运载火箭在海南文昌航天发射场发射升空。4月22日，“天舟一号”货运飞船与“天宫二号”空间实验室顺利完成首次自动交会对接。一天后，“天舟一号”与“天宫二号”组合体开始进行推进剂补加试验，这是两个航天器进行的第一次推进剂补加，也是我国首次推进剂补加试验，试验持续了大约5天时间，于4月27日完成。至此，“天舟一号”飞行任务取得圆满成功。作为我国载人航天工程空间实验室飞行任务的收官之战，这次任务不仅突破和检验了空间站货物运输、推进剂在轨补加等关键技术，还标志着中国载人航天工程第二步战略目标的胜利完成。从这一天起，中国航天事业正式迈入了“空间站时代”。

At 19:41 on April 20, 2017, the “Long March 7” remote 2 carrier rocket carrying the “Tianzhou 1” cargo spacecraft was launched from the Wenchang Space Launch Site in Hainan. On April 22, “Tianzhou 1” cargo spacecraft and “Tiangong 2” space lab successfully completed the first automatic rendezvous and docking. A day later, the combination of “Tianzhou 1” and “Tiangong 2” began propellant refueling test, which was the first propellant refueling of the two spacecraft, but also China’s first propellant refueling test. The test lasted about 5 days and was done on April 27. Until then, the mission of “Tianzhou 1” drew a complete success. As the endgame of China’s manned space program’s space lab mission, this mission not only broke through and tested the space station cargo transportation, in-orbit propellant replenishment and other key technologies, but also marked the successful completion of the second step of China’s manned space program strategic goals. From this day onwards, China’s space cause officially entered the “space station era”.

放眼未来，站在迈向民族伟大复兴的新起点，中国航天已经踏上了“加快建设航天强国”的新征程。太空探索永无止境，对中国航天事业而言，每一个新高度都是一个新起点，每一次叩问都是下一次探索的开始。在先后掌握了载人飞船、大推力火箭、空间交会对接、航天器长时间自主运行、航天员中期驻留等技术后，我国将按照“建设国家级太空实验室”的总体目标，从2017年开始，逐步开展大型、长期有人照料的近地载人空间站的建设工作。中国空间站总体构型是三个舱段：一个核心舱、两个实验舱，每个舱都是20吨级，整体呈T字构型。空间站预计在不久后建成和运营。载人航天工程总设计师、中国工程院院士周建平说：“我们的目的不仅仅是为中国的科学家，也为全球的科学家提供一个良好的从事空间科学和空间应用研究的平台，推动我们国家空间科学的发展，促进人类科技文明的共同进步。到那时，我国将成为世界上又一个掌握近地空间长期载人飞行技术、具备长期开展近地空间有人参与科学技术试验和综合开发利用太空资源能力的国家。可以预想，到2024年国际空间站退役时，中国将有可能成为全球唯一拥有空间站的国家。”

Looking to the future, standing at a new starting point towards the great rejuvenation of the nation, Chinese spaceflight has embarked on a new journey to “accelerate the construction of a space power”. Space exploration is never-ending, and for China’s space industry, every new height is a new starting point, and every questioning is the beginning of the next exploration. After mastering the manned spacecraft, high thrust rockets, space rendezvous and docking, prolonged autonomous operation of spacecraft, astronauts in mid-stay and other technologies, China will gradually carry out the construction of a large, long-term near-Earth manned space station from 2017, in accordance with the overall goal of “building a national space laboratory”. The overall configuration of the Chinese space station is three modules: a core module and two lab modules, each of which is 20 tons in size, with an overall T-shaped configuration. The space station is expected to be built and operated in the near future. Zhou Jianping, chief designer of the manned space program and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, said: “Our aim is to provide a good platform for scientists not only in China but also around the world to engage in space science and space application research, to promote the development of space science in our country, and to promote the common progress of human scientific and technological civilization. By then, China will become another country in the world that has mastered long-term manned flight technology in near-Earth space and has the ability to conduct long-term manned scientific and technological experiments in near-Earth space and to develop and utilize space resources synthetically. It is conceivable that by 2024, when the International Space Station is retired, China will be the only country in the world to have a space station.”

从航天员第一次飞向太空，到第一次太空漫步，从“神舟”“天宫”实现“太空之吻”，到女航天员的太空授课，回望“神舟”飞天的壮丽航程，中国航天人走出了一条“自主创新，重点跨越,支撑发展,引领未来”的飞天之路；培养造就了一支站在世界科技前沿、勇于开拓创新的高素质人才队伍；探索形成了大型工程建设现代化管理模式；培育铸就了“特别能吃苦、特别能战斗、特别能攻关、特别能奉献”的载人航天精神，向全世界展示了强大的中国精神和中国力量，为中国梦插上了腾飞的翅膀。随着探索太空的脚步越来越大、越来越远,中国的航天事业必将进一步发挥服务国计民生的科技引领作用，不断把超越梦想的飞跃标记在太空之上！

From the first flight of astronauts to space, to the first spacewalk, from the “kiss in space” between “Shenzhou” and “Tiangong”, to the space lecture of female astronauts, looking back at the magnificent voyage of “Shenzhou” to space, Chinese astronauts have taken a path of “innovate independently, focus on leapfrogging, support development, and lead the future”; cultivated a team of high-quality talents who stand at the forefront of world science and technology and blaze the trail; formed a modern management mode of large-scale engineering construction; cultivated and forged the spirit of China’s manned space program, that is, “be excellent in bearing hardships, be excellent in fighting against difficulties, be excellent in tackling problems, be excellent in dedicating”, showing the world a powerful Chinese spirit and Chinese power, and putting wings on the Chinese dream to take off. As the footsteps of space exploration become bigger and bigger, China’s space industry will further play a leading role in science and technology to serve the people’s livelihood and continue to mark the leap beyond dreams in space!

（原载《神剑》2017年第5期）

(Originally published in Shenjian or Rocket, No. 5, 2017)

卷五：6.智慧之翼

智慧之翼

Intelligent Wing

李青松

Li Qingsong

我们必须仰望天空了。因为，在智能时代，谁掌握了天空，谁就掌握了未来。

We must look up to the sky now, because in the age of intelligence, whoever has mastered the sky has mastered the future.

——题记

-- Inscription

初识无人机

First Acquaintance with UAV

若干年前，我在某森防部门任职时，初识了无人机。当时，某地一片森林发生了一种罕见的病虫害，且呈蔓延态势。我受命带领一个专家组，前往执行防控任务。那片遭灾的森林处在一座险峻的高山上，迎面尽是悬崖峭壁，飞瀑喷雪，荆棘横生，森防人员凭借脚力很难到达现场。病虫害的具体情况不甚明了，怎么办呢?——必须搞清受害树种、受害程度和受害面积才能施策防治呀。情急之时，呼叫后方就近调来一架无人机。

Some years ago, when I was working in a forestry department, I first got to know drones. At that time, a rare pest attack occurred in a forest in an area and was spreading. I was instructed to lead a panel of experts to carry out prevention and control tasks. The affected forest was located on a high mountain with precipitous cliffs, waterfalls, and thorns, so it was difficult for the forest guards to reach the site by foot. The specific situation of the pest was not well known, what to do? -- It is necessary to find out the affected species, degree, and area to implement control measures. In an emergency, we called the backup to bring a drone nearby.

那是我头一次接触无人机。

That was my first contact with a drone.

操控人员像放飞一只鸟那样，随手一抛，无人机就上天了。嗡嗡嗡！空中的无人机似乎很调皮，忽左忽右，忽上忽下。在场所有的人都仰着头，目光被无人机牵着，忽左忽右，忽上忽下。我当时心里嘀咕，这东西能行吗？

The operator tossed it like a bird and the drone took to the air. Buzzing! The drone in the air seemed to be very mischievous, flitting from left to right, up and down. All the people present looked up, with their eyes held by the drone, left and right, up and down. I was muttering in my heart, can this thing work?

顷刻间，视频图像却已经实时传回地面——森林里的“虫情”“病情”以及正在蔓延的“灾情”，在电脑屏幕上清晰可见。更奇的是，视频图像的各种不同颜色还能自动分割，如同毕加索的画笔般绘成各种轮廓，轮廓线条在电子地图上生成一个一个的“斑点”。接着，那些“斑点”又变魔术般生出大脑和慧眼，识别并统计出各种各样的情况和数据。——哪些树是健康的树，哪些树是枯死树，哪些树是遭受了病虫害的树，各自的面积是多少，一目了然，清清楚楚。

Shortly, the video images were already transmitted back to the ground in real time -- the “pest situation” and the “disease condition” in the forest as well as the spreading “disaster “, clearly shown on the computer screen. More curiously, the video images of the different colors can also be automatically divided, as Picasso’s brush painted into a variety of contours with the contour lines on the electronic map generating “spots”. Then, those “spots” magically gave birth to brilliant brains and eyes to identify and count various conditions and data. --Which trees are healthy, which trees are dead, which trees are infested, and the area of each was obvious at one glance.

我立时目瞪口呆了。深切感到，这个世界与以往不同了。

I was immediately dumbfounded. I felt deeply that the world was different from before.

很快，专家们现场会诊，对症配药，用无人机对那片森林的病虫害进行了精准施药，控制了灾情。太阳偏西的时候，我唤了一声：“收工喽！”大家收拾家什，背上背囊迈着蹒跚的脚步，开始下山。

Soon, experts diagnosed the problem and dispensed the proper medicine on spot, using the drone to accurately apply medicines to that affected forest to control the situation. When the sun set in the west, I called out, “Let’s call it a day!” Everyone packed up their belongings, put on their backpacks and started to walk down the mountain with hobbled steps.

行至半山间一草庐时，忽闻柴门里传出妇人嘤嘤声。叩门打问才知晓，妇人家里一腔羊丢了，四处找寻，未见踪影。我的身后一个声音说：“让无人机找找。”——说话间，无人机已经上天了。一圈一圈地找，黄豆地里、花生地里没有，玉米地、高粱地里没有，柞树林里、榛子灌木丛里没有，附近山岭溪涧青纱帐里找遍了也没有。我的心里打了几个问号——会不会被狼叼走了呢？会不会被贼人偷走了呢？就在我揣想各种可能的时候，无人机抖擞精神，翻过一座更远的山岭，终于在一条河湾里找到那腔羊。

When walking to a thatched hut of the hillside, I suddenly heard a woman wailing in the woodshed. I knocked on the door and learned that the woman had lost a sheep and searched everywhere, but there was no sign of it. A voice behind me said, “Let the drone look for it.” -- As we spoke, the drone had taken to the sky. It searched a circle by a circle. Neither in soybean fields, peanut fields, corn fields, sorghum fields, nor in the oak forest, hazel bushes, nor in the nearby hills, streams and curtain-like green crops. We searched everywhere, but nothing was found. My heart hit a few question marks -- could be wolves took it? Could it have been stolen by thieves? While I was speculating about the possibilities, the drone was in fine fig and went over a further mountain range and finally found the sheep in a river bay.

“是它吗？”操控人员指着电脑屏幕上那腔羊的视频图像问妇人。

“Is that it?” The manipulator pointed to the video image of the sheep on the computer screen and asked the woman.

“嗯，是它。耳朵上有块黑。”妇人擦擦眼睛肯定地回答，“这个该宰的东西!”——破涕为笑了。

“Well, that’s it. There’s a black patch on its ear.” The woman wiped her eyes and replied affirmatively, “this damn sheep!” -- broke into laughter.

原来，山岭那边的河湾里的草实在太肥美，那腔羊贪吃，竟索性不归了。无人机上前驱赶，那腔肚子吃得溜溜圆的羊咩咩地叫了几声，挤出几粒粪蛋蛋，扭头拼命往家跑。嗡嗡嗡，空中的无人机紧紧跟随着，生怕它再丢了。

It turned out that the grass in the river bay over the mountain range was too fat, that sheep was greedy for food, and even simply didn’t return. The drone came forward to drive and the sheep with a round belly full of grass bleated a few times, squeezed out a few grains of dung balls, and turned head to run home desperately. Buzzing, the air drones followed closely, for fear of losing it again.

忽然，一只游隼闪进视野，在无人机身后跟飞，忽上忽下，忽高忽低，如影相随，画面甚是有趣。

Suddenly, a peregrine falcon flashed into view, flying closely behind the drone, suddenly up and down, suddenly high and low. The scene was quite interesting.

大疆的秘密

The Secret of DJI

民用无人机帝国，大疆是当之无愧的王。在中国，民用无人机领域可以说是群雄并起，群星璀璨。除了大疆，还有昊翔、亿航、星图、零零无限、极飞科技、数字绿土、零度智控、科比特航空等等，能列出一长串的名单。

In the civilian drone empire, DJI is the well-deserved king. It can be said that the civil drone field is a cluster of stars in China. In addition to DJI, there are also YUNEEC, EHANG, Simtoo Drone, Zero Zero Robotics, XAG, Green Valley, ZEROTECH, and MMC Aviation, and so on, making a long list.

大疆似乎有些另类。——我们认识大疆最好不要依照常理来认识，否则，会处处别扭和拧巴。如果说全球民用无人机市场是十分天下的话，那么中国占七成，欧美占两成，其他加起来也不过一成。如果把民用无人机再分出微小消费无人机的话，那么微小消费无人机，就性能和便携性而言，大疆目前几乎是一骑绝尘。

DJI seems to be a bit unique. --It is better not to follow the common sense to know DJI, otherwise, it will be awkward and screwy everywhere. -- If the global civilian drone market is a tenth of the world, then China accounts for 70%, Europe and the United States accounts for 20%, and the rest added up only to 10%. If the civilian drones are further divided into tiny consumer drones, then among tiny consumer drones, in terms of performance and portability, DJI is almost riding high at the moment.

大疆无人机产品中，从飞控、飞行平台、动力系统，到电源系统和影像系统都是自己研发的。所谓消费无人机的“消费”二字，其实就是玩的意思。对于玩家来说，无人机不过就是个玩具。大疆微小消费无人机，从设计上剔除了可能导致心情不愉快的各种可能，最大限度地体现了好玩的各种因子——隔震、精巧、有趣、可折叠、机身轻、续航长、画质清晰。

DJI drone products, from their flight control, flight platform, dynamic system, to the power system and image system, are all self-developed. The word “consumer” in consumer drones actually means playing. For players, drones are just a toy. DJI’s tiny consumer drones are designed to eliminate all possibilities of unpleasant factors and maximize the funny factors -- vibration isolation, delicacy, fun, foldability, light body, long range, and clear image quality.

大疆无人机，可以像手机一样放进衣服口袋里，也可以像矿泉水瓶一样塞进背囊的网袋里。在你开始一场浪漫之旅，向着诗和远方大步迈进的时候，它不是负担，不是累赘，不是麻烦。相反，它却能为你带来更多的意外和惊喜，还有欢愉和快乐。

DJI drones can be put in your clothes pocket like a cell phone or stuffed into the mesh pocket of your backpack like a mineral water bottle. When you embark on a romantic journey and take a big step towards poetry and faraway places, it is not a burden, not a liability, not a nuisance. On the contrary, it can bring you more surprises, joy and happiness.

大疆的秘密在于它的大脑——飞行影像控制系统（简称“飞控”）的不可超越。没有这个“飞控”，无人机就是无头苍蝇，也成不了天上的眼睛。而这个“飞控”取决于算法。算法既要安全稳定地飞行，又要能够避障，保护无人机，防止坠毁。也可以说，无人机就是算法的集合。是啊，任何足够先进的科技都与魔术别无二致。

The secret of DJI lies in its brain -- the unsurpassed flight image control system (referred to as “flight control”). Without this “flight control”, the drone is a headless fly, and cannot become the eye in the sky. And this “flight control” depends on the algorithm. The algorithm should enable the drone to fly safely and stably, but also to avoid obstacles, protect it and prevent crashes. It can also be said that the drone is a collection of algorithms. Yes, any sufficiently advanced technology is no different from magic.

美国人喜欢什么从不掩饰。世界首富比尔·盖茨喜欢大疆，苹果公司之父沃兹尼亚克喜欢大疆，好莱坞导演詹姆斯·卡梅隆喜欢大疆，西部农场主喜欢大疆，美国警察喜欢大疆。——为什么喜欢？因为操控简单，甚至无须操控。无须像驾驶汽车那样要经过培训，顶风冒雨，要熬够多少学时，还要天天指纹打卡，要考试，取得了驾照才能驾车上路。——而大疆则不，可谓到手即飞。无须组装这个那个，无须加装相机摄像机。当然，别忘了要装上电池，要把智能手机连上啊！

Americans never hide what they like. Bill Gates, the richest man in the world, likes DJI; Wozniak, the father of Apple, likes DJI; James Cameron, the Hollywood director, likes DJI; western ranchers like DJI; American police officers like DJI. --Why do they like it? Because it’s easy to control, and it doesn’t even need to be controlled. Unlike driving a car, which needs to train in the windy and rainy weather, boil enough hours, punch the daily fingerprint card, and test to obtain a driver’s license to drive on the road. – DJI is totally different. Once you get it, you can fly it. No need to assemble this and that, no need to add a camera. Of course, do not forget to install the battery, to connect the smartphone!

大疆总部在深圳。大疆，乃大志无疆之意。它创立于2006年，刚刚十二岁，还是个涉世未深的少年嘛！大疆拥有一万两千名员工，却有五千名研发人员专注于技术创新。在海外七个国家的十七个分支机构的工作人员中，主要也是研发人员。“精益求精，止于至善”——大疆在自己的发展壮大过程中，从来不去搞关系，不去追风口，不去追资本，不去炒概念，不去赚快钱，甚至连上市的念头都没有。它不屑追求那种千篇一律的所谓成功，而是选择了一条最难走的路，那就是一门心思研发和制造打动人心的产品。

DJI is headquartered in Shenzhen. DJI means “Great Ambition without Borders”. It was founded in 2006, just twelve years old, still a teenager! DJI has 12,000 employees, but with 5,000 R&D staff focusing on technological innovation. Seventeen overseas branches in seven countries are staffed by R&D personnel. “Striving for excellence, stopping at the best” -- DJI, in its own development and growth, never goes for relationships, chases after the trend, pursues capital, speculates on concepts, makes quick money, and not even thinks of going public. It doesn’t bother to pursue the so-called success, but chooses the most difficult path, which is to develop and manufacture products that move people’s hearts.

大疆无人机产品的迭代速度快得惊人，一直使追赶者气喘吁吁，望尘莫及。

DJI’s drone products have been iterating incredibly fast, always leaving chasers gasping for breath and out of reach.

“当今企业之间的竞争，不是产品之间的竞争，而是商业模式之间的竞争。”——这是管理学家德鲁克说过的一句话。大疆是什么模式呢？我不得而知。但我却知道无人机未来的发展方向，是在应用领域的创新，而不是价格上的竞争。大疆的研发力量是竞争对手的十倍以上。大疆紧紧盯住的不是盈利模式，而是技术创新。

“The competition between companies today is not between products, but between business models.” -- this is a quote from management scientist Drucker. What is DJI’s model? I do not know. But I do know that the future of drones is innovation in application areas, not competition on price. DJI’s R&D power is more than ten times that of its competitors. DJI is tightly focused not on the profit model, but on technological innovation.

创新，意味着改变，意味着突破，意味着把不能变成可能。

Innovation means change, means breakthrough, means turning the impossible into the possible.

创新，创新，创新。——创新，是大疆的不二法门。

Innovation, innovation, innovation. -- Innovation, the infallible method of DJI.

话说无人机

Talking about Drones

想不到的是，风筝居然是人类最初的飞行器。古时称“鹞”，亦谓之“鸢”。 1887年，英国人道格拉斯•阿奇博尔德把相机装在风筝上照相，这或许就是无人机最早的雏形。

It is unbelievable that kite is the first flying machine of human beings. In ancient times, it was called “harrier” and also “kite”. In 1887, the Englishman Douglas Archibald put a camera on a kite to take pictures, which is perhaps the earliest prototype of drones.

然而，无人机名称的出现，已经是20世纪二三十年代的事情了。1927年，世界上第一架无人机在英国皇家海军“堡垒号”军舰上问世。历史不是某一个发明造就的，它是在社会、经济和科技进步的相互作用下，随着时间的到来而到来的。其实，无人机真正的历史也不过一百余年的时间。

However, the debut of the drone’s name was already in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1927, the world’s first drone was born on board the HMS Fortress of the British Royal Navy. History is not made by a single invention, but comes with time through the interaction of social, economic, and technological progress. In fact, the real history of drones is just over 100 years old.

中国无人机研制始于20世纪五六十年代。刘亚楼、钱学森、范绪箕等都曾提出过“要造出我们自己的无人机”的构想。1966年12月6日，“长空一号”首飞成功。从此，共和国的蓝天上，有了属于中国人自己研制的无人机。“长空一号”总设计师——赵熙，一生只做一件事，研制无人机。

The development of Chinese unmanned aircraft began in the 1950s and 1960s. Liu Yalou, Qian Xuesen and Fan Xuji all proposed the idea of “building our own UAV”, and on December 6, 1966, “Changkong 1” made its maiden flight. Since then, the blue sky of the Republic appeared drones developed by the Chinese themselves. Zhao Xi, the chief designer of “Changkong 1”, only did one thing in his life, developing drones.

何谓无人机？专家告诉我，无人机是飞机，但不只是飞机。这话怎么理解呢? 完整意义的无人机，指的是无人机系统。这个系统是由无人机平台、任务载荷、起降系统、测控与信息传输系统及地面保障系统等组成。无人机无人驾驶，因此被冠以“无人”。实际上，它具有多重有人驾驶飞行器的特征和功能，故而“似人非人”才是“无人”的真正内涵。而无人机也不一定无人，有的无人机也可以载人——比如，以色列“空中骡子”无人机就是可以载人的。“空中骡子”造型怪异，如同一堆废弃的烂铁，毫无美感。这不要紧，以色列人注重的是实用。别看“空中骡子”长相粗鄙，却能垂直起降，能在空中悬停。载人载物，不吝力气。在自然界，能在空中悬停的鸟类，只有蜂鸟。

What is a drone? Experts tell me that a drone is an aircraft, but not just an aircraft. How does that make sense? A UAV in the complete sense refers to an unmanned aircraft system. This system is composed of an unmanned aircraft platform, mission payload, takeoff and landing system, measurement, control and information transmission system and ground support system. The UAV is unmanned, so it is labeled as “unmanned”. In fact, it has multiple features and functions of manned aircraft, so “manned-like and unmanned” is the real meaning of “unmanned”. And drones are not necessarily unmanned, some drones can also carry people -- for example, the Israeli “air mule” drone is able to carry people. The “air mule” modeling is strange, as a pile of discarded iron, no aesthetic. But it does not matter, the Israelis focus on the utility. Do not behold the vulgar look of the “air mule”, but it can take off and land vertically and hover in the air. Carrying people and things doesn’t take much effort. In nature, the only bird that can hover in the air is the hummingbird.

常见的无人机有三种类型。其一，固定翼。就是翅膀固定，靠流过机翼的风提供升力。一般而言，军用无人机多是固定翼。固定翼飞行速度快，高度高，抗风能力强。其二，是直升机。靠一个或者两个主旋翼提供升力。其三，是多旋翼。就是具有四个或者更多旋翼的直升机。其实，这个也是直升机，但为了突出它的多旋翼，就叫多旋翼，而不叫直升机了。

There are three common types of UVA. First, fixed-wing UVA. That is, the wings are fixed and rely on the wind flowing through the wings to provide lift. Generally speaking, military drones mostly use fixed wing. Fixed-wing UVA has higher flight speed, higher altitude, stronger wind resistance. Second, it is a helicopter UVA, which relies on one or two main rotors to provide lift. Third, it is multi-rotor UVA. It is a helicopter with four or more rotors. In fact, this is also helicopter UVA, but in order to highlight its multi-rotor, it is called multi-rotor UVA, not helicopter UVA.

无人机是人的创造，人在创造无人机的同时，也创造了无人机的秘密，而无人机的秘密里隐藏着人的秘密，那秘密里有人的思想、趣味和审美。

Drone is created by human. While human created drones, they also created the secrets of drones, and the secrets of drones conceal the secrets of human which bear the human thoughts, interests and aesthetics.

无人机的出现令人兴奋。它一直更像是科幻小说，而非现实技术。早先，在先人的眼里，让机器自主动作并且飞来，这简直是神オ有的能力。

The advent of drones is exciting. It has always been more like science fiction than real technology. Previously, in the eyes of our ancestors, the ability to make machines move and fly on their own was simply owned by God.

按用途来分，无人机可分为军用无人机、面向行业应用的工业级无人机和面向大众玩家的消费级无人机。而工业级和消费级均属于民用范畴。

Classified by applications, drones can be divided into military drones, industrial-grade drones for industry applications and consumer-grade drones for mass players. Both industrial-grade and consumer-grade drones belong to the civilian category.

2017年全球无人机产量三百万架。无人机系统种类繁多，在尺寸、重量、航程、飞行高度、飞行速度等方面都有较大差异。美国的“全球鹰”（翼展三十五米，重量十几吨）是无人机中的巨无霸。看起来它很像一头虎鲸，黑白分明，流线优美；器宇轩昂，威风凛凛。就续航时间、飞行距离和飞行高度而言，它是目前世界上最先进的无人机。

The global production of UAVs in 2017 was three million. There is a wide range of UAS, with significant differences in size, weight, range, altitude, and flight speed. The U.S. Global Hawk (with a wingspan of thirty-five meters and a weight of more than ten tons) is a giant among drones. It looks very much like a killer whale, black and white, finely streamlined; it is powerful and imposing. In terms of endurance, flight distance and altitude, it is the most advanced drone in the world.

无人机是现代战争的利器。“彩虹”无人机系列，是中国军用无人机方阵中的尖兵。“彩虹”察打一体无人机（目前，察打一体无人机主要由中美两国设计制造），复合式挂架，可挂载十六枚空地导弹，载重量可达一吨。它一出手，顷刻间就可以摧毁一个坦克连。它携带的雷达可穿透墙壁，能够辨认和追踪建筑物内的目标。续航时长四十小时，最大飞行距离超过一万公里。这就意味着，三千公里以外的目标，它能直接扑过去，可以执行“定点清除”或者“斩首行动”。外电报道说，这是中国无人机里“最可怕的杀手”。

Drone is a powerful weapon of modern warfare. The “Rainbow” drone series is the pioneer of China’s military drone fleet. The “Rainbow” reconnaissance and strike drones (currently, the reconnaissance and strike drones are mainly designed and manufactured by China and the United States), with a composite rack which can mount sixteen air-to-ground missiles and carry up to a ton of weight. When it strikes, it can destroy a tank company in a matter of moments. It carries a radar that can penetrate walls and identify and track targets inside buildings. The endurance is forty hours, and the maximum flight distance is over ten thousand kilometers. This means that it can swoop down on targets up to 3,000 kilometers away and can perform “targeted killings” or “decapitation operations”. Foreign news reports said that this is the “most horrible killer” among Chinese drones.

“彩虹”的另一款大家伙是太阳能无人机。它是用太阳能做动カ，机体不携带燃料。机翼上全部是太阳能板，翼展四十五米，飞行高度超过两万米，任务区域广阔无边。“彩虹”太阳能无人机的最大特点是，其一，飞得高，高到什么程度？高到几乎要出大气层了，准确地说，就是要出未出大气层的高度。这个高度，即便是风电雷暴，哪怕是强台风，也都是在它的下面，毫无影响。故此，它又有“准卫星”“大气层里的卫星”的说法。其二，飞得长。主要指续航时间长，一口气续航时间可以超过二十四小时，如果需要更长时间，它甚至可以留空数天数月数年。

The other big guy of the “Rainbow” is the solar-powered drone. It is powered by solar energy and its body doesn’t carry fuel. The wings are all solar panels, the wingspan is forty-five meters, the flight altitude is more than 20,000 meters, and the mission area is vast and boundless. The biggest features of the “Rainbow” solar-powered UAV are as followed. First, it flies high, how high? High to almost out of the atmosphere, to be precise, to be out of the height of the atmosphere. At this height, even wind, lightning, and thunderstorms, even strong typhoons are also under it without impact. Therefore, it also has epithets like “quasi-satellite” and “satellite in the atmosphere”. Second, it flies long, which mainly refers to the long endurance. It can fly more than twenty-four hours in one go. if a longer time needed, it could even stay in the air for days and months and years.

“彩虹”太阳能无人机，不用加油，不用补充能量。因为它本身在吸收太阳能的同时，就创造了能量。它体能充沛，脑子灵光，耐力极强。可军用，可民用。

The “Rainbow” solar-powered drone doesn’t require refueling or replenishment. Because it creates energy itself while absorbing solar energy. It has plenty of physical energy, brilliant brain and endurance. It can be used for both military and civilian purposes.

中国的“翼龙” 个头也不小。“翼龙”机长十一米，高四米盈余，翼展二十余米。可凌云直上九千米，续航二十小时，翼下的复合挂架可挂载十二枚导弹。即便稍纵即逝的目标，也能立斩无赦。“翼龙”，亦乃强国之利器也。

China’s “Wing Loong UVA” is not small. The “Wing Loong UVA” is eleven meters long, more than four meters high, with a wingspan of more than twenty meters. It can go up to nine kilometers, with a range of twenty hours, and the composite mount under the wing can carry twelve missiles. Even if the fleeting target can also be immediately cut without amnesty. “Wing Loong UVA” is also a powerful weapon for a strong nation.

2018年1月12日，我走进“彩虹”总部——中国航天空气动カ技术研究院。“彩虹”总设计师石文不无感慨地对我说：“无人机在中国令人惊叹的高速发展，其实并不是一个独特的孤立现象。这背后是我国改革开放四十年来技术积淀和强大的工业、科技基础。没有数字电传飞行控制、先进导航、综合航电和指挥控制等技术的突破，就没有无人机发展的今天。”

On January 12, 2018, I walked into the headquarters of “Rainbow” -- China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics. Shi Wen, the chief designer of “Rainbow”, said to me affectionately: “The amazing high-speed development of UAVs in China is not a unique and isolated phenomenon. Behind this is a strong industrial, scientific foundation and technological accumulation over the past forty years of China’s reform and opening up. Without the breakthroughs in technologies such as digital telex flight control, advanced navigation, integrated avionics, and command and control, there would be no today’s UAV development.”

无人机又被唤作空中机器人，一个重要的原因——它的运行空间原本并不属于人类。无人机以及无人机所包含的自动化技术，其运行方式是人类永远不能的。它并非抢走了我们的工作，而是开始进行我们永远无法从事的工作。

The drone is also called aerial robot for an important reason - its operating space did not originally belong to humans. Drones, and the automation technology they contain, operate in a way that humans never could. They are not taking our jobs away, but they are beginning to do the thing that we could never do.

在我们看不到的空间里，有一个更广阔的空间。我们虽然看不到，但无人机看到了。无人机看到了，就是我们看到了。

There is a wider space beyond what we can see. We can’t see it, but the drones can. When the drones see it, that’s when we see it.

其实，无人机的原理无处不在——小的传感器通过网络连接到信息处理算法，以我们从未做到，甚至从未想到的方式处理来自我们的数据。——显然，无人机是超越了人类自身的机器人。它的思维方式与人类的思维方式绝对不同。它不是沉重的工业机器，也不是头重脚轻的滚动装置。它是什么?

In fact, the principle of the drone is ubiquitous -- small sensors connected to information processing algorithms via networks and process data from us in ways we’ve never done before, or even thought of before. -- Clearly, the drone is a robot that transcends humans. Its way of thinking is absolutely different from the way humans think. It is not a heavy industrial machine or a top-heavy rolling device. What is it?

——它是我们无法理解的智慧物种。

-- It is an intelligent species beyond our comprehension.

——它是负载着我们梦想的空中精灵。

-- It is the aerial elf that carries our dreams.

无人机改变了什么?

What have the drones changed?

Imagination is full of energy.

如果只关注过去和现在，那么很有可能错过未来。科技进步带来的变革，正在颠覆着这个世界已有的秩序和逻辑。无论是抵制，或者拒绝，还是畏惧，都无济于事，因为未来已经到来。对于熟悉手机熟悉网购熟悉共享单车的孩子们来说，科技从来就不是什么新事物，就像麦当劳和肯德基，没有什么特别，也没什么实质不同——它们本来就存在着——这就是他们的生活方式。

If you only focus on the past and the present, then you are likely to miss the future. The changes brought about by technological progress are overturning the existing order and logic of the world. Whether by resisting, rejecting, or fearing, nothing will help, because the future is already here. For children who are familiar with cell phones and online shopping, technology is nothing new, just like McDonald’s and KFC, there is nothing special or different -- they are already there -- it is their way of life.

现代生活随着数据、传感器、机器智能和自动化的影响，而一天天改变着我们对世界的认识，而世界在这种改变中，妙趣横生，多姿多彩。

Modern life is changing our understanding of the world day by day with the influence of data, sensors, machine intelligence and automation, and the world is wonderful and colorful in this change.

无人机的新功能被不断创造出来，我们对无人机的审美标准也在发生相应的变化。无人机到底会走向何方？也许，将来的某一天，天空上的事情比地面上的事情要多得多。

New features of the drone are constantly being created and our aesthetic standards for drones are changing accordingly. Where exactly are drones headed? Perhaps, someday in the future, there will be much more going on in the sky than on the ground.

我们不得不仰望天空了。因为无人机，天空上的故事突然多了起来。那些故事跟我们的今天和明天密切相连了。

We have to look up to the sky now. Because of drones, there are suddenly more stories in the sky. Those stories are now closely connected to our today and tomorrow.

未来，人，是不是可以乘坐无人机去月亮上或者火星上去旅游？——这是完全可能的。无人机将成为标准化的交通工具，我们或许还可以省去打包和装卸行李的烦恼，甚至可以直接把家搬过去，搬到月球上去，搬到火星上去。埃隆·马斯克信誓旦旦，有一段时间逢人就讲，他要搭无人机去火星上建一座农场，种蔬菜。然后，在火星上退休。他在国际宇航大会上发表演讲时说，他已经制定了一项宏大计划，十年后他要陆续把数十万人送往火星。无人机将频繁往来于地球与火星之间。往返一次需要六个月时间。

In the future, for human, is it possible to travel to the moon or Mars in a drone? – That’s entirely possible. Drone will become a standardized means of transportation. We may also be able to save the trouble of packing, loading, and unloading luggage, or even move our house directly to the moon, to Mars. Elon Musk had been telling everyone for some time that he was going to take a drone to Mars to build a farm and grow vegetables. Then, retire on Mars. In a speech at the International Astronautical Congress, he said he has an ambitious plan to send hundreds of thousands of people to Mars over the next decade. Drones will make frequent trips between Earth and Mars. A round trip would take six months.

“这种无人机的载重量将达到一百吨。”马斯克绘声绘色地描述道，“太空旅行并不寂寞，机舱里的设施本身就都很有趣，乘客有零重力室、咖啡厅、电影院和其他多种娱乐消遣可以选择。”

“This kind of drone will have a payload of one hundred tons.” Musk described in graphic detail, “Space travel is not lonely. The cabin facilities themselves are all interesting, and passengers will have zero gravity room, cafe, movie theater and a variety of other entertainments to choose.”

有人请他透露一下飞往火星的无人机票价，他不无认真地说，每个座位最初票价大约二十万美元，最终要降到十万美元。因为无人机及其系统装置可以重复使用，运营成本降低，票价自然就降下来了。他说，这种无人机的另一个名字叫——太空飞船。

He was asked to reveal the ticket price of the drone to Mars, and he said, not without seriousness, that the initial ticket price per seat is about $200,000, and eventually to drop to $100,000. Because the drones and their system devices can be reused, with lower operating costs, the ticket price will naturally come down. He said that another name for this kind of drone is called -- spacecraft.

马斯克是著名太空探索专家。2015年5月31日，他的“龙飞船”太空舱成功与国际空间站对接后返回地球。他开启了太空运载的私人运营时代。世界上掌握了航天器回收技术的，只有三个国家一个人。三个国家是：美国、俄罗斯、中国，一个人就是埃隆·马斯克。马斯克的话，或许不是开玩笑。

Musk is a renowned space exploration expert. On May 31, 2015, his “Dragon” Spacecraft successfully docked with the International Space Station and returned to Earth. He opened the era of private operations in space transportation. There are only three countries and one person in the world that have mastered the technology of spacecraft recovery. Three countries are: the United States, Russia, China, and a person is Elon Musk. Musk’s remark is probably not a joke.

马斯克说：“人类文明会朝着两个不同的方向发展。要么永远居住在地球上，直到最终灭绝于某个天灾人祸；要么离开地球走向太空，到多个星球去生活，建立起完整的能够自我维系的文明秩序。”马斯克喜欢读科幻小说，多次来中国访问。 2017年12月间，他在清华大学与钱颖一教授有过一次精彩的对话。他说：“火星是人类走出地球唯一现实的选择，我们正在朝这个方向努力，这个时间窗口可能很长，也可能很短，而我们应该赶早不赶晚。”

Musk said, “Human civilization will evolve in two separate directions. Either it will live on Earth forever until it eventually becomes extinct in some natural or man-made disaster, or it will leave Earth for space and go live on multiple planets and establish a complete civilizational order that can sustain itself.” Musk enjoys reading sci-fi novels and has visited China several times. During December 2017, he had a fascinating conversation with Professor Yingyi Qian at Tsinghua University. He said, “Mars is the only realistic option for humans to get out of the Earth, and we are working towards that, and this will take a long time or a very short time, and we should catch up sooner rather than later.”

是的，地球上的人太多了，太挤了。有宽敞的地方，干吗不去呢?

Yes, there are too many people on the earth, too crowded. If there is a spacious place, why not go there?

无人机改变了空间，改变了时间，也改变了人。这个时代充满传奇，也充满诡异，没有什么事情不可能发生。

Drones have changed space, changed time, and changed people. This era is full of legends and weirdness. Nothing is impossible.

人类在一些事情上，已经不如人工智能，不如无人机了。尽管人工智能和无人机是人的创造。

Humans are already inferior to artificial intelligence and to drones in some things, despite the fact that AI and drones are human creations.

人类是地球上最聪明的物种，我们自己也这么认为。但是，人如果造出了比自己更聪明的工具，即智能超人的空中机器人——无人机，那么人的生存状态就被颠覆了。而一旦颠覆就不可逆转。我们是走在一条不归路上吗？

Human being is the most intelligent species on earth, as we ourselves think so. But man’s existence would be turned upside down if we built tools smarter than ourselves, i.e., the intelligent aerial robots that surpass human beings -- drones. And once subverted, it is irreversible. Are we on a path of no return?

无人机，在搅动天空的同时，也搅乱了我们那颗安宁的心。美国学者罗斯坦说：“这不是一部分人的责任，这是我们所有人的责任。”

Drones, while stirring up the skies, also stir up our peaceful hearts. American scholar Rothstein said, “It’s not the responsibility of some people, it’s the responsibility of all of us.”

多面角色

Multi-faceted Roles

民用无人机除了航拍照相以外，还能做什么呢？

What can civilian drones do besides aerial photography?

当然，它能做的事情多了。植保、救援、防火、防虫、医疗、巡护、测绘、检测，乃至具体到一次别具创意的有浪漫故事的求婚。总之，它可以做许多超出我们意料的事，而且不知疲倦，从不抱怨。

Sure, it can do a lot of things. Plant protection, rescue, fire prevention, pest control, medical care, patrol, mapping, testing, and even a specific creative proposal with a romantic story. In short, it can do many things beyond our expectations, and tirelessly, never complaint.

农业植保每年所用农药（原药制剂）一百二十万吨。传统的作业方式是农民用喷雾器喷药，如果防护不当，药液很容易通过口腔、呼吸道和皮肤等途径侵入人体。我国每年农药中毒人数有九万人，其中致死致残的就有八千人，大都是因为施药防护不当导致的。

The pesticides (raw drug formulations) used in agricultural plant protection are 1.2 million tons per year. The traditional way of operation is that farmers use sprayers to spray pesticides, and if the protective measures are not appropriate, the pesticide solution can easily invade the human body through the mouth, respiratory tract, and skin. The number of pesticide poisoning in China is 90,000 people every year, of which 8,000 people are killed and disabled, mostly due to improper shielding.

近年，无人机喷药作业大受农民欢迎。一架无人机一小时作业六十亩，相当于人工作业的四十倍，而且安全、防治效果好。

In recent years, the drone spraying operation is very popular among farmers. A drone operates sixty acres an hour, equivalent to forty times the manual operation, safe and effective in prevention and control.

在南方某农田防治现场，一架无人机正在离地面三五米的空中作业，喷洒农药。那架无人机搭载四个喷头，旋翼产生的气流作用于雾化药剂，可让药剂到达农作物最靠近的土壤部分。喷头是静电喷雾装置，由高智能控制，能够定速、定高飞行和定流量喷洒，精准到位。无人机作业时，几乎看不到药雾弥漫的景象，喷洒的药液通过静电吸附功能，瞬间全部附着在庄稼叶片上，即使叶片的背面也能均匀受药。

At a farmland control site in the south, a drone was working in the air three to five meters above the ground, spraying pesticides. That drone carried four nozzles, and the airflow generated by the rotor blades acted to atomize the chemical, which allowed it to reach the part of the crop closest to the soil. The nozzles are electrostatic spraying devices, controlled by high intelligence, with fixed speed, fixed height flight and fixed flow spraying, spraying accurately. When the drone operates, you can hardly see the scene of the drug mist, as the spraying solution instantly all attached to the crop leaves, even the back of the leaves can also be evenly watered by the drug.

奇怪，现场怎么没有那种刺鼻的农药味呢？原来这架无人机用的农药是飞防专用农药——晟天发。此药是由河北天发生物科技有限公司研制生产，把传统农药当中的有害溶剂，如苯、二甲苯等，完全替换掉了，使得农药没有了过去的刺鼻气味。

Strangely, why is the scene without that pungent pesticide smell? It turns out that the pesticide used by the drone is a special pesticide for flying defense -- Sheng Tian Fa. This drug, developed and produced by Hebei Tian Fa Biological Technology Co., Ltd., completely replaced the harmful solvents in the traditional pesticides, such as benzene, xylene, etc., making the pesticide without the pungent smell of the past.

无人机有航线断点记忆功能。无药了，也不要紧，它可以自动记忆坐标点。加完药后一键返回断点处，继续喷洒作业。断点断在哪块田、哪条垄、哪些作物，它记得清清楚楚，从不糊涂。

The drone has a memory function for route breakpoints. It doesn’t matter if there is no medicine, as it can automatically remember the coordinate points. After adding medicine, it returns to the breakpoint with a single key and continues spraying operations. The breakpoint is in which field, which row and which crop, it remembers clearly, never confused.

无人机不投机取巧，不偷懒耍滑，忠诚，可靠。

Drones don’t seek shortcut, they’re not lazy, and they’re loyal and reliable.

正在现场指导无人机防治作业的，是一位干练的有害生物防控专家，名叫谢春春。她穿一件橘黄色卫衣，一缕秀发垂在额头。她半蹲在田头，膝盖上架着一台笔记本电脑，正在埋头调取无人机作业相关数据。她抬头看了我一眼，嘴角挂着笑意，说道：“植保无人机虽然体型娇小，但植保效果却一点不打折扣。”

It was a competent pest control expert named Xie Chunchun who was guiding the drone control operation on site. She wore an orange hoodie, with a strand of hair hanging down on her forehead. She was half-crouched at the edge of the field with a laptop on her knee and was concentrating on retrieving data related to drone operations. She looked up at me with a smile on her mouth and said, “Although the plant protection drone is small in size, its effect on plant protection is not discounted at all.”

她一边说话，一边在键盘上操作着，屏幕上不断有数据闪烁。这位曾在海外留学多年、潜心研究过北美航空植保装备和技术的女专家，有着丰富的一线防治经验。她说：“传统的农药喷洒方式存在效率低、成本高、安全隐患多等问题，用无人机作业就不存在这些问题了。”

As she talked, she operated on the keyboard, with data constantly flashing on the screen. This female expert, who has studied overseas for many years and has devoted herself to studying aerial plant protection equipment and technology in North America, possesses rich experience in front-line prevention and control. She said, “Traditional pesticide spraying methods have many problems such as low efficiency, high cost and safety hazards, and these problems do not exist with drone operations.”

“一架无人机，一天可防治作业多少？”

“How much can a drone conduct control operations a day?”

“三百亩至四百亩不成问题。”她说，“特别是山区和丘陵地区的农田，人工不便操作，无人机轻轻一飞就解决问题了。”

“Three hundred mu to four hundred mu is out of question.” She said, “especially the farmland in the mountainous and hilly areas, inconvenient to operate manually, the drone will solve the problem with a gentle flight.”

“是不是浪费水浪费药？”我故意问，“无人机在空中，无法掌控，一场风吹来，作业能靠谱吗？”

“Isn’t it a waste of water and medicine?” I deliberately asked, “the drone in the air, it can’t be controlled when a wind is blowing, the operation can be reliable?”

“呵呵呵……”谢春春笑了。她合上笔记本电脑，递给助手，然后转过身来说：

“Heh heh…” Xie Chunchun laughed. She closed her laptop, handed it to her assistant, then turned around and said:

“这项技术已经相当成熟，无人机是精准喷药。与传统作业方式相比，不但不浪费，而且还相当节省呢！”

“This technology has been quite mature, and the drone is precisely sprayed. Compared with the traditional operation way, it is not wasteful but quite economical!”

“有数据吗？”

“Do you have the data?”

“当然有啦！能节约用水八九成，省药三五成，杀虫有效率在百分之九十五以上。”

“Of course, there is! It can save water 80 to 90 percent, save medicine 30 to 50 percent, and the efficiency of killing insects is more than 95 percent.”

“嗯，看来农业智能化作业就是好啊！”

“Well, it seems that the agriculture intelligent operation is better!”

农民的利益在哪里，农民的心就在哪里。据统计，2017年，光是植保无人机，我国农村的需求就有一万五千架。如同犁和镐头一样，喷药除虫，无人机将成为田间地头会飞的农具。农业部官员说，无人机属于农机新产品，已经被正式纳入国家农业补贴范围。我国有二十亿亩农田，三十一亿亩森林，三十三亿亩草原，防虫防病防火任务繁重，植保无人机大有可为呀。

Where the farmers’ interests lie, the farmers hearts lie. According to statistics, in 2017, the demand for plant protection drones alone was 15,000 in China’s rural areas. Like plows and picks, drones will become the farming tools that fly in the fields and spray drugs to annihilate pests. Ministry of Agriculture officials said the drone, as the new products of agricultural machinery, was officially included in the scope of national agricultural subsidies. China, with two billion mu of farmland, 3.1 billion mu of forest and 3.3 billion mu of grassland, has heavy tasks in pest and disease prevention and fire prevention. Plant protection drones do have great potential.

可惜，会操控植保无人机的飞手少之又少。培训更多的飞手是当务之急呢。

Sadly, there are very few flyers who can operate plant protection drones. It is imperative to train more flyers.

人是情感的动物，喜欢干有趣的事情。对于枯燥、重复、肮脏、污浊、艰难、危险的事情正愁无人代替呢，而无人机正好可以派上用场了。民用无人机的角色真是不少。它是突发事件急救员，它是航拍摄影师，它是会飞的缉毒警察，它是地形遥感测绘员，它是野生动物巡护员，它是投递邮件的邮差，它是空中的喷雾器，它是放牧的牧羊犬，它是给心上人送花的爱的使者。它还是什么？这要看我们希望它是什么。

People are emotional creatures and like to do interesting things. People work on boring, repetitive, dirty, filthy, difficult, and dangerous things fear no one would replace them, and drones can come in handy in this case. The role of civilian drones is really quite a lot. It is an emergency first responder, it is an aerial photographer, it is a flying narcotics police, it is a terrain remote sensing mapper, it is a wildlife ranger, it is a mail carrier, it is an aerial sprayer, it is a herding sheepdog, it is a messenger of love who sends flowers to his beloved. What else is it? It depends on what we want it to be.

当然，无人机不能取代一切——或许，它能解决的问题，也是非常有限的。但是，我们必须去想象我们希望拥有的未来。

Of course, drones can't replace everything -- and, perhaps, the problems it can solve are, well, very limited. But we have to imagine the future we would like to have.

它在我们幻想的世界升空，又在我们现实的世界回到地面。从这个意义上说，无人机与我们的生活既是联系的又是割裂的。

It lifts off in our fantasy world and returns to the ground in our real world. In this sense, drones are both connected to and disconnected from our lives.

嗡嗡嗡。不管我们喜欢它还是讨厌它，它都已经在我们的头顶嗡嗡存在了。然而，罗斯坦却说：“无人机似乎又是不存在的，因为它笼罩在幻想和错觉中。”就无人机而言，不但意味着事实与虚构，还意味着希望与幻想。它，承接着人类复杂的历史，也演绎着人类想飞起来的故事。

Buzz. Whether we love it or hate it, it already buzzes into existence above our heads. Yet, Rothstein remarks, "The drone appears to be non-existent again because it is shrouded in fantasy and illusion." In the case of drones, it means not only fact and fiction, but also hope and fantasy. It, carrying on the complex history of mankind, also renders the story of mankind's desire to fly.

当然，无人机也常常干出惹是生非的勾当。在华盛顿，一架无人机居然优哉游哉降落于白宫南草坪。由此，引发了人们对美国的空防体系的质疑。在东京，一架无人机携带一瓶放射性废料，也携带着环境保护主义者的愤怒，降落于日本首相官邸楼顶，引来首相官邸里的人一片惶恐。在伦敦，犯罪分子用无人机向监狱里运送毒品、手机和武器的事情也不是什么新闻了。

Of course, drones often make troubles, too. In Washington, a drone landed gracefully on the South Lawn of the White House. As a result, questions have been raised about the U.S. air defense system. In Tokyo, a drone carrying a bottle of radioactive waste and the anger of environmentalists landed on the roof of the Japanese Prime Minister’s residence, causing panic among the people there. In London, it’s no news that criminals use drones to deliver drugs, cell phones and weapons to prisons.

据报道，2017年4月21日，仅仅三个小时里，成都双流机场就遭遇了四架“黑飞”无人机的干扰，导致五十八个航班备降其他机场，四架飞机返航，一万余名旅客出行受阻。在此之前，多处机场发生无人机闯入机场净空区事件。仅2017年上半年，全国各地机场就发生五十余起无人机影响航班运行的事件，影响航班超过二百七十架次。好家伙，无人机“黑飞”惹出的乱子可真是不少。

It was reported that on April 21, 2017, in just three hours, Chengdu Shuangliu Airport experienced interference from four “illegally flying” drones, causing fifty-eight flights to land at other airports, four planes to return, and more than 10,000 passengers to be disrupted. Prior to that, there were several incidents of drones intruding into clear zones at airports. In the first half of 2017 alone, there were more than fifty incidents of drones interfering flight operations at airports across the country, affecting more than two hundred and seventy flights. My goodness, drones’ “illegally flying” really caused a lot of trouble.

表象上，无人机被我们遥控着、操纵着，听从我们的指令。事实上，它也在操纵着我们的思想，令我们焦虑和困惑。无人机也有脾气和性格，它出其不意地会“炸机”，有时变成一具“僵尸”，干脆不听我们的摆布了。

On the surface, the drone is remotely controlled and manipulated by us and follows our instructions. In fact, it is also manipulating our minds, making us anxious and confused. The drone also has a temperament and personality. It would unexpectedly “blow up”, sometimes becomes a “zombie” simply not obeying our manipulation.

——有什么办法呢？能有什么办法？耸耸肩，摊摊手。

-- What can be done? What can be done? Shrug your shoulders and spread your hands.

如此而已。

That’s all.

幽灵乎？恶魔乎？

Is it a ghost? Or a demon?

军用无人机最初的角色并不怎么光彩——它是作为目标靶机而出现的，也就是说用自己的粉身碎骨来培养空军飞行员的实战能力。因而它相貌粗鄙，结构简单，声音嘈杂，也就没有更多人在意了。

The original role of the military drone was not very glamorous -- it came into being as a targeting aircraft, that is, using its own pulverized body to train Air Force pilots for real-world combat. Therefore, its crude appearance, simple structure and noisy sound didn’t attract much attention.

二战时期，美国共生产了一万五千个靶标无人机。

During World War II, the United States produced 15,000 target drones.

某日，在洛杉矶一个组装工厂的车间里，一个手套上油渍斑驳的女子正在组装无人机的遥控模型。她是那么地与众不同——即使工作服和手套上油渍斑驳，也遮挡不住那种由内而外涌动着的美。《星条报》摄影记者举起相机，把她和她组装的无人机定格在胶片上。这也许就是记录无人机生产的最早照片。然而，在那张照片上，没有人还记得无人机，人们记住的是那个女子的美貌。那个女子后来成了好莱坞明星，红遍全球。——她的名字叫玛丽莲·梦露。

而无人机则一直籍籍无名，甚至被遗弃在角落。

Drones, however, have been unknown and even abandoned in the corner.

1962年，梦露突然辞世。角落里的无人机又重现身影了。美国五角大楼用它尝试另一种可能——用于隐形间谍活动。于是，此间的美军“火蜂”无人机偷拍功能得到强化，它开始频繁在越南战场上搜集情报。当时，苏联投放越南战场的战斗机和直升机的型号和数量，没有一架逃过“火蜂”的眼睛。美国军方当然不满足于无人机光干一些间谍活动。不久，他们还用“火蜂”无人机发射了导弹，并准确击中目标。

In 1962, Monroe passed away abruptly. The drone in the corner has reappeared. The U.S. Pentagon used it to try another possibility -- for stealth spying. So, the U.S. Army’s Firebee drone was enhanced for candid photography, and it began to frequently gather intelligence on the Vietnam battlefield. At that time, the type and number of fighter planes and helicopters that the Soviet Union put into the Vietnam battlefield, none of them escaped the eyes of the “Firebee”. The U.S. military was certainly not satisfied with drones just doing some spying activities. Soon, they also used the “Firebee” drones launched missiles, and accurately hit the target.

1991年，在海湾战争中美军动用大批无人机，完成了战场侦察、火炮校射、通信中继和电子对抗任务。美军在伊拉克、阿富汗等地的战场上，动用无人机攻击达数百次。2001年，美军用“捕食者”无人机摧毁一辆塔利班坦克。而在伊拉克战争中，仅“全球鹰”无人机就执行了十五次作战任务，美军使用它所收集的目标情报，摧毁了十三个伊拉克地对空导弹连，五十个地对空导弹发射架，七十辆导弹运输车，三百辆坦克和三百个地空导弹箱。不是打不打得准的问题，而是想不想打的问题。“全球鹰”绝对是美军的利器。

In 1991, in the Gulf War, the U.S. military used a large number of drones to accomplish battlefield reconnaissance, artillery calibration, communications relay and electronic countermeasures. The U.S. military has used drone attacks hundreds of times on the battlefield in Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2001, the U.S. military used the “Predator” drone to destroy a Taliban tank. In the Iraq War, “Global Hawk” drones alone carried out fifteen combat missions, and the U.S. military used the target intelligence it gathered to destroy thirteen Iraqi surface-to-air missile companies, fifty surface-to-air missile launchers, seventy missile carriers, three hundred tanks and three hundred surface-to-air missile boxes. It’s not a matter of hitting the right target, it’s a matter of whether it wants to hit it. The “Global Hawk” is definitely a powerful weapon for the U.S. military.

俄罗斯虽然没有最先进的无人机，但却拥有最先进的反无人机作战系统。俄军组建了世界上第一支反无人机部队。俄军的“蔷薇”电子战系统，可以对无人机进行大功率信号压制，也可以进行指令欺骗。还有一种新型武器——能够造成所有“蜂群”无人机系统电子器件瞬间瘫痪。

While Russia doesn’t have the most advanced drones, it does have the most advanced anti-drone combat systems. The Russian military has formed the world’s first anti-drone unit. The Russian Army’s Rosetta electronic warfare system can suppress high-powered signals on drones and can also perform command spoofing. There is also a new type of weapon -- capable of causing instant paralysis of the electronics of all “Bee Fleet” UAV systems.

军事专家说：“战争中的自动化是极其可怕的。但是，与军事自动化画上等号的不是巡航导弹，不是机灵炸弹，而是无人机。”有人说，美国空中力量的军事实力无法再现昔日辉煌了。我不是军事专家，但从我近期掌握的情况来看，这是一种错误的认识——美国从来就没有停止前进的脚步。美军研制的无人机型号超过六十种，总数上万架。美军的规划显示，未来无人战机将超过有人战机。

Military experts said, “Automation in warfare is extremely frightening. But it’s not cruise missiles or smart bombs that are equated with military automation, it's drones.” Some say that the military power of U.S. air force cannot recapture its former glory. I am not a military expert, but from what I have recently learned, this is a misconception -- the U.S. has never stopped moving forward. The US military has developed more than sixty types of drones, totaling tens of thousands of them. U.S. military planning shows that unmanned warplanes will surpass manned warplanes in the future.

继“火蜂”“捕食者”后，2016年，美军的“灰鹰”无人机入役。某个早晨，“灰鹰”从“卡尔文森豪号”航母上腾空而起，飞往菲律宾执行任务。“灰鹰”比“捕食者”要厉害得多。最新版本的“灰鹰”续航时间可达五十三小时，载荷五百五十八公斤，机身安装了避撞系统，能够自动起飞和降落。“灰鹰”翼展十八米，机身长九米，可以携带四枚“地狱火”导弹（“捕食者”只能携带两枚）或十几枚较小型的导弹。

After the “Firebee” and “Predator”, the U.S. Army’s “Gray Eagle” drone was commissioned in 2016. One morning, the “Gray Eagle” took off from the aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson aircraft carrier and flew a mission to the Philippines. The “Gray Eagle” is much more powerful than the Predator. The latest version of the Grey Eagle has a range of 53 hours, a payload of 558 kilograms, and a collision avoidance system that allows it to take off and land automatically. With a wingspan of eighteen meters and a fuselage length of nine meters, the “Gray Eagle” can carry four “Hellfire” missiles (the “Predator” can only carry two) or a dozen smaller missiles.

谈起军用无人机，军事专家王明亮教授说：“军用无人机有四大品质。”

When it comes to military drones, military expert Professor Wang Mingliang said, “There are four major qualities of military drones.”

“哪四大品质？”

“Which four qualities?”

“一曰不怕死。无人机无人，因而它是忠实履行战场使命的亡命徒。二曰累不死。有人机靠飞行员驾驶，续航力要受到人的生理极限的巨大制约，巡航时间一般不超过八小时。无人机可以无间歇作战，令敌方毫无喘息之机，最后被拖垮累垮。三曰讲团结，无人机的价值，不仅是平台的，而且是体系的。多平台集群组网，精准分工，密切协作，蜂群作战。四曰高智商。人工智能，依靠强大的计算能力穷举所有路数，进而选择最佳策略。高智商是无人机的灵魂所在，它的精算能力是空战的制胜要素。未来，无论是有人机作战，还是无人机作战，都将追求战争的最高制胜境界——算死你。”

“Firstly, fearless of death. The drone is unmanned, and thus it is the outlaw who faithfully fulfills its mission on the battlefield. Secondly, it won’t be worn out. Manned aircraft rely on pilots to drive, so its range is subject to the huge constraints of human physiological limits and its cruise time generally doesn’t exceed eight hours. Drones can combat without intermission, so that the enemy has no chance to breathe, and finally be dragged down and exhausted. Thirdly, unity is valued. The value of drones is not only for the platform but also for the system. Multiple platforms cluster network, accurately divide the work, collaborate closely, and battle in a swarm. Fourthly, high intelligence. Artificial intelligence relies on powerful computing power to enumerate all the ways, and then choose the best strategy. High intelligence is the soul of the drone, and its actuarial ability is the winning factor in air combat. In the future, whether manned aircraft combat or drone combat, will pursue the highest level of victory in warfare – kill you by calculation.”

军用无人机，一方面追求大，一方面追求小。大个头的，比如美国的“全球鹰”，中国的“彩虹”和“翼龙”。小的，仅有几克重。比如，比蜜蜂仅仅大一点的“杀人蜂”。我是在一个视频短片里看到“杀人蜂”的，它的处理器比人类思维快一百倍。它由人工智能操控，上下翻飞，忽左忽右，随时躲避人类各种追踪和狙击手的狙击。在人不经意的时候，它穿堂入室，飞进建筑里，飞进会议室里，飞进卧室里，飞进飞机里，飞进火车里，飞进汽车里。可以说无孔不入。“杀人蜂”体内装带有三克重的微型炸弹，它会面部识别，只要把目标图像信息输入它身上，就能精准找到打击对象。你戴口罩，戴假发，做拉皮手术，甚至改头换面也没有用，因为它的识别准确率是百分之九十九点九九。一旦找到锁定的目标，就一头撞去，“弹个脑瓜崩”，微型炸弹随之爆炸。瞬间爆头。炸弹虽小，却威力无比。

Military drones, on the one hand, strive for large, on the other hand, strive for small. The big ones, such as the U.S. “Global Hawk”, China’s “Rainbow” and “Wing Loong”. Small ones only weigh a few grams. For example, the “killer bee”, which is just a little larger than a honeybee. I saw the “killer bee” in a video clip, where its processor is a hundred times faster than the human mind. It is controlled by artificial intelligence, flying up and down, left and right, evading all kinds of human tracking and snipers’ shooting at any time. It flies into buildings, conference rooms, bedrooms, airplanes, trains, and cars when people are not aware of it. It can be said to be pervasive. The “killer bee” is equipped with a three-gram micro-bomb. It will identify the face as long as the target image information is put into its body, and it can accurately find the target. Whether you wear a mask, wear a wig, do a facelift, or even change your face, all are useless, because its recognition accuracy rate is 99.99 percent. Once it find the locked target, it would make a head-on “crash”, then the mini-bomb then explodes, finishing an instant headshot. Although the bomb is small but the power is incomparable.

2016年，某国高科技公司宣称，用“杀人蜂”无人机进行了三千次精准打击试验，无一例失败。厉害吧！

In 2016, a country’s high-tech company claimed that it had conducted 3,000 precision strike tests with its “Killer Bee” drones without a single failure. Amazing, right?

此视频公之于众的时间是2017年岁尾，具体场合是在日内瓦召开的、有超过七十个国家代表出席的联合国武器公约会议上。一时间，引起世界恐慌。

The video was publicized at the end of 2017, on the specific occasion of the UN arms convention meeting in Geneva, attended by representatives of more than seventy countries. For a while, it caused panic in the world.

我们知道无人机是什么，可是我们似乎又不太明白它到底是个什么东西。它是什么东西呢？它是飞行器？它是计算机？它是数字技术？它是空中机器人？它是空中杀手？是，也不是；不是，又好像是。它带给人类的是进步还是灾难？

We know what a drone is, but it seems we don’t quite understand what it really is. What is it? Is it a flying machine? Is it a computer? Is it digital technology? Is it an aerial robot? Is it an aerial killer? Yes and no; no, but it seems to be. Will it bring progress or disaster to mankind?

1981年，发明了氢弹的特勒说：“无人机的重要性，堪比20世纪30年代的计算机。”

In 1981, Teller, who invented the hydrogen bomb, said, “The importance of drones is comparable to that of computers in the 1930s.”

这个世界，科技的脚步太快了，而思想认识和社会结构还没有跟上。或许，人工智能和无人机，不仅仅是人类手和脚的延伸与替代，而可能是人类自身的替代，更可能是毁灭这个世界的恶魔。

In this world, technology is moving too fast, and the ideological awareness and social structure have not kept up. Perhaps, artificial intelligence and drones, not only the extension and replacement of human hands and feet, but possibly the replacement of human beings themselves, but more likely to be the devil that destroys this world.

马斯克说：“我们需要万分警惕人工智能，警惕无人机，它们比核武器更加危险！”

Musk said, “We need to be extremely vigilant about artificial intelligence, about drones, they are more dangerous than nuclear weapons!”

物与算法

Objects and Algorithms

肯定，还是否定？这是个问题。

Yes, or no? That is a question.

毕竟，人类社会的发展，不能光有技术的进步，而不要伦理。人类与别的动物不同，人类一直在制造新工具，使自身能力得以延伸。是的，我们习惯了——把工具的所能当作了自己所能。但是无人机及其人工智能与以往的工具不一样了——它可以不受设计者的限制，能够在获得海量数据的过程中通过算法快速反馈，自我修正，自我完善。最终，其思维过程也不是人类能够理解的了。此时，也许工具不再是我们能力的延伸，而是对我们能力的否定了。

After all, human society cannot develop with technological advances alone, but without ethics. Unlike other animals, human beings are always making new tools that stretch their capabilities. Yes, we are used to it -- taking what the tools can do as what we can do. But the drone and its artificial intelligence is not the same as previous tools -- it can be unrestricted by its designer, able to self-correct and self-improve through rapid feedback from its algorithms as it gains access to massive amounts of data. Eventually, its thinking process is beyond what humans can understand. At this point, perhaps the tool is no longer an extension of our ability, but a negation to our ability.

按照人工智能的逻辑——人工智能的自我发展和自我生存的过程，就是自我学习和把成千上万的海量数据汇聚到终端的能力，然后通过算法，进行分析，做出选择，做出判断。

By the logic of artificial intelligence -- the process of self-development and self-survival of artificial intelligence is self-learning and the ability to bring together thousands of massive data to the terminal, and then, analyze, make choices and make judgments through algorithms.

无人机并不是作为一种独立技术存在的。构建无人机的子系统是一整套的航空、计算机和自动化技术。尽管它正以不可思议的方式改变着世界，但是它反映的，仍然仅仅是这个时代科技进步的一个小小的侧面。

Drones don’t exist as a stand-alone technology. The subsystems that build drones are a whole range of aviation, computer, and automation technologies. Although it is changing the world in incredible ways, it still reflects only a small facet of the technological advances of this era.

续航技术决定无人机飞行的时间，而续航技术取决于电池技术。电池技术可能是小型无人机最重要的限制因素，因为增加电池的尺寸就意味着增加无人机的重量，需要更大的推力，因而也就需要更高的功率。

Endurance technology determines how long a drone will fly, and endurance technology depends on battery technology. Battery technology is probably the most important limiting factor for small drones, because the increase in battery size means an increase in the weight of the drone, which requires more thrust and hence more power.

无人机无论怎样灵巧，它也是一种基于数据的算法，也是人类的一种工具，是要在人类的掌控之下运行。无人机再智能，也是没有意识的。意识是人之所以为人的理由。无人机再智能，它不过是在执行科学家输入给它的算法。归根结底，再拟人、再可爱、再聪明的人工智能，其本质上也是0和1两个数字的排列组合。说到底，无人机还是人创造的物，而人借助物创造了历史。

No matter how dexterous a drone is, it is also a data-based algorithm and a tool for humans, running under human control. No matter how intelligent a drone is, it is not conscious. Consciousness is the reason why humans are human. No matter how intelligent a drone is, it is merely executing the algorithms that scientists input to it. Ultimately, the most anthropomorphic, cute and intelligent artificial intelligence is essentially a permutation of two numbers, 0 and 1. In the end, the drone is still a thing created by human beings, and human beings have created history with the help of this thing.

其志洁，故其物芳。什么意思呢？就是说志向高远干净的人，所造之物也都是美的，弥漫着芳香之气的。心要静，也要净，无邪念，造出的物，才具有灵动的美，艺术的美。从这个意义上说，无人机，既是科技的产物，也是艺术的产物。

Pure will makes the thing fragrant. What does it mean? It means that a person who has an ambitious and pure aspiration will create things that are beautiful and fragrant. The mind should be peaceful and pure, without evil thoughts, so that the created things have the ethereal beauty and artistic beauty. In this sense, the drone is both a product of technology and art.

人，不可能一下生出翅膀来，但是人造出的物却可以长出翅膀。人，通过物改变了自身。无人机与人的关系，其实还是人与自身的关系，人的个体与个体，个体与群体之间的纵横交错的关系。人借助物来安置这种关系，调整这种关系，组合这种关系，创造这种关系。这种关系既在时间和空间中，又时时超越了时间和空间。

Man is impossible to have wings at once, but man-made things can grow wings. Man changes itself through the object. The relationship between drones and people is ultimately the relationship between people and themselves, the intertwined relationship between individuals and individuals, individuals and groups. Man places this relationship, adjusts this relationship, combines this relationship, and creates this relationship by means of objects. This relationship is both in and beyond time and space.

飞飞飞

Fly Fly Fly

“我们最缺的不是市场，不是资金，甚至也不是技术，而是人——看清楚，想明白，有品位的人。”

“What we lack most is not the market, not capital, not even technology, but people -- people who see clearly, think clearly and have taste.”

大疆有自己的企业信仰，自己的科学精神，自己的企业文化，大疆甚至有些另类，这又有什么关系呢？大疆人平均年龄不到二十七岁，他们是早晨八九点钟的太阳。“对年轻人一味地限制和训导一定是错的。”大疆没有非常严格的职级制约，能解决问题的人可以迅速获得资源支持。几年前，一位还在大疆实习的年轻人，想出了能让无人机脚架折叠的设计方案，解决了无人机在航拍过程中三百六十度拍摄而不会被脚架阻挡的问题。——多好的创意啊!

DJI has its own corporate beliefs, its own scientific spirit, and its own company culture. DJI is even a bit alternative, so what does it matter? The average age of DJI people is less than twenty-seven, and they are the sun at eight or nine o’clock in the morning. “It must be wrong to restrict and admonish young people all the time.” DJI doesn’t have very stringent rank constraints, and people who can solve problems can quickly get resource support. A few years ago, a young man who was still an intern at DJI came up with a design that allowed the drone’s tripod to fold, solving the challenge that the drone could shoot at three hundred and sixty degrees during aerial photography without being blocked by the tripod. -- what a great idea!

创意带来了变革。

Creativity brings about change.

大疆立马在组织上和资金上给予支持——一百多人的团队由这个实习生领导，并投入一千多万元资金，使其设计方案成为现实的可以折叠的无人机产品。研发跟着“问题导向”走，后来，折叠无人机又发展成了变形无人机，接着，航拍一体无人机也面世了。

DJI immediately gave support in organization and funding -- a team of more than 100 people was led by this intern and invested more than 10 million RMB to make its design a realistic foldable drone. Research and development followed the “problem-oriented” approach, and later, the folding drone developed into a deformation drone, and then an aerial photography drone was also created.

大疆的可贵，在于对人才的尊重，只要你有了翅膀，就会给你提供翱翔的天空。大疆的可贵，在于想的不仅仅是赚钱，不仅仅是市场，而是创新，是不惜血本、一心一意地研发创新。有了人才，有了日日不断的创新，天下怎么可能不是大疆的呢？

DJI is valuable because it respects talents and will provide the sky for you to soar as long as you have wings. DJI is valuable because it doesn’t just consider making money or the market, but innovation. It is developing and innovating devotedly regardless of the cost. With talent and constant innovation day by day, how can the world not be DJI’s?

我在大疆采访时，得到消息：三年内，位于深圳西丽的大疆总部新大楼——“天空之城”将拔地而起，横空出世。设计师就是设计美国硅谷苹果总部大楼的那个人。在未来，“天空之城”将成为大疆人造梦和圆梦的乌托邦。在此不便呈现更多细节，但可以这样说，“天空之城”或许会是又一个建筑美学的经典，也或许会成为深圳新的地标建筑。

When I was interviewing at DJI, I got the news that within three years, the new building of DJI’s headquarters in Xili, Shenzhen – “Sky City” will rise from the ground and become a reality. The designer is the same person who designed the Apple headquarters building in Silicon Valley, USA. In the future, “Sky City” will become a utopia for DJI to build and fulfill its dreams. It is not appropriate to present more details here, but it can be said that “Sky City” may be another architectural aesthetic classic and may become a new landmark building in Shenzhen.

随着智能时代的到来，谁掌握了天空，谁就掌握了未来。

With the advent of the age of intelligence, whoever masters the sky will master the future.

飞飞飞——飞吧！大疆！

Fly Fly Fly - Fly! DJI!

人类，请认识你自己

Human Beings, Please Know Yourself

2017年12月8日夜。

The Night of December 8, 2017.

“广州《财富》全球论坛”开幕式上，无人机出尽了风头。广州塔下，一千一百八十架无人机的表演，惊艳了世界。在躁动勾魂的音乐伴奏中，无人机舞动翻腾，各种炫目的图形，变幻莫测地闪耀在激情喷薄的夜空。

At the opening ceremony of “Fortune Global Forum” in Guangzhou, drones made a big splash. Under the Guangzhou Tower, 1,180 drones performed and amazed the world. Accompanied by manic and soul-stirring music, the drones danced and tossed, and various dazzling graphics shone unpredictably in the passionate night sky.

一会儿是“一行白鹭”，一会儿是“财富”，一会儿是“中国版图”，一会儿是“航行的轮船”，一会儿是“盛开的木棉花”。

At times, it is “a line of egrets”, or “wealth”, or “the map of China”, or “a sailing ship”, or “a blooming kapok”.

无人机群，与小蛮腰、东西塔，相映成画，相映成趣，想不完美都不太可能。财富任性，科技任性，艺术任性，三者结合在一起，想怎么嗨就怎么嗨了。

Drone fleet together with the slim waist or the Canton Tower, East and West Tower reflects each other into a fantastic picture, impossible not to be perfect. Wealth, technology and art all are rich and abundant. With the three together, you can be as high as you want.

不过，此次参与表演的无人机并非大疆的产品，而是亿航白鹭的产品。这令我多少有点意外。可是，仔细想想，大疆无人机没有出现在这样的场合，又恰恰符合大疆的逻辑。

However, the drones involved in the show were not DJI’s products, but EHANGEGRET’s products. This was a bit of a surprise to me. However, after pondering, the fact that DJI drones weren’t present in such occasions was exactly in line with DJI’s logic.

就在这届“财富”论坛上，马云放言，人工智能和无人机会取代很多人的就业，而人类将会从事更有创意、更有创造和更有体验的工作，服务业一定会成为未来就业的主要来源。近来，很多场合都少不了马云，又当评委，又写字，又唱歌。说句实话，他写的字，他唱的歌，还真不敢恭维，但他的言论还是有见地的。

At this year’s Fortune Forum, Jack Ma claimed that artificial intelligence and drones would replace many people’s jobs, and that humans would be engaged in more creative and more original work with more experience, and that the service industry would definitely become the main source of future employment. Recently, there have been many occasions where Jack Ma played as a judge, wrote, and sang. To be honest, his calligraphy, his songs are not really impressive, but his words are insightful.

是啊，新时代会面临新的问题，而同时又会拥有更多的机遇。人类有灵魂，有信仰，有价值观。而这些，无人机是没有的。——未来，人该怎么办？

Yes, the new era will face new problems and at the same time there will be more opportunities. Humans have souls, beliefs, and values. And these are what drones don’t have. – In the future, what should man do?

“我……不知道。人该怎么办？”我无法回答这个问题。但有一点可以肯定，人类前行的脚步不会就此停止。人，无论是作为智人，还是作为智神，人只会更有尊严，更有价值，更有创造力。

“I… don’t know. What are people supposed to do?” I can’t answer this question. But one thing is for sure, man’s forward march won’t stop there. Man, whether as Homo sapiens or as the God of Wisdom, man will only become more dignified, more valuable, and more creative.

我抵达深圳的次日，深圳发生了两件具有新时代意味的新闻。其一，腾讯总部员工，上班打卡改为“刷脸”。腾讯总部滨海大厦，真是一座集数字化和智能化为一体的智慧大厦啊！员工进进出出只凭一张真实的脸。当然了，化妆太浓的女生，面上动过美容刀子的女生，还是有点小麻烦的。其二，无人驾驶公交车上路运行。这是一种高度智能化的公交车，车上配有激光雷达、毫米波雷达等智能设备，能辨识红黄绿信号灯，能感知周围情况，并对突发状况做出反应。虽然无人驾驶，但此车能够从容减速避让，紧急停车，障碍物绕行，变道，自动按站点停靠等。总之，比有人驾驶车还规矩，可靠，安全。啧啧，无人驾驶胜过有人驾驶。

The day after I arrived in Shenzhen, there were two pieces of news with the implication of the new era in Shenzhen. First, employees at Tencent’s headquarters now punched in at work by “swiping their faces”. The Binhai Building, Tencent’s headquarters, is really a digital and intelligent smart building! Employees enter and exit only by a real face. Of course, the girls with too much makeup and who did cosmetic surgeries on the face would have some troubles. Second, driverless buses run on the road. This is a highly intelligent bus. Equipped with LIDAR, millimeter-wave radar, and other intelligent devices, it can identify red, yellow and green signals, sense the surrounding conditions, and react to unexpected situations. Although unmanned, this car is able to decelerate and avoid with ease, pull over in an emergency, go around obstacles, change lanes, stop automatically at stops, etc. In short, it’s more disciplined, more reliable, and safer than a manned car. Gee, driverless is better than manned.

本来，当地朋友约我去乘坐，亲身感受一下，结果七差八差错过了机会。不无遗憾。

I was supposed to be asked by a local friend to go for a ride to get a first-hand experience, but it was regretful that I missed the opportunity by incidents.

此时，我手捧着大号标题的报纸，不禁感慨万端了。

At this point, I was holding the newspaper with the large headline in my hand, and I couldn’t help but feel a lot of thoughts welling up.

四十年前，深圳还仅仅是个小渔村。十几条渔船，十几张渔网。空气中日日弥漫着海腥味。那些摇橹的渔民，怎么也没有想到，他们晒渔网晒鱼干的地方，会以最快的速度生长出一座城市，而这座城市又用科技和智慧创造出了一个一个的传奇。

Forty years ago, Shenzhen was just a small fishing village with a dozen fishing boats and a dozen fishing nets. The air was filled with the smell of the sea every day. Those sculling fishermen didn’t anticipate that the place where they dried their nets and fish would grow a city with the fastest speed, and this city has created one after another legend with technology and wisdom.

当年，“时间就是金钱，效率就是生命”——这句中国人熟悉的标语最早出现在深圳街头的时候，曾引起轩然大波。但是，深圳人不争论，而是埋头做事，埋头创新，用“叫得响，数得着”的成果来诠释这句话的深刻内涵。太阳，每天都是新的。四十年，深圳创新的脚步从未停歇。继互联网和智能手机出现之后，人工智能、基因工程、纳米技术、无人驾驶等各类技术也在深圳大放异彩，气象万千。——为什么是深圳？

Back then, “time is money, efficiency is life” -- this familiar Chinese slogan first appeared in the streets of Shenzhen, stirring an uproar. However, Shenzhen people don’t argue, but bury their heads in work and innovation, and used the “well-known, influential” results to interpret the profound meaning of the saying. The sun, every day is new. For 40 years, the pace of innovation in Shenzhen has never stopped. Following the emergence of the Internet and smart phones, artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, unmanned driving and other types of technology has also emerged in Shenzhen. --Why Shenzhen?

大疆人说，没有改革开放，就没有大疆。大疆不是突然间冒出来的，而是改革开放催生出来的。改革开放提升了科技人才的层次和能力水平，反过来，人才带动了信息聚集，生产资料聚集，也强化了科技创新的基础。

The people of DJI say that without reform and opening up, there would be no DJI. DJI did not spring up suddenly but was born out of reform and opening up. The reform and opening up elevated the level and the ability of scientific and technological talents. In turn, the talents has led to the information aggregation and production materials aggregation, which has also strengthened the foundation of scientific and technological innovation.

不驰于空想，不骛于虚声。——或许，这就是深圳的魅力所在吧。

Don’t be immersed in daydream, don’t pursue superficial fame. -- Perhaps, this is the charm of Shenzhen.

苏格拉底说过一句著名的话：“人类，请认识你自己。”

Socrates once made a famous statement, “Man, know thyself.”

不得不承认，此次深圳之行和对无人机的采访，我的固有的观念和思维、常识与经验，以及规则与逻辑，都被改变了。

Admittedly, the trip to Shenzhen and the interview about the drone have changed my inherent concepts and thinking, common sense and experience, as well as rules and logic.

当今世界，不创新不行，创新慢了也不行。无人机呈现了新时代中国人的梦想，显示了人类的智慧和潜力具有无限可能。

In today’s world, no innovation won’t work, nor will slow innovation work. Drones present the dream of Chinese people in the new era and show that there are infinite possibilities of human wisdom and potential.

安·兰德说：“每一代人，只有少数人能完全理解和实现人类的才能，而其余的人都背叛了自己。不过，这并不重要。正是这极少数人将人类推向了前进，而且使生命具有了意义。”

Ayn Rand said: “In each generation, only a few people can fully understand and realize human talent, while the rest betray themselves. However, this doesn't matter. It is these very few who move humanity forward and who give meaning to life.”

我不完全赞同安·兰德的话。但在此，我要向那些造出强国利器和智能美物的人们致敬！正是他们的智慧和创造，改变了世界对中国的看法。正是他们的智慧和创造，让我们这个民族，在面对世界时有了足够的底气和自信。

I don’t completely agree with Ayn Rand. But I would like to pay tribute to the people who build powerful tools and intelligent and wonderful things! It is their wisdom and creativity that has changed the world’s perception of China. It is their wisdom and creativity that has given us, as a nation, enough strength and confidence to face the world.

是的，他，他，他们——没有背叛自己的灵魂。

Yes, he, he, they – didn’t betray their souls.

（原载《人民日报》2018年2月28日）

(Originally published in People’s Daily, February 28, 2018)

卷五：7.附录

附录 Appendix

改革开放40年优秀报告文学存目 Catalog of excellent reportage literature in 40 years of reform and opening up

（作者名空白均为同上） ( Blank author names are as above)

《在湍流的涡旋中》徐迟 In the Vortex of Turbulence Xu Chi

《地质之光》 The Light of Geology

《人妖之间》刘宾雁 Between Man and Demon Liu Binyan

《三十七层楼上的中国》 China on the 37th Floor

《八面来风》黄宗英 The Wind from All Directions Huang Zongying

《橘》 Tangerine

《小木屋》 The Cottage

《扬眉剑出鞘》理由 Unsheathing the Fencing Triumphantly

《倾斜的足球场》 The Tilted Football Pitch

《世界第一商品》World's First Commodity

《元旦的震荡》 The Shock of New Year’s Day

《南方大厦》Mansion in the South

《特邀代表》柯岩 The Invited Representative Ke Yan

《奇异的书简》 The Book of Wonders

《癌症≠死亡》 Cancer≠Death

《美的追求者》 The Seeker of Beauty

《祖国高于一切》陈祖芬 The Motherland Above All Chen Zufen

《挑战与机会》 Challenges & Opportunities

《经济和人》 The Economy and People

《划破夜幕的陨星》王晨张天来The Meteor that Breaks the Night Wang Chen Zhang Tianlai

《一个冬天的童话》遇罗锦 A Winter Fairy Tale Yu Luojin

《省委第一书记》袁厚春 First Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee Yuan Houchun

《百万大裁军》 The Millions of Disarmament

《在这片国土上》李延国 In This Land Li Yanguo

《废墟上站起的年轻人》 The Young Man Rising from the Ruins

《根据地》李延国李庆华 The Base Zone Li Yanguo, Li Qinghua

《无衔将军》李延国许晨 General without a Rank Li Yanguo Xu Chen

《命运》杨匡满郭宝臣 Destiny Yang Kuangman Guo Baochen

《海葬》钱刚 Burial at Sea Qian Gang

《唐山大地震》 Tangshan Earthquake

《洪荒启示录》苏晓康 The Apocalypse of the Flood Su Xiaokang

《自由备忘录》Memorandum of Freedom

《马家军调查》赵瑜 Investigation of the Middle-Distance Running Team Zhao Yu

《革命百里洲》 Revolutionary Bailey Island

《寻找巴金的黛莉》 In Search of Barking’s Daly

《火车头的震荡》The Shock of the Locomotive

《王家岭的诉说》The Telling of Wangjialing Hill

《西路军女战士蒙难记》董汉河 A Memoir of the Female Soldiers of the West Road Army Dong Hanhe

《只有一条长江》Only One Yangtze River

《南京大屠杀》The Nanjing Massacre

《中国的眸子》The Eyes of China

《禅机:1957》Zen Machine: 1957

《战争状态》State of War

《历史沉思录》Meditations on History

《风帆起珠江》The Sails of the Pearl River

《雪白血红》《古老的东方有一条龙》贾鲁生王光明

Snow White and Blood Red There is a Dragon in the Ancient East Jia Lusheng Wang Guangming

《爱河横流》麦天枢 Love River Flowing Wildly Mai Tianshu

《西部在移民》The West is Migrating

《昨天——中英鸦片战争纪实》Yesterday -- a Chronicle of the Sino-British Opium War

《守望家园》徐刚Watching the Homeland Xu Gang

《黄河万里独行客》The Solo Traveler of the Yellow River

《国难》The National Disaster

《苏州老乡》杨守松The Old Town of Suzhou Yang Shousong

《沂蒙九章》李存葆王光明Nine Chapters of Yimeng Li Cunbao Wang Guangming

《大王魂》 Soul of the Great King

《中国知青梦》邓贤Dream of the Chinese Youth Deng Xian

《大国之魂》The Soul of the Great Nation

《中国希望工程纪实》黄传会Chronicle of China’s Hope Project Huang Chuanhui

《我的课桌在哪里?》Where’s My Desk?

《中国新生代农民工调查》Survey of New Generation of Migrant Workers in China

《以人民的名义》卢跃刚In the Name of the People Lu Yuegang

《黑脸》一合Black Face Yi He

《走出地球村》李鸣生 Out of the Global Village Li Mingsheng

《澳星风险发射》 Venture Launch of Optus-2 Satellite

《国家大事》 National Events

《发射将军》 The Launching General

《震中在人心》 The Center of the Earthquake is in the Hearts

《商战在郑州》邢军纪曹岩 Business War in Zhengzhou Xing Junji Cao Yan

《第一种危险》邢军纪 The First Danger Xing Junji

《最后的大师》 The Last Master

《共和国告急》何建明 The Republic is in Emergency He Jianming

《科学大师的名利场》 The Vanity Fair of Science Masters

《根本利益》 Basic Interests

《落泪是金》 Falling Tears is Golden

《江边中国》Riverside China

《那山那水》 That Mountain, That Water

《钢铁是这样炼成的》李春雷 This is How Steel is Made Li Chunlei

《宝山》 Bao Shan District

《摇着轮椅上北大》 Riding a Wheelchair to Peking University

《我的中国梦》 My Chinese Dream

《没有家园的灵魂》杨黎光 The Soul Without a Home Yang Liguang

《瘟疫，人类的影子》 The Plague, Shadow of Man

《大国商帮》 The Great Business Group of China

《淮河的警告》陈桂棣 The Warning of the Huai River Chen Guidi

《中国农民调查》陈桂棣春桃 Survey of Chinese Farmers Chen Guidi, Chun Tao

《用胸膛行走西藏》党益民 Traveling Tibet with Chest Dang Yimin

《守望天山》 A Guardian of the Tianshan Mountains

《无极之路》王宏甲 The Road to Infinity Wang Hongjia

《中国新教育风暴》China's New Education Storm

《唐约道路》 The Reforming Road of Tangyue Village

《农民》王宏甲刘建 Peasants Wang Hongjia, Liu Jian

《大国长剑》徐剑 The Powerful Missle of the Great Nation Xu Jian

《东方哈达》 The Eastern Hada

《浴火重生》 Rebirth from the fire

《中国申奥亲历记》孙大光 A Memoir of China's Olympic Bid Sun Daguang

《大江北去》梅洁 The Han River Goes North Mei Jie

《汉水大移民》 The Great Migration Along Han River

《生命的呐喊》张雅文 The Cry of Life Yawen Zhang

《香港启示录》The Hong Kong Apocalypse

《与魔鬼博弈》The Game with the Devil

《深圳传奇》倪振良 The Legend of Shenzhen by Ni Zhenliang

《国运》吕雷赵洪 The Destiny of the Nation by Lu Lei Zhao Hong

《南方冰雪报告》陈启文 Southern Snow and Ice Report Chen Qiwen

《共和国粮食报告》 The Republican Food Report

《命脉》 The Lifeline

《大河上下》 Up and Down the Great River

《天使在作战》朱晓军 Angels in Combat Zhu Xiaojun

《高官的良心》 The Conscience of a Senior Official

《在大时代的弯弓上》蒋巍 On the Curved Bow of the Big Time Jiang Wei

《我们工人有力量》 We Workers Have the Power

《国之盾》 The Shield of China

《不能缺失的心》沙林 The Heart Can’t Be Missed Sha Lin

《毛乌素的绿色传奇》萧亦农 Looking for the Mu Us Desert: a green legend of China’s desert Xiao Yinong

《一号文件》莫伸 Document No. 1 Mo Shen

《中国农民书》高艳国赵方新 The Book of Chinese Peasants Gao Yanuo Zhao Fangxin

《懒汉治村》徐锦庚 The Lazy Man Rules the Village Xu Jingeng

《玉米人》刘先琴 The Corn Man Liu Xianqin

《低天空：珠三角女工的痛与爱》丁燕 Low Sky: The Pain and Love of Female Workers in the Pearl River Delta Ding Yan

《板仓绝唱——杨开慧手稿还原毛泽东的爱情》余艳 The Swarm Song of Bancang -- Yang Kaihui’s Manuscript Restores Mao’s Love Yu Yan

《粮道》任林举 Grain Road Ren Linju

《猎狐行动》吕铮 Fox Hunt Lu Zheng

《问故乡》王兆军 Ask the Hometown Wang Zhaojun

《中国机器人》王鸿鹏马娜 China Robot Wang Hongpeng Ma Na

《试飞英雄》张子影 Test Pilot Hero Zhang Ziying

《中国速度》王雄 The Speed of China Wang Xiong

《重返1976》袁敏 Return to 1976 Yuan Min

《飞天梦》赵雁 The Manned Spaceflight Dream Zhao Yan

《刀尖上的舞者》沙志亮 Dancers on the Tip of the Knife Sha Zhiliang

《雕刻人生》纪红建 A Life of Carving Ji Hongjian

《乡村国是》 View Rural Development with a National Perspective

《空巢》彭晓玲 The Empty Nest Peng Xiaoling

《最后的龙爪村》孙翠翠 The Last Dragon Claw Village Sun Cuicui

《因为信仰》李万军 Because of Faith Li Wanjun

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