Trans Type EN 13

Muhammad Numan A Study to Explore the Translation Strategies of Idiomatic Expression from Urdu to English ; A Case Study of Sadat Hassan Manto’s Short Story “Khol Do”

Trans_Type_EN_13 Muhammad Numan,Hunan Normal University,China

Abstract

Translation is necessary for developing knowledge and idea, but it also makes the people understand the language and culture of other people or countries. However, equivalence is essential during translation, especially when the translator wants to translate idiomatic expressions in the best possible way. Therefore it is necessary to follow up on some strategies during the translation process. The research work is carried out under the qualitative method with textual analysis techniques as significant. Mona Baker's model for idiomatic expression is explored with the help of different examples from collected data. The primary purpose of this study is to find out which types of strategies are being followed by the translator during the translation process. It was found that translation by paraphrasing, translation by similar words and meaning and translation by similar meaning and different words.

Key words

Translation Strategies, Idiomatic expression, Sadat Hassan Manto, Urdu Literature --Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 09:45, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Introduction

In this chapter, the researcher wants to highlight the different concepts about the fundamental question that "what is idiomatic expression" and the views of various critics, theorists and linguistic experts, and prominent scholars of translation studies.--Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 15:38, 13 December 2021 (UTC) Among them are Lindalorri, Mona Baker, Newmark's, and many more define idioms from their point of view. Secondly, the researcher highlights one of the most prominent literary and short stories writers of the sub-continent Sadat Hassan Manto, his life, literary style, and short stories career. In the last statement of the problem, the objective of the research, which type of strategies was followed in the translation process, purposes of study, and delimitation of studies are explained one by one.

Many critics, theorists, and linguists define idioms differently. However, in general, an idiom is a phrase or expression that typically has a metaphorical, non-literal meaning connected to it. However, phrases can become figurative idioms while keeping the literal meaning of the words. However, according to the Oxford Dictionary of English, a set of words is established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from the meanings of the constituent terms (e.g., over the moon, see the light).

"What is particularly remarkable about idioms is that they can be described in a variety of ways, depending on the roles they fulfilled," writes (Linda 2006: 8). "A string of words whose meaning differs from the meaning supplied by the individual words" is what an idiom is, according to (Larson 1984: 20). Idioms are "at the end of the scale from collocations in one or both of the areas: flexibility of patterning and transparency of meaning," according to (Baker 1992: 23). Idioms are defined by (Yagihashi 2003, 22) as a "collection of words whose meaning cannot be guessed from their meaning.". According to Newmark, “Idioms are word groups whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meaning of individual words.”(Newmark 1981: 11).--Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 15:38, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

The whole meaning of each word that makes up an idiom cannot be considered the idiom's overall meaning. As a result, an idiom should not be translated. To remark that someone is bull-headed, for example, suggests that he or she is obstinate, even though the connotation has nothing to do with the words bull or headed. According to Corelli, English has a sizeable idiomatic base. About 4,000 idioms in American English are drawn from the nation's culture and everyday life. Idioms infect English with a peculiar flavor and offer it remarkable diversity, brilliant character, and color. She also feels that idiomatic expressions not only assist language learners in understanding English culture but also penetrating English people's traditions and lifestyles and gaining a deeper understanding of English history.(Corelli 2006: 53)

The main issue that idiomatic and fixed expressions pose for translators, according to Baker is twofold: "the ability to recognize and interpret an idiom correctly; and the difficulties involved in rendering the various aspects of meaning that an idiom or a fixed expression conveys into the target language. The first challenge that a translator encounters is understanding that she/he is dealing with an idiomatic expression.(Baker 1992: 65)

Sadat Husain Manto's writings also include numerous literary criticism, studies in Urdu, and many translations from Urdu into English. He is credited with having brought Urdu language and literature into the mainstream of contemporary international writing. There is no doubt that Sadat Hassan Manto was the most prolific of all modern writers in the sub-continent. Manto's published a substantial number of short stories during his short literary life span, and novelette gave some master piece work to Urdu literature. The noble laureate Hemingway mentions the lunatic life of great Manto's in his speeches. The current research study aims at discovering and determining the strategies used in translations of "khol do" short stories about sexual violence during partition of sub-continent and "license" a short story which throw light on the behavior of society toward widow his profession which lead toward prostitution by Aatesh Taseer an Indian born translator currently living in London having solid links with native country and culture.(Ahsan 2020: 12-27)--Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 15:44, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Literature Review

In this chapter, the author/researcher defines the strategy and its different definitions from various perspectivess. However, the sole focus is only on the strategy of translation studies. Furthermore, renowned academicians put forward their definition of strategy like Venutti quoted translation strategy as the theory of de construction-sim, which is progressive and future-oriented.(Venutti !995, 35 Krings defines it as the content of the project, while Seguinet divided the term into three steps.(Krings 2000:21). However, Locher defines it as the procedure of solving a problem faced in translating a text. Jaskelaine involves the primary task of choosing the SL text and developed a method to translate it. (Locher 2002:76) In last, the author points out his research work's sole purpose by mentioning different research work on Mento's short stories except for this angle. --Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 16:30, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

The term "strategy" is used in a variety of settings. Many theorists in translation studies have used the phrase "translation methods" interchangeably, although with significant distinctions in meaning and perspective. The following is a collection of more general definitions of the term strategy. A strategy is a long-term set of actions to achieve a specific goal (Wikipedia Committee, n. d.).A methodical plan for improving one's learning performance has been actively altered and mentioned (Instruction Curriculum Reading Glossary, n. d.) A strategy is a well-thought-out, intentional, goal-oriented (with a measurable outcome) approach carried out through a series of actions that can be monitored and modified (Curriculum Learning Literate-Futures Glossary, n. d.)

A collection of particular mental and behavioral procedures is taken to reach a given result. These definitions are general and can be related to different fields of study. This study mainly concerns translation strategies, although the definitions mentioned above can be narrowed down to this research field, as well. Translation strategies have their characteristics, through which one can gain a proper understanding of them. In general, a translator employs a strategy when confronted with a challenge while translating a text; nevertheless, translation methods are not required when translating a text literally. Bergen points out that strategies are not always obvious or straightforward. (Bergen 1996:33)

Although beginners in the field of translation believe they have done a successful translation when they translate word for word and utilize a dictionary, they do not realize that there is still a problem and that adjustments must be made at various levels of the translation. As a result, the most critical purpose of the strategies is to solve problems. "Venuti attempted to put deconstructionist translation theory into practice by proposing the "resistant translation" technique as an alternative to the standard "smooth translation. This technique tries to reverse the colonial concept of translation, English-American culture centralism, and the value of imperialist culture from an ideological standpoint. (Vinute 1998:41).--Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 16:30, 13 December 2021 (UTC) It aims to retain "foreignness" rather than seeking similarity in translation principles and methods. The author believes Venuti's translation strategy is quite progressive and future-oriented, with the development of international communications on an equal footing. However, it will take time to implement fully." (Jianzhong. .Krings 1986, 18) defines translation strategy as "a translator's potentially deliberate objectives for solving concrete translation problems specific translation task in the context of a project."The translators adopted three global tactics, according to Seguinot (i) translating uninterrupted for as long as possible; (ii) resolving surface flaws as soon as possible; (iii) leaving text quality and stylistic problems to the editing stage.(Seguinot 1989:27)--Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 16:30, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Furthermore, Loescher defines translation strategy as "a possibly conscious technique for overcoming a difficulty encountered in translating a text, or any segment thereof."(Loescher 1991:8) As stated in this definition, consciousness is vital in distinguishing strategies employed by learners and translators. "The element of consciousness is what distinguishes strategies from these activities that are not strategic," (Cohen 1998:4) claim moreover, 'Bell' distinguishes between global (whole-text) and local (text segment) techniques and indicates that this distinction is the outcome of several types of translation challenges.(Bell 1998:188)

According to Venuti, "involve the core tasks of picking the foreign text to be translated and establishing a way to translate it."(Venuti 1998, 240). He uses the terms "domesticating" and "foreignizing" to describe them. Ordudari, considering the process and outcome of translation, Jaaskelainen divides methods into two primary categories: some strategies deal with what happens to texts, while others deal with what happens during the translation process. According to Jaaskelainen, product-related strategies entail the essential tasks of selecting the SL content and establishing a technique for translating it. On the other hand, process-related strategies are "a set of (loosely articulated) rules or principles that a translator applies to attain the goals determined by the translating scenario.(Jaaskelainen 2005:15)

Furthermore, Jaaskelainen distinguishes between global and local strategies, stating that "global strategies refer to general principles and modes of action, while local strategies refer to specific activities concerning the translator's problem-solving and decision-making.(Jaaskelainen 2005:16). Newmarkdistinguishes between translation methods and translation procedures. (Newmark 1988, 81) also distinguishes between translation techniques and procedures, writing, "While translation methods are employed for full texts, translation procedures are utilized for sentences and smaller units of language."(Newmark 1988, 221)

Apart from other literature like poetry, drams and other subcultures also produce literary genius in short stories. Monto is one of them. His literature is translated into different languages with a different theme in his work. Apart from the story of division, Manto's books are characterized by powerful female characters. Manto combines the physical brutality of division with the intellectual cruelty that sex and sexuality face inside the Indio Pak subcontinent's social framework (Ranjan 2004, 3). Manto's female characters, according to Ispahani, are characterized by their sexual fragilities, such as sexual humiliation, rape, and prostitution. "They are nearly always victims, with the power only to cause their destruction," she believes. Sakina's body movement reveals how severely she was sexually raped. Sakina's silence and pain depict the savagery of her rape to the point where they lost their ability to communicate. Manto's short stories present another perspective on trauma through the absence of the subject converses (Mehta 2018, 9). Bingo by Tariq Rahman explores sexual repression, social injustice, and war tragedies. Wartime rape has existed since the beginning of conflicts, and penetrators consider it one of their weapons of war (Isikozlu, 2016:13).

The concept of hegemonic binary was introduced by the second wave of feminism, which depicts patriarchal conduct as sexually superior and powerful. At the same time, women are sexually inferior and submissive argue (Marinucci, 2010:15). Sexual trauma serves as a link between the victim and society; it ruins the victim's sense of safety, leads to low self-esteem, and silences them called by (Lewis 2017:54). Saadat Hasan Manto (1912-1955) was one of the most well-known, controversial, and provocative Urdu writers of the twentieth century. Despite being a prolific writer of essays, plays, film scripts, and novels, he was best known for his short tales. Born in Punjab, he began his writing career in Bombay before moving to Lahore, Pakistan, in January 1948, a few months after partition (Hasan 1984:12). Following that, his stories generally centered on a partition, exploring its human effects from various perspectives.

Manto's works are notable for their realism, word economy, dependence on internal components, and, most notably, their abrupt, often distressingly unclear ends (Akhtar and Flemming 1985:9). While Tariq Rahman wrote Bingo, he is a writer, playwright, and critic who has made significant contributions to Urdu literature through his writing. Research work was carried out on the comparison of "bingo" and "khol do." The purpose of this thesis is to compare the two short stories Khol Do and Bingo, both of which focus on women and violence, particularly wartime rape, which makes women more vulnerable than ever before. This paper explores how women are victims of war and partition, making them doubly marginalize primarily due to the hegemonic binaries of men and women. Both of the stories aim to reflect the stigmata of our society regarding the violence and cruel treatment of women since their existence. Furthermore, via the lenses of feminism and post-colonialism, it examines how varied wartime weapons can be for both gender binaries. The writers' audacity causes us to reflect on the inhumane treatment of women in everyday life and even in wartime when they are with the men who are supposed to defend the female..(Ahsan 2020: 12-27)--Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 16:31, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Theoritical Framework

In this paper, various strategies have been used, like using an idiom of similar meaning and similar form, the idiom of similar meaning and different form, translation by Paraphrasing, translation by omission. The approach of employing idioms of similar meaning and form, according to Mona Baker, entails using an idiom in the target language that can express about the same meaning as the source language idiom, as well as having lexical similarity. On the other hand, this type of matching happens periodically as well as regularly.(Baker 1992:13)

Similarly, employing idioms with similar meanings but different forms means that it is possible to locate an idiom or fixed expression in the target text language that has a similar meaning to the source idiom or expression but is made up of distinct lexical elements. Consider the case of English and French, both of which use the idiom mentioned above. In English, one good deed is rewarded with another, whereas in French, handsome deeds are rewarded with handsome deeds.

Furthermore, we did not come across any idioms in the category mentioned above during translating idioms. To deal with this issue, the translators used the most popular approach, known as a translation by paraphrase, which is short, straightforward, and time-saving. When a match cannot be identified in the target language or when it appears improper to employ idiomatic language in target material due to aesthetic differences between the source and target languages, this is the most typical approach for translating an idiom from source to target language. However, one thing to keep in mind is that a perfect translation is not required is necessary or possible.

Last but not least, to overcome the problem of idiom translation, the translator employs the strategy of translation by omission. This can be defined as an idiom being omitted entirely in the target text with a single word. This is done because the idiom has no close match in the target language; its meaning cannot be easily paraphrased or due to stylistic reasons.--Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 16:38, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Data analysis Techniques: Textual analysis is the method of data analysis in qualitative research that brings forth the hidden and potent message, structure, and function of research in giving text, Alan Mckee (defines textual analysis as whenever we perform textual analysis on the text, we make an educated guess at some time of the most likely interpretations that might be made of that text (Alan 2001:3) Analysis of the translation of short stories in light of Mona baker's theory "khol do and license" are short stories written by Sadat Hassan Manto and translated by many translators from Urdu into English. During translation, the translator adopted many strategies for translating idiomatic expression, sometimes by Paraphrasing, sometimes by omission, sometimes using similar idioms of form and meaning while sometimes using different words and the same form, the whole. --Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 09:51, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Discussion and Analysis

The chapter analyzes and discusses all the data collected by the author/researcher from different sources. All the examples of idioms are firstly identified, then translated into the target text, and back-translated for the sole purpose of exploring the strategies being used by the translator. A separate section is given to every strategy with its related example. Moreover, the idiomatic expression, the target work for finding, is highlighted through the bold letter.

4.1 Translation by Paraphrasing:

Based on our findings, the most often used strategy was "translation by paraphrasing." An inspection also reveals that Aatish Taseer preferred this strategy. Here are some examples applied by the translators, and in the following section, the logic behind their preference towards this strategy is elaborate. The following are examples from two short stories of Sadat Husain Manto's "khol do" and "license." Example 1:

ST: Sirajuddin ne subah das baji anki kholi to logo ka aik mutalatam samandar deka.

TT: Ten a.m., Siraj Uddin opens his eyes on the cold floor of the camp, seeing the swelling sea of men.

BT: sub ke das baji jab Sirajuddin ne apni anki koli to logo ka aik ublaha howa samandar ka nizara dekni laga.

So, the above idioms are literal idioms being translated with the help of 'Paraphrasing' because there is no perfect equivalent of mutalatam words in English languages. A similar look at another idiom from short stories "khol do."

Example 2:

ST: Khuda tomahra bala kari.

TT: Your God will reward

BT: Is ka badla khoda tomahi di.

Here, the word reward is being used for Bala Kari, an example of transitional by Paraphrasing. Let take another example from "khol do."

Example 3:

ST: unkho nai Jan khateli pa rak kar sakena ko donda.

TT: even putting their lives online, they search sakina

BT: apni zindagio ko khatri me dal kar unkho nai sakina ko dond nekala.

The above idioms are examples of pure idiom translated from Urdu into English with the help of paraphrases strategies. However, under the same strategies, the idioms of another short story of Manto,s "license," are translated by Aatish Taseer. Some of the examples are given below.

Example 4:

ST: Abu kochwan bara cheel jabela ta. It is the binomial type of idioms taken from the first sentence of the short story "license" by Sadat Hasan Manto

TT: Abu kochwan is stylish man.

BT: Abu kochwan aik wazahdar admi ta.

From the above idiom, it is clear that there is no perfect equivalence of cheela chabela idiom in English; that is, the translator goes through paraphrasing strategies. Look at another example from "license."

Example 5:

ST: Lein har waqat bank bani rekhi ka usi be had showk ta

TT: He had a weakness for style and fashion.

BT: Dan saj ke rekhna uski kamzori me sai ik ta.

So all of the above examples, which are analyzed one by one, are examples of idioms being translated through paraphrasing strategies. Beaugrande and Dressler define paraphrases as "approximate conceptual equivalence among outwardly different material."(De Beaugrande and Dressler 1981, 50) Similarly, in this regard, Hirst defines paraphrases as "talk(ing) about the same situation in a different way." (Hirst 1980:12) Munday declared that "equivalence is particularly useful in translating idioms and proverbs” For instance, if the English idiom like a bear with a sore head is rendered into Persian as (mesle borje zahremar), meaning like a tower of snake venom, the strategy of equivalence has been applied. (Munday 1981:13).--Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 16:55, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

According to Leonardi, "Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in translation." In this regard, house believes that "a translation text should match not only its source text in function but also employ equivalent situational-dimensional means to achieve that function" (Baker 2002:49). who shares this approach, states that equivalence is used "for the sake of convenience—because most translators are used to it rather than because it has any theoretical status" (Kenny 1998:77).

Despite different attitudes to the concept of equivalence, most specialists pay much attention to its meaning in the theory of translation. The translation is a form of communication, and that is why it is vital to establish equivalence between the source text and the target text. Although Vinay and Darbelnet believe that equivalence is used differently than in modern translation theory, it is evident that equivalence is one of the basic concepts of translation that cannot be neglected.Vinay and Darbelnet 1999:18) Consequently, based on the Above mentioned studies using 'Paraphrasing' in translation stands as the core concept in the process of translation, and still, most of the translators cling to it for producing a more comprehensible and explicable text. These language ideas and translation models are ideal constructs, presented abstractly in order to be differentiated precisely. They may exist in an uneasy combination in actual theories and practices, resulting in logical tensions or inconsistencies. They must first contribute to any explanation or interrogation of the situation before they can contribute to any explanation or interrogation of the situation. Theories and actions must be contextualized in historical settings. They've been utilized as analytical tools to describe various topics in section introductions. Theoretical writings and current events these language notions and translation models are ideal constructs expressed in an abstract manner in order to be distinguished precisely in real-life hypotheses they may exist in an uncomfortable mix, resulting in logical conflicts or inconsistencies. They must first contribute to any explanation or interrogation of the situation before they can contribute to any explanation or interrogation of the situation.

4.2 Using an idiom of Similar Meaning and Form

As mentioned earlier, this strategy type is being used by Aatish Taseer during their translated work of Manto's short stories "khol do" and" license" on an occasional basis. Some examples are mention below.

From khol do.

Example 6:

ST: Larki ka rang zard hogaya.

TT: The girl's face became fail

BT: larki ka rang zar hogya.

Similarly, another example from the license is

Example 7:

ST: Abu our us ke mat beer hogaie

TT: They fall in love with each other.

BT: WO ik dosri ke mokhbat me geriftar hogaie

The above idioms are pure ones and are being translated with the help of similar meanings and similar forms.

The procedures: transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation, and when it comes to defining the term Equivalence, (Vinay and Darbelnet 2000:90) propose that it consists in rendering "the same situation … by two texts using completely different stylistic and structural methods", and when it comes to translating idiomatic expressions like "Il pleut à seaux" it can be translated as "It is raining cats and dogs" using the idiom of similar form and meaning in the target language.

As Baker states, this strategy involves using an idiom in the TL which conveys roughly the same meaning as that of the source language idiom and, in addition, consists of identical lexical items. The salient point is that this kind of match can only occasionally be achieved, which cannot be picked up more often by translators. Accordingly, both translators mentioned in the current study had quite a slim chance of using this strategy type.(Baker 1992:12)

4.3 Using an idiom of similar meaning but different form:

During translating Manto short stories, "khol do" and "license," some of the idioms are translated with the help of this strategy. Some of the examples are given below from two different short stories.

Example number one is from the short story "khol do"

Example 8:

ST: Aur bolwai gos ayai thee?

TT: The roitors come abroad.

BT: pasadi bahar agai hai.

The above idiom is a pure type of idiom being translated with the help of above mention strategy. The word rioter is being used for bolwai, which is not a perfect word for bolwai. In Urdu bolwai, people believe in violence when minorities or the low population of any country want some rights. These people stop them by using violence, burn down their properties, rapes women, and do things like that. Another example from the license is below.

Example 9:

ST: Dosri kotwal abu ko dek kar jal ban ho jati.

TT: The other coachman burn with envy.

BT: Abu ke kamyabi dek kar aur kotwal abu sai khasad karni lagi’

The above idioms are a pure idiom that reflects the effect of jealousy between competitors to achieve equivalency. Aatish Taseer uses envy word for jal ban instead of other which have similar meaning but different form. Look at the other example from "license."

Example 10:

ST: Dino lat vo lagal se kam karni laga.

TT: Dino came with an excuse.

BT: Dino abb bahi tarashni laga.

The above idioms are types of binomial idioms translated with the help of idioms with similar meanings and different forms. (Newmark 1988, 81) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that "[w]hile translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" (Newmark 1988: 81). Idiomatic translation in his definition reproduces the 'message' of the original. However, it distorts nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original, leading to using an idiom of similar meaning but a different form. Besides, it is often possible to find an idiom or fixed expression in the target language with a meaning similar to that of the source idiom or expression but which consists of different lexical items (Baker 1992, 12). Therefore, translators discover idiomatic expressions in the target language with different forms than in the source language. In the current study, the translators approached this strategy merely for 9% of the total times, which means the frequency of Iranian and English idioms with the same meaning and different forms is not considered high.

4.4 Translation by omission:

A translator is less using these strategies, and we did not find any clue on this type of strategy in an area under consideration. --Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 09:48, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Findings

Mandelbit believed that idioms with different cognitive mapping in the target language would be more challenging to translate.(Mandelbit 1995:40) After conducting this study and data analysis of collected data, the result revealed that the translator frequently used three out of four strategies of the Mona Baker model during the translation process, which is a translation by Paraphrasing, translation by similar meaning and similar form, translation by similar meaning and different form. In contrast, translation by omission does not found in his work. After detail and careful analysis of data, more than half of idioms like "swelling sea of man,” my lord break his arrogance, “weakness for style and fashion." As I mentioned earlier, many more are translated under the umbrella of Paraphrasing, which is considered the most common method used for translating idioms.

Similarly, it also reflects strategies like similar meaning and different form and similar meaning and similar form. The idiom "rioter came abroad,” burn with envy,” The girl's face became pale, " They fall in love with each other" are translated with the help of two mention strategies, respectively.

Although translation by omission is a strategy used on rare occasions because of its meaning, its meaning cannot be easily paraphrased or stylistic reason. Here, the researcher also did not find any idiom translated with the help of the omission strategy.--Atta Ur Rahman (talk) 17:18, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Conclusion

By going through the detailed discussion and analysis of the data collected, it was finally concluded that the idioms which are present in two short stories, "khol do" and "License," are translated under the frame of Mona Baker's idiomatic model. Translation by Paraphrasing is mainly used while idioms of similar meaning and form and idioms of similar meaning and different forms are used occasionally. The researcher discusses all the strategies with related examples in the order of maximum used to minimum used. The strategy by omission did not find it works. All the data are collected from different sources and analyzed with the help of different researcher tools, and the result is written in light of the finding. Different from previous studies, the writer presents the strategies to translate idioms by each type of idiomatic expression found in the story. From the result, it is considered the translation of idiomatic expressions in the story is quite accurate. As the number of accurate data is more the data which is not related to the translation. We take conclusion from the translation through idiomatic expression and paraphrasing is the best way to translate a novel or a story however it is very difficult job to do because it needs more accurate and precise knowledge about the source language and an inspiring method to express ideas in the target language. However, translation is thing through which we can connect the world with each other and also we can study and observe diverse cultures.  

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