Trans Type EN 3

交际翻译理论指导下小说题材所适用的翻译方法和翻译策略——以韩国小说集《恩珠的电影》(节选)为例

On the Translation Methods and Strategies in Chinese Translation of Korean Novels Guided by Communicative Translation Theory -- A Case Study of Korean Novel Collection Eun-ju's Movie (Excerpt)

刘越 Liu Yue, Hunan Normal University, China

Abstract

There are many translation practices guided by the communicative translation theory, but not many in Korean novels. Through this translation practice, we hope to summarize the translation methods and translation strategies used in the translation of novel subjects under the guidance of the communicative translation theory at the level of vocabulary, utterance and rhetoric. This paper analyses the translation strategies and translation methods of the Korean novels The Innocents and The Goat Family under the guidance of communicative translation theory, hoping to make us aware of the fact that the purest and warmest family and human feelings seem to be getting farther and farther away from us through the human feelings and warmth in the works, so that we can explore together the history and meaning of "family" which is gradually forgotten by us. Let us explore the history and meaning of the "family" that we have gradually forgotten, awakening our awareness of kinship and arousing our emotional resonance.

摘要

在交际翻译理论下指导的翻译实践很多，但在韩语小说方面的翻译实践并不多，希望通过此次翻译实践总结出交际翻译理论指导下的小说题材翻译，在词汇、语句、修辞层面上所采用的翻译方法和翻译策略。本文在交际翻译论的指导下对韩语小说《纯真的人》和《山羊家族》进行翻译策略和翻译方法分析，希望通过作品中的人情冷暖让我们意识到最纯朴最温暖的亲情和人情，似乎离我们越来越远的事实，让我们一起探讨逐渐被我们遗忘的“家庭”的历史和意义，唤醒我们的亲情意识，引起我们的情感共鸣。

Keywords

Communicative translation theory; Korean novels; Translation methods and strategies

关键词

交际翻译理论；韩语小说；翻译方法和策略

Introduction

This section will briefly introduce the emergence and development of communicative translation and the applicability of communicative translation theory in translation of popular novels.

Emergence and Development of Communicative Translation

According to the function of language, i.e. the purpose for which it is used, Newmark proposes the following three text types: expressive function, informative function, and evocative function.

The first type is the expressive text. Its core is the expression of feelings and the conveyance of ideas. In this kind of text, the original author's unique language form and content are equally important. Consequently, with regard to the translation of expressive texts, the translator should follow the "author-first" principle, faithful to the original author's ideas and language form, without considering the target-language readers' reaction. The expressive texts include literary works, personal letters, autobiographies and prose. The second type is the informative text. The core of this kind of text is the external context, i.e. all the information about a topic, or the unspeakable reality. Concerning the informative text, the emphasis is placed on authenticity and the reality outside the language, so the translator should follow the "authenticity-first" principle in translation, with the original author's language in the secondary position. The informative texts include the non-literary works, textbooks, academic papers, newspapers and magazines, etc. The third type is the vocative text. This type has the readers-centered feature, calling on the readers to act, think and feel. Therefore, the translator should follow the "readers-first" principle, making full use of the advantages of the target language, and not confined to the original expressions, so that the translated text can produce the same effect as the source text. The vocative texts include product instructions, brochures, advertisements, etc.

On this basis, the two translation concepts, communicative translation and semantic translation, are proposed. Newmark believes that the communicative translation theory emphasizes the recipients' or readers' understanding and reaction, and focuses more on the effect that the translation generates than its content. With communicative translation, the translator can give full play to the advantages of the target language, and introduce foreign elements into the target-language culture through domestication and idiomatic translation. At the same time, semantic translation attaches importance to the original text, keeps an eye on its semantic content and strives to preserve the source-language culture, featuring the advantages of literal translation and faithful translation. Communicative translation is suitably applied in informative and attractive texts such as autobiographies, personal emotional declarations, important statements, most non-literary texts, news, intellectual articles and books, textbooks, reports, scientific and technical literature, official correspondence, promotional materials, advertisements, announcements, as well as popular fiction. Newmark's communicative and semantic translations have largely enriched the study of translation theory and influenced translation field.(Yang 1989: 68-71)

Applicability of Communicative Translation Theory in Translation of Popular Novels

First of all, communicative translation theory accentuates the core that the translation, based on its faithfulness to the content of the original text, lays stress on the readers' understanding ability and feelings, and pays more attention to the expressive effect of the target-language text than its content. The translator can take advantage of the target language and get rid of the constraints of the language structure of the original text. If the original text is illogical and ambiguous with redundant words and ambiguities in the sentences, as well as dialects, coarse slang and other peculiar language phenomena, the translator has the right to reorganize the syntactic structure, and use collocations as well as common sentence patterns in accordance with the habits of the target language, so as to render the language more standardized and natural and to improve the quality of translation. And the translator is also entitled to correct the errors and omissions in the original text. (Shuang 1999 (05): 840)

Secondly, according to Newmark's classification of text types, communicative translation theory is applicable to vocative texts, which stress their inspirational effect and take the target-language readers as the center. The purpose of translation is to elicit the expected response, which also resides in the translation of popular books and best-selling novels. The common goal of communicative translation and the vocative text is to enable readers to think and resonate emotionally. Additionally, the novel, consisting mainly of characters, plots and environmental descriptions, often reflects the social reality. And it is a literary genre that conveys thoughts and feelings and arouses readers'empathy, hence the novel falls into vocative text, and communicative translation theory is available to novel translation.

The most important thing in novel translation is to convey the content of the original text and the author's thoughts and feelings to the readers, and to arouse the readers' deep thinking and empathy. When translating a novel, the translator should describe the plot of the original text and try to get close to the literary image depicted by the original author and the literary artistic conception created in the novel.

Only limited to the content and textual structure of the original text, the translators will violate the initial intention of translation, making the translation obscure and unclear. Under the guidance of communicative translation theory, the translators can bring the advantages of the target language to full play, modify and polish the original text, adjust the logic of expression, eliminate the differences between the original text and the target text, so that the translation can be more smooth. Meanwhile, the translators can also pay more attention to the target-language readers, take their reading habits and thinking mode into full consideration, and employ easy-to-understand language to convey the information of the source text and the original author's thoughts and feelings, attempting to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.

Case Study Under the Guidance of Communicative Translation Theory

Guided by Peter Newmark's communicative translation theory, the paper will carry out analysis of translation strategies in two short stories "The Innocent Man" and "The Goat Family". Under the guidance of communicative translation theory, this section adopts the strategies of translation modification and meaning extension to solve the problems of ambiguous and implicit sentences in novels. At the sentence level, the strategy of paraphrase, syntactic and translation is adopted. In the aspect of rhetoric, this paper adopts the translation strategies of addition and repetition, and makes a case study to explore and summarize the translation methods and strategies applicable to novel subject matter under the guidance of communicative translation theory.

Translation Strategies and Methods under Communicative Translation Theory at Lexical Level

This section, under the guidance of communicative translation theory, will elucidate the application of translation strategies in Korean novel at the lexical level, such as conversion and extension.

Conversion

Conversion at the lexical level refers to the change of parts of speech in the original text, such as the conversion of nouns into verbs, adjectives into verbs, etc., so as to make the translation conform to the target-language expression habits. As a result of the fact that different languages have different linguistic phenomena and cultural backgrounds, in order to make the translation more in line with the expression habits of Chinese language and convey the correct meaning of the original text to the Chinese readers, the words word in the Korean sentences cannot be translated too rigidly, and sometimes the word class in the original text should be changed when translating. (Chen 1994) For example,

Eg.1 그럴 때의 아이는 이제 노인이 아니라 소년가장 같았다.

First translation：那一刻我觉得孩子不像老人，而像少年家长。

Retranslation：那一刻我觉得他不像一个历经沧桑的老人，而像一个饱经世故的孩子。

"소 년 가 장" is a noun, the author looked up Chinese dictionary, found "소 년 가 장" in Korean means "가 정 의 생 계 를 실 질 적 으 로 책 임 지 고, 어 렵 게 생 계 를 유 지 하 는 소 년", at the beginning of translation, in accordance with the original literal translation is "young parents", but is not in conformity with the Chinese expression habit, it is not easy to let Chinese readers understand, The author in the guidance of communicative translation theory, through the network search and found the dictionary lookup "소 년 가 장" and Chinese proverb "the poor children early master" has the same effect, but here can make statements impassability, in order not to cause the reader to understand the problems, the author give full play to the advantages of the Chinese, the author by using the method of adaptation, Phrases collocation and considering the Chinese habit, the term "소 년 가 장" divided "소 년" and "가 장" two nouns, and the term "가 장" translated into adjectives "world", the "소 년" translated into "children", both to convey the meaning of the original, and can make readers easily understand the content.

Eg.2：거기에 아이가 자신을 만나려 하지 않기 때문에 돈을 주지 않는 것이라는 비난의 말이 반복해서 쓰여 있었기 때문이다.

Translation ：文件上反复指责说孩子不想认他这个父亲，所以不给抚养费。

In the original text 비 난" is a noun, the author according to the original text in translation translated into "document and is accused of child, father didn't want to see him the accused, so not to support", at the same time with the two accused, groundwork or at the back of the verb "blame", also make the repetitive, so the author under the guidance of communicative translation theory, When translated again, the noun "비 project-oriented" is translated into the verb "blame", so that the translation is easy to understand.

Extension

Extension refers to the translation method by which the essence of the original text can be accurately expressed through the use of some expression methods in line with the expression habits of Chinese and the selection of exact and idiomatic Chinese words, according to the internal coherence of the context.

Eg.3：①텔레비전을 쳐다보던 아이가 대뜸 내밷었다. ②동식이 집을 나서자마자 엄마는 휴이히히히, 하는 기괴한 한숨을 길게 내뱉었다.

Translation：①正在看电视的儿子突然吐槽道：“妈，你快看，电视里那个人真像我爸”。 ②母亲就“唉！”长长地叹了一口气。

The author by looking up the dictionary, in the original "내 밷 다" has two meanings: (1) 입 안 에 있 던 것 을 입 밖 으 로 뱉 어 내 보 내 다. (2) 마 음 에 내 키 지 아 니 하 거 나 못 마 땅 한 어 조 로 불 쑥 말 하 다. Chinese meaning is "vomit, and said," the author under the guidance of communicative translation theory, reader's expressions and words in Chinese habit as the center, contact the original context and context, considering the words collocation, adopt the method of the extension, the "내 밷 다" translated into "fun" and "sigh", not only conforms to the present context, and in accordance with the Chinese language habits.

Eg.4: ①그러니까 엄마는 내가 돈 얘기 할 것을 미리 알고서 지금 차단막을 치는 것이리라. ②형이 옆구리를 툭 치며. ③까지는 살큼 익혀서 찬지름 치고 조선간장으로 조물조물 무쳐노면 고기반찬보다 낫드라.

Translation：①但母亲好像早已看透了我的心思，先堵住了我的口。 ②大哥用胳膊肘戳了我一下。 ③蒸个七八分熟的时候撒上香油好好拌一下就行了，这样比那些荤食都好吃。

The verb "치" would give many different meanings with different words, such as ①"beating, beating, beating, playing".② take, base, wrap, erect, ③ feed, feed, etc. On the basis of communicative translation theory, and fully understand the original meaning, context, and considering Chinese words collocation is used, depending on the context, the extension method was adopted, will "치 다" translated into "blocking", "stamp", "and" verb, such as to conform to the Chinese habits of expression.

Translation Strategies and Methods under Communicative Translation Theory at Syntactic Level

Communicative translation theory points out that the translator should give full play to the advantages of the target language and enable the translation to conform to the expression habit of the target language, leaving no arcane to readers. Since Korean and Chinese belong to different language families, there are distinctions in their expression habits. This part, with communicative translation theory as the theoretical basis, will analyze the translation methods at syntactic level in two short stories "The Pure Man" and "The Goat Family". The three methods that will be mainly discussed are interpretation method or paraphrase, demolition syntax or deconstruction, and cotranslation.（Li 1994）

Interpretation method

Interpretation method is also known as hermeneutic method or paraphrase. Considering the differences in expressions habits between Chinese and Korean, in the process of translation, paraphrase method can be used to diminish some ambiguities in sentences, which can not only clarify the sentences in the translation, but also accurately convey the original author’s purpose.

Eg.5：어느날, 아이가 눈에 보이는 사물들을 가리켜 얼마짜리냐고 물었을 때, 어떤 행위를 가리켜 얼마 받느냐고 물었을 때, 나는 어린것이 별걸다 궁금해한다고 면박을 줬다. 면박을 주는 것으로 마음에 이는 민망함을 무마시켰다. 아이의 입에서 처음 돈 얘기가 나왔을 때, 그때 나는 이미 알아챘어야 했는지도 모른다.

First Translation: 当某一天，孩子们指着各种东西问花了多少钱，挣了多少钱时，我当面斥责说“小孩子家家的，真是什么都好奇”。我以这种当面驳斥的方式来掩饰心中的尴尬。当我第一次从孩子嘴里听到关于钱的话题时,我可能就已经觉察到了些什么。

Retranslation: 当某一天，孩子们指着各种东西问价格时，我当面斥责说‘小孩子家的，问这个做什么’，以此来掩饰我内心的尴尬。当我第一次从孩子嘴里听到关于钱的话题时，我可能已经觉察到时代变了，我那‘不知钱为何物’的时代过去了。

The author at the beginning of the translation of "그 때 나 는 이 미 알 아 챘 어 야 했 는 지 도 모 른 다", literal translation is "I may already have noticed what", but the specific perceive what is not clear, causing distress to Chinese readers, by contacting the above learned that the "I" as a child is the hairpin, objects such as pottery fragments, But now the child is the "money", the author under the guidance of communicative translation theory, to the readers, adopting the tactics of interpretation method, interpreted "I perceived that the" content "I might have been aware of The Times have changed, I that 'I don't know the money was the era of the past", thus the author want to convey the original concept of the era of the change of the clear expression come out.

Eg.6：영호야, 명절 때만이라도 꼭 아빠한데 가봐, 가기 싫으면 연락이라도 드리고.아빠가 아무리 네 맘에 안 들더라도 너는 네 할 도리를 해야 떳떳한 사람이 되는 거야,알았지?

First Translation: 永浩呀，无论你多么讨厌爸爸，逢年过节的时候也应该去一趟爸爸家，即便不想去也要打一个电话。只有做了自已应该做的才能做一个光明磊落的人，知道吗？

Retranslation: 永浩呀，无论你多么讨厌爸爸，逢年过节的时候也应该去一趟爸爸家，即便不想去也要打一个电话。为人处事和忠孝贤良是亘古不变的，要想做一个光明磊落的人，就要做好自己的分内之事，知道吗？阿姨的话要记住哦。

Early in the translation of "너 는 네 할 도 리 를 해 야 떳 떳 한 사 람 이 되 는 거 야", the corresponding Chinese literal translation is "only do oneself should do can do a aboveboard person", but "할 도 리" what, did not explain clearly in the original, need the reader to consider, in order not to leave readers obscure place, The author puts the advantage of Chinese into full play and interprets "up 도 wish to be good" into English by means of context and translation theory. At the same time, I also think that this is the advice of adults. It is necessary to tell him this truth in a soft and powerful tone. After this sentence, "Remember what aunt said" is added to make the original meaning clearly conveyed to readers, so that readers can better understand the original content.

Demolition Syntax

Deconstruction is the breaking down of a long sentence into several shorter sentences. As Korean and Chinese belong to different language families, there are many differences in syntax. The word order of Korean sentences is the structure of SOV, and narration is the main body and focus of the sentence, and there are a large number of long sentences, which rely on word endings to express various grammatical meanings. No amount of sentence elements will cause meaning confusion.(Yang 1989)

However, the word order of Chinese sentences is the SVO structure, which depends on vocabulary, function words and word order to distinguish sentence components, so the sentence structure is simple, mainly short sentences. The translation of Korean long sentences into Chinese sentence groups can make the translation logical, smooth and accurate.

Eg.7：동식의 이혼에 책임이 없다고 할 수는 없는 형제들이 돈을 모아 동식에게 새집을 지어줬는데 집안 새것이면 뭐 하냐고 동식이 폭력을 휘두를 조짐을 보이자 그 팔아 종류의 폭력을 아버지에게 당해본 엄마는 지레 겁을 먹고 소를 팔아 동식에게 새장가 갈 자금을 쥐여줄 수밖에 없었다.

First Translation：掺和东植离婚案的兄弟姐妹们凑钱给东植盖了新房子。挨过父亲打的母亲因为对东植这种动不动就挥拳头打人的行为心有余悸，并觉得只有新房子没用，就把牛卖了给东植娶了新媳妇。

Retranslation：掺和东植离婚案的兄弟姐妹们凑钱给东植盖了新房子，母亲因为挨过父亲的打，所以对东植这种动不动就挥拳头打人的行为心有余悸，觉得只有新房子无济于事，改不了他的暴力行为，索性就把牛卖了给东植娶了新媳妇。

The original text Is a long sentence, "는 데" is a long attributive clause, behind the author under the guidance of communicative translation theory, using the translation, in the resolution of a sentence, adjust the structure of the sentence, but his father mother "dragged" compared to read man translationese is too heavy, have the taste of Korean Chinese, is not in conformity with the Chinese expression habit, the author on the basis of this, The translation has been revised and polished to make it smooth and smooth.

Cotranslation

Cotranslation, also known as combination, refers to the translation method by which two or more sentences in the original text are combined into a single sentence in the target-language text. The use of combined translation can reduce long-windedness and redundancies in translation, obtaining a smooth, natural and lucid translation.

Eg.8 ：나는 큰오빠와 작은오빠가 아버지가 남긴 논을 가져간 것을 알고 있었다. 큰언니, 작은언니가 결혼할 때 밭을 가져 갔다는 것도. 동식은 제 몫이 논도 밭도 아닌 집인 것에 불만을 품고 쓰러져가는 슬레이트집에 불을 질렀다.

First Translation：我知道大哥和二哥结婚时分走了家里的水田，大姐和二姐结婚时分走了家里的旱地，东植因为分到的不是田和地，而是即将坍塌的的石板屋，一气之下就在屋里放了火。

Retranslation：哥哥姐姐们结婚时把家里的水田和旱地都分走了。而东植分到的是即将坍塌的的石板屋，他对此很不满，一气之下就放火烧了房子。

Are two sentences in the original, the author first translation, according to the original text translated into two other subject-predicate bin structure of the sentence, but "big sister" "big brother" "sister" "second brother" will be read repetitive, so the author under the guidance of communicative translation theory, adopt the method of r the appellation of original elements became the "brothers and sisters", and the two sentence elements into a simple sentence, Reduce redundant redundant.

Translation Strategies and Methods under Communicative Translation Theory at Rhetorical Level

In view of communicative translation theory, the translator should take the readers to heart, and pay more attention to the expression effect compared to the conveyance of the content. The excellent expression effect that can engender the readers' resonance and lead them to think majorly resorts to the use of rhetoric. This section, guided by communicative translation theory, will enunciate the translation methods at the rhetoric level employed in the Chinese translation of the two Korean short stories.

Addition

Addition is a translation method by which some items should be added to the target-language text in order to accurately express the meaning of the source text, make the translation correspond with the expression habits of the target language and meet the the target-text readers' needs. Since Chinese and Korean have different pragmatic ways and expressive modes, some specific words or sentences should be added in the translation to render the translation more consistent with the Chinese context, the readers' reading habits and the concrete meaning of the original text.(Si 2005)

Eg.9：나는 아이 아빠의 돈을 ‘그깟 돈’이라고 표현했다.

First Translation：我把孩子爸爸的钱称为“那么点儿钱”。

Retranslation：我把孩子爸爸给的钱称为“塞牙缝的钱”。

"그깟" is a contraction of "그까짓". It means so little, so little. The amount of money given by the father of the child is very small. The author under the guidance of communicative translation theory, give full play to the advantages of target language, adopt the method of thickening of translation, the use of metaphor, the "그 깟 돈" translated into accord with the readers expression habit "for all of the money", making it easy to understand, more intuitive said the little amount, so as to impress the reader.

Repetition

Repetition refers to the translation technique of appropriately repeating a part of words or sentences in translation. The repetition method can make the meaning of the translation more clear, further strengthen the appeal of the article, highlight the thoughts and feelings of the article, and achieve a good rhetorical effect.

Eg.10：아비를 한번도 찾지 않다가 돈 달라고, 그것도 법정에서 애 얼굴을 봐야 하는 아비 된 자의 참담한 심정을 당신들이 아느냐고.

First Translation：孩子一次也没来看过我这个父亲，却开口要钱？而且只有上了法院，我才好不容易看孩子一眼，你们理解我这个做父亲的心情和处境吗！

Retranslation：孩子一次也没来看过我就跟我开口要钱，只有上了法院，我才好不容易看孩子一眼，我这个做父亲的苦楚，悲凉的的心情，你们理解吗！理解吗！

The author by contacting the specific context, as a father, no contact for many years but children themselves to court, the state of mind should be both angry and sad, based on the theory of communicative translation, using the skill of verb repetition, to "알 다" repeated translation, to emphasize my angry tone, in order to make the article more vivid and accurate meaning.

Conclusion

This paper selects the south Korean writer Kong Shanyu's two short stories "The Innocents" and "The Goat Family" excerpted from the novel collection Eun-ju's Movie, and interprets translation strategies and methods at lexical, syntactic and rhetorical levels in their Chinese translations, under the guidance of Peter Newmark's communicative translation theory. The two stories both boast the simple and natural language as well as a small amount of Korean dialects, along with the lifelike characterization, describing family members of the past and making a contrast between the past and the present reality. The two short novels reflect the social reality that with the development of society, people have become selfish and indifferent, and the family warmth and human feelings seem to be more distant from the individuals, so as to explore the history and significance of the "family" as well as the simple and harmonious social atmosphere, which are gradually forgotten by Koreans.(Kang 2018)

According to Peter Newmark's communicative translation theory, translation should be faithful to the source text, and the translator can give full play to the advantages of the target language, get rid of the constraints of the source-language structure, and focus on the expressive effect that the target-language text produces. What's more, in the light of the text types categorized by Newmark, communicative translation theory applies to appeal or vocative texts, which keep a close eye on the target-language readers and intend to elicit the desired response, and popular books and novels fall into this text type. Besides, the common goal of communicative translation theory and appeal text is to make readers think and resonate emotionally. In a word, the interpretation of translation strategies and methods in Chinese translation of Korean novels guided by communicative translation theory is feasible.(Gao 2013)

From the analysis in the lexical aspect, this paper demonstrates that the translation techniques --- conversion and extension --- are used in Chinese translation of these two Korean short stories. Such Chinese translation, fully considering the context and taking Chinese readers as the center, complies with the Chinese expression and language habits. Given the readers' understanding capability, the translator employs conversion of word class and extension of lexical meaning, so as to satisfy the needs of both the original readers and the target-language readers. Meanwhile, the use of conversion and extension also ensures the accuracy and flexibility of the translated vocabulary. At the syntactic level, the original two stories embrace a lot of long sentences and attributive clauses, as well as some sentences with relatively obscure substances. Thus, the adoption of paraphrase, deconstruction and combination, which re-explain, split, reorganize the sentences, reduces ideographic unclarity as well as long-wined sentences and diversify the sentence patterns, rendering the translation close to the target-language readers. In the rhetorical respect, communicative translation theory attaches greater importance to the expressive effect of the translation compared with the delivery of the content, and the use of rhetoric can result in exceptional expression effect. Consequently, the application of addition and repetition modifies and polishes the original text, so that the artistic charm of the translation can be enhanced, the desirable impression can be deepened, and the readers' reflection and emotional resonance can be aroused.

To sum up, it can be seen that Peter Newmark's communicative translation theory is of guiding significance to the Chinese translation of Korean novels and can provide a reference for future translation practices. With communicative translation theory, the translator who adheres to the "readers-first" principle can get rid of the limitation of the original text, give full play to the advantages of the target language, and adjust the sentence structure and textual logic, so as to further improve the quality of translation.

However, owing to the confined conditions and limited academic capacity, there are also shortcomings in this paper: firstly, the paper takes only two pieces of Korean short stories as examples in case study, so it lacks strong persuasiveness and representativeness; secondly, since there are few researchers on Chinese translation of Korean novels at home and abroad, this paper resorts to insufficient literature guidance and reference. As a consequence, it is expected that researchers in this field can cooperate well to build up a system to minimize the possible errors and create more thorough and holistic works to elaborate on and improve Chinese translation of Korean novels.

References

Chen Lin 陈林(1994).尤金-A-奈达和彼得-纽马克翻译理论的比较[J].A comparison of Eugene A. Naida and Peter Newmark's translation theory [J] . Journal of Xiangtan University (Social Science Edition) 湘潭大学学报（社会科学版）.

Chen Lin 陈林(1994).尤金-A-奈达和彼得-纽马克的翻译理论比较[J].A comparison of Eugene A. Naida and Peter Newmark's translation theories [J] . Journal of Xiangtan University (Social Science Edition) 湘潭大学学报（社会科学版）.

GAO Chang 高阳(2013).The Application of Peter Newmark's Communicative Translation Theory to the Translation of Chinese Historical Allusions [J]. Overseas English.

Gong Seon-ok 공선옥(1995).1980년대, 나의 문학 광주, 나의 인생은 고달프다[J]. In the 1980s, my literature Gwangju, and my life's hardship [J] History of Criticism 비평사.

Jiang Fang 蒋方(2010). Newmark's Translation Theory and Film Names [J]. Overseas English.

Kim Young Hee 김영희(1995). 현대와 색다른 경험과 여성 -- 박만수, 김인숙, 공선옥의소설[J].Modern and Alternative Experience and Women--Park Wan-seo, Kim In-sook, and Gong Sun-ok's novel [J] Creation and Criticism 23(3) 창작과 비평 23（3）.

Kang Young Mi 강영미(2018). 70~80년대 노래자랑의 초보적 회고[J].Preliminary review of the singing movement in the 1970s and 1980s [J] . Mental Culture Research 41(3)정신문화 연구 41（3）.

Li Xin, ZHANG Zhe 李昕，张哲(2015). On Peter Newmark’s Semanic Translation & Communicative Translation[J]. Overseas English.

Osunbang 오센주(2008). 현대 중국소설 번역연구와 한중소설 양방향 번역[J]. A study of the translation of novels in modern China and the two-way translation of Sino-Korean novels[J]. Seoul: Sungsil University Press 서울：순실 대학 출판사.

Si Jitao and Yan Honglan 司继涛、严红兰(2005). 英汉翻译中分句和合句的翻译[J].The translation of split sentences and combined sentences in English-Chinese translation[J]. Journal of Guangxi Right River Nationalities Teachers College 广西右江民族师范学院学报.

Yang Shizhuo 杨世卓(1989).简析纽马克的语义和交际翻译理论[J]. A brief analysis of Newmark's theory of semantic and communicative translation[J]. Fujian Foreign Language 福建外语.