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FInal Paper

                                                     Mazu Culture
                                                        Liu Li

Abstract

 Mazu culture is an important part of China's outstanding traditional culture and one of the main representatives of China's maritime culture. Since the birth of Mazu faith in the early Song Dynasty, Mazu culture, with its broad content, rich ideas and timeless connotations, has been gradually formed in the course of more than a thousand years of historical development and dissemination and evolution. This paper focuses on Mazu culture, by sorting out the historical background of Mazu culture, understanding the development and current situation of Mazu culture, exploring the ideological sources of Mazu culture, and finally summarizing the value and significance of Mazu culture in contemporary times.

Key words: Mazu culture; historical background; cultural influence

Background Introduction

 Mazu was a real figure in history who was gradually deified after her death and became the object of popular belief and worship. There are many different opinions about the time of Mazu's birth and death. However, the current version generally recognized by academics and commonly agreed upon is that Mazu was born on the 23rd day of the third lunar month in the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty (960), and died on the 9th day of the ninth lunar month in the fourth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (987), at the age of twenty-eight. The belief in Mazu, the goddess of the sea, developed on the basis of the traditional primitive religious beliefs of the Baiyue maritime society. Mazu was initially a sorceress in the boat-dwelling society of Meizhou Island in Fujian Province. 

History of Mazu

 During the Tang and Song dynasties, large-scale cultural interactions between Han Chinese immigrants in the central plains and the descendants of Min Yue along the coast of Fujian Province set off a wave of god-making, with local goddesses being introduced to Quanzhou, a major port for overseas transportation at the time, and then being enshrined in the Song Dynasty and identified as the goddess of the sea in the Yuan Dynasty, which led to a qualitative shift in people's understanding of Mazu, gradually transforming it from a witch into a goddess, and giving more reverence to her godly power, which led to a great development of the oceanic humanities of the Hundred-Yue Descendants on the level of religious beliefs. This has led to a great development in the religious beliefs of the marine humanities of the descendants of the Hundred-Yue.

The name ‘Mazu’ originated in the southern Fujian province, so the belief in Mazu in southern Fujian is very widespread, and the number of Mazu temples in southern Fujian is in the hundreds. The temples dedicated to Mazu have various names, including ‘Mazu Temple’, ‘Tian Hou Palace’, ‘Tian Fei Palace’, ‘Niang Niang Palace’, ‘Tian Mu Palace’, ‘Heavenly Mother's Palace’,‘Holy Mother's Temple’ and so on. Later, with the migration of people from Fujian and the radiation of water transportation, the belief in Mazu and Mazu culture were spread to all parts of the country.

Mazu Culture in Different Places

 In the Chaoshan area of Guangdong Province, the culture of Mazu is flourishing, and there are currently more than 700 places where Mazu is worshipped because of the belief in the goddess of the sea that has arisen from the fact that the local people are more engaged in marine production. 

The Chaoshan people make their living by fishing at sea, and there is an old Chaoshan proverb that says, 'A boat that travels on water has three lives.' The Chaoshan people have introduced the culture of Mazu to the area, and have taken Mazu as the embodiment of the goddess of rescue and guardianship of the sea.

 The boat-dwelling people of Beihai, Guangxi have the folk custom of offering sacrifices to the sea, and the fishermen have to go to the Beihai Mazu Temple to ask Mazu to bless them with smooth sailing before they go out to sea, thus forming the traditional custom of offering sacrifices to the sea, which has a history of more than 500 years. Mazu in ancient times with Fujian and Guangdong fishermen spread to Hainan Island, Haikou, Chengmai, Sanya area, the vast number of fishermen generally believe in Mazu, each fishing port is equipped with a Mazu Temple (Tin Hau Temple), etc., the fishermen must come to pay homage before going to sea, in order to seek peace.        
 The Hakka region Mazu worship has also become a common phenomenon, Mazu from the sea to the mountainous areas, in the Hakka ancestors of the process of oral tradition, Mazu has been to fight fires, protection of red baby protection, protection of the territory of peace and security of the people, to help the work of the disaster mitigation and relief of epidemics, droughts and floods, and other functions. In some places, Mazu also has the function of marrying young men and women. If any young man or woman wants to find a sweetheart, then go to the Tin Hau Temple and pray for the blessing of Mazu, and you will surely meet your beloved one. At this time, Mazu was actually not the Mazu of the sea, but the authentic Hakka Tin Hau.
 During the Qing Dynasty, with the rise of the 'Going to the South Seas' trend, people who traveled to other parts of the world also became 'followers' of Mazu. In order to arrive safely in Southeast Asia, they would also worship Mazu before going to sea. As overseas Chinese continued to travel, Mazu culture spread far and wide. Today, there are Mazu temples in more than 20 countries and regions around the world, including France, Canada and Belgium, in addition to Southeast Asian countries. Today, the Mazu faith has more than 200 million followers and more than 5,000 Mazu temples.

Folk Customs about Mazu

 Mazu folk customs are a variety of regularized folk beliefs and practices that have been spontaneously formed by the people over thousands of years. There are many Mazu folk customs, and the following are some of the taboos and aspects of Mazu life. Prohibition of fishing on the birthday: fishermen are prohibited from fishing around the 23rd day of the third month of the lunar calendar on the birthday of Mazu; sticking Mazu's talisman at the gate: believers stick yellow talisman paper with the image of the deity and the scriptures of Mazu at the gate, and there are also woodblock-engraved talismans of Mazu; hanging a mat on the boat when going out to sea: when going out to sea, fishermen in the Putian area often hang a mat on the boat's mast in order to have a safe and windy day; inviting incense to the Meizhou Temple to thank and honor the deity: after receiving the blessings of Mazu to solve difficulties, the people go to the Meizhou Temple and pray to the God of Meizhou for the relief of their difficulties. After solving their difficulties, they go to the Meizhou Ancestral Temple to ask for incense to go home to the incense burner and make a pilgrimage to show their gratitude; 'Holy Grail' Divination: 'Holy Grail', also known as 'Gao Grail', is a pair of half-moon shaped wooden or bamboo divining objects, with one side flat and the other side rounded, and the people throw the 'Holy Grail' three times in a row to observe the front and back in order to account for the good fortune or bad luck; and so on.

Significance of Mazu Culture

 I.Mazu culture helps to build consensus.' The historical heritage of Mazu culture is the only world intangible cultural heritage shared by countries along the Maritime Silk Road.'As a core cultural element of the Maritime Silk Road that has continued since ancient times, Mazu culture has become a common cultural resource of the Maritime Silk Road in the 21st century, prompting countries and regions to reach a cultural identity, increase exchanges and understanding among their people, and work together in the same boat to unite and strive for the same goal. In particular, Mazu culture, as a common identity mark for many Chinese overseas Chinese and a cultural symbol that is respected by both sides of the Taiwan Strait, is conducive to the harmonious development of the two sides of the Taiwan Strait. All these elements remind us of the significance of Mazu culture to the '21st Century Maritime Silk Road', and that it is an important marine spiritual resource for forging consensus and expanding humanistic exchanges, both at home and abroad. 
 II.Mazu culture helps to inspire people. The components of 'filial piety, kindness, loyalty, bravery, and peace' in the 'spirit of charity' of Mazu culture can be intertwined in any country or region, inspiring the world to be good and kind.' The Maritime Silk Road is not only a trade route between China and the rest of the world, but also a channel for the spread and exchange of religion and culture.' As a representative of Chinese folk culture, the Mazu faith also stands out for its spiritual inspiration, constituting a special form of faith that combines land and sea, encouraging people to bravely forge ahead. The 'spirit of charity' of Mazu culture is the core value of Mazu culture created by the people throughout history, which not only has a spiritual inspiring effect in history, but can still be the spiritual driving force of the '21st Century Maritime Silk Road' today, as a spiritual and behavioral guideline to be observed by all countries and regions in order to promote people-to-people exchanges. 
 III.Mazu culture helps to promote peace. Mazu culture has always been a culture of harmony and tolerance, and the footprints of the peaceful and friendly spread of Mazu culture have been witnessed from the Ancestral Temple of Meizhou to the A-Ma temples scattered around the world. It can be said that the values of peace have been deeply integrated into Mazu culture. Its qualities of 'love and peace, justice and courage, freedom and pluralism, tolerance and win-win situation' are highly compatible with the Silk Road spirit of 'peace and cooperation, openness and tolerance, mutual learning and learning, mutual benefit and win-win situation'.

Conclusion Research on Mazu culture in mainland China has developed rapidly after the reform and opening up. Statistics on Mazu research results show an increasing trend in the number of research results, which indicates that there are more and more scholars studying Mazu, and that the importance attached to Mazu culture is constantly rising. The fundamental reason for this is that Mazu culture has an important value and significance in contemporary times, and it is an integral part of the excellent traditional Chinese culture. It is an integral part of China's outstanding traditional culture, and a cultural, moral and spiritual nourishment that is urgently needed in contemporary social life. Therefore, Mazu culture has not only survived for thousands of years through the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, but also has an inexhaustible power to satisfy spiritual and cultural needs in the new era.

Illustration

Terms and Expression Mazu culture 妈祖文化（Mazu Wen Hua） Folk custom offering sacrifices to the sea祭海民俗(Ji Hai Min Su) Holy Grail圣杯(Sheng Bei) Mazu Temple 妈祖庙(Mazu Miao)

Questions 1.What was Mazu's original name?? 2.What dynasty did Mazu culture originate from? 3.What are the effects of Mazu culture?

Answers 1.Lin Mo 2.Song Dynasty 3.Building consensus, inspiring people and promoting peace

Reference [1]蔡国耀.开台妈祖：莆仙与台湾关系史[M].福州：海风出版社，2013. [2]陈祖芬.妈祖信俗非物质文化遗产档案研究[M].上海：上海世界图书出版公司，2015. [3]陈简希.厦门地区妈祖信仰研究[D].哈尔滨：黑龙江大学，2015. [4]Li Zhuang,and Liu Kehua."Cultural Exchange in the East Asian Seas in Light of the Acceptance of Mazu Beliefs by Japanese Sea Gods."Religions 14.3(2023):361-361.

AI Statement I hereby guarantee that I did not use AI in this course to help complete the final paper.

                                                             妈祖文化
                                                         23级英语笔译 刘礼

摘要

 妈祖文化是中华优秀传统文化的重要组成部分，也是中国海洋文化的主要代表之一。妈祖信仰自宋代初年诞生以后，在一千多年的历史发展和传播演变过程

中逐渐形成了内容广博、思想丰富、内涵隽永的妈祖文化。本文以妈祖文化为中心，通过梳理妈祖文化的历史背景，了解妈祖文化的发展与现状，探究妈祖文化的思想来源，最后总结妈祖文化在当代的价值意义。 关键词：妈祖文化；历史背景；文化影响

背景介绍

 妈祖是历史上曾经真实存在的一位人物，死后逐渐被神化成为民众信仰崇拜的对象。关于妈祖的生卒时间众说纷纭。但是当前学术界普遍比较认同的、约定

俗成的版本是妈祖诞生于北宋建隆元年（960）农历三月二十三日，逝世于北宋雍熙四年（987）农历九月初九日，享年二十八岁。妈祖海神信仰是在百越海洋社会传统的原始宗教信仰基础上发展起来的，妈祖最初是福建湄州岛疍民社会中的一个女巫。

妈祖的历史渊源

 唐宋时代，中原汉人移民与福建沿海闽越后裔展开大规模的文化互动，而掀起了造神浪潮，地方神女被引进至当时海外交通大港泉州，宋代始被加封，元代确定为海神，使人们对妈祖的认识发生了质的转变，逐渐由女巫变成女神，更加崇信妈祖的神力，使得百越后裔的海洋人文获得了在宗教信仰层面上的大发展。'妈祖'的名称起源于福建闽南地区，所以闽南的妈祖信俗十分广泛，闽南妈祖分灵庙的数量当在几百座。祭祀妈祖的庙有多种名称，有'妈祖庙天后宫天妃宫娘娘殿天母宫圣母庙'等。后来随着福建人口的外迁与水上交通的辐射，妈祖信仰和妈祖文化被传播到全国各地。

各地妈祖文化

 广东潮汕地区妈祖文化兴盛，目前共有祭祀妈祖的场所超700处，因为当地居民较多从事海洋生产而由此产生的海神信仰。潮汕人以出海捕鱼为生，古时有‘行船走水三分命’的潮汕民谚，潮汕人把妈祖文化引进来，把妈祖作为解危救难、海上守护神的化身。
 广西北海疍家人有祭海民俗，渔民出海前都要到北海妈祖庙来求妈祖保佑他们一帆风顺，这就形成了传统的祭海习俗，至今已有五百多年的历史。妈祖在古时候随闽粤一带渔民传播到海南岛，海口、澄迈、三亚一带，广大渔民普遍信奉妈祖，每一个渔港都设有妈祖庙(天后宫)等，渔民出海之前必来拜祭，以求平安。        
 而客家地区妈祖崇拜也成了普遍现象，妈祖从海上来到山区，在客家先民的口传身授的过程中，妈祖已有扑救山火、保赤护婴、保境安民、扶助功业、减灾救疫、防旱防涝等多种功能。在一些地方，妈祖还有为青年男女婚配的功能。如果哪个妙龄青年想找一个如意的心上人，那么到天后宫去吧，祈求妈祖娘娘保佑，定会遇上自己心爱的人。这时的妈祖其实已不是当初海上的妈祖，而是地地道道的客家天后。
 到了清朝，随着'下南洋'风气的兴起，出洋过番的人也成为了妈祖的'追随者'为了自己能够平安到达东南亚，他们也会在出海之前祭拜妈祖。而随着华侨不断外出，妈祖文化也随之远传。时至今日，世界20多个国家和地区，除东南亚各国之外，像法国、加拿大、比利时等地均有妈祖庙。现今，妈祖信俗拥有2亿多信众和5000多座妈祖庙。

关于妈祖的民间习俗

 妈祖民间习俗是在千百年里民间自发形成的各式各样的常规化的民间信仰习俗。妈祖民间习俗众多，关于禁忌和生活方面的妈祖民间习俗有如下。诞辰禁捕：妈祖诞辰农历三月二十三前后禁止渔民下海捕鱼；大门贴妈祖神符：指信众在大门贴上印有妈祖神像和妈祖经文的黄色符纸，也有木版雕刻的妈祖神符；出海船上挂草席：莆田地区渔民出海时常在船的桅杆上挂一草席以求顺风平安；湄洲祖庙请香'谢恩敬神'：指民众得到妈祖保佑解决困难后，到湄洲祖庙请香回家中香炉并朝拜以示感恩；'圣杯'问卜：'圣杯'也称'筶杯'，是一对半月形木质或竹制的问卜法物，一面平坦，一面圆润，民众连续掷三次'圣杯'，观察正反面以占吉凶；等等。

妈祖文化的意义

 一、妈祖文化有助于凝聚共识。'妈祖文化历史遗产是海上丝绸之路沿线国家共同拥有的且是唯一的世界非物质文化遗产。'妈祖文化作为海上丝绸之路从古至今延绵不断的核心文化要素，已经成为 21 世纪海上丝绸之路共同的文化资源，促使各国和地区达成文化认同，增加人民的交流和认识，同舟共济，为同一个目标而团结奋斗。特别是妈祖文化作为许多华人华侨共同的身份标志和海峡两岸共同推崇的文化象征，有利于两岸的和谐发展。这些内容莫不提示我们，妈祖文化对'21 世纪海上丝绸之路'的重要意义，无论在海内外它都是凝聚共识、拓展人文交流的重要海洋精神资源。 
 二、妈祖文化有助于激励人心。妈祖文化'慈善精神'中'孝慈、忠义、勇敢、和平'的成分不管在任何国家和地区都可互融互通，激励世人向好、向善。'海上丝绸之路不仅仅是条中外贸易的线路，也是一条宗教文化传播交流的通道。'妈祖信仰作为中国民间文化的代表，还突出表现在它的精神激励作用，构成海陆结合的特殊的信仰形式，鼓励着人们勇敢地开拓进取。妈祖文化'慈善精神'是历史上由人民群众创造的妈祖文化的核心价值观，不仅在历史上有精神激励的作用，如今仍然可以成为'21 世纪海上丝绸之路'的精神动力，作为各国和地区共同遵守的精神和行为准则以促进民心相通。 
三、妈祖文化有助于促进和平。妈祖文化一直以来都是和谐包容的文化，从湄洲祖庙一直到分布世界各地的妈祖宫庙，都见证了妈祖文化和平友好传播的足迹。可以说，和平的价值观已经深深融入妈祖文化之中。其'仁爱和平、正义勇敢、自由多元、包容共赢'的特质，与'和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢'的丝路精神高度契合。

总结

 大陆对妈祖文化的研究在改革开放之后迅速发展。通过对妈祖研究成果的统计可以发现研究成果数量呈递增趋势，这说明研究妈祖的学者越来越多，对妈祖

文化的重视程度在不断提升。究其根本，就是因为妈祖文化在当代具有重要的价值意义，她是中华优秀传统文化的组成部分。更是当代社会生活亟需的文化道德精神滋养。所以，妈祖文化不仅在历史上经过宋、元、明、清四朝而千年不衰，在新时代也具有满足精神文化需求的不竭动力。

插画

术语表达 Mazu culture 妈祖文化 Folk custom offering sacrifices to the sea祭海民俗 Chalice圣杯 Matsu Temple妈祖庙

问题 1.What was Mazu's original name? 2.What dynasty did Mazu culture originate from? 3.What are the effects of Mazu culture?

答案 1.Lin Mo 2.Song Dynasty 3.Building consensus, inspiring people and promoting peace

参考文献 [1]蔡国耀.开台妈祖：莆仙与台湾关系史[M].福州：海风出版社，2013. [2]陈祖芬.妈祖信俗非物质文化遗产档案研究[M].上海：上海世界图书出版公司，2015. [3]陈简希.厦门地区妈祖信仰研究[D].哈尔滨：黑龙江大学，2015. [4]Li Zhuang,and Liu Kehua."Cultural Exchange in the East Asian Seas in Light of the Acceptance of Mazu Beliefs by Japanese Sea Gods."Religions 14.3(2023):361-361.

AI 声明 我在此保证我在本门课上没有使用AI来帮助完成期末论文。