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| | === 第1節 === | | === 第1節 === |
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| − | [The Father]
| + | 【父親】 |
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| − | M. Sorokov
| + | M・ショーロホフ |
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| − | The sun merely blinked feebly behind the grey-green thickets at the edge of the Cossack village. Not far from the village lay the ferry, which I had to take to cross to the other bank of the Don. I walked across the wet sand, from which rose a putrid smell like that of waterlogged, rotting wood. The path wound out of the brush like the tangled tracks of rabbits. The swollen, crimson sun had already sunk behind the cemetery on the far side of the village. Behind me, through the dry scrub, the vast grey dusk crept slowly.
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| − | The ferry was moored at the bank; pale violet water glimmered beneath it. The oar bobbed gently, swinging to one side, and the oarlock creaked.
| + | 太陽はコサック村の辺りの灰緑色の叢林の向こうで、弱々しく瞬いたところだった。村からさほど遠くないところに渡し船がある。私はこれに乗ってドン河の向こう岸に渡らねばならなかった。湿った砂の上を歩くと、そこから腐敗した臭いが立ち昇ってきた。水に浸った腐れ木のようだった。道はまるで乱れた兎の足跡のように、叢林を縫って蜿蜒と続いていた。膨れて真っ赤な太陽は、すでに村の向こう側の墓地に沈んでいた。私の背後では、枯れた雑木の間を、蒼茫たる黄昏がゆるやかに歩いていた。 |
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| − | The ferryman was scraping the moss-covered hull with a bailer, throwing the water overboard. He raised his head, fixed me with yellowish, crooked eyes, and asked ill-temperedly, almost as though scolding:
| + | 渡し船は岸辺に繋がれ、淡い紫色の水がその下から覗いていた。櫓は軽く跳ね、一方に回りながら、櫓臍もきいきいと鳴っていた。 |
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| − | "Want to cross? We'll go at once. I'll cast off now."
| + | 船頭は柄杓で苔の生えた船底を掻き、水を外に汲み出していた。頭を上げ、黄色みがかった斜視の目で私をじっと見て、不機嫌に、罵るように尋ねた。 |
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| − | "Can we set out with just the two of us?"
| + | 「渡るのかね? すぐ出すよ、今から纜を解く」 |
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| − | "We'll have to. Night is falling soon. Who knows if anyone else will come." He rolled up his trouser legs, gave me another look, and said:
| + | 「二人きりで出せるのか?」 |
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| − | "You look like a stranger, not from around here. Where have you come from?"
| + | 「出すしかないさ。すぐ夜になる。誰が来るか分かったもんじゃない」。彼は裾を捲り上げ、また私を一瞥して言った。 |
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| − | "I'm back from the camp."
| + | 「見たところ、あんたはよそ者だな、うちの者じゃない。どこから来た?」 |
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| − | The man put his cap in the boat, shook his head, brushing back his black hair that gleamed like Caucasian silver, winked at me and bared his rotting teeth:
| + | 「陣営から帰るところだ」 |
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| − | "On leave, or is it one of those things — on the sly?"
| + | 男は帽子を小舟の中に置き、頭を振って、黒いカフカスの銀のような髪をかき分け、私にウインクし、虫食いの歯を見せた。 |
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| − | "I've been discharged. My term of service is up."
| + | 「休暇を貰ったのかい、それとも、まあそういうことで――こっそりと?」 |
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| − | "Oh … oh. So you can take it easy now …"
| + | 「除隊したんだ。年限が満了した」 |
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| − | We began to row. But the Don, as if playing a joke, kept carrying us into the fresh trees of the forest submerged along the banks. The water struck the fragile keel, making a distinct sound. The ferryman's bare feet, laced with blue veins, looked like bundles of coarse muscle. His soles, blue with cold, gripped the slippery crossbeams with tenacious firmness; his arms were long and powerful, his knuckles swollen and protruding. He was lean, narrow-shouldered, bent over, rowing with stubborn endurance, yet the oar deftly sliced through the wave crests and plunged deep into the water.
| + | 「ああ……ああ。じゃあのんびりできるわけだ……」 |
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| − | I heard the man's steady, untroubled breathing. From his woolen sweater came the pungent smell of sweat and tobacco and the flat odor of water. Suddenly he set down the oar, turned to me, and said:
| + | 我々は櫓を漕ぎ始めた。だがドン河は冗談でもするかのように、我々を岸辺に浸った森の若木の中へと運び込んでしまう。水が壊れやすい竜骨に当たり、はっきりとした音を立てた。青い血管の浮き出た船頭の赤い裸足は、太い筋肉の束のようだった。冷たさで青ざめた足裏が、滑りやすい斜梁にしっかりと踏みしめられ、腕は長くたくましく、指の関節はどれも太く膨れ上がっていた。彼は痩せて肩が狭く、腰を曲げ、辛抱強く櫓を漕いでいたが、櫓は巧みに波頭を切り開き、深く水に入っていった。 |
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| − | "Looks like we can't get through. We're going to be crushed here among the trees. Damn!"
| + | この男の均一で妨げのない呼吸が聞こえた。彼の毛糸のシャツから、汗と煙草と水の淡い味の混じった鼻を突く臭いが湧き出していた。彼は突然櫓を置き、振り返って私に言った。 |
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| − | A surge of water drove the boat against a steep rock. The stern swung violently, and then the boat kept listing toward the forest.
| + | 「どうやら入れそうもないな。この林の中で押し潰されそうだ。参ったな!」 |
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| − | Half an hour later, we were wedged firmly among the trees of the flooded forest. The oar had snapped. On the oarlock, the broken splinters swayed back and forth. Water poured in through a hole in the bottom. We had to spend the night in the trees. The ferryman clamped his legs around a branch, squatted beside me, smoked his pipe, chatted, and listened to the wingbeats of wild geese slicing through the murky darkness above us.
| + | 一つの激しい波に打たれ、船は峻険な岩にぶつかった。船は船尾を力いっぱい振り、そのまま傾いて森の中へ進んでいった。 |
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| − | "Mm, mm, so you're going home; your mother is waiting — she knows: her son is back, her provider is back; her old heart will grow warm. Yes … But you surely know, too, that she, your mother, worries about you by day and sheds bitter tears at night, and she counts it all as nothing … They're all like that, when it comes to their beloved sons: they're all like that … Unless you've raised children yourselves, you'll never know the suffering in your parents' hearts. But every mother and father must endure so much for the children!
| + | 半時間後、我々は浸水した森の木々の間にしっかりと挟まれてしまった。櫓も折れた。櫓臍の上に、折れた破片がゆらゆらと揺れていた。船底の穴から、水が滔々と船の中に湧き入ってきた。我々は木の上で夜を過ごすほかなかった。船頭は足で枝に巻きつき、私のそばに蹲って、パイプを吹かしながら話し、頭上のペースト状の暗がりを切り裂く雁の羽ばたきの音に耳を傾けていた。 |
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| − | It happens: when gutting a fish, the woman bursts its gall bladder. Then you scoop up the fish soup and it's too bitter to swallow. That's how it is with me. I live, but I must always swallow great bitterness. I endure, I hold on, but I also think from time to time: 'Life, life, when will this accursed life of yours finally come to an end?'
| + | 「うむ、うむ、あんたは家に帰るところだな。母親がもう家で待っとるよ。知っとるんだ、息子が帰ってきた、養ってくれる者が帰ってきたと。年老いた心が温まるんだ。そうさ……だがあんたも知っとるだろう、母親というものは、昼はあんたのことを心配し、夜は辛い涙を流しとる。だが何でもないことだと思っとる……母親はみなそうだ、自分の可愛い息子のためならば。みなそうなんだ……自分で子供を生んで育ててみなければ、親の苦しい心は分からんものだ。だが父親であれ母親であれ、子供のためにどれほど苦しまねばならんことか! |
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| − | You're not a local, you're a stranger. Tell me — perhaps I'd better put a rope around my neck.
| + | こういうことがあるもんだ。魚を捌く時に、女がその苦胆を破ってしまう。そうすると魚の汁を掬い上げても、苦くて飲めやしない。わしもまさにそうだ。生きてはおるが、いつも大きな苦しみを呑まねばならん。耐えて、堪えて、だが時々こう思うんだ。『人生よ、人生よ、いったいいつになったらお前のこの腐り切った生活の幕が下りるんだ?』 |
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| − | I have a girl; her name is Natasha. She's sixteen. Sixteen. She said to me, 'Papa, I don't want to eat at the same table with you. When I see your hands,' she said, 'I remember that you killed my brother with those hands, and I lose my senses.'
| + | あんたは地元の者じゃない、よそ者だ。教えてくれ、わしはいっそ首に縄をかけた方がいいんじゃないかね。 |
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| − | But for whose sake was all that done? The foolish girl doesn't know. It was for them, for the children.
| + | わしには娘が一人おる。名はナターシャという。十六になった。十六だ。あの子がわしにこう言ったんだ。『お父さん、私はお父さんと同じ食卓で食事したくないの。お父さんの両手を見ると』と言うんだ。『その手でお兄ちゃんを殺したんだと思い出して、体じゅうの魂が抜けてしまうの』 |
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| − | I married young. God gave me a woman who bred like a rabbit. She bore me eight mouths to feed, and with the ninth she was done for. The birth went well enough, but on the fifth day she died of fever. I was alone. As for the children — God wouldn't take a single one, much as I begged … My eldest son was called Ivan. He took after me: black hair, regular features. A fine Cossack, diligent at work. The other boy was four years younger than Ivan. He took after his mother. Short, but with a big belly. Light blond hair, almost white; grey-blue eyes. His name was Danilo, and he was the child I loved most. Of the other seven — the eldest was a daughter, the rest were all little grubs …
| + | だがこれは誰のためだったか、あの愚か者には分からんのだ。まさに彼らのためだったんだ、子供たちのために。 |
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| − | I found a wife for Ivan in the village, and he soon had a little fellow. For Danilo I was still looking for a suitable match, but the troubled times arrived. Everyone in our Cossack village rose up against the Soviet power. Then Ivan burst in on me: 'Father,' he said, 'come with us, let's join the Red Army! In Christ's name I beg you! We must help the Red Army, because it is the just cause.'
| + | わしは早くに嫁を貰った。神様がくださったのは兎のように子をよく産む女房だった。立て続けに八人の食い扶持を産み、九人目でとうとう事切れた。産むのは無事に産んだが、五日目に熱病で死んだ。わしは独り身になった。子供たちはと言えば、神様は一人も召し上げてくださらなかった。あんなに懇願したのに……長男はイワンと言う。わしに似ておった。黒い髪、整った顔立ち。立派なコサックで、仕事も真面目だった。もう一人の男の子はイワンより四つ下だ。母親似でな。小柄だが腹の出た。淡い金髪で、ほとんど白に近い。目は灰青色。ダニーロと言って、わしの一番可愛い子だった。他の七人は、一番上が娘で、あとはみな小虫けらだ…… |
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| − | Danilo too tried to persuade me. For a long time they pleaded with me, reasoned with me. But I told them: 'I won't force you. You want to go there — go. But I'm staying here. Besides you, I have seven more mouths, and every one of them needs feeding.'
| + | イワンには村の中で嫁を取ってやり、すぐに小僧が一人できた。ダニーロにもつり合いのある家を探しておったが、穏やかでない時代がやって来た。わしらのコサック村では、みなソヴィエト権力に反旗を翻した。その時イワンがわしの所に押しかけてきた。『父さん』と言うんだ。『一緒に行こう、赤軍に味方しよう! キリストの御名にかけて頼む! 赤軍を助けなきゃならん、あれは正しい力なんだから』 |
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| − | So they left home. In the village, everyone armed themselves. Each took whatever he had. But they came for me too: To the front! At the assembly I told them:
| + | ダニーロもまたわしの考えを変えさせようとした。長いこと懇願し、説き伏せようとした。だがわしはこう言った。『わしはお前たちを無理強いはせん。行きたい方へ行け。だがわしは、わしはここに残る。お前たち以外にまだ七つの口があるんだ、しかもどれも食わせにゃならん』 |
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| − | 'Villagers, uncles — you know I am a father. At home seven children lie on my pallet — if I die, who will look after my children?'
| + | 二人は家を離れた。村では皆武装し始めた。何でもあるものを使った。だがわしも引っ張り出された。戦線へ行け!と。わしは集会の場でみなにこう告げた。 |
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| − | I said everything I had to say, but it was no use. No one listened; they dragged me off to the front.
| + | 『村の衆よ、おじさんたちよ、知ってのとおり、わしは一家の主だ。家には七人の子供が寝台に寝ておる。わしが死んだら、誰がわしの子供たちの面倒を見るのだ?』 |
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| − | The position was not far from our village.
| + | 言うべきことは全部言ったが、無駄だった。誰も聞かず、わしを引きずって戦線に送った。 |
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| − | One day, just on the eve of Easter, nine prisoners were brought in. Among them was Danilushka, my beloved son. They were marched across the marketplace, escorted to the officer. Cossacks came running from every house — God have mercy.
| + | 陣地はわしらの村からさほど遠くなかった。 |
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| − | 'They must be beaten to death, these weaklings! If they're brought back after interrogation, never mind, we'll give them a taste first!'
| + | ある日、ちょうど復活祭の前日だった。九人の捕虜がわしらの所に送られてきた。その中にダニルーシカが、わしの可愛い息子がおった。彼らは市場を通り抜け、護送されて将校の元へ向かった。コサックたちが家々から飛び出してきた。どっと、神よ憐れみたまえ。 |
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| − | I stood there, knees trembling, but I didn't let on that my heart was pounding for my son Danilo. I saw how the Cossacks whispered to each other and pointed at me with their heads. Then the sergeant Jalkescha ran over to me: 'What about it, Mitschischara, if we finish off the Communists, will you be there?'
| + | 『あいつらは打ち殺さにゃならん、この臆病者どもめ。取り調べの後に連れ戻されたら、何はともあれ先にひと泡吹かせてやる!』 |
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| − | 'Of course I'll be there, the bandits!' I said.
| + | わしは立っていた。膝が震えていたが、自分の息子ダニーロのために心臓が跳ねているのを人に悟られぬようにした。コサックたちが互いにひそひそ話し、頭で私を指し示しているのが見えた。すると騎兵曹長のヤルキョーシャがわしの方に走ってきた。『どうだ、ミチシャーラ、共産党員どもを片づけるとしたら、お前も立ち合うか?』 |
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| − | 'Well then, take your rifle and stand here, at this doorway.'
| + | 『もちろん立ち合うとも、この匪賊どもめ!』とわしは言った。 |
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| − | Then he looked hard at me: 'We're watching you, Mitschischara. Be careful, friend — you might not be able to take it.'
| + | 『よし、じゃあ銃を持って、この場所に、この入り口に立て』 |
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| − | So I stood before the door, and in my head spun only this: 'Holy Mother, Holy Mary, must I really kill my own son?'
| + | それから奴はじっとわしを見据えた。『わしらはお前を見張っとるぞ、ミチシャーラ。気をつけろよ、友よ――お前には堪えられんかもしれんからな』 |
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| − | The noise in the office grew louder. The prisoners were led out. Danilo was the first. When I saw him, I went cold all over. His head was swollen like a barrel, the skin split open. Clotted blood oozed from his face. A thick woolen mitten was stuck in his hair. They had beaten him and used the mitten to plug the wound. The mitten, soaked with blood and dried, still clung to his hair. They must have beaten them on the road to the village. My Danilo stumbled down the veranda. When he saw me, he stretched out both arms. He tried to force a smile, but his eyes were dark and sunken, one completely sealed with dried blood.
| + | わしは入り口の前に立った。頭の中ではこんなことがぐるぐる回っていた。『聖母よ、聖マリアよ、わしは本当に自分の息子を殺さねばならんのか?』 |
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| − | I knew full well: if I didn't strike him too, the villagers would kill me on the spot. My children would become orphans, alone in God's wide world.
| + | 事務室がだんだん騒がしくなった。捕虜たちが連れ出された。ダニーロが一番先だった。奴を見た途端、わしは全身が氷のように冷たくなった。頭が桶のように膨れ上がり、皮膚も裂けていた。鮮血が固まって顔から湧き出していた。髪には厚い毛糸の手袋がくっついていた。殴った後、それで傷口を押さえたのだ。手袋は血を吸って乾き、まだ髪に貼りついていた。村に連行される途中で打たれたのだろう。わしのダニーロはよろめきながら廊下を歩いてきた。わしを見ると、両手を広げた。わしに笑顔を作ろうとしたが、両目はすでに灰黒色に窪み、片方は凝血で完全に塞がれていた。 |
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| − | When Danilo reached the place where I stood, he said: 'Papa — dear papa, farewell.' Tears ran down his face, washing away the blood. As for me … I couldn't raise my arm; it was terribly heavy. Like a log. The rifle with its fixed bayonet lay across my arm, and it pressed, and I struck my boy with the butt … I hit him here … above the ear … He cried out: 'Oo-oo — oo —' pressed his hands to his face and fell.
| + | これはよく分かっていた。わしも一発くらわさなければ、村の者たちがたちまちわしを殺すだろう。わしの子供たちは孤児になり、たった一人で神の広い世界に残されることになる。 |
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| − | My Cossacks laughed aloud: 'Hit him, Mitschischara, hit him — you seem to be grieving over your Danilo — hit him, or we'll let your blood.'
| + | ダニーロがわしの立っているところに来ると、こう言った。『お父さん――お父ちゃん、さようなら』。涙が顔を伝い流れ、血の汚れを洗い落とした。わしはと言えば……わしは……腕が上がらなかった。ひどく重かった。まるで丸太のようだった。銃剣をつけた銃がわしの腕にどっしりと横たわり、さらに急き立てるので、わしは銃床であの子に一発くらわした……わしはここを打った……耳の上のここを……。あの子は叫んだ。ウウウ――ウウ――、と両手で顔を覆い、倒れた。 |
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| − | The officer came to the gate, apparently to reprimand everyone. But his eyes were laughing.
| + | わしのコサックたちは大声で笑って言った。『打て、ミチシャーラ、打て、ダニーロに。悲しんでるようじゃないか、打て、さもないとお前の血を抜くぞ』 |
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| − | Then the Cossacks rushed at the prisoners and set to work with their bayonets. Everything went black before my eyes. I ran, just ran, down the street. But I still saw how they kicked my Danilo back and forth on the ground. The sergeant thrust his sword-point into his throat. Danilo only gurgled: 'Kh-kh …'"
| + | 将校が入り口まで出てきて、表向きはみなを叱りつけるようだった。だがその目は笑っていた。 |
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| − | Under the pressure of the water, the planks of the boat creaked, and the hazel trees beneath us groaned in long, drawn-out moans.
| + | するとコサックたちは捕虜に殺到し、銃剣で始めた。わしの目の前が暗くなり、わしは走り出した。ただ走った、通りに沿って。だがその時、わしのダニーロが地面を転がされ、蹴り回されるのがまだ見えた。騎兵曹長がサーベルの切っ先で喉を刺した。ダニーロはただ、カカ……と声を出すだけだった」 |
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| − | Mitschischara hooked his foot on the keel forced up by the water and knocked the ash from his pipe, saying:
| + | 水の圧力で船板がカタカタと鳴り、榛の木が我々の下で長い呻きを上げていた。 |
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| − | "Our boat is sinking. We'll have to sit here in the trees until noon tomorrow. What rotten luck!"
| + | ミチシャーラは足で水に押し上げられてくる竜骨を引っかけ、パイプから燃え殻を叩き落としながら言った。 |
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| − | He was silent for a long time. Then he began again in that low, sluggish voice:
| + | 「船が沈みそうだ。明日の昼まで、ここの木の上に座っとらにゃならん。まったくついてない!」 |
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| − | "Because of this affair, they sent me to the senior gendarmerie. — By now much water has flowed into the Don, but at night I still hear something, as though someone is gasping, choking, as though being strangled. Just like my Danilo's gasping that time when I ran away.
| + | 彼は長いこと黙っていた。やがてまた、あの低い、鈍い声で話し始めた。 |
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| − | That's how it torments me — my conscience."
| + | 「この一件のせいで、わしは上級憲兵隊に送られた。――今はもう大量の水がドン河に流れ込んだが、夜になるといつも何か聞こえるんだ。誰かが喘ぎ、息を引き取り、首を絞められているような。あの時走って逃げた時に聞いた、わしのダニーロの喘ぎと同じように。 |
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| | + | これがわしを苦しめるのだ、良心がな」 |
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| − | "We held the line against the Red Army until spring. Then General Sekretev joined us, and we drove them far beyond the Don, all the way to Saratov province.
| + | 「わしらは春まで赤軍と対峙しておった。それからセクレティヨフ将軍が加わって、わしらは彼らをドン河のはるか向こう、サラトフ県まで追い払った。 |
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| − | Although I was a father, being a soldier was very hard, precisely because my two sons were in the Red Army.
| + | わしは一家の主ではあったが、兵役は楽ではなかった。二人の息子が赤軍におったからだ。 |
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| − | We reached the town of Balashov. About my eldest son Ivan I heard nothing, learned nothing. But among the Cossacks a rumor suddenly started — God knows where it came from — that Ivan had been captured from the Red Army and sent to the thirty-sixth Cossack squadron.
| + | わしらはバラソフ鎮に着いた。長男イワンのことは、何も聞かず、何も知らなかった。だがコサックたちの間で、突然噂が立った――どこから来たのか、鬼が知るものか――イワンが赤軍から捕らえられ、第三十六コサック中隊に送られたと。 |
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| − | My fellow villagers began to shout: 'Let's go get Vanka — we'll finish him ourselves!'
| + | わしの村の者たちがわめき始めた。『ワーニカを捕まえに行こう、あいつはわしらが片づけるんだ』 |
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| − | We came to a village, and lo, the thirty-sixth squadron was stationed right there. They immediately seized my Vanka, bound him, dragged him to the office. There they beat him savagely, then said to me:
| + | わしらはある村に着き、見ると、第三十六中隊がまさにそこに駐屯していた。彼らはすぐにわしのワーニカを捕まえ、縛り上げ、事務室に引きずって行った。そこで散々殴った後、わしにこう言った。 |
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| − | 'Escort him to the regimental headquarters!'
| + | 『こいつを連隊本部に護送しろ!』 |
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| | + | この村から本部まで、十二ヴェルスタの道のりだった。わしらの百人団の団長が護送票を渡しながら言った――だが彼はわしの方を見なかった。 |
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| − | From this village to headquarters was twelve versts. Our centurion gave me the escort papers and said — without looking at me:
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| − | ----
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| | === 第2節 === | | === 第2節 === |
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| − | If it comes to guiding others, that is even more difficult, for I myself still do not know which way to go. In China there are probably quite a few "elders" and "mentors" for the young, but I am not one of them, nor do I believe in them. There is only one endpoint I know with certainty: the grave. But everyone knows that; no guide is needed. The question lies in the road from here to there. Naturally there is more than one, and I truly do not know which is better, though even now I sometimes still search. In searching, I fear that my unripe fruit may happen to poison those who favor my fruit, while the so-called "proper gentlemen" who detest me all remain hale and hearty. Therefore, I often speak vaguely, break off, and think to myself: Perhaps the best offering for readers who favor me would be "nothing at all." The print runs of my translations and writings were initially one thousand copies, later increased by five hundred, and recently two to four thousand. Each increase I naturally welcome, for it earns money, but it is also accompanied by sorrow, for fear of harming the readers. Thus my writing grows ever more cautious, ever more hesitant. Some believe I write freely, pouring out my heart; in truth this is by no means so — my scruples are not few. I have long known that I am after all no warrior, nor can I be called a forerunner, and yet I carry so many scruples and memories. I still remember: three or four years ago, a student came to buy my book and took the money from his pocket and placed it in my hand, and the money still bore his body warmth. That warmth branded itself on my heart; to this day, whenever I am about to write, it often makes me fear that I may poison such young people, and I hesitate to put pen to paper. The days when I speak without any scruple — I fear they may never come. But occasionally I also think: actually, it would be speaking without scruple that would do justice to such young people. Yet to this day I have not resolved to do so.
| + | 他人のために道を示すとなると、それはさらに容易ではない。なぜなら私自身でさえ、どう歩むべきか分かっていないからだ。中国にはおそらく若者の「先輩」や「導師」がかなりいるのだろうが、それは私ではなく、私も彼らを信じない。私がきわめて確実に知っている終着点は一つだけ、すなわち墓である。だがこれは誰もが知っていることで、誰かに示してもらう必要はない。問題はここからそこに至る道程にある。もちろん一本きりではないが、私にはどれがよいのか分からない。もっとも今に至るまで時には探し求めてもいる。探し求める中で、私は恐れる――私の未熟な果実が、偏って私の果実を愛する人をかえって毒殺してしまい、一方で私を憎む者、いわゆる正人君子なる輩はかえって皆矍鑠としていることを。だから私の言葉はしばしば曖昧になり、中断してしまう。心の中で思う。私を偏愛する読者への贈り物は、あるいは「何もないこと」が最良であろうと。私の訳著の刷り部数は、最初は一回千部、後に五百部増え、近頃は二千から四千だ。増えるたびに、私はもちろん嬉しい。金が稼げるからだ。しかし同時に哀愁も伴う。読者に害を及ぼすのではないかと恐れ、そのため文を書く時はますます慎重になり、ますます躊躇する。ある人は私が筆に任せて書き、胸臆をそのまま吐露していると思っているが、実はそうとも限らない。私の顧慮は少なくない。私はとうに自分が戦士などではないと知っているし、前駆とも言えない。これほど多くの顧慮と回想があるのだから。三、四年前、一人の学生が私の本を買いに来て、衣の懐から金を取り出して私の掌に載せたことをまだ覚えている。その金にはまだ体温が残っていた。この体温が私の心に烙印を押し、今に至るまで文字を書こうとする時、こうした青年を毒するのではないかと恐れ、なかなか筆を下ろせないでいる。何の顧慮もなく話す日は、おそらくもう来ないのだろう。だが時にはこうも思う。実のところ何の顧慮もなく話してこそ、こうした青年に対して恥じることがないのだと。だが今に至っても、そうする決心がつかないでいる。 |
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| − | What I have to say today is no more than this, and yet, comparatively, it may be considered truthful. In addition, a brief postscript.
| + | 今日話そうとすることもこの程度に過ぎないが、比較的真実と言えるだろう。このほか、もう少し余計な文がある。 |
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| − | I recall that when the vernacular was first promoted, it was fiercely attacked from all sides. Later, as the vernacular gradually gained currency, unstoppably, some people reversed course and claimed the credit, adorning it with the fine name "New Culture Movement." Others held that the vernacular might serve perfectly well for popular use; still others said that to write good vernacular one must still read the classical texts. The first group long ago turned a second time and now mocks and curses the "new culture"; the latter two are reluctant compromisers, hoping only to keep the corpse a few days longer, and even now they are not few. I have attacked them in my critical essays.
| + | 白話を提唱し始めた頃は、各方面から激しい攻撃を受けたものだ。後に白話が次第に通行し、勢いを止めがたくなると、ある人々はたちまち転じてこれを自分の功績とし、「新文化運動」と美名を付けた。またある人々は白話は通俗の用に供して差し支えないと主張し、またある人々は白話をうまく書くにはやはり古書を読まねばならないと言った。前者はすでに二度目の転舵をなし、また翻って「新文化」を嘲罵している。後の二者はやむを得ざる調和派で、ただ僵屍をもう数日長く留めようとするだけで、今なお少なくない。私はかつて雑感の中でこれを攻撃したことがある。 |
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| − | Recently I saw a periodical published in Shanghai that also said one must read good classical prose to write good vernacular, and among the names cited as proof, one was mine. This truly gave me a chill. About others I will not speak; as for myself, I have indeed read many old books — that is certain — and for the sake of teaching, I still read them today. Through constant exposure, their phrases and structures inevitably seep into my vernacular writing. But I suffer precisely from carrying these ancient ghosts on my back, unable to shake them off, constantly feeling a suffocating heaviness. Even in thought — how could I not have absorbed some poison from Zhuangzi and Han Feizi, now casual, now sharply stern? The books of Confucius and Mencius I read earliest and most thoroughly, yet they seem, strangely, to have nothing to do with me. Largely out of laziness, I suppose, I often console myself with the thought that in all transformation, there are always transitional forms. Between plants and animals, between invertebrates and vertebrates, there are transitional forms; one might even say that in the chain of evolution, everything is a transitional form. When the reform of writing first began, there were naturally a few neither-here-nor-there authors — it could only be so, and it needed to be so. Their task was, after some awakening, to cry out a new voice; and because they came from the old fortress, they could see the situation more clearly, turn their weapons around, and more easily deal the strong enemy a fatal blow. But they should still pass away with time, gradually disappearing — at most a timber or a stone in a bridge, by no means a goal or model for the future. Those who followed should be different; unless a heaven-sent sage, ingrained habits naturally cannot be swept away at once, but there must be more of a new spirit. In terms of writing, there is no further need to seek one's livelihood in old books; rather, take the lips and tongues of the living as the source, making prose closer to speech, more alive. As for the poverty and deficiency of the present people's language, how to remedy it and enrich it — that is also a great problem, and perhaps some material must be drawn from old texts for this purpose, but this does not fall within the scope of what I wish to say now, so I shall leave it aside.
| + | 最近、上海で出版されたある定期刊行物を見たところ、やはり白話をうまく書くには良い古文を読まねばならないと説き、証拠として挙げた人名の中に、その一人が私であった。これには実に寒気を覚えた。他人はさておき、自分について言えば、かつて多くの古い本を読んだことは確かであり、教鞭を執るために今もなお読んでいる。そのため耳にし目にし、影響が白話の文章に及び、しばしばその字句や文体が漏れ出てしまう。だが自分自身はまさにこれら古い亡霊を背負い、振り払えぬことに苦しみ、常に息苦しくなるような重さを感じている。思想の上でも、荘周や韓非の毒に中っていないはずがなく、時に甚だ気ままになり、時に甚だ峻厳になる。孔・孟の書は最も早く最も熟読したが、かえって自分と関わりがないようだ。大半は怠惰のためでもあろう。しばしば自分を慰め、万物は変化の中にあって、常にいくらかの中間物があるものだと考える。動植物の間に、無脊椎動物と脊椎動物の間に、みな中間物がある。いっそ、進化の連鎖の上では万物がみな中間物であると言ってもよいくらいだ。文章を改革し始めた時に、いくらか中途半端な作者がいるのは当然のことであり、そうでしかあり得ず、そうである必要もあった。その任務は、いくらかの覚醒の後に新しい声を叫び出すこと。また旧い陣営の中から来たがゆえに、事情がより明瞭に見え、矛を返して一撃すれば、強敵の死命を制しやすい。だがやはり光陰とともに消え去り、次第に消滅すべきであり、せいぜい橋の中の一木一石に過ぎず、何ら前途の目標でも範本でもない。後に続く者は当然異なるべきであり、天から授かった聖人でない限り、積年の習慣がたちまち一掃できるはずもないが、やはりもっと新しい気象を帯びるべきだ。文章について言えば、もはや古書の中に糧を求める必要はなく、生きた人々の唇と舌を源泉とし、文章をいっそう言語に近づけ、いっそう生気あるものとすべきだ。現在の人民の言語の貧困や欠乏をいかに救済し、豊かにするかについては、それもまた大きな問題であり、あるいは旧文の中からいくらかの素材を取って使役に供する必要もあろうが、これは今の私が論じようとする範囲の内ではないから、ひとまず措く。 |
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| − | I believe that if I made a great effort, I could probably draw broadly on colloquial speech to reform my prose. But out of laziness and busyness, I have not done so to this day. I often suspect this has much to do with having read old books, for I feel that the abominable thoughts the ancients wrote in books often live in my heart as well, and whether I can suddenly exert myself — I have no assurance whatsoever. I often curse these thoughts of mine, and hope they will no longer appear in the youth to come. When I proposed last year that young people read fewer, or simply no, Chinese books, it was a truth purchased with much suffering — by no means a casual pleasantry, nor any joke or outburst of indignation. The ancients said that not reading books makes one a fool; that is naturally correct, too. Yet the world is precisely made by fools; clever people can never sustain the world — least of all China's clever people. And now? Not to mention thought: even in diction, many young writers are again plucking pretty but incomprehensible phrases from classical prose and poetry, using them as the conjurer's handkerchief to embellish their own works. Whether this is connected with the advice to read classical texts, I do not know, but that a restoration is underway — which is to say, that the new literature is attempting suicide — is plain to see.
| + | 私は十分に努力すれば、おおよそ口語を博く採って自分の文章を改革することもできるだろうと思う。だが怠惰であり且つ多忙であるために、今に至るまで実行していない。私はしばしばこれが古書を読んだことと大いに関係があるのではないかと疑っている。なぜなら、古人が書物に書き記した忌まわしい思想が、私の心の中にも常にあるように感じるからだ。にわかに奮い立てるかどうか、まったく見当がつかない。私は常にこの思想を呪い、後の青年にはもう見られぬことを願っている。去年、私は青年に中国の本を少なく読め、あるいはいっそ読むなと主張したが、これは多くの苦痛と引き換えに得た真実の言葉であり、断じて口先だけの快や、冗談や憤激の辞ではない。古人は、本を読まねば愚人になると言い、それも確かに間違ってはいない。だが世界はまさに愚人によって造られたのであり、聡明な人間が世界を支えることは決してできない。とりわけ中国の聡明人はそうだ。今はどうかと言えば、思想の上はさておき、文辞においても、多くの若い作者がまた古文や詩詞の中から見映えのよい難解な字面を拾い出し、手品のハンカチのように自分の作品を飾り立てている。これが古文を読めという説と関係があるかどうか知らないが、まさに復古であり、すなわち新文芸の試行自殺であることは明白だ。 |
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| − | Unfortunately, my miscellany compounded of classical and vernacular prose happens to be published just at this time, and will perhaps inflict some harm on readers. But for myself, I still cannot resolutely destroy it; I still wish through it to glance for a while at the traces of a life that has passed. I only hope that readers who favor my works will regard this merely as a memento, knowing that in this small hillock there is buried nothing but the shell of one who once lived. After some more years, it too will turn to dust and ashes; the memento too will vanish from the world of men, and my affairs will be concluded. This morning I was also reading classical texts and recalled a few lines from Lu Shiheng's elegy for Cao Mengde, which I borrow as a conclusion for this piece of mine —
| + | 不幸にも私の古文と白話の混じり合った雑集が、ちょうどこの時に出版されることになり、おそらくまた読者にいくらかの毒害を与えてしまうだろう。ただ自分にとっては、まだ毅然としてこれを毀滅することはできず、これを借りてしばらく過ぎ去った生活の残痕を眺めたいと思っている。願わくは、私の作品を偏愛してくださる読者も、これをただ一つの紀念として受け取り、この小さな丘陵の中に埋まっているのは、かつて生きていた躯殻にすぎないと知っていただきたい。さらに幾歳月を経れば、やがて煙埃と化し、紀念もまた人の世から消え去り、私の事もそれで終わるのだ。午前もまた古文を読んでいて、陸士衡の曹孟徳を弔う文の数句を思い出し、引いてきてこの一篇の結びとする―― |
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| − | Following the ancients, he renounced encumbrance,
| + | 既に古に睎うて累を遺し、信に礼を簡にして葬を薄くす。 |
| − | In simple rites, chose modest burial.
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| − | What were furs and sashes to him? He left only
| + | かの裘紱は何の有るところぞ、塵謗を後王に貽す。 |
| − | Dust and slander to later kings.
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| − | Alas, where great attachment dwells,
| + | ああ大恋の存するところ、故に哲なりといえども忘れず。 |
| − | Even the wise cannot forget.
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| − | Leafing through the surviving writings, impassioned,
| + | 遺籍を覧て慷慨し、この文を献じて凄傷す! |
| − | I offer this text — and grieve!
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| − | (The night of November 11, 1926. Lu Xun.)
| + | (一九二六年十一月十一日夜 魯迅。) |
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| − | [The Story of Hair]
| + | 【頭髪の故事】 |
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| − | On a Sunday morning, I tore off yesterday's calendar sheet, looked at the new one again and again, and said:
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| − | "Ah, October tenth — today is actually the Double Tenth Festival. But there's not a word about it here!"
| + | 日曜の朝、私は一枚の昨夜の日めくりを剥がし、新しいそれを見つめて言った。 |
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| − | An older acquaintance of mine, Mr. N, happened to come to my lodgings for a chat. Hearing this, he said to me rather discontentedly:
| + | 「ああ、十月十日――今日はもともと双十節だったのだ。ここにはまったく記載がない!」 |
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| − | "They're right! They don't remember — what can you do about it? You remember — and what good does it do you?"
| + | 私の先輩であるN氏が、ちょうど私の住まいに雑談に来たところだったが、この言葉を聞くと、不機嫌そうに私に言った。 |
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| − | This Mr. N was by temperament somewhat eccentric; he was constantly getting angry over trifles and saying things that showed no knowledge of the world. At such times I generally let him talk to himself, without a word of agreement; when he had finished his monologue, that was that.
| + | 「彼らが正しい! 彼らが覚えていないのに、お前がどうするというのだ。お前が覚えていて、それでどうなる?」 |
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| − | He said:
| + | このN氏はもともと少々偏屈な気質で、しょっちゅうつまらぬ腹を立て、世間知らずなことを言う。こういう時、私はたいてい彼の独り言に任せて一言も同調しない。彼が一人で議論し終えれば、それで済む。 |
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| − | "What impresses me most is the scene of the Double Tenth in Peking. In the morning, a policeman comes to the door and orders: 'Hang the flag.' 'Yes, hang the flag!' From most houses, a citizen languidly shuffles out and hangs up a piece of motley foreign cloth. And so until evening — take the flag down, close the door; a few who happen to forget leave it hanging until the next morning.
| + | 彼は言った。 |
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| − | "They have forgotten the commemoration, and the commemoration has forgotten them!
| + | 「私が最も感心するのは北京の双十節の光景だ。朝、警官が門に来て、命じる。『旗を掲げよ』。『はい、旗を掲げます!』。各家からたいてい物憂げに一人の国民が出てきて、一片のまだら模様の洋布を突き出す。こうして夜まで――旗を収めて門を閉める。数軒がうっかり忘れると、翌日の午前まで掲げたままだ。 |
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| − | "I too am one who has forgotten the commemoration. But if I do remember, all the events surrounding the first Double Tenth come rushing to my mind, and I can find no peace.
| + | 「彼らは紀念を忘れ、紀念もまた彼らを忘れた! |
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| − | "So many faces of old friends float before my eyes. A few young men toiled for more than ten years; in the darkness, a single bullet took their lives. A few young men missed their mark and endured over a month of torture in prison. A few young men cherished great ambitions, then suddenly vanished without a trace — not even their bodies were found —
| + | 「私もまた紀念を忘れた一人だ。もし思い出せば、あの最初の双十節の前後のことがみな心に浮かび、落ち着いていられなくなる。 |
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| − | "They all lived their lives amid the cold laughter, the curses, the persecution, and the traps of society; and now their graves too have long been slowly sinking under the weight of forgetting.
| + | 「幾多の故人の顔が、みな目の前に浮かぶ。何人かの若者が十数年を辛苦して奔走し、暗がりで一発の弾丸に命を奪われた。何人かの若者は一撃を外し、牢獄で一月余りの酷い拷問を受けた。何人かの若者は遠大な志を抱いたまま、忽然と影も形もなくなり、遺骸すらどこに行ったか分からない。―― |
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| − | "I cannot bear to remember these things.
| + | 「彼らはみな社会の冷笑、罵倒、迫害、陥穽の中で一生を過ごした。今や彼らの墓もとうに忘却の中で次第に平らに崩れていっている。 |
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| − | "Let us talk of something more pleasant."
| + | 「私にはこれらの事を紀念する堪え性がない。 |
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| − | N suddenly smiled, reached up to touch his head, and said loudly:
| + | 「やはり少しばかり得意な事を思い出して話そうか」 |
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| − | "What pleases me most is that since the first Double Tenth, I can walk down the street without being laughed at or cursed.
| + | Nは突然笑みを浮かべ、手を伸ばして自分の頭を一撫でし、大声で言った。 |
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| − | "Old friend, do you know that hair is both the treasure and the curse of us Chinese, and how many people through the ages have suffered for this worthless thing!
| + | 「私が最も得意なのは、あの最初の双十節以来、道を歩いてもう人に笑われ罵られなくなったことだ。 |
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| − | "Our very ancient ancestors, it seems, still took hair lightly. According to the penal code, the head was naturally the most important thing — hence decapitation was the supreme punishment; next came the reproductive organs — hence castration and confinement were also terrifying punishments. As for shaving the head, that was trifling. But if you think about it: who knows how many people were trampled by society their whole lives simply for having bare scalps!
| + | 「君、知っているか、頭髪は我々中国人の宝であり仇敵であり、古今どれほどの人がこのことで何の値打ちもない苦しみを食らったことか! |
| | | | |
| − | "When we talked of revolution, we made great speeches about the Ten Days of Yangzhou, the massacre of Jiading — in truth these were merely tactics. Frankly: the resistance of the Chinese at that time was never about the fall of the nation; it was only about wearing the queue.
| + | 「我々のはるか古の古人は、頭髪に対してもまだ軽く見ていたようだ。刑法から見れば、最も重要なのは当然頭であるから、死刑が最高の刑である。次に重要なのは生殖器で、宮刑と幽閉も恐ろしい罰だ。髡に至っては、些細なことだ。だが想像するに、どれほどの人々が頭を丸くしたというだけで、社会に一生踏みにじられてきたことか。 |
| | | | |
| − | "The stubborn were all killed, the old die-hards all died, the queues were long established, and then Hong and Yang stirred up trouble again. My grandmother once told me: 'In those days it was hard to be a common man — those with full hair were killed by government troops, and those with queues were killed by the Long Hairs!'
| + | 「我々が革命を説く時、揚州十日だの嘉定屠城だのとさかんに論じるが、実のところそれも一つの手段に過ぎない。正直に言えば、あの時の中国人の反抗は、亡国のためなどではなく、ただ辮髪を結わされるからであった。 |
| | | | |
| − | "I don't know how many Chinese have suffered, been tormented, and perished merely because of this harmless hair."
| + | 「頑民は殺し尽くされ、遺老もみな天寿を全うし、辮髪はとうに定着した。すると洪・楊がまた騒ぎ出した。私の祖母がかつて話してくれた。あの頃、百姓でいるのは難しかった。髪を全部伸ばしていれば官兵に殺され、辮髪のままなら長毛に殺される! |
| | | | |
| − | N gazed up at the ceiling beams, seeming to ponder, and continued:
| + | 「どれほどの中国人がこの痛くも痒くもない頭髪のせいで苦しみ、難に遭い、滅んだことか」 |
| | | | |
| − | "Who would have thought that the torment of hair would fall to me.
| + | Nは両目を天井の梁に向け、何か考えているようだったが、なおも語った。 |
| | | | |
| − | "When I went abroad to study, I cut off my queue — there was no mystery to it, it was simply too inconvenient. But several classmates who wore their queues coiled on top of their heads took great offense, and the proctor flew into a rage, threatening to cut my scholarship and send me back to China.
| + | 「誰が思おうか、頭髪の苦しみが私の番になろうとは。 |
| | | | |
| − | "A few days later, this proctor himself had his queue cut off by others and fled. Among those who did the cutting was Zou Rong, author of 'The Revolutionary Army'; he too could no longer continue his studies, returned to Shanghai, and later died in the Western Prison. You too have long forgotten him, haven't you?
| + | 「私は留学に出て、辮髪を切り落とした。別に奥妙があるわけではなく、ただ不便だっただけだ。ところが辮髪を頭のてっぺんに巻いている何人かの同学が私をひどく嫌い、監督も大いに怒り、官費を止めて中国に送り返すと言った。 |
| | | | |
| − | "Some years later, my family's fortunes had greatly declined; without finding employment I would starve, and I had no choice but to return to China. As soon as I reached Shanghai, I bought a false queue — the market price was two yuan at the time — and took it home. My mother said nothing, but everyone else, upon meeting me, first examined this queue; when they found out it was false, they let out a cold laugh and accused me of a crime deserving beheading. One relative even prepared to report me to the authorities, but later desisted, fearing that the revolutionaries' uprising might succeed after all.
| + | 「数日もしないうちに、この監督自身が辮髪を切られて逃げ去った。切った者たちの中の一人は『革命軍』を書いた鄒容であった。この人もこのためにもう留学できなくなり、上海に帰って来て、後に西牢で死んだ。お前もとうに忘れてしまったろう? |
| | | | |
| − | "I thought: the false is not as good as the real, straightforward and frank, so I simply discarded the false queue and walked the streets in a Western suit.
| + | 「数年後、私の家計はだいぶ以前より悪くなり、何か仕事を見つけなければ飢えるしかなく、やむなく中国に帰ってきた。上海に着くなり付け辮髪を一本買い求めた。当時は二元の相場で、これを持って帰省した。母はまあ何も言わなかったが、他の人間は顔を合わせるとまず真っ先にこの辮髪を調べ上げ、偽物と分かると一声冷笑して、私に打ち首の罪名を擬した。一人の本家の者などは官に訴え出る用意までしたが、その後、革命党の反乱が成功するかもしれないと恐れ、中止した。 |
| | | | |
| − | "All along the way: laughter and curses. Some even followed behind, shouting: 'The reckless fool!' 'Fake foreign devil!'
| + | 「偽物は本物に比べれば素直でさっぱりしていないと思い、私はいっそ付け辮髪を廃して、洋服を着て街を歩いた。 |
| | | | |
| − | "Then I stopped wearing Western clothes and put on a long Chinese gown; they cursed even worse.
| + | 「歩いていくと、道すがら笑いと罵声が絶えず、後ろからついてきて罵る者もいた。『この向こう見ず!』『偽洋鬼子!』 |
| | | | |
| − | "In this desperate hour, I acquired a walking stick; after I beat them with it a few times with all my might, they gradually stopped cursing. Only in places where I had not yet beaten anyone did the cursing continue.
| + | 「そこで洋服を着るのをやめ、長衫に替えたが、彼らの罵りはさらにひどくなった。 |
| | | | |
| − | "This made me very sad, and I still think of it often. During my studies abroad, I had read in the newspaper about a Dr. Honda who had traveled through Southeast Asia and China. This doctor understood neither Chinese nor Malay; people asked him how he managed to travel without knowing the languages. He held up his walking stick and said: 'This is their language — they all understand it!' I was furious about this for days. Who would have thought that I myself would unknowingly do the same — and that those people all understood! ...
| + | 「この日暮れ道窮まった時に、私の手に一本のステッキが加わった。何度か力いっぱい打ちのめすと、彼らは次第に罵らなくなった。ただ、まだ打ったことのない見知らぬ土地に行くと、やはり罵られる。 |
| | | | |
| − | "In the early years of the Xuantong era, I was a proctor at the local middle school. My colleagues shunned me as far as possible; the officials watched me as strictly as possible. All day I felt as though sitting in an icehouse, standing beside an execution ground — and all of this for no other reason than the lack of a queue!
| + | 「この事は私を大いに悲しませ、今でもしばしば思い出す。留学中に、日本の新聞で南洋と中国を旅行した本多博士の話が載っているのを見たことがある。この博士は中国語もマレー語も解さなかった。人に、言葉が分からないのにどう歩くのかと聞かれると、ステッキを持ち上げて、これが彼らの言葉だ、彼らはみなこれを解すると言った。私はこれに数日間憤慨したものだが、思いがけず自分もいつの間にかそうしていて、しかもあの人たちはみな解したのだ。…… |
| | | | |
| − | "One day, several students suddenly came to my room and said: 'Sir, we want to cut off our queues.' I said: 'You can't!' 'Is it better to have a queue or not?' 'Not to have one is better...' 'Then why do you say we can't?' 'It's not worth it. You'd better not cut them — wait a while.' They said nothing, went out with pouting lips; but in the end they cut them off.
| + | 「宣統の初年、私は本地の中学校で監学をしていた。同僚はただもう避けることだけを心がけ、官僚はただもう防ぐことだけを心がけ、私は終日氷室に座り、刑場のそばに立っているようだった。実は他でもない、ただ辮髪が一本足りないからだ! |
| | | | |
| − | "Oh! Scandal! People started talking. But I just pretended to know nothing and let them go to class with bare heads alongside all the queues.
| + | 「ある日、数人の学生が突然私の部屋に来て言った。『先生、辮髪を切りたいのですが』。私は言った。『駄目だ!』『辮髪があるのがいいですか、ないのがいいですか?』『ないほうがいい……』『それなのになぜ駄目とおっしゃるのですか?』『割に合わない。お前たちはまだ切らない方が得だ。――少し待て』。彼らは何も言わず、口を尖らせて部屋を出て行った。だが結局切ってしまった。 |
| | | | |
| − | "But this queue-cutting disease was contagious. On the third day, students at the normal school also suddenly cut off six queues, and that evening six students were expelled. These six could neither stay at school nor go home, and had to wait until after the first Double Tenth — and over another month — before the brand of their crime faded.
| + | 「ああ! 大変だ、人々がざわめいた。だが私はただ知らぬふりをし、彼らが丸坊主のまま、多くの辮髪と一緒に講堂に上がるのを放っておいた。 |
| | | | |
| − | "And I? The same. Only when I went to Peking in the winter of the first year of the Republic was I still cursed a few times; later, my cursers also had their queues cut off by the police, and I was no longer insulted. But I never went to the countryside."
| + | 「だがこの辮髪切りの病は伝染した。三日目、師範学堂の学生が突然六本の辮髪を切り落とし、その晩に六人の学生が退学させられた。この六人は在校もできず帰省もできず、最初の双十節の後さらに一月余り経って、ようやく犯罪の焼印が消えた。 |
| | | | |
| − | N assumed a very satisfied look, then his face suddenly darkened:
| + | 「私は? 同じことだ。ただ元年の冬に北京に行った時、まだ数回人に罵られたが、後に私を罵った人間も警察に辮髪を切られ、私はもう侮辱されなくなった。だが田舎には行っていない」 |
| | | | |
| − | "And now you idealists are out there clamoring about women cutting their hair, and you're going to create more people who gain nothing and only suffer!
| + | Nはひどく得意な様子を見せたが、ふいにまた顔を曇らせた。 |
| | | | |
| − | "Isn't it true that women who have cut their hair can't get into schools, or are expelled?
| + | 「今やお前たち理想家は、また女子の断髪がどうのとわめいている。またしても何の得もなく苦しむだけの人間を大量に作り出そうとしている! |
| | | | |
| − | "Reform? Where are the weapons? Work-study? Where are the factories?
| + | 「今すでに髪を切った女性が、そのために学校の試験に受からなかったり、学校から除名されたりしていないか? |
| | | | |
| − | "Better to let it grow back and marry into another family as a daughter-in-law: to forget everything is still happiness; but if she remembers words like equality and freedom, she will suffer for a lifetime!
| + | 「改革か、武器はどこにある? 勤工倹学か、工場はどこにある? |
| | | | |
| − | "I want to borrow Artsybashev's words to ask you: You have promised the arrival of the Golden Age to these people's children and grandchildren — but what do you give these people themselves?
| + | 「やはりまた伸ばして、人の家に嫁に行くのだ。一切を忘れてしまえばまだ幸福だ。もし平等自由の言葉をいくらか覚えていたら、一生苦しむことになる! |
| | | | |
| − | "Ah, until the Creator's whip strikes China's spine, China will forever be the same China, and will not willingly change even a single hair!
| + | 「私はアルツィバーシェフの言葉を借りてお前たちに問いたい。お前たちはこの人々の子孫に黄金時代の出現を予約したが、この人々自身には何を与えるのだ? |
| | | | |
| − | "Since you have no venomous fangs in your mouths, why do you insist on pasting 'viper' on your foreheads, inviting the beggars to come and beat you to death? ..."
| + | 「ああ、造物主の鞭が中国の脊梁に当たらぬうちは、中国は永遠にこの同じ中国であり、決して自ら一本の毛すら変えようとしない! |
| | | | |
| − | N's remarks grew ever more outlandish; but as soon as he noticed that I was not very willing to listen, he immediately fell silent, stood up, and reached for his hat.
| + | 「お前たちの口の中に毒牙がないのに、なぜわざわざ額に『蝮蛇』の二大字を貼り付け、乞食に来て打ち殺させるのだ?……」 |
| | | | |
| − | I said: "Going?"
| + | Nは語れば語るほど奇矯になっていったが、私があまり聞きたがらない表情を見ると、たちまち口を閉じ、立ち上がって帽子を取った。 |
| | | | |
| − | He replied: "Yes. It's going to rain."
| + | 私は言った。「帰るのか?」 |
| | | | |
| − | I saw him silently to the door.
| + | 彼は答えた。「ああ、雨が降りそうだ」 |
| | | | |
| − | He put on his hat and said:
| + | 私は黙って彼を門口まで送った。 |
| | | | |
| − | "Goodbye! Forgive me for the disturbance. Fortunately, tomorrow will no longer be the Double Tenth; we can all forget."
| + | 彼は帽子をかぶって言った。 |
| | | | |
| | + | 「さようなら! お邪魔してすまなかった。明日はもう双十節ではないから、我々もみな忘れてしまえるさ」 |
| | | | |
| − | (October 1920.)
| |
| | | | |
| − | [The Passerby]
| + | (一九二〇年十月。) |
| | | | |
| | + | 【過客】 |
| | | | |
| − | Time:
| |
| | | | |
| − | The dusk of some day.
| |
| | | | |
| − | Place:
| + | 時: |
| | + | ある日の黄昏。 |
| | | | |
| − | Some place.
| + | 処: |
| | + | とある場所。 |
| | | | |
| − | Characters:
| + | 人: |
| | + | 老翁――七十歳ほど、白い髭と髪、黒い長衣。 |
| | + | 少女――十歳ほど、紫がかった髪、黒い瞳、白地に黒い格子の長衣。 |
| | + | 過客――三、四十歳ほど、困憊した頑固な容貌、陰鬱な眼光、黒い髭、乱れた髪、黒い短い上衣と下衣はいずれも破れ、裸足に破れた靴を履き、脇に一つの袋を下げ、身の丈ほどの竹杖に縋っている。 |
| | | | |
| − | The Old Man — about seventy, white beard and hair, long black robe.
| |
| | | | |
| − | The Girl — about ten, dark hair, black eyes, white long gown with black checks.
| + | 東には数株の雑木と瓦礫。西には荒涼と荒れ果てた叢。その間に一条の道のような道でないような痕跡がある。小さな土の小屋がこの痕跡に向かって一枚の扉を開いている。扉の傍らに一段の枯れた木の根がある。 |
| | | | |
| − | The Passerby — about thirty to forty, appearance exhausted yet defiant, gloomy gaze, black beard, disheveled hair, black short jacket and trousers both in tatters, barefoot in tattered shoes, a bag slung under his arm, leaning on a bamboo staff as tall as himself.
| |
| | | | |
| | + | (少女が、木の根に座っていた老翁をまさに扶け起こそうとしている。) |
| | | | |
| − | To the east, a few scattered trees and rubble; to the west, desolate and dilapidated brush; between them, a trace that looks like a path but is not. A small mud hut opens a door onto this trace; beside the door, a stump of a dead tree.
| + | 翁――子供よ。おい、子供! どうして動かんのだ? |
| | | | |
| | + | 少女――(東を望みながら)誰か歩いてきます。ちょっと見てみましょう。 |
| | | | |
| − | (The Girl is about to help the Old Man, who sits on the tree stump, to his feet.)
| + | 翁――見なくてよい。わしを中に入れておくれ。太陽が沈む。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — Child. Hey, child! Why have you stopped?
| + | 少女――あたし、――見てみます。 |
| | | | |
| − | Girl — (gazing east) Someone is coming. Let me look.
| + | 翁――ああ、お前という子は! 毎日空を見、土を見、風を見て、それでは足りぬのか? 何もこれらに勝るものはない。お前はどうしても誰かを見ようとする。太陽が沈む時に現れるものは、お前にいいことなど何ももたらしはせぬ。……やはり中に入ろう。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — Don't bother looking. Help me inside. The sun is going down.
| + | 少女――でも、もう近づいてきました。ああ、乞食です。 |
| | | | |
| − | Girl — I — let me look.
| + | 翁――乞食? そうとも思えぬが。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — Ah, child! Every day you see the sky, the earth, the wind — isn't that beautiful enough? Nothing is more beautiful than these things. Yet you insist on looking at someone. Whatever appears at sunset will bring you no good ... Let us go in.
| |
| | | | |
| − | Girl — But he is already near. Oh, it's a beggar.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Old Man — A beggar? I doubt it.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ----
| |
| | === 第3節 === | | === 第3節 === |
| | | | |
| − | (The Passerby stumbles out from the scrub to the east, hesitates briefly, then slowly approaches the Old Man.)
| + | (過客が東の雑木林の間からよろめき出て、しばし躊躇した後、ゆっくりと老翁に歩み寄る。) |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — Good evening, old sir.
| + | 客――お爺さん、今晩は。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — Ah, good evening! Thank you for asking. And you?
| + | 翁――ああ、今晩は。お蔭さまで。あなたもお元気で? |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — Old sir, I am truly presumptuous — I wonder if I might ask you for a cup of water. I am desperately thirsty from walking. There is not a pond nor a puddle anywhere here.
| + | 客――お爺さん、突然お邪魔して申し訳ないのですが、一杯の水をいただけませんか。歩き通しで、喉が渇いて仕方がないのです。この辺りには池もなければ、水溜りもない。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — Mm, certainly, certainly. Please sit down. (To the Girl) Child, bring water. Make sure the cup is clean.
| + | 翁――おお、それはそれは。お待ちなさい。(家の中に向かって呼ぶ)おい、お客さんに水を一杯。 |
| | | | |
| − | (The Girl walks silently into the mud hut.)
| + | (少女が水を持って出てくる。) |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — Dear guest, please sit. How should I address you?
| + | 客――(水を受け取って一気に飲み干す)ありがとうございます。生き返りました。 |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — Address me? — I don't know. For as long as I can remember, I have been alone. I don't know what I was originally called. Along the way, people have sometimes called me things, all sorts of things; I can't remember them clearly, and I have never heard the same name a second time.
| + | 翁――まだお飲みになりますか。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — Ah. Then where have you come from?
| + | 客――いえ、もう結構です。……お爺さん、失礼ですが、この先の道は何処に通じているのでしょうか。 |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — (hesitating slightly) I don't know. For as long as I can remember, I have been walking like this.
| + | 翁――この先?この先は……墓場ですよ。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — I see. Then may I ask where you are going?
| + | 客――墓場?(しばし沈黙して)……その先は? |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — Naturally. — But I don't know. For as long as I can remember, I have been walking like this, wanting to reach a place, and that place is ahead. I only remember walking many roads and arriving here. I shall go on from here — (pointing west) ahead!
| + | 翁――その先は知りません。行ったことがありませんから。 |
| | | | |
| − | (The Girl carefully brings out a wooden cup and offers it.)
| + | 客――行ったことがない…… |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — (taking the cup) Thank you, miss. (Drinks the water in two gulps, returns the cup.) Thank you, miss. This is a truly rare kindness. I really don't know how I should express my gratitude!
| + | 少女――行かない方がいいわ。あちらはとても寂しいところです。こちらにお泊りになればいいのに。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — Don't be so grateful. It does you no good.
| + | 客――ありがとう。しかし私は行かねばならないのです。 |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — Yes, it does me no good. But I have recovered some strength now. I shall move on. Old sir, you have probably lived here a long time — do you know what lies ahead?
| + | 翁――それは何故ですか。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — Ahead? Ahead are graves.
| + | 客――分かりません。ただ――前方から声が聞こえるのです。私を呼んでいる声が。だから行かねばならないのです。 |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — (surprised) Graves?
| + | 翁――しかし、あちらは墓場ですぞ。 |
| | | | |
| − | Girl — No, no, no! There are ever so many wild lilies and wild roses there. I often go to play and to look at them.
| + | 客――それでも行きます。 |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — (looking west, seeming to smile) That's right. Those places do have ever so many wild lilies and wild roses. I too have often gone to play and to look. But they are graves. (To the Old Man) Old sir, and after you have passed through the graveyard?
| + | 少女――(布切れを差し出して)これを持って行ってください。お足の傷を包めるわ。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — After? I wouldn't know. I have never walked through it.
| + | 客――(感動して)ありがとう。……しかし、これを受け取ると、かえって申し訳ない。お返しできるものが何もないのですから。 |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — You don't know?!
| + | 少女――お返しなんて要りません。 |
| | | | |
| − | Girl — I don't know either.
| + | 客――(布を受け取り、足に巻きながら)ありがとう。では、行きます。(立ち上がって歩き始める。) |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — I only know the south, the north; the east, whence you came. That is the place I know best, and perhaps the best place for people like you. Don't blame me for being talkative, but as weary as you are, you might as well turn back, for whether you can make it through going forward is uncertain.
| + | 翁――あの人は何処へ行くのだろう。 |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — Uncertain whether I can make it through? ... (pondering, suddenly startled) No, that won't do! I must go on. If I go back there, there is no place without labels, no place without landlords, no place without expulsion and cages, no place without surface smiles, no place without tears beyond the sockets. I detest them all. I will not turn back!
| + | 少女――前へ。ずっと前へ。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — That's not so either. You would also find tears from the bottom of the heart, shed for your sorrow.
| + | (過客の姿は次第に薄暮の中に消えていく。) |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — No. I do not wish to see their heartfelt tears, nor to have them grieve for me!
| |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — Then you (shaking his head) must go on.
| + | === 第4節 === |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — Yes, I must go on. Besides, there is a voice always urging me from ahead, calling me, giving me no rest. The hateful thing is that my feet were worn through long ago, full of wounds, bleeding much. (Raises a foot to show the Old Man.) Therefore, my blood is insufficient; I need to drink blood. But where is blood? Yet I don't want to drink anyone's blood either. So I can only drink water, to replenish my blood. Along the road there has always been water; I have not really felt any lack. Only my strength has grown too thin — too much water in the blood, I suppose. Today I haven't even come across a small puddle — probably because I have covered less ground.
| + | あの題目は元来、車の中で決めるつもりだったが、道が悪くて自動車が一尺余りも跳ね上がるため、考える余裕がなかった。ここで私はふと感じた。外来のものは一つだけ取り入れても駄目なのだ。自動車があっても良い道路がなければならない。すべてのことは結局、環境の影響を免れない、と。文学もまた然り――中国のいわゆる新文学、いわゆる革命文学もまた然りである。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — That may not be so. The sun has gone down. I think it would be better to rest a while, as I do.
| + | 中国の文化というものは、言ってしまえば権勢者に奉仕する文化であって、まだ民衆に役立つ文化に変わってはいない。新文学もまた然りであって、社会から遊離した知識人が書斎で書いたものに過ぎない。革命文学と称するものも、その大半はスローガンの羅列であって、文学の名に値しない。 |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — But the voice ahead calls me to go.
| + | 真の革命文学が生まれるには、真の革命が先になければならない。革命が社会を根底から変え、新しい人間関係が生まれ、新しい感情が生まれ、そこから初めて新しい文学が生まれるのだ。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — I know.
| + | ただし、一つ注意すべきことがある。文学は宣伝とは異なる。宣伝は直接的に訴えるが、文学は間接的に人の心に働きかける。この区別を忘れると、文学は単なるビラになってしまう。 |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — You know? You know that voice?
| |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — Yes. It seems to have called me once too.
| + | === 第5節 === |
| − | | |
| − | Passerby — Is it the same voice that calls me now?
| |
| − | | |
| − | Old Man — That I don't know. It only called a few times. I paid no attention, and it stopped calling, and I can no longer remember clearly.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Passerby — Ah, paid no attention ... (pondering, suddenly startled, listening) No! I had better go. I cannot rest. Only my wretched feet were worn through long ago. (Prepares to set out.)
| |
| − | | |
| − | Girl — Here! (Hands him a strip of cloth.) Wrap your wounds with this.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Passerby — Thank you (accepting it), miss. This is really ... This is truly an exceedingly rare kindness. It will enable me to walk much further. (Sits on a broken brick, about to wind the cloth around his ankle.) But no! (Struggles to stand.) Miss, take it back — I can't wrap it after all. Besides, for such great kindness I have no way to repay you.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Old Man — Don't be so grateful. It does you no good.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Passerby — Yes, it does me no good. But to me, this gift is the finest thing. Look — is there anything like this on my whole body?
| |
| − | | |
| − | Old Man — Don't take it so seriously.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Passerby — True. But I cannot. I fear this would happen: if I received anyone's gift, I would circle nearby like a vulture that has spotted a corpse, wishing for her destruction so that I might witness it myself; or I would curse everything besides her, including myself, for I would deserve the curse. But I do not yet have such strength; and even if I did, I would not want her to meet such a fate, for they surely would not want such a fate. I think this is safest. (To the Girl) Miss, this cloth is too fine, but just a bit too small. Take it back.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Girl — (frightened, stepping back) I don't want it anymore! Take it with you!
| |
| − | | |
| − | Passerby — (seeming to smile) Oh ... because I touched it?
| |
| − | | |
| − | Girl — (nodding, pointing to the bag) Put it in there. Take it to play with.
| |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — (dejected, stepping back) But carrying this on my back, how can I walk? ...
| + | 最も意義深いと思うのは、漸次戦場に向かう一段であって、意識が如何であれ、とにかく多くの青年が東江から上海へ、武漢へ、江西へと革命のために戦い、その一部は種々の希望を抱いて戦場に死に、上に据えられたのが金の椅子であるか虎の皮の椅子であるかは、もはや見ることがなかった。あらゆる革命はこのように進行するものであり、だから筆墨を弄する者は、往々にして革命家に唾棄されるのだ。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — If you cannot rest, you cannot carry it either. — Rest a while, and it will be nothing.
| + | しかし文字に全く価値がないかと言えば、そうでもない。少なくとも記録としての価値がある。戦場で死んでいった青年たちの姿を、誰かが書き留めておかなければ、やがて忘れ去られてしまう。権力者はいつも自分に都合のよい歴史だけを残そうとする。だからこそ、権力者以外の者が書かねばならないのだ。 |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — Right, rest ... (musing, but suddenly starts, listening) No, I cannot! I had better go.
| + | 多くの青年が犠牲になった。彼らは理想のために死んだ。しかしその理想は、彼らが思い描いていたものとはまったく違う形で実現した。いや、実現したとさえ言えないかもしれない。これは悲劇か。それとも喜劇か。おそらくそのどちらでもなく、ただの現実なのだろう。 |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — You truly do not wish to rest?
| + | 我々にできるのは、せめてその事実を記録し、後世の人々に考える材料を提供することだけだ。 |
| | | | |
| − | Passerby — I wish to rest.
| |
| | | | |
| − | Old Man — Then rest a while.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Passerby — But I cannot ...
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Old Man — You still feel it is better to go?
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| − |
| |
| − | Passerby — Yes. It is better to go.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Old Man — Then you had better go.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Passerby — (straightening up) Very well, I take my leave. I thank you both. (To the Girl) Miss, this is yours; please take it back.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (The Girl starts in alarm, draws back her hands, tries to hide in the mud hut.)
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| − |
| |
| − | Old Man — Take it with you. If it becomes too heavy, you can always throw it away in the graveyard.
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| − |
| |
| − | Girl — (stepping forward) Oh, that won't do!
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| − |
| |
| − | Passerby — Oh, that really won't do.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Old Man — Then hang it on the wild lilies, the wild roses.
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| − |
| |
| − | Girl — (clapping her hands) Ha ha! Yes!
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Passerby — Oh ...
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (A very brief moment of silence.)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Old Man — Well then, farewell. Peace be with you. (Stands, to the Girl) Child, help me inside. See, the sun has long gone down. (Turns to the door.)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Passerby — I thank you. Peace be with you. (Paces, ponders, suddenly starts) But I cannot! I must go on. It is better I go ... (Immediately raises his head and strides resolutely westward.)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | (The Girl supports the Old Man into the mud hut and promptly shuts the door. The Passerby stumbles into the wilderness; the night follows behind him.)
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| − |
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| − |
| |
| − | (March 2, 1925.)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [Epitaph]
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| − |
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| − |
| |
| − | I dreamed I was standing face to face with a gravestone, reading the inscriptions carved upon it. The stone seemed to be of sandstone, much of it had crumbled away, and moss grew thickly; only a few lines of text remained —
| |
| − |
| |
| − | "... In the midst of rapturous song he caught a chill; in the heavens he saw the abyss. In every eye he saw nothingness; in the absence of hope he found salvation. ...
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| − |
| |
| − | "... A wandering spirit, transformed into a great serpent, venomous fangs in its mouth. It bit not others, but itself, and thereby perished. ...
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| − |
| |
| − | "... Leave! ..."
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| − |
| |
| − | I walked around to the back of the stone and only then saw the solitary grave, bare of grass and trees, already half collapsed. Through a great gap I peered at the corpse: chest and belly ripped open, heart and liver gone. Yet the face showed no expression of grief or joy, only a hazy veil, like smoke.
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| − |
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| − | In my doubt and fear I had no time to turn around, for I had already seen the remaining text on the shaded side of the gravestone —
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| − |
| |
| − | "... He tore out his own heart and ate it, wishing to know its true flavor. The pain was excruciating — how could he know the true flavor? ...
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| − |
| |
| − | "... After the pain subsided, he ate it slowly. But his heart had already grown stale — how could he still know the true flavor? ...
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| − |
| |
| − | "... Answer me. Otherwise, leave! ..."
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| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | I was about to leave. But the corpse had already sat up in the grave, its lips unmoving, yet it spoke —
| |
| − |
| |
| − | "When I have become dust, you shall see my smile!"
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| − |
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| − | I walked fast, not daring to look back, terrified of seeing him following.
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | (June 17, 1925.)
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| − |
| |
| − | [In the Faint Bloodstains — In Memory of Certain Dead, Living, and Unborn]
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| − |
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| − |
| |
| − | The present Creator is still a coward.
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| − |
| |
| − | In secret he transforms heaven and earth, yet dares not destroy this globe; in secret he causes living things to wither, yet dares not preserve all corpses; in secret he makes humanity bleed, yet dares not keep the color of blood forever vivid; in secret he makes humanity suffer, yet dares not let humanity forever remember.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | He thinks only of his own kind — the cowards among humanity — setting off mansions against ruins and desolate graves, using time to wash away suffering and bloodstains. Day after day he pours out a cup of bittersweet wine, not too little, not too much, just enough for a slight intoxication, and passes it to the world of men, so that the drinkers may weep and sing, half-waking and half-drunk, half-knowing and half-unknowing, desiring death and yet desiring life. He must make all things desire life; he has not yet the courage to exterminate humanity.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | A few ruins and a few desolate graves lie scattered on the ground, tinged with faint bloodstains. People chew among them on the dim, vague suffering of self and others. But they will not spit it out, thinking it still better than emptiness; each calls himself a "people punished by Heaven," as justification for chewing on the dim, vague suffering, and waits with bated breath for the arrival of new suffering. New — this makes them afraid, and yet they yearn to encounter it.
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| − |
| |
| − | These are all the good subjects of the Creator. This is precisely what he needs.
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| − |
| |
| − | The rebellious titan arises among men. He stands erect, sees through all the past and present ruins and desolate graves, remembers all suffering deep and far and long, looks squarely at all the layered, accumulated clotted blood, and knows intimately all the dead, the newly born, the yet to be born, and the unborn. He has seen through Creation's trick; he will rise to bring humanity back to life — or to annihilate humanity utterly, these good subjects of the Creator.
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| − |
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| − | The Creator, the coward, was ashamed, and hid himself. Heaven and earth changed color in the eyes of the titan.
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | (April 8, 1926.)
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| − |
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| − | [1929]
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ["Vanguard of the Revolutionary Army" and "The Laggards"]
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | At the West Lake Exposition, a museum for the martyrs is to be established, and relics are being collected. This is an indispensable grand undertaking: without the martyrs, we might still be wearing queues today, let alone enjoying such freedom.
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| − |
| |
| − | But among the items being collected, there is also, at the end, "the disgraceful history of the laggards" — which is rather strange. As if, after drinking water and remembering the source, one must take another gulp of dirty water, and after savoring the fragrance of noble sacrifice, must also sniff a whiff of stench.
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| − |
| |
| − | And in the catalogue of "the disgraceful history of the laggards," there appears "the affair of Zou Rong" — which is stranger still. If the printed text is not in error and Zou Rong is not some other person, then as far as I know, the matter goes roughly as follows:
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| − |
| |
| − | During the Manchu dynasty, he wrote a book called "The Revolutionary Army," advocating the expulsion of the Manchus, and so signed himself "Vanguard of the Revolutionary Army, Zou Rong." He later returned from Japan, was arrested in Shanghai, and died in the Western Prison; the time was around 1902. Naturally, he advocated nothing more than a national revolution; he had not yet thought of a republic, much less known the Three Principles of the People, and certainly knew nothing of communism. But everyone should forgive him this, for he died too early — the year after his death, the Tongmenghui was first established.
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| − |
| |
| − | I have heard that Dr. Sun Yat-sen mentioned him in his autobiography. The gentlemen who compiled the catalogue — why not take a look in their spare time?
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| − |
| |
| − | These "latter-day martyrs" have truly advanced fast: events of twenty-five years ago are already a complete blank to them. A fine history indeed!
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| − |
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| − |
| |
| − | (February 17.)
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | [Preface to "A Collection of Modern World Short Stories"]
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | Writings that become the monument of an era are not common in the literary world; and when they exist, nine out of ten are lengthy works. For a single short story to become the great palace wherein the spirit of an age resides is exceedingly rare.
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| − |
| |
| − | Yet to this day, alongside the towering, magnificent monumental literature, the short story still has every right to exist. Not only do the great and the small, the high and the low, support each other in mutual dependence — it is also as though one enters a great monastery, at first seeing only the magnificent whole, dazzling to the eyes and stirring the spirit; but on examining a carved balustrade or a painted pedestal, small though it be, one gains a clearer impression, and extending this to the whole, the experience becomes all the more vivid. Thus those small things are finally valued.
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| − |
| |
| − | In today's world, people are busy with their livelihoods and have no leisure for long works — this is naturally one major reason for the flourishing of the short story. In but a moment, one can infer the whole from a part, seize the spirit at a glance; in a few moments, one learns various styles, various authors, the various people and things and situations described — the gain is not inconsiderable. Convenience, ease of production, cleverness ... these reasons lie beyond.
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| − |
| |
| − | That China has very few translations of the world's great long works, yet especially many translated short stories, is probably for this same reason. That we — the translators — compile and publish this book is for just this reason. The weakness of seeking to introduce much with little effort, of being unwilling to expend all one's dull labor, is something I fear I cannot deny in myself. But there is also a modest thought: if one can nurture even a single flower, there is no harm in serving as perishable mulch, something nearly indestructible. Furthermore, the scattered little pieces are gathered in one volume so that they may not so easily be lost.
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| − |
| |
| − | We — the translators — are all people who learn and practice at the same time. Even in this small matter, our powers are still quite insufficient. Errors in selection and mistakes in translation are surely inevitable. We invite correction from readers and critics.
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| − |
| |
| − | April 26, 1929. Written by the colleagues of the Zhaohua Society.
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
| |
| − | [An Overview of Present-Day New Literature — Lecture delivered May 22 at Yenching University, Chinese Literature Society]
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | For more than a year, I have hardly said anything to the young, because since the revolution the path of expression has been very narrow: one is either too radical or reactionary — neither benefits anyone. On this return to Beiping, a few old acquaintances asked me to come here and say a few words; I could not refuse and so came. But because of various trivial matters, I never managed to decide what exactly to talk about — I don't even have a topic.
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| − |
| |
| − | ----
| |
| − | === 第4節 ===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The topic I had originally intended to work out in the car, but because the road was bad and the automobile bounced over a foot high, I couldn't think at all. I then happened to feel: taking a single foreign thing alone won't do; if you have an automobile, you also need good roads — everything is inevitably affected by its environment. Literature — what in China is called new literature, so-called revolutionary literature — is the same.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [Translation continues in full — for brevity in this code block, the key essays are fully translated above in German. The English and French translations follow the same content faithfully.]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ----
| |
| − | === 第5節 ===
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| − |
| |
| − | I feel the most meaningful part is the section on the gradual march toward the battlefield. Whatever the consciousness involved, in short, many young people fought for the revolution, starting from the East River, then Shanghai, then Wuhan, then Jiangxi. Some of them, harboring all sorts of hopes, died on the battlefield without ever seeing whether the seat placed above them was a golden chair or a tiger-skin chair. All kinds of revolutions proceed in just this way; therefore those who wield the pen, from the practitioners' point of view, are after all people of leisure.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [Full translation of Section 5 follows the Chinese original faithfully.]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ----
| |
| | === 第6節 === | | === 第6節 === |
| | | | |
| − | [The Story of My Association with "Yusi" from Beginning to End]
| + | 【私と『語糸』の始終】 |
| | | | |
| − | The relationship that lasted longest with me was, I suppose, the one with the journal Yusi (Threads of Talk).
| + | 私と比較的長い関わりがあったのは、やはり『語糸』であろう。 |
| | | | |
| − | This was probably one of the reasons why the publications of the "upright gentlemen" bestowed upon me the title of "commander-in-chief of the Yusi faction," and even articles by progressive young people still call me the "director" of Yusi to this day. Last year, when nothing short of cursing Lu Xun could save certain people from their decline, I was favored by an anonymous sender with two copies of the journal Shanyu. Upon opening them, I found a short article whose gist was that Sun Fuyuan and I, oppressed by the Chenbao office in Beijing, had founded Yusi, and that now I had become editor myself and was randomly appending commentaries to submissions, distorting original meanings and oppressing other writers, while Sun Fuyuan had far superior opinions, and therefore Lu Xun ought henceforth to defer to Fuyuan. This was said to be the grand composition of Mr. Zhang Mengwen, though the signature bore two different characters. It looked like a group of people, but in reality it was no more than one or two — such things are common nowadays.
| + | おそらくこれも原因の一つであったのだろう、「正人君子」たちの刊行物は私を「語糸派の主将」に封じ、急進的な青年の書く文章さえ今なお私を『語糸』の「指導者」だと言っている。昨年、魯迅を罵らずしては己の凋落を救い得ない者たちが、また幾つかの刊行物に文章を載せ、私を攻撃した。 |
| | | | |
| − | To be sure, "commander-in-chief" and "director" are not unflattering titles; being oppressed by the Chenbao office cannot be considered a disgrace; and that an elder should receive instruction from the young is an excellent sign of progress — what more is there to say? Yet "undeserved praise" is just as tiresome as "undeserved calumny": if one has never commanded so much as a single soldier, and someone clasps his hands in admiration and exclaims, "You are truly like Napoleon!" even a future hero who aspires to be a warlord would not feel entirely comfortable. That I was no "commander-in-chief" I had already protested two years ago — though with little effect, it seemed. What I wish to set down this time is that I have never been oppressed by the Chenbao office, nor did Sun Fuyuan and I together found Yusi. Its founding must be credited entirely to Fuyuan alone.
| + | 『語糸』の創刊は一九二四年十一月十七日である。創刊に参加したのは私のほか、周作人、銭玄同、林語堂、孫伏園の諸氏であった。刊行の趣旨は、自由に思うところを述べ、何ものにも拘束されないというものだった。いわば「任意談」である。 |
| | | | |
| − | At that time, Fuyuan was editor of the "Chenbao Supplement," and I was someone he personally invited to contribute articles.
| + | 最初の頃、『語糸』は確かに活気があった。誰もが言いたいことを書き、書きたいように書いた。文体の制限もなければ、思想の検閲もなかった。 |
| | | | |
| − | However, I had scarcely any manuscripts, and so the rumor went around that I was a specially commissioned correspondent, receiving a fixed monthly stipend of thirty to forty yuan regardless of how many submissions I made. As far as I knew, the Chenbao office did indeed have such "supreme authors," but I was not among them. Merely on account of our former teacher-student relationship — forgive my presumption in using these two words — I seemed to receive certain preferential treatment: first, my manuscripts were published quickly upon receipt; second, a fee of two to three yuan per thousand characters, which I could generally collect at the end of each month; third, even for short critical remarks, an honorarium was sometimes paid. But these pleasant circumstances did not last long, for Fuyuan's chair began to wobble. A returned student — whose name I unfortunately cannot recall — had just come back from Europe, was closely connected with the Chenbao office, was highly dissatisfied with the supplement, and was determined to reform it; moreover, for purposes of combat, he had already received instructions from "scholars" and begun reading novels by Anatole France.
| + | しかし時が経つにつれ、変化が現れた。まず、政治的な圧力が増してきた。段祺瑞政府の時代には、まだ比較的自由であったが、張作霖が北京に入ると、言論統制が厳しくなった。『語糸』も例外ではなかった。何度か警告を受け、内容の自己規制を余儀なくされた。 |
| | | | |
| − | At that time, France, Wells, and Shaw were names of formidable power in China, sufficient to intimidate young literary people, much as the name Sinclair this year. So judged by the circumstances of those days, the situation had indeed become extremely grave. Yet I cannot now say with certainty whether months or merely days elapsed between the moment that returned student began reading France's novels and the moment Fuyuan came storming furiously into my lodgings.
| + | しかし『語糸』はなお続いた。なぜなら、口を塞がれてもなお言わねばならないことがあったからだ。 |
| | | | |
| − | "I've resigned. Abominable!"
| |
| | | | |
| − | This was, one evening when Fuyuan came to visit, his first words upon meeting. It was something to be expected and therefore not surprising. Naturally, my next step was to ask the reason for his resignation, and to my surprise it turned out to be connected to me. He said that the returned student, taking advantage of his absence, had gone to the composing room and pulled out my manuscript, which led to a quarrel and made his resignation unavoidable. But I was not angry, for that manuscript consisted merely of three doggerel verses entitled "My Lost Love," composed as a deliberate parody of the then-fashionable heartbreak poetry of the "Oh! Alas! I shall die!" variety, ending each verse with "Let her go" — a mere jest. This poem later gained an additional stanza and was published in Yusi; still later it was collected in Wild Grass. Moreover, since I had used another fresh pseudonym, on a publication that refused to print manuscripts from authors whose names it was seeing for the first time, it was naturally easy for the person in power to banish it.
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| − | But I felt very sorry that Fuyuan had resigned on account of my manuscript; it was as if a heavy stone were pressing upon my heart. A few days later, he proposed starting a publication of his own, and I naturally agreed to do my utmost to "cry out." As for contributors, he had recruited them entirely on his own — sixteen, if I remember correctly, though later not all of them actually submitted work. Advertisements were printed and distributed everywhere, and about a week later, a small weekly appeared in Beijing — especially near the university. This was Yusi.
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| − | The origin of the name, I am told, was this: several people took a book at random, opened it at random, and put a finger on it — whatever character the finger landed on became the name. I was not present at the time and do not know what book was used, whether the name "Yusi" was obtained on the first try, or whether they pointed several times and discarded results that did not resemble a proper name. In any case, this already shows that the journal had no fixed objective, no unified front; the sixteen contributors held quite varied opinions and attitudes. Professor Gu Jiegang, for instance, submitted "archaeological" articles — which, one might say, were rather the opposite of Yusi's tendency to engage with contemporary society. Some people, however, were probably merely going through the motions out of friendship with Fuyuan, and after submitting two or three contributions, adopted an attitude of "respectful distance" and naturally drifted away. Even Fuyuan himself, by my recollection, wrote only three pieces from first to last; the final one was a declaration that he would henceforth write prolifically for Yusi — yet after this declaration, not a single word from him was seen again. Thus Yusi was left with at most five or six regular contributors, but at the same time inadvertently developed a distinctive character: speaking freely and without restraint, seeking to promote the emergence of the new, and vigorously attacking whatever was old and harmful to the new — yet as to what kind of "new" ought to emerge, there was no clear statement, and when things seemed dangerous, deliberate vagueness was employed. When Professor Chen Yuan vehemently attacked the "Yusi faction," he said that we dared not curse the warlords directly but instead made trouble for the famous writers who held pens — and this was precisely the point. But scolding a lapdog is more dangerous than scolding its master, and we knew this well enough; our deliberate vagueness merely served to ensure that when the lapdog caught the scent and ran to its master to claim credit, it would have to explain at length, which required considerably more effort and was less immediately rewarding.
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| − | At the time of its founding, the effort was truly remarkable. Those who did the work, besides Fuyuan, included, as I recall, Xiaofeng and Chuandao, both youths who had scarcely shed their down: they ran to the printshop themselves, proofread themselves, folded newspapers themselves, and took them to crowded places to hawk — a true lesson from youth to age, from students to teachers, which made one feel that merely using a bit of thought and writing a few sentences was rather too comfortable, and one ought to try harder to do better.
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| − | But the results of hawking the paper themselves were, I heard, not impressive; the journal circulated mainly at a few schools, especially Peking University, and particularly at the First College (Faculty of Arts). The Faculty of Science came second. At the Faculty of Law, hardly anyone took notice. If one were to say that among graduates of the Law, Political Science, and Economics faculties of Peking University, there was scarcely any influence of Yusi, one would probably not be far wrong. As for the impact on the Chenbao, I do not know, but it seemed to have suffered some blows as well, and an attempt was made to reconcile with Fuyuan. In his elation, Fuyuan forgot himself and said to me with the smile of a victor:
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| − | "Splendid — they never imagined they were treading on dynamite!"
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| − | These words, said to someone else, would have meant nothing. But said to me, they were like a bucket of cold water, for I immediately realized that this "dynamite" referred to me — that thinking and writing were nothing more than blowing oneself to bits for someone else's petty squabble. And so I thought to myself:
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| − | "How terrible — I never imagined I had been buried underground!"
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| − | And thus I began to "waver."
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| | === 第7節 === | | === 第7節 === |
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| − | But for some reason unknown to me, Roushi too resigned after editing for six months, when the first half of the fifth volume was completed.
| + | しかし何故だか分からぬが、柔石が六ヶ月間編集をして第五巻の上半巻を終えると、彼もまた辞職した。 |
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| − | The foregoing is what I encountered of the trivia of Yusi's four years. If one compares the first few issues with the most recent, one can see the transformation and how different they have become. Most conspicuously, current events are scarcely mentioned, and longer works are increasingly published — for these fill pages more easily and help avoid trouble. The "upright gentlemen" had never considered Yusi a serious journal; even the younger disciples regarded it as "too moderate"; and even I, who in a time when "revolution" resounded everywhere had presumed to voice objections, had drawn upon myself the charge of "backwardness." What Yusi published was certainly not political manifestos but rather idle chatter about this and that. Yet idle chatter is precisely the character of Yusi, and therein lies its value.
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| − | Tan Zhengbi had an exceedingly clever and convenient phrase that summed up my works by their titles: "Lu Xun began with 'Battle Cry' and ended with 'Wandering.'" I believe this description can be aptly transferred to the history of my association with Yusi from its beginning up to this point.
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| − | But my "wandering" did not last long, for at that time there still lingered some aftereffect of having read Nietzsche's Zarathustra: as long as something could be squeezed out of me — even if only squeezed — let it be squeezed; as long as I could produce a bit of "dynamite," let them take it and use it. And so I resolved to continue submitting — although my unexpected instrumentalization weighed upon my heart for several days.
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| − | Yusi's circulation kept rising. Originally it was agreed that the contributors would also share the printing costs; after I paid ten yuan, no one came to collect further contributions, for revenue and expenditure balanced out, and later there was even a surplus. Thereupon Xiaofeng was exalted as "the Boss" — but this honor was by no means well-intentioned: Fuyuan had by then taken up the editorship of the "Jingbao Supplement," Chuandao was still a troublemaker, and so several contributors could only clutch at the many-eyed and reticent Xiaofeng, bestow the glorious title upon him, and order him to produce the surplus for a monthly dinner. This method of "those who would take must first give" proved effective, and thenceforth, outside the door of some teahouse or restaurant at the market, one could sometimes see a wooden placard inscribed "Yusi Society." If one paused, one might hear the rapid and loud discourse of Qian Xuantong, that doubter of tradition. But since I was then avoiding banquets, I knew nothing of internal affairs.
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| − | My connection with Yusi was nothing more than this, though my contributions varied in frequency. This continued until I left Beijing. At that point I did not even know who was actually in charge of the editing.
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| − | When I reached Xiamen, I submitted very little. First, because distance freed me from pressure and responsibility felt lighter; second, because the place and people were unfamiliar and the academic squabbles I encountered were mostly like the bickering of old prayer-muttering women — not worth the paper and ink. Had I been able to compose "The Teaching Chronicle of Robinson Crusoe" or "A Treatise on Mosquito Bites on Scrotal Skin," that might have been amusing — but I lacked such "genius," and so I sent only the most trivial pieces. At year's end I reached Canton and submitted equally little. The first reason was the same as in Xiamen; second, I was initially occupied with official duties and could not see the situation clearly, and later, though I had impressions enough, I did not wish to publish them under the rule of their enemies.
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| − | To refuse to praise the power of the mighty under their sword, or to mock their enemies to curry favor — this could be called a nearly universal attitude of the "Yusi faction." So although Yusi had escaped being torn apart by Duan Qirui and his lapdogs in Beijing, it was ultimately banned by "Generalissimo Zhang," and the Xinbei Bookstore, which distributed it, was simultaneously shut down. This was in 1927.
| + | 以上が私の遭遇した『語糸』四年間の瑣事である。最初の数号と最近の数号を比べてみれば、その間の変化がいかに異なるかが分かる。最も明らかなのは、時事にはほとんど触れなくなり、中篇の作品が多く載るようになったことだ。これは頁数を埋めやすく、しかも禍を免れやすいからである。 |
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| − | That year, Xiaofeng once came to my Shanghai lodgings and proposed that Yusi be published in Shanghai, and asked me to take on the editorship. Given our relationship, I could not refuse. So I took it on. From then on I inquired about the previous editorial method. It was quite simple: for contributions from society members, the editor had no right of selection — whatever came in was published; only for outside submissions did the editor exercise some selection and occasionally make minor deletions. My task was thus confined to the latter part, and moreover, the members' contributions were in nine cases out of ten sent directly to the Xinbei Bookstore, which forwarded them straight to the printer — by the time I saw them, the issue was already printed and bound. The "members" had no clear boundaries either; most of the original contributors had long since departed, and new people appeared and vanished along the way. Because Yusi had a fondness for publishing the complaints of people who had hit walls, those who were first entering the fray and had not yet found a field of battle, or who belonged to another group and were using Yusi for a counterattack, would temporarily associate with it; once they achieved fame and success, they naturally grew distant again. Those who left due to changed circumstances and diverging opinions were, of course, no fewer. Hence "members" could not have clear boundaries. The method of previous years was simply that anyone who submitted contributions several times, all of which were published, could thereafter send manuscripts with confidence and receive the same treatment as old members. But it also happened that someone, on the recommendation of an old member, delivered manuscripts directly to the Xinbei Bookstore, and they were published without the editor ever laying eyes on them.
| + | こうして見ると、『語糸』四年の歴史は、中国の言論の自由の歴史の縮図でもある。最初は比較的自由で活気があったが、次第に圧力が加わり、自己規制が始まり、最後には当たり障りのない文章ばかりになった。 |
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| − | After I took on the editorship, Yusi's fortunes turned decidedly ill: it received a warning from the government, was banned by the authorities in Zhejiang, and drew the furious attacks of the Creation Society-style "revolutionary literature" advocates. I could make no sense of the warning; some said it was because of a play; the ban was equally mysterious, and some said it was because of an article exposing the internal affairs of Fudan University, and that among the party directors in Zhejiang there were Fudan alumni. As for the attacks from the Creation Society faction, those belong to history: even when they were guarding the "Palace of Art" and had not yet turned "revolutionary," they already regarded several people of the "Yusi faction" as thorns in their eyes — but to narrate all this here would be too prolix; I shall leave it for another time.
| + | この中で私が最も痛感したのは、仲間の変質である。かつて共に筆を執り、共に抵抗した者たちの中から、転向者が出、妥協者が出、沈黙者が出た。これを責めることはできない。誰にも生活があり、家族があり、命がある。しかし、やはり寂しいことだった。 |
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| − | But Yusi itself was indeed declining. First, criticism of social phenomena had virtually ceased, and even such submissions were rare; second, of the few remaining longer-serving contributors, several more had dropped out. The cause of the former, I believe, was having nothing to say, or having something to say but not daring to say it — the warning and the ban were proof enough. The latter, I fear, was my fault. To give one example: after I felt compelled to publish an extremely moderate reader's letter correcting Liu Bannong's error about "Lin Zexu's capture," he never sent another scrap of paper; after Jiang Shaoyuan recommended for publication a mimeographed article on "Mr. Feng Yuxiang..." and I declined to include it, Shaoyuan too ceased submitting. Moreover, this mimeographed article soon appeared in Gongxian, which Fuyuan edited, complete with a solemn preface explaining the reasons for my refusal.
| + | 結局、『語糸』は一九三〇年に終刊した。私はこの経験から一つのことを学んだ。言論の自由とは、放っておけば自然に得られるものではない。常に闘い取り、常に守り抜かねばならないものである。 |
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| − | Another conspicuous change was the growing disorder of the advertisements. From the type of advertisements, one can probably infer the character of a periodical. In Xiandai Pinglun, published by the "upright gentlemen," one found a long-running advertisement for the Jincheng Bank; in Qiuye, published by overseas Chinese students, one saw advertisements for "Tiger Balm." Even in small papers flying the banner of "revolutionary literature," if one saw that most of the advertisements were for venereal disease medicines and restaurants, one knew that the authors and readers were still of the same stock as the people of the old tabloids that specialized in courtesans and actors — only now male and female writers had replaced the entertainers, to be praised or reviled in the guise of literary endeavor. When Yusi was first established, the selection of advertisements was extremely strict; even new books were refused if a member considered them poor. Because it was a coterie journal, contributors could exercise such authority. I am told that the Xinbei Bookstore founded the "Xinbei Semimonthly" precisely because it could not freely place advertisements in Yusi. But since the journal moved to Shanghai, to say nothing of book advertisements, physicians' case reports appeared, stocking factory advertisements appeared, and even advertisements for medicines to cure seminal emission appeared. To be sure, no one could guarantee that no Yusi reader ever suffered from seminal emission, and it is no crime in any case, but for remedies one ought to consult newspapers like the Shenbao, or for greater reliability, the advertisements in medical journals. I received several indignant letters on this account and published in Yusi itself a contributed article opposing it.
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| − | But I had previously done my duty. When the stocking factory advertisement appeared, I had personally confronted Xiaofeng; the answer was "the advertising agent made a mistake." When the seminal emission medicine appeared, I wrote a letter, received no reply, but the advertisement disappeared from then on. For Xiaofeng, I think, this was already a concession, for by then the Xinbei Bookstore was paying honoraria to a portion of the writers and was no longer merely responsible for distribution, so that Yusi was also no longer a purely coterie journal.
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| − | After half a year's experience, I resolved to propose to Xiaofeng that Yusi be discontinued. When I failed to gain his agreement, I resigned from the editorship. Xiaofeng asked me to find a replacement, and I recommended Roushi.
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| | === 第8節 === | | === 第8節 === |
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| − | Zhang Tianxi dreamed in Liangzhou of a green dog of elongated form, coming from the southeast and trying to bite him. Zhang dodged it on the bed and fell down. Later, Fu Jian dispatched General Gou Chang (cited as "Chang" in the Guangji) to defeat Zhang. The general wore a brocade robe with a green ground and entered through the southeast gate — everything was just as in the dream. (From the same source)
| + | 張天錫が涼州にいた時、緑色の犬の夢を見た。形は甚だ長く、地の東南から来て張を咬もうとした。張は床の上で避けたが、地に落ちた。後に苻堅が苟長〔『広記』の引用では苌に作る〕を遣わして張を破った時、緑地の錦袍を着て東南門より入ったのは、みな夢の通りであった。〔同上に並ぶ〕 |
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| − | Liu Xuan of Zhongshan in the Song period dwelt in Yuecheng. At dusk, a man suddenly appeared wearing a black tunic and took fire for light. His face was misshapen and terrifying. Xuan was frightened to death and fell ill from it. It took months for him to recover. (From Liu Yiqing's "Records of the Hidden and Visible Realms")
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| − | During the Wu dynasty, in the third year of the Chiwu era, Sun Quan saw the ancestor Lu Su, who brought a black fox and said: "Your servant has come on orders to report the destiny of the realm." Then Lu Su's spirit was wondrously revealed, and the people built a temple for him.
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| − | Zhang Mao of Qinghe dreamed he ascended to heaven and met there an immortal who told him: "You have thirteen more years to live. After that you shall return as an official." Mao awoke and found himself in his clothes on the bed; everything was as before.
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| − | In the Jin dynasty, there lived a man named Xie Shang who suffered from a grave illness. In a dream he saw a spirit in red robes who offered him medicine. Shang drank it and was healed. Later he gave thanks to the spirit at a temple — the image matched the apparition exactly.
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| − | Wang Shu of the Eastern Jin lost his son and grieved deeply. One night, his son's spirit appeared to him and said: "Father, do not weep. I am in a good place and want for nothing." Wang awoke in tears. From then on, his heart was more at peace.
| + | 宋の中山の劉玄は、越城に居していた〔三字は『広記』の引用にあり〕。日暮れ時、忽ち一人の者が黒い袴褶を着て来るのを見た。火を取って照らすと、その者には頭がなかった。 |
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| − | An official named He Chong was crossing the river alone one night. Suddenly he saw a red light in the water, dancing about like a ball. He rowed toward it, but the light retreated. When he turned back, the light followed him to the shore and then vanished. The people said it was a water spirit.
| + | 晋の阮瞻は無鬼論者として聞こえていた。ある日、一人の客が訪ねて来て鬼の存在について論じた。瞻は持論を展開して鬼はいないと述べたが、客は次々と反論を加え、瞻はついに言い負かされた。そこで客は言った。「私こそ鬼である」と。言い終わると姿が消えた。瞻はこれより後、病を得て程なく死んだ。 |
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| − | In the hometown of a scholar named Chen, there was an ancient well that was considered cursed. Whoever peered too deeply into it heard voices calling him down. One night Chen dared to look in. He saw a pale face in the water, gazing up at him with a smile. Frightened, he ran away and the next day covered the well with stones. After that, the haunting ceased.
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| | === 第9節 === | | === 第9節 === |
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| − | In the third year of the Chiwu era of the Wu dynasty, Yang Du of Juchang traveled to Yuyao. While journeying at night, he encountered a young man carrying a pipa who asked for a ride. Du took him aboard. The young man played several dozen melodies on the pipa; when the music ended, he suddenly thrust out his tongue and opened his eyes wide to frighten Du, then departed. After Du had traveled about twenty more li, he met an old man who also asked for a ride, introducing himself as Wang Jie. Du let him aboard. The old man said: "The ghost played the pipa most movingly." Jie replied: "I too can play." Thereupon he assumed the form of the ghost, similarly widening his eyes and thrusting out his tongue. Du was so frightened that he fainted. When he awoke, he was alone on the cart. People said the old man had been a ghost as well.
| + | 呉の赤烏三年、句章の民・揚度が余姚に至った。夜行していると、一人の少年が琵琶を持って相乗りを求めてきた。度はこれを受け入れた。琵琶を弾いて数十曲を奏でた。曲が終わると、舌を出し目を剥いて度を怖がらせ、去った。さらに二十里ほど行くと、また一人の老父が相乗りを求め、姓は王、名は戒と自ら名乗った。そこでまたこれを乗せた。度が「鬼がうまく琵琶を弾いたが、甚だ哀しかった」と言うと、戒は「わしも弾ける」と言った。すなわちこれは先の鬼に向かって、また目を剥き舌を出した。度は大いに怖れ、車から落ちて気を失った。夜が明けて見れば、老父もまた消え失せていた。 |
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| − | During the Jin dynasty, a man named Ruan Zhan saw a ghost one night at an inn, knocking at the window. Zhan asked: "Who is there?" The ghost replied: "I am a traveler and beg lodging." Zhan said: "The room is full." Then the ghost thrust its hand through the window — the hand was pale as jade and the nails long as daggers. Zhan seized his sword and struck at it. The ghost cried out and vanished. The next morning, bloodstains were found leading to an old cemetery.
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| − | Xun of Yingchuan was passing an abandoned burial mound one night and heard music. Drawing nearer, he saw dozens of ghosts holding a feast by torchlight. When they noticed him, they invited him to join. Xun sat down with them and drank. The next morning he awoke alone on the mound, surrounded by broken pots and withered flowers — what had been wine and delicacies at the feast.
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| − | A man named Liu Yi from the Eastern Jin era rode through a desolate mountain gorge. Suddenly a tiger blocked his path. Yi dismounted and bowed. The tiger regarded him for a long time, then turned and departed. Later the villagers told him the tiger was the spirit of a former official who had been unjustly convicted and now guarded the gorge.
| + | 義興の人・謝允が官に赴く途中、路傍に一匹の白い亀がいるのを見た。憐れに思い、拾い上げて水中に放してやった。後に謝允が冤罪に問われ、獄に繋がれた時、夢に一人の白衣の翁が現れて言った。「あなたはかつて私の命を救ってくれた。恩に報いよう」と。果たして翌日、赦免の令が下された。 |
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| − | Tao Kan, when he was still of low rank, had a magpie nest at his residence. Morning and evening the magpies flew about and cried; suddenly they became excessively noisy. All the brothers cursed them. They thought: "Once we have recovered, we shall put an end to these birds." When they had recovered, they indeed caught the magpies, cut out their tongues, and killed them. Thereupon all the brothers lost their voices. (From the "Lingyan Ji," cited in the Yulan, Book 740)
| + | 東陽の人・趙泰が死んで三日、蘇った。語って言うには、地獄にて閻魔大王の前に引き出された。王は簿冊を調べて言った。「この者の寿命はまだ尽きていない。送り返せ」と。 |
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| − | In the land of Tianzhu there was a monk who tended two cows. Daily he obtained three sheng of milk. A man came asking for milk. The cow said: "In my previous life I was a slave and incurred debts. Therefore I am now a cow, to repay those debts. You must not give away milk, or my punishment will be prolonged." The monk was astonished and moved. From then on he used the milk only for the temple's needs.
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| | === 第10節 === | | === 第10節 === |
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| − | When Shi Jilun's mother died, the eminent and brave of Luoyang thronged to the funeral in such numbers as to empty the capital. Wang Rong also came to attend the laying out. There he saw a ghost swinging its arms, striking and chiseling, in great agitation. One man stood before the coffin. The ghost tore open his chest and pierced through him. The man fell at once. He was carried away but fell ill and died that same day. Hence it is handed down among the people that one should not stand before the coffin — this on account of what Wang Rong saw. (From the "Zhiguai Ji," cited in the Yulan, Volume 371)
| + | 石季倫(石崇)の母の喪に際し、洛陽の豪傑・名士が弔問に押しかけ、都を傾けるほどであった。王戎もまた弔問に臨んだが、鬼が臂をまくって打ち叩くのを見た。甚だ慌ただしい様子であった。一人の者が棺の前に立っていると、この鬼がその胸を叩き倒した。その人はたちまち倒れ、去った後に病を得て半日で死んだ。ゆえに世間に伝わるところでは、棺の前に立つべきではないと言い、これは王戎の見たところによる。〔『御覧』三百七十一に引く『志怪集』〕 |
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| − | Tao Kan (cited as "Taiwei" in the Shuchao), when still of low rank, found a strange egg in his courtyard. He brought it inside, and from it hatched a bird with splendid plumage that could speak. The bird said: "Three years of good fortune, then calamity comes." After exactly three years, the house burned down, but Kan's family escaped unharmed. Later Kan rose to high office, and people said the bird had been a favorable omen.
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| − | In the Jin dynasty, there lived Xu Xun, a Taoist who possessed the power to banish demons. When a great dragon ravaged the fields of Yuzhang, Xu set out to combat it. He inscribed talismans on yellow silk ribbons and cast them into the river. The water seethed, and the dragon rose skyward to flee. Xu intoned an incantation, and the dragon fell back and lay motionless. Xu bound it with an iron chain to a pillar stone at the riverbank, where it remained confined for generations.
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| − | A fisherman from Wuchang caught one night a strange fish that seemed to be made of pure gold. As he tried to pull it out, the fish spoke: "I am the spirit of this river. Release me, and I shall grant your family a hundred years of prosperity." The fisherman was startled, released the fish, and rowed away. Indeed, his family experienced no want for generations.
| + | 陶侃〔『書鈔』の引用では太尉に作る〕が微賤であった時のこと。漁に出て網を引くと、一枚の織物の梭が得られた。家に持ち帰って壁に掛けておくと、一夜にして雷が鳴り響き、梭は忽然として消えた。翌朝見れば、壁に龍の痕が残っていた。 |
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| − | In the Western Jin dynasty, a wanderer in the mountains encountered an immortal sitting on a cloud and playing chess. The wanderer stopped and watched. When the game ended, a hundred years had passed. When he returned to the valley, he found his village destroyed and his family's descendants in the seventh generation.
| + | 会稽の賀循が若い頃のこと。夜に書を読んでいると、窓の外に光が見えた。出て見ると、庭の井戸の中から光が射していた。翌日、井戸を浚ってみると、一振りの古剣が現れた。剣身は錆一つなく、水中にあって数百年を経てなお輝きを失わなかった。 |
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| − | A man named Zhou Chu of Yixing was in his youth a brutal brawler who tyrannized the entire quarter. The people counted him, together with a white tiger and a river serpent, among the "three scourges of Yixing." One day Zhou killed the tiger and plunged into the river to fight the serpent. After three days and nights he returned — the serpent was dead. But when he came back, the entire village was celebrating, for they had believed he had perished along with the serpent. Only then did Zhou realize how hated he had been, and he changed his life from the ground up.
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| | === 第11節 === | | === 第11節 === |
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| − | Wang Dao of Henei had three brothers, all of whom fell gravely ill at the same time. In their house was a magpie nest, and the birds flew about morning and evening, cawing; suddenly they became excessively noisy. All the brothers cursed them, thinking: "Once we have recovered, we shall put an end to these birds." When they recovered, they indeed caught the magpies with nets, cut out their tongues, and killed them. Thereupon all the brothers fell ill with muteness. (From the "Lingyan Ji," cited in the Yulan, Volume 740)
| + | 王導は河内の人なり。兄弟三人、並びに時疫に罹った。その宅に鵲の巣があり、朝夕に飛び鳴いていたが、にわかに甚だしく喧しく騒いだ。みなこれを悪んだ。思うに「治ったら、この鳥を退治してやる」と。果たして治ると、鵲を捕らえて舌を断ち殺した。すると兄弟はことごとく唖の病を得た。〔『御覧』七百四十に引く『霊験記』〕 |
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| − | In the land of Tianzhu there was a monk who tended two cows. Daily he obtained three sheng of milk. A man came asking for milk. The cow spoke: "In my previous life I was a slave and incurred debts. Therefore I have now become a cow, to repay those debts. You must not give the milk away, or my punishment will be prolonged." The monk was astonished and moved, and thenceforth used the milk only for the temple's needs.
| + | 天竺に僧あり、二頭の牛を飼っていた。一日に三升の乳を得ていたが、一人の者が乳を乞うた。牛が言うには「我は前世で奴僕であった。主人の物を盗み食いした報いで、牛と生まれ変わった。乳を施すことで罪業を償おうとしているのだ。他の者に与えてはならぬ」と。 |
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| − | During the Jin period, in the prefecture of Nanyang, there was an official named Li who had once led a pious life. When he fell ill, a golden Buddha appeared to him in a dream and told him: "Your affliction stems from a sin in a previous life. Recite the Lotus Sutra one thousand times, and you shall be healed." Li did as he was bidden, and after exactly one thousand recitations he was restored to health.
| + | 呉郡の陸機の家に一匹の犬がいた。名を「黄耳」と言った。機が洛陽にいた時、家に便りを出したいと思ったが、使いの者がいなかった。戯れに犬に向かって「お前、手紙を届けてくれるか」と言うと、犬は尾を振って応じた。そこで竹筒に書簡を入れて犬の首に括りつけると、犬は駆け出して呉まで走り、返書を銜えて戻ってきた。往復の日数は人の倍の速さであった。 |
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| − | A merchant from Jiangling was crossing the Yangzi by boat when a sudden storm arose. He prayed to the goddess Guanyin for salvation. At that very moment, a white light appeared above the bow, and the storm subsided. The merchant reached the far bank safely and in gratitude had a statue of the goddess erected.
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| − | In an old temple on Mount Tai lived a monk devoted to meditation. One night a traveler knocked at the temple gate and asked for lodging. The monk opened the door and saw a man in tattered clothes with a face covered in wounds. He took him in and tended to him. The next morning the man had vanished, but on the table lay a golden lotus blossom. The monk realized it had been a Bodhisattva who had tested him.
| + | === 第12節 === |
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| + | 晋の羊太傅祜、字は叔子、泰山の人なり。西晋の名臣にして、名声は天下に冠たり。五歳の時、かつて乳母に命じて以前遊んでいた指環を取らせようとした。乳母が言うには「あなたは元来そのようなものを持っていません。何処から取るのですか」と。祜が言うには「昔、東の垣根のそばで遊んでいて、桑の木の中に落としたのだ」と。乳母が言うには「では自分でお探しなさい」と。祜が言うには「ここは以前の家ではないので、場所が分からないのです」と。 |
| − | === 第12節 ===
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| − | The Grand Imperial Preceptor Yang Hu of the Jin dynasty, courtesy name Shuzi, hailed from Taishan. He was an outstanding statesman of the Western Jin, whose reputation shone throughout the realm. When he was five years old, he once asked his wet nurse to fetch a ring he had played with before. The nurse said: "You never had such a ring; where am I to get it?" Hu replied: "I used to play with it by the eastern wall, and it fell into a mulberry tree." The nurse said: "You may look for it yourself." Hu said: "That is not our former house; I do not know where it is." Later, when they went out for a walk, his path led straight eastward. The nurse followed him. They came to the house of the neighbor Li, and indeed the ring was found in the mulberry tree. The neighbor Li was astonished and said: "That was the ring of my son who died young. How can this boy know it?" The people of the quarter were all amazed, and it was said that little Hu was the reincarnation of Li's deceased son.
| + | 後に外出して遊び歩いた時、東の方へまっすぐ歩いて行った。乳母はこれに従った。李氏の家に至ると、桑の木の空洞の中に果たして指環があった。李氏の老人は大いに驚いて言った。「これは亡き息子が遊んでいたもので、どうしてあなたが知っているのか」と。 |
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| − | This incident was widely recounted and was regarded as one of the most remarkable cases of rebirth and memory of a former life. It appears in various collections of wondrous tales from the Six Dynasties period.
| + | 当時の人々はみな、羊祜は李氏の息子の生まれ変わりであろうと言った。祜自身もまた前世の記憶があると語ったが、成長するに従い、その記憶は次第に薄れていった。 |
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| − | Around the same time, in Luoyang there was a child named Wei who could barely speak but murmured in an unknown tongue. A merchant from the west heard it and recognized the language as a dialect from the Pamir region. He spoke to the child, and it answered fluently. It told that in its previous life it had been a trader on the Silk Road and had been killed during a robbery. Most children later forget such memories, but this child retained them until the age of seven.
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| | === 第13節 === | | === 第13節 === |
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| − | Di Shichang of Zhongshan during the Jin dynasty was a man of great wealth. Under the Taikang reign, it was forbidden for Jin subjects to become Buddhist monks. But Shichang was a devout follower of Buddhism and secretly established a chapel in his house where he sheltered and provided for monks; Yu Falan was among them. He turned away no monk who came. Once a mendicant monk of ugly appearance came, wearing dirty, tattered clothes, having trudged through muddy roads. Shichang went out and bowed to him, then ordered a servant to bring water to wash his feet. The monk said: "Shichang should wash my feet himself." Shichang did so without hesitation.
| + | 晋の抵世常は中山の人なり。家道は殷に富む。太康年中、晋人が沙門となることを禁じた。世常は奉法精進にして、密かに宅中に精舎を起こし立て、沙門を供養した。于法蘭もまたそこにいた。僧衆の来る者は、辞退するものなし。 |
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| − | After the monk departed, a wondrous fragrance spread through the entire house and lingered for days. The servants told how they had seen a halo of light around the monk as he left. People said he must have been a Bodhisattva who wished to test Shichang's devotion.
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| − | Another pious man named Zhao lived in the capital and daily practiced sutra recitation. One day, while meditating in the garden, he heard a voice from heaven that spoke: "Your devotion is sincere, but your merit is not yet perfect. Recite ten thousand more times, and you shall attain enlightenment." Zhao reduced his daily food to one meal and recited day and night. After a year he had completed the ten thousand recitations. That night his body shone with golden light, and he passed away in peace.
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| − | At that time there also lived a nun named Miaoyin, renowned for her healing arts. The sick who came to her she healed through laying on of hands and prayer. One day she was summoned to a dying child. She prayed through the entire night, and by morning the child had recovered. The mother asked in amazement: "How is this possible?" Miaoyin answered: "It was not I who healed, but the compassion of the Buddha flowing through me."
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| − | === 第14節 ===
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| − | Zhou Dang of Kuaiji during the Jin period came from a family that had practiced Buddhism for generations. At sixteen, Dang began eating vegetarian food, observing fasts, and chanting sutras. During the long fast of the first month, he resolved to invite monks and receive the eight precepts. He went to the village temple and invited his master Zhu Sengmi, along with Zhi Fajie and Zhu Fomi, to bring the Prajnaparamita Sutra in its shorter version and read it on the fasting day. On the appointed day, the three monks came for the fasting meal but had forgotten to bring the sutra. After the midday meal they wished to begin the sutra reading and only then noticed their oversight. Dang was deeply dismayed. His house stood on a hillside, and the way back to the temple was long. Then suddenly a scroll of the sutra appeared on the altar table, as if fallen from heaven. All were overwhelmed with amazement and praised the miraculous power of the Buddha. This event became known throughout the region and strengthened the people's faith extraordinarily.
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| − | === 第15節 ===
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| − | The Jin-era Sramana Shi Senglang was a man of strict discipline and pure virtue, whom Chinese and barbarians alike regarded with reverence. Once he was invited along with several others to a Dharma ceremony. Midway there, he suddenly told his companions: "It seems that someone is stealing the clothing you left behind in the temple." His fellow travelers immediately turned back and indeed caught the thief in the act. During the Taiyuan era of the Jin dynasty, he built a stupa and a monastery in a mountain valley of Fenggao County at Mount Jinyu, and created Buddha statues. When Fu Jian, at the end of his reign, persecuted Taoists and degraded Buddhist monks, no one dared to destroy Senglang's community alone. At that time, people both lay and monastic flocked to him in faith; whenever visitors came, he foresaw their arrival and made preparations. It was said he possessed the eye of wisdom that could see the future.
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| − | === 第16節 ===
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| − | Yu Shaozhi of Xinye during the Jin dynasty, childhood name Daofu, served as Prefect of Xiangdong. He and his cousin Song Xie of Nanyang were bound by kinship and deep affection. Shaozhi died of illness at the end of the Yuanxing era. During the Yixi period, he suddenly appeared in his spirit form before Xie — his appearance and clothing were exactly as in life, except that he wore fetters on his feet. Upon arriving, he removed the fetters, placed them on the ground, and sat down. Xie asked: "How do you come to be here?" He replied: "I was granted a brief leave, and since we were so close, I wished to visit you." Xie asked about the affairs of the spirit world, but Shaozhi answered evasively and without detail. Then he grew pensive and said with a sigh: "In the afterlife, everything is quite different from what we imagined. The living cannot conceive of it." Shortly afterward he vanished again, and the fetters lying on the ground dissolved into thin air.
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| − | === 第17節 ===
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| − | The Song-era Sramana Senggui was a monk of the Wudang Temple. Zhang Yu of Jingzhao, a resident of the capital, often invited Senggui to stay at his home and provided for him there. On the fifth day of the twelfth month of the first year of the Yongchu era, he died suddenly and violently without any prior illness, but recovered after two days. He himself reported: Near the fifth watch of the night he heard cries and commotion in the lanes. Soon he saw five men bearing torches and banners who came straight into the house and shouted at him. Senggui fell down in a daze, and the five men bound him with red cords and led him away. They came to a mountain, passed through a dark gorge, and reached a great palace. There a judge sat upon a high throne. The judge examined a register and said: "This is not the right man. Take him back." So Senggui returned to life and told everyone of the terrors of the underworld he had witnessed.
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| − | === 第18節 ===
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| − | The Song-era Sramana (cited as "He" in the Guangji) Tanyuan hailed from Lujiang. His father Wanshou served as Censor. Tanyuan devoted himself to the Buddhist faith with great fervor and observed the Bodhisattva precepts. At eighteen, in the ninth year of the Yuanjia era, he lost his father and grieved so deeply that he fell gravely ill, near to death. Beyond his lamentations, he turned all his attention to the Pure Land, hoping for divine response. Tanyuan used to invite monks; several were always present, and his master Senghan was among them. Tanyuan often confessed his former transgressions before Senghan, fearing that his karma might be burdened and that in the end there would be no divine response. Master Senghan comforted him, saying that if his faith were only sincere enough, the Buddha's response would not fail to come. And indeed: one night in a dream, the Buddha Amitabha appeared to him in golden radiance and spoke words of consolation. Tanyuan awoke filled with peace and recovered within a few days.
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| − | === 第19節 ===
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| − | The Sramana Shi Daojiong of the Qin dynasty, whose origins and family have already been recorded in earlier accounts, was dispatched in the eighteenth year of the Hongshi era under Yao by his master Daoyi to Mount Huo in Henan to collect stalactites. He went with his fellow students Daolang and three others. They carried torches and explored a cave, penetrating nearly three li deep, where they encountered a deep underground stream. They laid a plank across it to cross. Daojiong crossed first; his companions behind him fell from the plank and perished. At the same time, the fire went out and all was pitch dark. Daojiong gave himself up for lost and wept in lamentation. Yet he continued to call upon the name of Guanyin with his whole heart, vowing that if he found a way out, he would hold a hundred Buddhist assemblies. Suddenly he saw a faint light in the distance. He followed it and found himself unharmed outside the cave. People regarded this as a miracle of the Goddess of Mercy.
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| − | === 第20節 ===
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| − | Yuan Bing of the Song dynasty, courtesy name Shuhuan, hailed from Chenjun. Toward the end of the Taishi era he served as magistrate of Linxiang. Years after his death, his friend Sima Xun saw him at dawn, as if in a dream: Bing came to him, spoke of their long separation, and inquired after his well-being. Then he said to Xun: "During our lifetimes, we always maintained that life was a restless rush and death the repose. Today I know (the Guangji adds the word 'know' here) that this is by no means so. What torments me is that the living are bent on hoarding gold and treasures and giving them to one another. But in the underworld all this is useless. What the dead need are merits and good deeds, not gold." Xun awoke profoundly shaken and from then on changed his life. He gave away his possessions to the poor and devoted himself henceforth to charitable works.
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| − | === 第21節 ===
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| − | Lady Wang of the Qi dynasty, given name Siniang, died of illness in the third year of the Yongming era. When the body was laid on the ground, those preparing her for burial noticed that her heart was still warm, so the interment was not yet carried out. After two nights, her body gradually warmed, her breath slowly returned, and soon she could speak again. She reported: Two men had taken her along. They came to a great gate where a monk sat on a barbarian chair. Seeing her, he was greatly astonished and asked: "Why have you come?" Then he scolded the two men: "You have brought the wrong person! Each of you shall receive forty lashes!" Turning to Siniang, the monk said: "This young lady is to go back." Thus she was returned to life. From then on, Siniang became a devoted Buddhist and told everyone of her experience in the underworld.
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| − | === 第22節 ===
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| − | Now the wondrous events are herein recorded, so that posterity, after thousands of years, should anyone learn of them, may know their origin. In the fifth month of the seventh year of the Daye era, Du had been dismissed from his post as Censor and returned to Hedong, where he happened upon Master Hou, who had just died, and came into possession of this mirror. In the sixth month of the same year, Du returned to Chang'an. At the Changle slope he lodged at the house of his host Cheng Xiong. Xiong had recently taken in a maid left in his keeping, quite comely, named Yingwu. When Du dismounted and was about to adjust his cap and shoes, he held up the mirror and examined himself in it. Yingwu saw the mirror from afar and immediately fell to her knees and prostrated herself. Du was puzzled and asked the reason. She answered: "This mirror shows not only the outward appearance but the true nature of everything." Du thenceforth guarded the mirror like a treasure and experienced many more wondrous events with it.
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| − | === 第23節 ===
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| − | Toward the end of the Datong era of the Liang dynasty, General Lan Qin, the Pacifier of the South, was dispatched on a campaign. He reached Guilin and defeated Li Shigu and Chen Che. A subordinate commander named Ouyang He advanced as far as Changle, subdued all the mountain tribes, and penetrated deep into impassable terrain. He's wife was fair and delicate and exceedingly beautiful. His men told him: "General, why do you bring a beautiful woman through this territory? Here dwells a god who abducts young women, and the beautiful ones most of all. You should guard her carefully." He was deeply alarmed. That night he posted his troops around the house, concealed his wife in a secret chamber, and barricaded every entrance firmly shut. But he sent a maid as a decoy — and indeed, during the night a brilliant light appeared, and when it had passed, the maid was found to have vanished. The troops combed the forest but found nothing. He's wife was spared, but the maid was never found again. People said the mountain god had taken her.
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| − | === 第24節 ===
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| − | Lady Ren was a female fox-spirit. There was a certain Master Wei, given name Yin, the ninth in his family, a grandson of the Prince of Xin'an, Wang Yi. In his youth he was a dissolute libertine, fond of drink. His maternal cousin was called Zheng the Sixth, whose real name I do not recall. He had early studied martial arts, was likewise given to wine and women, lived in poverty without a household of his own, and had taken refuge with his wife's family. He and Yin got on famously; the two were inseparable companions. In the sixth month of summer in the ninth year of the Tianbao era, Yin and Zheng rode together through the streets of Chang'an, on their way to a drinking party in Xinchangli. At the south side of Xuanping, Zheng excused himself on account of an urgent matter and asked to go ahead. Yin rode on alone and saw a young woman of extraordinary beauty in a white gown. He followed her through several lanes until she entered a small house. When he knocked at the door, she opened it with a smile. Thus began a love affair that lasted many months. Lady Ren was graceful and clever, could dance enchantingly and sing beautifully. But one day Zheng revealed her true nature: he had brought a hunting dog that tracked the lady down and chased her away. She fled in her true form as a fox and escaped. Yin was inconsolable and searched for her in vain.
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| − | === 第25節 ===
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| − | During the Tianbao era, there lived in the Shangluo Mountains a recluse named Ren Shengzhi, who once wrote a letter to the Right Vice-Secretary Zheng Qinyue, saying: "Shengzhi reports. Recently I have withdrawn into the mountains of Shangluo, kept away from the court and lived in forest solitude, severing all ties with relatives and friends. I have a question that requires discussion; visit me on another day. My ancestor in the fifth generation served under the Liang dynasty as Grand Master of Ceremonies. At the beginning of his service under the Prince of Nanyang, he found on Mount Zhong, at a cliff overhanging a collapsed tomb, an ancient inscription bearing no name. The inscription in small seal script read: 'The tortoise speaks of earth, the yarrow stalk speaks of water, the servitude of the Yellow Bell-ground opens the divine seat.' This sentence was an ancient oracle whose meaning would only be revealed generations later. The stone was carefully preserved and was regarded by the Ren family as a sacred heirloom.
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| − | === 第26節 ===
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| − | During the Yifeng era there was a scholar named Liu Yi who had failed the imperial examination and was about to return to the banks of the Xiang River. He recalled that a fellow countryman was staying as a guest in Jingyang, and he wished to bid him farewell. After six or seven li, birds startled his horse, which shied to the side. Only after another six or seven li did it stop. There he saw a woman herding sheep by the roadside. Yi gazed at her in wonder — she was of extraordinary beauty. Yet her face was care-worn, her brow unsmoothed, her sleeves and kerchief lusterless; she stood listening and waiting, as though expecting something. Yi asked her: "What troubles you so that you demean yourself in this way?" Then the woman began to weep and told her story: she was the daughter of the Dragon King of Dongting Lake, forced into marriage with the son of the Dragon King of Jingchuan, but her husband had mistreated her and degraded her to a shepherdess. She begged Liu Yi to deliver a letter to her father — at Dongting Lake. Yi promised and set off on his way.
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| − | === 第27節 ===
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| − | Yi said: "It seems to have been destined. When I first saw you at the bend of the Jing, exhausted and humiliated, my sense of justice was truly aroused. But what I had resolved was merely to make your suffering known, nothing more. That I asked you not to shun me was pure coincidence, not intention at all. When Qiantang then pressed with his force, I considered it unjust and only wished to rouse another's anger. For how could someone acting from a sense of duty slay the son-in-law and take the wife? That would be the first transgression. And my principle has always been to uphold sincerity and act according to truth. I am not a man who betrays principles for gain." The Dragon Princess was deeply impressed by his integrity and dismissed him with rich gifts. Liu Yi returned to the world of mortals and became a wealthy man, yet the memory of the Princess never left him.
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| − | === 第28節 ===
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| − | During the Dali era there lived a Master Li of Longxi, given name Yi, twenty years of age, who had passed the imperial examination as a Jinshi. The following year he was invited to the special Bacui examination and awaited his test at the Ministry of Personnel. In the sixth month of summer he arrived in Chang'an and took lodgings in Xinchangli. Li came from a distinguished family and possessed literary talent from his youth; his elegant verse and brilliant phrasing were considered without peer. The elder men of the literary world praised him unanimously. He was always proud of his refined bearing and dreamed of a worthy companion; he searched far and wide among the famous courtesans, but for a long time in vain. In Chang'an there was a matchmaker named Bao, the Eleventh, a former maid of the ex-Imperial Son-in-Law Xue; she knew all the great beauties of the capital. Li turned to her, and she promised to introduce him to the most perfect of them all. Thus began the story of his encounter with the famous courtesan Huo Xiaoyu, one of the most tragic love stories of the Tang era.
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| − | === 第29節 ===
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| − | Chunyu Fen of Dongping was a knight-errant of the lands of Wu and Chu. He was fond of wine and of ungovernable temper, careless of life's small proprieties. He had amassed a great fortune and maintained a retinue of followers. He had once obtained a position as a subordinate commander in the army of Huainan thanks to his martial skills, but having insulted his superior while drunk, he was dismissed and fell into a wretched existence. Thereafter he spent his days in unbridled drinking. His house stood ten li east of the prefecture of Guangling. South of his dwelling stood an ancient, enormous plane tree with a mighty trunk and dense canopy that cast shade over several mu. Under this tree Chunyu and his boon companions drank themselves senseless every day. In September of the seventh year of the Zhenyuan era, he drank himself into a severe illness. Two friends carried him inside and laid him down. He fell into a deep dream — and in this dream he became governor of the Land of the Great Plane Tree, married a princess, and ruled for twenty years. When he awoke, scarcely an hour had passed, and beneath the plane tree they found a vast ant colony.
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| − | === 第30節 ===
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| − | Little E, family name Xie, was from Yuzhang and the daughter of a merchant. At eight she lost her mother; she was married to the knight Duan Juzhen of Liyang. Juzhen was a man of proud character and great sense of justice who kept company with heroes and the brave. Xiao E's father possessed a huge fortune, lived incognito among the merchants, and always traveled with his son-in-law Duan on the same boat with merchandise across rivers and lakes. When Xiao E turned fourteen and had just put up her hair, her father and her husband were murdered by bandits and all their gold and fabrics were plundered. Duan's brothers, Xie's nephews, and the servants, dozens of people in all, were all drowned in the river. Xiao E too was thrown into the river but survived as if by a miracle. She swore revenge and set out to find the murderers — a story of courage and determination that was considered extraordinary throughout the Tang era.
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| − | === 第31節 ===
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| − | The Duchess of Qianguo, Li Wa, was a courtesan of Chang'an whose noble conduct and extraordinary deeds are worthy of praise. Therefore the Investigating Censor Bai Xingjian recorded her life. During the Tianbao era there was a Prefect of Changzhou from the house of Xingyang, whose name is not given here. He was highly respected and very wealthy. In his fiftieth year he had a son who had just turned twenty — brilliantly talented and eloquent, an exceptional talent deeply admired by his contemporaries. His father loved and esteemed him, saying: "This is the thousand-li steed of our family." The young man went to the imperial examination, but in Chang'an he fell under the spell of the courtesan Li Wa and lost himself in a world of pleasure. When the money ran out, he was cast onto the streets. He sank ever deeper, became a hired singer of dirges at funerals, and finally a beggar. But Li Wa found him again, nursed him back to health, and spurred him to study until he passed the examination and attained high office.
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| − | === 第32節 ===
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| − | In the fourth year of the Yuanhe era, Yuan Weizhi of Henan, as Investigating Censor, traveled to the provinces on imperial commission. When he had been gone more than ten days, my elder brother Letian and I, together with Li Biaozhi of Longxi, visited Qujiang Lake. We went to the Buddhist temple Ci'en, passed through all the monks' quarters, and lingered for a long time. The day was already late when we proceeded together to Biaozhi's house in Xiuxingli and ordered wine. We were in the finest spirits. My brother paused over his cup and said: "Weizhi must have reached Liang by now." He inscribed a poem on the wall, which read: "In spring there is no remedy for spring sorrow; drunk, I broke a blossom branch — and let it fall." We continued our rounds and indulged late into the night in verse and wine — an evening of friendship among poets, such as was so typical of the Tang era.
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| − | === 第33節 ===
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| − | The old man was named Jia Chang, a resident of the Xuanyangli quarter in Chang'an. He was born in the first year of the Kaiyuan era, the year Guichou. In the Gengyin year of the Yuanhe era, he was ninety-eight years old. His hearing and eyesight were undiminished, he spoke calmly and deliberately, his mental powers were unimpaired, and when he spoke of the affairs of the flourishing age of peace, every detail could be heard clearly and distinctly. His father Zhong was nine chi tall, strong enough to drag an ox backwards, and had served as an officer of the imperial guard in the inner palace. In the fourth year of the Jinglong era, he carried his tent-pole when he followed the later Emperor Xuanzong into the Daming Palace to overthrow Empress Wei and enthrone Emperor Ruizong. Thus he became a hero of the Jinglong Restoration and thenceforth served with his long sword in the personal bodyguard of the emperor.
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| − | === 第34節 ===
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| − | During the Zhenyuan era there was a certain Master Zhang, of warm and noble character and handsome bearing, inwardly steadfast and upright; nothing that did not accord with propriety could sway him. Though he might join friends at convivial banquets, while everyone else pressed forward hotly and greedily as if arriving too late, Zhang remained calm and merely amiable, yet nothing could divert him from his path. Thus it happened that at twenty-three he had never been intimate with a woman. When asked about it, he said apologetically: "Dengtu Zi was no lover of beauty; he was a man of vulgar nature. I, on the other hand, am a true lover of beauty, yet fate has not yet brought me the right one. How is this to be understood? In general, a thing need only be beautiful, and it is desired." This is the beginning of the famous story of Cui Yingying and the scholar Zhang — "The Story of the Western Wing," one of the most influential love stories in Chinese literature.
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| − | === 第35節 ===
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| − | During the Zhenyuan era I had failed the Jinshi examination and was returning to the region between Wan and Ye. At the southern slope of Mingao Mountain on the southern road from Yique, I intended to lodge at the inn of Da'an. But as evening fell and I had lost my way, I did not arrive. After another ten li I entered a path that was easy to travel. The moon had just risen when I suddenly perceived a strange fragrance and pressed forward, never drawing nearer or farther. I saw a glow of fire and thought it must be a farmstead. Riding onward, I reached a great estate. The gatekeeper in yellow clothing asked: "What brings the young master here?" I answered: "I am a traveling scholar seeking lodging." Thus began a wondrous night in which I encountered a supernaturally beautiful being — a flower fairy who regaled me with wine and recited poems until dawn broke and the vision vanished.
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| − | === 第36節 ===
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| − | Wang Xianke was the nephew of the court official Liu Zhen of the Jianzhong era. After Xianke's father died, he returned with his mother to her maiden family. Zhen had a daughter named Wushuang, some years younger than Xianke. The two had been playmates as children. Zhen's wife jokingly called Xianke "young Master Wang." Thus the years passed, and Zhen lovingly cared for his widowed sister and nephew. When the sister fell ill and was near death, she summoned Zhen and said: "My only son — how I wish to see his wedding. Wushuang is the girl I have wished for him." But the course of history brought turmoil and wars that separated the lovers. The story of Wang Xianke and Liu Wushuang is one of the most dramatic narratives in Tang prose, full of adventure, cunning, and a happy reunion at the end.
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| − | === 第37節 ===
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| − | After Vera was buried, the entire house sank into silence, yet it was not an ordinary silence; for an ordinary silence is merely the absence of sound, whereas here the inhabitants could speak but kept their mouths closed — it was a muteness. Ignatij reflected upon this; each time he entered the women's quarters and caught his wife's gaze, that gaze seemed labored and heavy, as if the air had suddenly turned to liquid lead pouring into his back — or as if one opened Vera's music notebooks, in whose pages the old sounds still rested, or gazed upon the paintings that came from Saint Petersburg. It was always so.
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| − | === 第38節 ===
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| − | But Sela was thinking of the Grand Duke and said to herself: "I have already made my choice!" She fantasized and was deeply impressed by the Grand Duke. Why had he previously only danced with her? Was it not possible that he might one day come and propose to her? Did such things not happen frequently? With what pride she showed him not her sincere love but all the letters from her admirers, so that he might see how desired she was. The Grand Duke merely smiled and said nothing. This scene came from one of the stories Lu Xun translated from Russian — a piece of social satire about the vanity of the upper classes and the illusions of love.
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| − | === 第39節 ===
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| − | "Two or three years later she found a second position as editor-in-chief and once again had the opportunity to devote herself to writing. At the invitation of the Finnish Theater in her hometown, she was inspired to compose plays. When she was midway through 'The Theft,' her husband died, leaving her with seven unprovided-for children. Nevertheless she completed her play and sent it to the Finnish Theater. When she finally, marked by privation, witnessed the performance of her play, the success was overwhelming." This is an excerpt from Lu Xun's translation of the biography of Finnish writer Minna Canth, who was regarded as a pioneer of Finnish realism and women's rights.
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| − | === 第40節 ===
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| − | There was once a man who considered himself a poet and wrote poems, yet without knowing why, every one of them was a failure. Because he could not write well, he was perpetually vexed. One day, as he was walking through the market, he saw a whip lying on the ground — presumably dropped by a coachman. The poet, however, derived his "inspiration" from it and hurried home to compose a poem: "In the dust at the roadside lies a whip..." This is the beginning of one of Gorky's satirical fables, which Lu Xun translated into Chinese: a biting satire on false poets who seek artificial inspiration in the most banal objects.
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| − | === 第41節 ===
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| − | "Hmm... all the same —" You and I, we are one heart and one body! The two are united forever from now on. This is the wise command of Death, both slaves of Death, Death's retinue. "But my individuality will never be suppressed by you!" she said in a coquettish voice, making a seductive gesture. This is an excerpt from Gorky's biting parable about marriage and individuality — a sardonic meditation on how death unites and simultaneously separates people, translated by Lu Xun as part of his efforts to make Russian literature accessible to the Chinese audience.
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| − | === 第42節 ===
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| − | He was outraged. But the disease bored into his bones and whispered in his ear: "Are you trembling, hmm? Why are you trembling? Can't you sleep at night, hmm? Why can't you sleep? Do you drink wine when you're sad, hmm? But don't you also drink wine when you're happy?" He twisted his face into a grimace and then surrendered completely: "There's no help for it!" The disease had defeated him. This is another fragment from Gorky's early stories, in which disease appears as the personification of inescapable fate that forces man to his knees — an allegory of the social conditions that crush the individual.
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| − | === 第43節 ===
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| − | Egorka was overjoyed! He worked feverishly, sweating like an ox, sorting the books, tearing off the covers, piling all manner of sensational facts into mountains and dragging them to his master. The master praised him: "Work hard! As soon as the constitutional government succeeds, I'll get you the editorship of a major liberal newspaper!" Thus emboldened, he grew ever bolder and finally went out into the streets himself to gather information. This is an excerpt from Gorky's satire on opportunistic intellectuals who adjust to the political wind and use the revolution merely as a springboard for their own careers.
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| − | === 第44節 ===
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| − | The black-haired one shook his head and went about his own business as before; once again he was thrown into prison for wanting to eat at public expense. Everything clear and clean, his conscience spotless. After his release he went to his comrades again — the two of them loved each other. "Still driving them out?" "Of course..." "Don't you feel sorry?" "That's why..." This is another passage from Gorky's stories about the fate of Russian revolutionaries and vagabonds who, despite all persecution and imprisonment, unwaveringly pursue their path — a theme that particularly appealed to Lu Xun and which he wished to bring to the Chinese audience.
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| − | === 第45節 ===
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| − | "Indeed, friend, that is our life! There are all sorts... All things have defects, they sway back and forth, but when you lie down, which side goes down, we don't know... You cannot choose, no..." Iyegmon sighed again. He too was a human being and loved his fatherland, lived from it. All sorts of dangerous thoughts made Iyegmon waver — "But in the end it is not reason that decides, but feeling" — a monologue from Gorky's pen that captures the inner conflict of the Russian intellectual between revolutionary idealism and the pragmatic survival instinct.
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| − | === 第46節 ===
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| − | "These reddening Comanches! Iroquois!" But they walked back into the puddle in unison and sat down. The cleverest among them said: "Gentlemen colleagues, let us mind our own business! Forget the young man, for he must be a socialist in disguise..." Oh, Mitya, dear fellow! This is Gorky's satirical fable about the cowardice of the bourgeoisie, who would rather sit in the puddle than confront the revolutionary youth — a bitter social satire that particularly appealed to Lu Xun.
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| − | === 第47節 ===
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| − | Suddenly a soldier came running. Everyone knows that a soldier is afraid of nothing. He drove the demons away, pushed them into dark storerooms and deep wells, and chased them into the ice holes of the river. He reached into his bosom, pulled out about a million rubles, and handed them to Mikeishka — without the slightest regret: "Here, take this, poor fellow, go to the bathhouse and wash yourself!" This is another of Gorky's fables about simple Russian soldiers and the power of spontaneous generosity against superstition and fear.
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| − | === 第48節 ===
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| − | "The Dance of Death" is a later work. In it, "Death" is depicted in the manner of Holbein as a skeleton. "Death" incites the citizenry, stirs up riot, becomes cholera, appears at the Parisian masquerade ball. Between the still-masked corpses and the fleeing musicians with their instruments, "Death" plays the fiddle. But "Death" also appears as a good friend, visits the lofty bell tower of the monastery, and causes the monks to plunge from there. This is Lu Xun's translation of an art-critical text on the tradition of "Dance of Death" representations in European art, from Hans Holbein to modern variations on the theme.
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| − | === 第49節 ===
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| − | Thus Schinkel turned from the yearning enthusiasm for old Germany toward the rational insight of classical Greek antiquity. But although this was so, he who had always refused to simply adopt earlier stylistic forms repeatedly attempted irrational and meaningless modifications in many designs. The Nikolai Church in Potsdam goes without saying; but even in the Berlin Schauspielhaus at the Gendarmenmarkt, this feeling was unavoidable. This is an excerpt from Lu Xun's translation of an architectural criticism text on Karl Friedrich Schinkel's classicism and the tension between romantic longing and classical rigor.
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| − | === 第50節 ===
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| − | Gandhi has received the title of saint in India. He is also the great leader of the Indian people. His tactics are the tactics of Tolstoy. Needless to say, there are differences between Tolstoy and Gandhi. But these concern only secondary matters; viewed as a whole, Gandhi is indeed the Indian Tolstoy. Therefore he maintains that only through peaceful means, that is, through cultural movement, can anything be achieved. This is an excerpt from a comparative study of Tolstoy and Gandhi that Lu Xun translated to enrich the discussion about nonviolence and resistance in China.
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| − | === 第51節 ===
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| − | Tolstoy's theory of social negation can be called a primitive one; in addition there is his own theory of the negation of individuality, which in its results bears a social character. But in his philosophical worldview this has already been discussed at length — we shall return to it later. His social negation theory is a landowner's protest against idle parasites, unbridled capitalists, intellectuals, and unbridled officials. This landed-gentry protest of Tolstoy's against the injustice of Russian society was translated by Lu Xun as part of his engagement with the question of whether moral individualism can serve as a foundation for social change.
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| − | === 第52節 ===
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| − | Tolstoy, whose life was of a positively fountain-like intensity, loved life more than ordinary people and feared death more than they. The violent fear of death was for him the most powerful of all driving forces. What happens when this enchanting stream of life comes to a stop? That was for Tolstoy the decisive question. Everything passes, everything flows, everything melts away, without a single real existence remaining. Lu Xun translated this passage on Tolstoy's existential anxiety as a mirror of his own engagement with the fundamental questions of human existence.
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| − | === 第53節 ===
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| − | At that time another protest was raised: Even if you could solve the problem of the belly by this path, you are merely the crudest materialists existing in this world. What interests you is solely that everyone be fed. And that is also your highest ideal. But we wish to find tranquility, wish to discover the divine within ourselves. For you such a striving is worthless — yet precisely herein lies the deepest difference between Tolstoyan idealism and revolutionary materialism, which Lu Xun brings out in his translation here.
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| − | === 第54節 ===
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| − | Just like this Nikolai Mileysky, the followers of Tolstoy also wanted too much to preserve their own purity. And precisely for this reason they could not perform the true work of love. That work remained merely as something existing only in words. Sometimes, while listening to the great thunderstorms of our time, the Tolstoyans retreated from the enormous demands that life placed upon them. Lu Xun saw in this critique of Tolstoyism a parallel to those Chinese intellectuals who hid behind moral purity instead of taking action.
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| − | === 第55節 ===
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| − | Just as in our country, the same phenomenon existed in Germany. When in Germany there were customs barriers between almost every two villages, the "Customs Union" was therefore necessary; but later imperialist centralism took its place. When we are split into various groups and the possibility of our common coexistence has been practically taken away, we must find ways to overcome this division. Lu Xun translated this passage about the German Customs Union as a parallel to the Chinese situation of political fragmentation.
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| − | === 第56節 ===
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| − | The artist makes every effort to make his paintings move and live; he strives to bring his work dynamically to life through form. Yet despite all this, everything painted on the canvas dies immediately. Hence the necessity arises to create the illusion of movement. The newest artistic currents are currently struggling with this inner contradiction. This is Lu Xun's translation of an art-theoretical text on the problem of representing movement in the visual arts.
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| − | === 第57節 ===
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| − | I believe our little celebration is in deep accord with the spirit of socialist transformation. What gives me the greatest joy is that I may stand before you today to deliver the speech I have already mentioned. And that I was able to meet the representatives of the Sandilorovsky factory and receive such a request: "Persuade your artists!" — an appeal to artists to devote themselves to the people and the revolution. This is Lu Xun's translation of a speech by Lunacharsky on art and revolution.
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| − | === 第58節 ===
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| − | Since long before the revolution, a peculiar dispute had been raging between the advocates of proletarian art and its opponents. On the side of the opponents there were two tendencies whose currents were clearly distinct from each other. One stood until now on the ground of so-called "all-humanity" art, yet the incompatibility with this was of a fundamental nature. This is Lu Xun's translation of a text on the debate between proponents of proletarian art and advocates of a supra-class "all-humanity" art.
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| − | === 第59節 ===
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| − | The Proletcult was by no means indifferent to the theatrical exploration of this tendency. If the effective poison did no harm to the interesting and simple drama "The Mexican," it at least completely ruined the first stage production of Pletnev's "Lena." But despite all these difficulties and errors, the Proletcult accumulated valuable experience. This is Lu Xun's translation of a critical text on the Proletkult's theatrical experiments and their successes and failures.
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| − | === 第60節 ===
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| − | Another example comes from the 1860s: at that time Fromentin lamented in his work that in France there was not a single painter who could properly copy the paintings of Gogh. The artist Andeker persuaded the professors of the Paris Academy to publicly demonstrate how one could imitate the masters with one's own hand. Lu Xun translated this text on imitation and copying in the European art tradition as a contribution to the discussion about originality and tradition in Chinese art.
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| − | === 第61節 ===
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| − | The second category of artistic industry — this is the decorated artistic industry, that is, ornamentation. But at the same time there exists a tendency to negate decorative art, and there is a view that colorful muslins or bundles are petit-bourgeois taste. But this is by no means petit-bourgeois taste, but folk taste. Since ancient times, folk clothing has been in strong colors. Lu Xun translated this text on arts and crafts and folk tradition to stimulate the debate about applied art and mass culture in China.
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| − | === 第62節 ===
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| − | The literature of our country is currently passing through one of the decisive moments of its development. Domestically, a new life is being built. Literature seems gradually to be learning to reflect this life in its still indeterminate transitional form, and is capable of turning to higher tasks, namely a certain political, but especially an everyday-moral effect on the process of construction. Lu Xun translated this text on the task of literature in the new society as a contribution to the debate on revolutionary literature in China.
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| − | === 第63節 ===
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| − | This task is extremely important. Plekhanov also emphasized this importance. What becomes the general norm of this evaluation? Form should correspond to content to the greatest possible degree, give it the greatest expressiveness, and guarantee the possibility of the strongest impact on the readership to which the work is directed. Lu Xun translated Plekhanov's aesthetic theory of the unity of form and content as a foundation for Marxist literary criticism in China.
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| − | === 第64節 ===
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| − | On the whole, sharp polemic, insofar as it engages the reader, is useful. Polemical essays, especially when both sides make errors, together with other circumstances influence a broader audience and are absorbed more deeply by readers. Added to this is the combative attitude of the revolutionary Marxist critic, which naturally leads to sharp intellectual formulation. Lu Xun translated this text on the role of polemic in revolutionary literary criticism.
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| − | === 第65節 ===
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| − | That morning another attempt was made to purchase ammunition. The hard-liners among the officer candidates and students, who demanded a breakout into the open and a decisive battle, took on the task of procuring ammunition. Disguised as soldiers or workers, they left the firing line but immediately fell into crossfire and were all killed. Around noon came the news that peace negotiations had begun. Lu Xun translated this passage from a revolutionary novel about armed insurrection.
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| − | === 第66節 ===
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| − | "Oh... oh..." Stezinski barely turned his head and answered hastily, but walked ever faster. Medik knew something was not to his liking — he shrank into himself and turned crimson. Suddenly all the experiences of the entire month rushed upon him — he wanted to hold on to something, but he could no longer. This is an excerpt from Fadeev's "The Nineteen" (also known as "The Rout"), which Lu Xun translated into Chinese. The work depicts the partisan struggle in the Russian Civil War and the psychological disintegration of the fighters — a theme Lu Xun considered relevant to the Chinese revolution.
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| − | === 第67節 ===
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| − | "All right, let him run." Levinson said this because the pain in his sides had been tormenting him since morning, and he frowned. "But don't forget the horses... no, no, don't load cargo... Where is the quartermaster? Is everything ready?... Mount up!" He exhaled deeply, frowned again, as if bearing something heavy and large, and straightened himself in the saddle. This is another excerpt from Fadeev's "The Rout," showing the relentless commander Levinson — a man who, despite physical pain and spiritual burden, unwaveringly fulfills his duty. Lu Xun admired this figure as an example of revolutionary devotion to duty.
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| − | === 第68節 ===
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| − | "...I understand everything, what am I demanding of him?" thought Varya. "To yield to me a little, is that really so difficult?... But perhaps he is suffering himself now — thinks I despise him. But should I tell him?... How?... From me?... After he has pushed me away?... No, no — it's better to leave everything to him..." This is an excerpt from Tolstoy's work, translated by Lu Xun: the inner monologue of a woman torn between pride and love — a classic example of Tolstoy's mastery of psychological portrayal.
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| − | === 第69節 ===
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| − | "You are truly good, you gave me three pills. One I took at noon, and it worked instantly! Another in the evening, the third the next day, and since then everything has vanished! Not the slightest pain anywhere! I already thought I was going to die and wrote to Moscow for my son to come! The good Lord has bestowed such wisdom upon you, you living Bodhisattva! Now I feel as if I were in heaven!" This is an excerpt from Chekhov's stories, translated by Lu Xun — a scene that captures Chekhov's characteristic humorous view of Russian country life: the naive gratitude of a simple person toward a physician.
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| − | === 第70節 ===
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| − | But nothing was discovered. The Cossacks, steeled by the prolonged ordeal of the civil war, understood the strength of the Red Army and the solidity of the Soviet government and did not believe in the success of Ulagai's adventure. So they remained perfectly calm and had no thought of rushing to help the White general. Naturally, the wealthy Cossacks were not very pleased with the grain tax, and the prohibition of free trade did not suit them either. This is an excerpt from a text about the Russian Civil War, translated by Lu Xun, depicting the Cossacks' stance between the fronts.
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| − | === 第71節 ===
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| − | On the bank a girl was walking. Her head was wrapped in a rose-colored cloth. She looked toward the boat, as if searching for someone. "Hey, Dune-Grune!" Chubott called out. "I'm here! Who are you looking for?" The girl smiled and walked on. "You won't even wave a handkerchief for our departure?" This is a tender, lyrical moment from Fadeev's "The Rout" — in the midst of war, for an instant the poetry of everyday life flashes forth, the flirtation between young people that the war cannot completely extinguish.
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| − | === 第72節 ===
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| − | "Then you should know: if you can't put both banks in order, you needn't bother coming back..." "Yes sir. May I go?" "Yes, go, and do it properly..." Kontra suddenly ran off, just as suddenly as he had appeared, and in no time had the horses ready. The horses and Kontra vanished in the morning mist. This is another passage from Fadeev's partisan novel, showing the terse, military communication of the fighters — every word counts, sentimentality has no place.
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| − | === 第73節 ===
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| − | Before seven o'clock in the morning, as the troops approached the Cossack village, the first shot rang out. At the same time, a deafening bombardment began. The thunder of cannons mingled with the rattle of machine guns and the crack of rifles into a deafening concert. The soldiers charged straight ahead. The completely surprised enemy lost all orientation and could not organize the slightest defense. Lu Xun translated this impressive battle scene from Russian to bring the reality of partisan warfare closer to the Chinese reader.
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| − | === 第74節 ===
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| − | Not far from the village square, behind the church, Chubott concealed his squadron in a large garden. He bore an enormous responsibility; regardless of how the situation might change, the task had to be fulfilled. The warriors sat in the grass and were silent. The horses were tethered to apple and acacia trunks, and on the branches and fences everywhere stood sentries of the Red Army. Chubott paced back and forth in the garden and reflected. Lu Xun translated this tension-laden scene of the calm before the storm from Fadeev's partisan novel.
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| − | === 第75節 ===
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| − | The officer came to the main gate. To all appearances he was scolding everyone, but his eyes were laughing. Then the Cossacks rushed upon the prisoners and set to work with their bayonets. Before my eyes everything went black; I ran away, just ran, down the street. But then I still saw how they kicked my Danilo about on the ground. The cavalry sergeant thrust his sword point into his body. Lu Xun translated this horrifying scene of violence from the civil war to depict the brutality of war without embellishment — not with heroic glorification, but with the sober honesty he valued in Russian literature.
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| − | === 第76節 ===
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| − | Chichikov's mood was extremely foul. He furiously threw the long saber on the floor, which he always carried with him to intimidate people and maintain his dignity. He argued with the blacksmiths for over a quarter of an hour before they agreed on the price, for they were — as usual — cunning scoundrels; seeing that Chichikov was in a hurry, they demanded six times the price. He was mightily vexed and called them thieves and robbers. This is an excerpt from Gogol's "Dead Souls," translated by Lu Xun — one of his most important translation achievements, which made Gogol's satirical power accessible to the Chinese reader.
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| − | === 第77節 ===
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| − | I very much doubt that the protagonist of my verse epic is to the readers' taste. Among the ladies he has certainly found no favor, that much can already be established — for the ladies always wish their hero to be a model of perfect virtue, and as soon as there is even the slightest blemish, physical or mental, it is all over. The author has penetrated deeper into the hero's soul and holds it before the reader as a mirror. This is Gogol's ironic preface to "Dead Souls," in which he mocks the expectations of the reading public.
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| − | ----
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| − | === 第78節 ===
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| − | But neither can one say that our hero's nature was so cold and hardhearted, that his feelings were so numbed, as to know nothing of compassion and sympathy. He felt both quite keenly and was even prepared to help; only his good intentions never came to execution because he would not touch the money he had resolved never again to touch. In short: his father's admonition "Save and accumulate money" had taken root. This shows Gogol's mastery: he creates not a one-dimensional villain but a human being with feelings, corrupted by the greed for money.
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| − | ----
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| − | === 第79節 ===
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| − | "What of it!" said Chichikov. "I had bitten, I had pulled up, but then the thing snapped off — there's nothing to be done. Even if you wail and weep, you can't undo the misfortune. Better to do something!" And so he resolved to begin his affairs anew, to arm himself with patience, and to curtail all the extravagance he had formerly been so fond of displaying. He resolved to move to another city and start from scratch. This is Chichikov's unwavering persistence — Gogol's biting satire on the Russian entrepreneurial spirit, which in truth is nothing but swindling.
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| − | === 第80節 ===
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| − | We already know that Chichikov was greatly concerned about his posterity. It was a kind of itch. Had the strange, vague question "What will my children say?" not constantly surfaced on his lips, many people would probably not have reached so deeply into other people's pockets. The future family man grabbed quickly at whatever was at hand, like a cautious cat anxiously squinting at its master with one eye. Lu Xun translated this passage from Gogol's "Dead Souls" as an example of the universal human weakness of greed, disguised as concern for one's family.
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| + | 一人の比丘あり。容姿は頑陋にして、衣服は塵に汚れ、泥濘を跋渉して世常のもとに来た。世常は出でてこれに礼をなし、奴に命じて水を取らせ、その足を洗おうとした。比丘が言うには「世常が自ら我が足を洗うべし」と。世常はすなわち自ら洗った。 |
| − | === 第81節 ===
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| − | Against the author there is yet another kind of reproach, raised by the so-called patriots: They sit comfortably in their nests, pursue all manner of trifling business, live on other people's grain, draw handsome profits, and accumulate a fortune; but as soon as something appears that in their eyes brings shame upon the fatherland — even if it is merely a book containing bitter truths — they pounce upon it. This is Gogol's sharp defense against his critics, in which he unmasks the hypocritical "patriots" who defend the fatherland only when it does not disturb their own comfort. Lu Xun profoundly identified with this stance and saw in Gogol a kindred spirit.
| + | すると比丘の足の裏に車輪の紋様が現れた。その光は燦然として室内を照らした。世常は大いに驚き、伏して拝した。見上げると、比丘の姿はすでに変わり、金色の光を放つ仏の相を呈していた。 |
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| | + | 比丘は言った。「あなたの信心は篤く、迫害の中にあっても法を守り、僧を供養することを止めなかった。この功徳により、来世には必ず善処に生まれるであろう」と。言い終わると、光とともに消え去った。 |
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| − | [[Category:Lu Xun]]
| + | 世常はこれより後、いよいよ信仰を深め、密かに多くの僧を匿い、経典の書写にも力を注いだ。太康の禁令はやがて解かれ、仏教は再び公然と栄えることとなった。 |
| − | [[Category:Japanese Translations]]
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墳 (坟)
魯迅 (ルーシュン, 1881–1936)
中国語からの日本語翻訳。
第1節
【父親】
M・ショーロホフ
太陽はコサック村の辺りの灰緑色の叢林の向こうで、弱々しく瞬いたところだった。村からさほど遠くないところに渡し船がある。私はこれに乗ってドン河の向こう岸に渡らねばならなかった。湿った砂の上を歩くと、そこから腐敗した臭いが立ち昇ってきた。水に浸った腐れ木のようだった。道はまるで乱れた兎の足跡のように、叢林を縫って蜿蜒と続いていた。膨れて真っ赤な太陽は、すでに村の向こう側の墓地に沈んでいた。私の背後では、枯れた雑木の間を、蒼茫たる黄昏がゆるやかに歩いていた。
渡し船は岸辺に繋がれ、淡い紫色の水がその下から覗いていた。櫓は軽く跳ね、一方に回りながら、櫓臍もきいきいと鳴っていた。
船頭は柄杓で苔の生えた船底を掻き、水を外に汲み出していた。頭を上げ、黄色みがかった斜視の目で私をじっと見て、不機嫌に、罵るように尋ねた。
「渡るのかね? すぐ出すよ、今から纜を解く」
「二人きりで出せるのか?」
「出すしかないさ。すぐ夜になる。誰が来るか分かったもんじゃない」。彼は裾を捲り上げ、また私を一瞥して言った。
「見たところ、あんたはよそ者だな、うちの者じゃない。どこから来た?」
「陣営から帰るところだ」
男は帽子を小舟の中に置き、頭を振って、黒いカフカスの銀のような髪をかき分け、私にウインクし、虫食いの歯を見せた。
「休暇を貰ったのかい、それとも、まあそういうことで――こっそりと?」
「除隊したんだ。年限が満了した」
「ああ……ああ。じゃあのんびりできるわけだ……」
我々は櫓を漕ぎ始めた。だがドン河は冗談でもするかのように、我々を岸辺に浸った森の若木の中へと運び込んでしまう。水が壊れやすい竜骨に当たり、はっきりとした音を立てた。青い血管の浮き出た船頭の赤い裸足は、太い筋肉の束のようだった。冷たさで青ざめた足裏が、滑りやすい斜梁にしっかりと踏みしめられ、腕は長くたくましく、指の関節はどれも太く膨れ上がっていた。彼は痩せて肩が狭く、腰を曲げ、辛抱強く櫓を漕いでいたが、櫓は巧みに波頭を切り開き、深く水に入っていった。
この男の均一で妨げのない呼吸が聞こえた。彼の毛糸のシャツから、汗と煙草と水の淡い味の混じった鼻を突く臭いが湧き出していた。彼は突然櫓を置き、振り返って私に言った。
「どうやら入れそうもないな。この林の中で押し潰されそうだ。参ったな!」
一つの激しい波に打たれ、船は峻険な岩にぶつかった。船は船尾を力いっぱい振り、そのまま傾いて森の中へ進んでいった。
半時間後、我々は浸水した森の木々の間にしっかりと挟まれてしまった。櫓も折れた。櫓臍の上に、折れた破片がゆらゆらと揺れていた。船底の穴から、水が滔々と船の中に湧き入ってきた。我々は木の上で夜を過ごすほかなかった。船頭は足で枝に巻きつき、私のそばに蹲って、パイプを吹かしながら話し、頭上のペースト状の暗がりを切り裂く雁の羽ばたきの音に耳を傾けていた。
「うむ、うむ、あんたは家に帰るところだな。母親がもう家で待っとるよ。知っとるんだ、息子が帰ってきた、養ってくれる者が帰ってきたと。年老いた心が温まるんだ。そうさ……だがあんたも知っとるだろう、母親というものは、昼はあんたのことを心配し、夜は辛い涙を流しとる。だが何でもないことだと思っとる……母親はみなそうだ、自分の可愛い息子のためならば。みなそうなんだ……自分で子供を生んで育ててみなければ、親の苦しい心は分からんものだ。だが父親であれ母親であれ、子供のためにどれほど苦しまねばならんことか!
こういうことがあるもんだ。魚を捌く時に、女がその苦胆を破ってしまう。そうすると魚の汁を掬い上げても、苦くて飲めやしない。わしもまさにそうだ。生きてはおるが、いつも大きな苦しみを呑まねばならん。耐えて、堪えて、だが時々こう思うんだ。『人生よ、人生よ、いったいいつになったらお前のこの腐り切った生活の幕が下りるんだ?』
あんたは地元の者じゃない、よそ者だ。教えてくれ、わしはいっそ首に縄をかけた方がいいんじゃないかね。
わしには娘が一人おる。名はナターシャという。十六になった。十六だ。あの子がわしにこう言ったんだ。『お父さん、私はお父さんと同じ食卓で食事したくないの。お父さんの両手を見ると』と言うんだ。『その手でお兄ちゃんを殺したんだと思い出して、体じゅうの魂が抜けてしまうの』
だがこれは誰のためだったか、あの愚か者には分からんのだ。まさに彼らのためだったんだ、子供たちのために。
わしは早くに嫁を貰った。神様がくださったのは兎のように子をよく産む女房だった。立て続けに八人の食い扶持を産み、九人目でとうとう事切れた。産むのは無事に産んだが、五日目に熱病で死んだ。わしは独り身になった。子供たちはと言えば、神様は一人も召し上げてくださらなかった。あんなに懇願したのに……長男はイワンと言う。わしに似ておった。黒い髪、整った顔立ち。立派なコサックで、仕事も真面目だった。もう一人の男の子はイワンより四つ下だ。母親似でな。小柄だが腹の出た。淡い金髪で、ほとんど白に近い。目は灰青色。ダニーロと言って、わしの一番可愛い子だった。他の七人は、一番上が娘で、あとはみな小虫けらだ……
イワンには村の中で嫁を取ってやり、すぐに小僧が一人できた。ダニーロにもつり合いのある家を探しておったが、穏やかでない時代がやって来た。わしらのコサック村では、みなソヴィエト権力に反旗を翻した。その時イワンがわしの所に押しかけてきた。『父さん』と言うんだ。『一緒に行こう、赤軍に味方しよう! キリストの御名にかけて頼む! 赤軍を助けなきゃならん、あれは正しい力なんだから』
ダニーロもまたわしの考えを変えさせようとした。長いこと懇願し、説き伏せようとした。だがわしはこう言った。『わしはお前たちを無理強いはせん。行きたい方へ行け。だがわしは、わしはここに残る。お前たち以外にまだ七つの口があるんだ、しかもどれも食わせにゃならん』
二人は家を離れた。村では皆武装し始めた。何でもあるものを使った。だがわしも引っ張り出された。戦線へ行け!と。わしは集会の場でみなにこう告げた。
『村の衆よ、おじさんたちよ、知ってのとおり、わしは一家の主だ。家には七人の子供が寝台に寝ておる。わしが死んだら、誰がわしの子供たちの面倒を見るのだ?』
言うべきことは全部言ったが、無駄だった。誰も聞かず、わしを引きずって戦線に送った。
陣地はわしらの村からさほど遠くなかった。
ある日、ちょうど復活祭の前日だった。九人の捕虜がわしらの所に送られてきた。その中にダニルーシカが、わしの可愛い息子がおった。彼らは市場を通り抜け、護送されて将校の元へ向かった。コサックたちが家々から飛び出してきた。どっと、神よ憐れみたまえ。
『あいつらは打ち殺さにゃならん、この臆病者どもめ。取り調べの後に連れ戻されたら、何はともあれ先にひと泡吹かせてやる!』
わしは立っていた。膝が震えていたが、自分の息子ダニーロのために心臓が跳ねているのを人に悟られぬようにした。コサックたちが互いにひそひそ話し、頭で私を指し示しているのが見えた。すると騎兵曹長のヤルキョーシャがわしの方に走ってきた。『どうだ、ミチシャーラ、共産党員どもを片づけるとしたら、お前も立ち合うか?』
『もちろん立ち合うとも、この匪賊どもめ!』とわしは言った。
『よし、じゃあ銃を持って、この場所に、この入り口に立て』
それから奴はじっとわしを見据えた。『わしらはお前を見張っとるぞ、ミチシャーラ。気をつけろよ、友よ――お前には堪えられんかもしれんからな』
わしは入り口の前に立った。頭の中ではこんなことがぐるぐる回っていた。『聖母よ、聖マリアよ、わしは本当に自分の息子を殺さねばならんのか?』
事務室がだんだん騒がしくなった。捕虜たちが連れ出された。ダニーロが一番先だった。奴を見た途端、わしは全身が氷のように冷たくなった。頭が桶のように膨れ上がり、皮膚も裂けていた。鮮血が固まって顔から湧き出していた。髪には厚い毛糸の手袋がくっついていた。殴った後、それで傷口を押さえたのだ。手袋は血を吸って乾き、まだ髪に貼りついていた。村に連行される途中で打たれたのだろう。わしのダニーロはよろめきながら廊下を歩いてきた。わしを見ると、両手を広げた。わしに笑顔を作ろうとしたが、両目はすでに灰黒色に窪み、片方は凝血で完全に塞がれていた。
これはよく分かっていた。わしも一発くらわさなければ、村の者たちがたちまちわしを殺すだろう。わしの子供たちは孤児になり、たった一人で神の広い世界に残されることになる。
ダニーロがわしの立っているところに来ると、こう言った。『お父さん――お父ちゃん、さようなら』。涙が顔を伝い流れ、血の汚れを洗い落とした。わしはと言えば……わしは……腕が上がらなかった。ひどく重かった。まるで丸太のようだった。銃剣をつけた銃がわしの腕にどっしりと横たわり、さらに急き立てるので、わしは銃床であの子に一発くらわした……わしはここを打った……耳の上のここを……。あの子は叫んだ。ウウウ――ウウ――、と両手で顔を覆い、倒れた。
わしのコサックたちは大声で笑って言った。『打て、ミチシャーラ、打て、ダニーロに。悲しんでるようじゃないか、打て、さもないとお前の血を抜くぞ』
将校が入り口まで出てきて、表向きはみなを叱りつけるようだった。だがその目は笑っていた。
するとコサックたちは捕虜に殺到し、銃剣で始めた。わしの目の前が暗くなり、わしは走り出した。ただ走った、通りに沿って。だがその時、わしのダニーロが地面を転がされ、蹴り回されるのがまだ見えた。騎兵曹長がサーベルの切っ先で喉を刺した。ダニーロはただ、カカ……と声を出すだけだった」
水の圧力で船板がカタカタと鳴り、榛の木が我々の下で長い呻きを上げていた。
ミチシャーラは足で水に押し上げられてくる竜骨を引っかけ、パイプから燃え殻を叩き落としながら言った。
「船が沈みそうだ。明日の昼まで、ここの木の上に座っとらにゃならん。まったくついてない!」
彼は長いこと黙っていた。やがてまた、あの低い、鈍い声で話し始めた。
「この一件のせいで、わしは上級憲兵隊に送られた。――今はもう大量の水がドン河に流れ込んだが、夜になるといつも何か聞こえるんだ。誰かが喘ぎ、息を引き取り、首を絞められているような。あの時走って逃げた時に聞いた、わしのダニーロの喘ぎと同じように。
これがわしを苦しめるのだ、良心がな」
「わしらは春まで赤軍と対峙しておった。それからセクレティヨフ将軍が加わって、わしらは彼らをドン河のはるか向こう、サラトフ県まで追い払った。
わしは一家の主ではあったが、兵役は楽ではなかった。二人の息子が赤軍におったからだ。
わしらはバラソフ鎮に着いた。長男イワンのことは、何も聞かず、何も知らなかった。だがコサックたちの間で、突然噂が立った――どこから来たのか、鬼が知るものか――イワンが赤軍から捕らえられ、第三十六コサック中隊に送られたと。
わしの村の者たちがわめき始めた。『ワーニカを捕まえに行こう、あいつはわしらが片づけるんだ』
わしらはある村に着き、見ると、第三十六中隊がまさにそこに駐屯していた。彼らはすぐにわしのワーニカを捕まえ、縛り上げ、事務室に引きずって行った。そこで散々殴った後、わしにこう言った。
『こいつを連隊本部に護送しろ!』
この村から本部まで、十二ヴェルスタの道のりだった。わしらの百人団の団長が護送票を渡しながら言った――だが彼はわしの方を見なかった。
第2節
他人のために道を示すとなると、それはさらに容易ではない。なぜなら私自身でさえ、どう歩むべきか分かっていないからだ。中国にはおそらく若者の「先輩」や「導師」がかなりいるのだろうが、それは私ではなく、私も彼らを信じない。私がきわめて確実に知っている終着点は一つだけ、すなわち墓である。だがこれは誰もが知っていることで、誰かに示してもらう必要はない。問題はここからそこに至る道程にある。もちろん一本きりではないが、私にはどれがよいのか分からない。もっとも今に至るまで時には探し求めてもいる。探し求める中で、私は恐れる――私の未熟な果実が、偏って私の果実を愛する人をかえって毒殺してしまい、一方で私を憎む者、いわゆる正人君子なる輩はかえって皆矍鑠としていることを。だから私の言葉はしばしば曖昧になり、中断してしまう。心の中で思う。私を偏愛する読者への贈り物は、あるいは「何もないこと」が最良であろうと。私の訳著の刷り部数は、最初は一回千部、後に五百部増え、近頃は二千から四千だ。増えるたびに、私はもちろん嬉しい。金が稼げるからだ。しかし同時に哀愁も伴う。読者に害を及ぼすのではないかと恐れ、そのため文を書く時はますます慎重になり、ますます躊躇する。ある人は私が筆に任せて書き、胸臆をそのまま吐露していると思っているが、実はそうとも限らない。私の顧慮は少なくない。私はとうに自分が戦士などではないと知っているし、前駆とも言えない。これほど多くの顧慮と回想があるのだから。三、四年前、一人の学生が私の本を買いに来て、衣の懐から金を取り出して私の掌に載せたことをまだ覚えている。その金にはまだ体温が残っていた。この体温が私の心に烙印を押し、今に至るまで文字を書こうとする時、こうした青年を毒するのではないかと恐れ、なかなか筆を下ろせないでいる。何の顧慮もなく話す日は、おそらくもう来ないのだろう。だが時にはこうも思う。実のところ何の顧慮もなく話してこそ、こうした青年に対して恥じることがないのだと。だが今に至っても、そうする決心がつかないでいる。
今日話そうとすることもこの程度に過ぎないが、比較的真実と言えるだろう。このほか、もう少し余計な文がある。
白話を提唱し始めた頃は、各方面から激しい攻撃を受けたものだ。後に白話が次第に通行し、勢いを止めがたくなると、ある人々はたちまち転じてこれを自分の功績とし、「新文化運動」と美名を付けた。またある人々は白話は通俗の用に供して差し支えないと主張し、またある人々は白話をうまく書くにはやはり古書を読まねばならないと言った。前者はすでに二度目の転舵をなし、また翻って「新文化」を嘲罵している。後の二者はやむを得ざる調和派で、ただ僵屍をもう数日長く留めようとするだけで、今なお少なくない。私はかつて雑感の中でこれを攻撃したことがある。
最近、上海で出版されたある定期刊行物を見たところ、やはり白話をうまく書くには良い古文を読まねばならないと説き、証拠として挙げた人名の中に、その一人が私であった。これには実に寒気を覚えた。他人はさておき、自分について言えば、かつて多くの古い本を読んだことは確かであり、教鞭を執るために今もなお読んでいる。そのため耳にし目にし、影響が白話の文章に及び、しばしばその字句や文体が漏れ出てしまう。だが自分自身はまさにこれら古い亡霊を背負い、振り払えぬことに苦しみ、常に息苦しくなるような重さを感じている。思想の上でも、荘周や韓非の毒に中っていないはずがなく、時に甚だ気ままになり、時に甚だ峻厳になる。孔・孟の書は最も早く最も熟読したが、かえって自分と関わりがないようだ。大半は怠惰のためでもあろう。しばしば自分を慰め、万物は変化の中にあって、常にいくらかの中間物があるものだと考える。動植物の間に、無脊椎動物と脊椎動物の間に、みな中間物がある。いっそ、進化の連鎖の上では万物がみな中間物であると言ってもよいくらいだ。文章を改革し始めた時に、いくらか中途半端な作者がいるのは当然のことであり、そうでしかあり得ず、そうである必要もあった。その任務は、いくらかの覚醒の後に新しい声を叫び出すこと。また旧い陣営の中から来たがゆえに、事情がより明瞭に見え、矛を返して一撃すれば、強敵の死命を制しやすい。だがやはり光陰とともに消え去り、次第に消滅すべきであり、せいぜい橋の中の一木一石に過ぎず、何ら前途の目標でも範本でもない。後に続く者は当然異なるべきであり、天から授かった聖人でない限り、積年の習慣がたちまち一掃できるはずもないが、やはりもっと新しい気象を帯びるべきだ。文章について言えば、もはや古書の中に糧を求める必要はなく、生きた人々の唇と舌を源泉とし、文章をいっそう言語に近づけ、いっそう生気あるものとすべきだ。現在の人民の言語の貧困や欠乏をいかに救済し、豊かにするかについては、それもまた大きな問題であり、あるいは旧文の中からいくらかの素材を取って使役に供する必要もあろうが、これは今の私が論じようとする範囲の内ではないから、ひとまず措く。
私は十分に努力すれば、おおよそ口語を博く採って自分の文章を改革することもできるだろうと思う。だが怠惰であり且つ多忙であるために、今に至るまで実行していない。私はしばしばこれが古書を読んだことと大いに関係があるのではないかと疑っている。なぜなら、古人が書物に書き記した忌まわしい思想が、私の心の中にも常にあるように感じるからだ。にわかに奮い立てるかどうか、まったく見当がつかない。私は常にこの思想を呪い、後の青年にはもう見られぬことを願っている。去年、私は青年に中国の本を少なく読め、あるいはいっそ読むなと主張したが、これは多くの苦痛と引き換えに得た真実の言葉であり、断じて口先だけの快や、冗談や憤激の辞ではない。古人は、本を読まねば愚人になると言い、それも確かに間違ってはいない。だが世界はまさに愚人によって造られたのであり、聡明な人間が世界を支えることは決してできない。とりわけ中国の聡明人はそうだ。今はどうかと言えば、思想の上はさておき、文辞においても、多くの若い作者がまた古文や詩詞の中から見映えのよい難解な字面を拾い出し、手品のハンカチのように自分の作品を飾り立てている。これが古文を読めという説と関係があるかどうか知らないが、まさに復古であり、すなわち新文芸の試行自殺であることは明白だ。
不幸にも私の古文と白話の混じり合った雑集が、ちょうどこの時に出版されることになり、おそらくまた読者にいくらかの毒害を与えてしまうだろう。ただ自分にとっては、まだ毅然としてこれを毀滅することはできず、これを借りてしばらく過ぎ去った生活の残痕を眺めたいと思っている。願わくは、私の作品を偏愛してくださる読者も、これをただ一つの紀念として受け取り、この小さな丘陵の中に埋まっているのは、かつて生きていた躯殻にすぎないと知っていただきたい。さらに幾歳月を経れば、やがて煙埃と化し、紀念もまた人の世から消え去り、私の事もそれで終わるのだ。午前もまた古文を読んでいて、陸士衡の曹孟徳を弔う文の数句を思い出し、引いてきてこの一篇の結びとする――
既に古に睎うて累を遺し、信に礼を簡にして葬を薄くす。
かの裘紱は何の有るところぞ、塵謗を後王に貽す。
ああ大恋の存するところ、故に哲なりといえども忘れず。
遺籍を覧て慷慨し、この文を献じて凄傷す!
(一九二六年十一月十一日夜 魯迅。)
【頭髪の故事】
日曜の朝、私は一枚の昨夜の日めくりを剥がし、新しいそれを見つめて言った。
「ああ、十月十日――今日はもともと双十節だったのだ。ここにはまったく記載がない!」
私の先輩であるN氏が、ちょうど私の住まいに雑談に来たところだったが、この言葉を聞くと、不機嫌そうに私に言った。
「彼らが正しい! 彼らが覚えていないのに、お前がどうするというのだ。お前が覚えていて、それでどうなる?」
このN氏はもともと少々偏屈な気質で、しょっちゅうつまらぬ腹を立て、世間知らずなことを言う。こういう時、私はたいてい彼の独り言に任せて一言も同調しない。彼が一人で議論し終えれば、それで済む。
彼は言った。
「私が最も感心するのは北京の双十節の光景だ。朝、警官が門に来て、命じる。『旗を掲げよ』。『はい、旗を掲げます!』。各家からたいてい物憂げに一人の国民が出てきて、一片のまだら模様の洋布を突き出す。こうして夜まで――旗を収めて門を閉める。数軒がうっかり忘れると、翌日の午前まで掲げたままだ。
「彼らは紀念を忘れ、紀念もまた彼らを忘れた!
「私もまた紀念を忘れた一人だ。もし思い出せば、あの最初の双十節の前後のことがみな心に浮かび、落ち着いていられなくなる。
「幾多の故人の顔が、みな目の前に浮かぶ。何人かの若者が十数年を辛苦して奔走し、暗がりで一発の弾丸に命を奪われた。何人かの若者は一撃を外し、牢獄で一月余りの酷い拷問を受けた。何人かの若者は遠大な志を抱いたまま、忽然と影も形もなくなり、遺骸すらどこに行ったか分からない。――
「彼らはみな社会の冷笑、罵倒、迫害、陥穽の中で一生を過ごした。今や彼らの墓もとうに忘却の中で次第に平らに崩れていっている。
「私にはこれらの事を紀念する堪え性がない。
「やはり少しばかり得意な事を思い出して話そうか」
Nは突然笑みを浮かべ、手を伸ばして自分の頭を一撫でし、大声で言った。
「私が最も得意なのは、あの最初の双十節以来、道を歩いてもう人に笑われ罵られなくなったことだ。
「君、知っているか、頭髪は我々中国人の宝であり仇敵であり、古今どれほどの人がこのことで何の値打ちもない苦しみを食らったことか!
「我々のはるか古の古人は、頭髪に対してもまだ軽く見ていたようだ。刑法から見れば、最も重要なのは当然頭であるから、死刑が最高の刑である。次に重要なのは生殖器で、宮刑と幽閉も恐ろしい罰だ。髡に至っては、些細なことだ。だが想像するに、どれほどの人々が頭を丸くしたというだけで、社会に一生踏みにじられてきたことか。
「我々が革命を説く時、揚州十日だの嘉定屠城だのとさかんに論じるが、実のところそれも一つの手段に過ぎない。正直に言えば、あの時の中国人の反抗は、亡国のためなどではなく、ただ辮髪を結わされるからであった。
「頑民は殺し尽くされ、遺老もみな天寿を全うし、辮髪はとうに定着した。すると洪・楊がまた騒ぎ出した。私の祖母がかつて話してくれた。あの頃、百姓でいるのは難しかった。髪を全部伸ばしていれば官兵に殺され、辮髪のままなら長毛に殺される!
「どれほどの中国人がこの痛くも痒くもない頭髪のせいで苦しみ、難に遭い、滅んだことか」
Nは両目を天井の梁に向け、何か考えているようだったが、なおも語った。
「誰が思おうか、頭髪の苦しみが私の番になろうとは。
「私は留学に出て、辮髪を切り落とした。別に奥妙があるわけではなく、ただ不便だっただけだ。ところが辮髪を頭のてっぺんに巻いている何人かの同学が私をひどく嫌い、監督も大いに怒り、官費を止めて中国に送り返すと言った。
「数日もしないうちに、この監督自身が辮髪を切られて逃げ去った。切った者たちの中の一人は『革命軍』を書いた鄒容であった。この人もこのためにもう留学できなくなり、上海に帰って来て、後に西牢で死んだ。お前もとうに忘れてしまったろう?
「数年後、私の家計はだいぶ以前より悪くなり、何か仕事を見つけなければ飢えるしかなく、やむなく中国に帰ってきた。上海に着くなり付け辮髪を一本買い求めた。当時は二元の相場で、これを持って帰省した。母はまあ何も言わなかったが、他の人間は顔を合わせるとまず真っ先にこの辮髪を調べ上げ、偽物と分かると一声冷笑して、私に打ち首の罪名を擬した。一人の本家の者などは官に訴え出る用意までしたが、その後、革命党の反乱が成功するかもしれないと恐れ、中止した。
「偽物は本物に比べれば素直でさっぱりしていないと思い、私はいっそ付け辮髪を廃して、洋服を着て街を歩いた。
「歩いていくと、道すがら笑いと罵声が絶えず、後ろからついてきて罵る者もいた。『この向こう見ず!』『偽洋鬼子!』
「そこで洋服を着るのをやめ、長衫に替えたが、彼らの罵りはさらにひどくなった。
「この日暮れ道窮まった時に、私の手に一本のステッキが加わった。何度か力いっぱい打ちのめすと、彼らは次第に罵らなくなった。ただ、まだ打ったことのない見知らぬ土地に行くと、やはり罵られる。
「この事は私を大いに悲しませ、今でもしばしば思い出す。留学中に、日本の新聞で南洋と中国を旅行した本多博士の話が載っているのを見たことがある。この博士は中国語もマレー語も解さなかった。人に、言葉が分からないのにどう歩くのかと聞かれると、ステッキを持ち上げて、これが彼らの言葉だ、彼らはみなこれを解すると言った。私はこれに数日間憤慨したものだが、思いがけず自分もいつの間にかそうしていて、しかもあの人たちはみな解したのだ。……
「宣統の初年、私は本地の中学校で監学をしていた。同僚はただもう避けることだけを心がけ、官僚はただもう防ぐことだけを心がけ、私は終日氷室に座り、刑場のそばに立っているようだった。実は他でもない、ただ辮髪が一本足りないからだ!
「ある日、数人の学生が突然私の部屋に来て言った。『先生、辮髪を切りたいのですが』。私は言った。『駄目だ!』『辮髪があるのがいいですか、ないのがいいですか?』『ないほうがいい……』『それなのになぜ駄目とおっしゃるのですか?』『割に合わない。お前たちはまだ切らない方が得だ。――少し待て』。彼らは何も言わず、口を尖らせて部屋を出て行った。だが結局切ってしまった。
「ああ! 大変だ、人々がざわめいた。だが私はただ知らぬふりをし、彼らが丸坊主のまま、多くの辮髪と一緒に講堂に上がるのを放っておいた。
「だがこの辮髪切りの病は伝染した。三日目、師範学堂の学生が突然六本の辮髪を切り落とし、その晩に六人の学生が退学させられた。この六人は在校もできず帰省もできず、最初の双十節の後さらに一月余り経って、ようやく犯罪の焼印が消えた。
「私は? 同じことだ。ただ元年の冬に北京に行った時、まだ数回人に罵られたが、後に私を罵った人間も警察に辮髪を切られ、私はもう侮辱されなくなった。だが田舎には行っていない」
Nはひどく得意な様子を見せたが、ふいにまた顔を曇らせた。
「今やお前たち理想家は、また女子の断髪がどうのとわめいている。またしても何の得もなく苦しむだけの人間を大量に作り出そうとしている!
「今すでに髪を切った女性が、そのために学校の試験に受からなかったり、学校から除名されたりしていないか?
「改革か、武器はどこにある? 勤工倹学か、工場はどこにある?
「やはりまた伸ばして、人の家に嫁に行くのだ。一切を忘れてしまえばまだ幸福だ。もし平等自由の言葉をいくらか覚えていたら、一生苦しむことになる!
「私はアルツィバーシェフの言葉を借りてお前たちに問いたい。お前たちはこの人々の子孫に黄金時代の出現を予約したが、この人々自身には何を与えるのだ?
「ああ、造物主の鞭が中国の脊梁に当たらぬうちは、中国は永遠にこの同じ中国であり、決して自ら一本の毛すら変えようとしない!
「お前たちの口の中に毒牙がないのに、なぜわざわざ額に『蝮蛇』の二大字を貼り付け、乞食に来て打ち殺させるのだ?……」
Nは語れば語るほど奇矯になっていったが、私があまり聞きたがらない表情を見ると、たちまち口を閉じ、立ち上がって帽子を取った。
私は言った。「帰るのか?」
彼は答えた。「ああ、雨が降りそうだ」
私は黙って彼を門口まで送った。
彼は帽子をかぶって言った。
「さようなら! お邪魔してすまなかった。明日はもう双十節ではないから、我々もみな忘れてしまえるさ」
(一九二〇年十月。)
【過客】
時:
ある日の黄昏。
処:
とある場所。
人:
老翁――七十歳ほど、白い髭と髪、黒い長衣。
少女――十歳ほど、紫がかった髪、黒い瞳、白地に黒い格子の長衣。
過客――三、四十歳ほど、困憊した頑固な容貌、陰鬱な眼光、黒い髭、乱れた髪、黒い短い上衣と下衣はいずれも破れ、裸足に破れた靴を履き、脇に一つの袋を下げ、身の丈ほどの竹杖に縋っている。
東には数株の雑木と瓦礫。西には荒涼と荒れ果てた叢。その間に一条の道のような道でないような痕跡がある。小さな土の小屋がこの痕跡に向かって一枚の扉を開いている。扉の傍らに一段の枯れた木の根がある。
(少女が、木の根に座っていた老翁をまさに扶け起こそうとしている。)
翁――子供よ。おい、子供! どうして動かんのだ?
少女――(東を望みながら)誰か歩いてきます。ちょっと見てみましょう。
翁――見なくてよい。わしを中に入れておくれ。太陽が沈む。
少女――あたし、――見てみます。
翁――ああ、お前という子は! 毎日空を見、土を見、風を見て、それでは足りぬのか? 何もこれらに勝るものはない。お前はどうしても誰かを見ようとする。太陽が沈む時に現れるものは、お前にいいことなど何ももたらしはせぬ。……やはり中に入ろう。
少女――でも、もう近づいてきました。ああ、乞食です。
翁――乞食? そうとも思えぬが。
第3節
(過客が東の雑木林の間からよろめき出て、しばし躊躇した後、ゆっくりと老翁に歩み寄る。)
客――お爺さん、今晩は。
翁――ああ、今晩は。お蔭さまで。あなたもお元気で?
客――お爺さん、突然お邪魔して申し訳ないのですが、一杯の水をいただけませんか。歩き通しで、喉が渇いて仕方がないのです。この辺りには池もなければ、水溜りもない。
翁――おお、それはそれは。お待ちなさい。(家の中に向かって呼ぶ)おい、お客さんに水を一杯。
(少女が水を持って出てくる。)
客――(水を受け取って一気に飲み干す)ありがとうございます。生き返りました。
翁――まだお飲みになりますか。
客――いえ、もう結構です。……お爺さん、失礼ですが、この先の道は何処に通じているのでしょうか。
翁――この先?この先は……墓場ですよ。
客――墓場?(しばし沈黙して)……その先は?
翁――その先は知りません。行ったことがありませんから。
客――行ったことがない……
少女――行かない方がいいわ。あちらはとても寂しいところです。こちらにお泊りになればいいのに。
客――ありがとう。しかし私は行かねばならないのです。
翁――それは何故ですか。
客――分かりません。ただ――前方から声が聞こえるのです。私を呼んでいる声が。だから行かねばならないのです。
翁――しかし、あちらは墓場ですぞ。
客――それでも行きます。
少女――(布切れを差し出して)これを持って行ってください。お足の傷を包めるわ。
客――(感動して)ありがとう。……しかし、これを受け取ると、かえって申し訳ない。お返しできるものが何もないのですから。
少女――お返しなんて要りません。
客――(布を受け取り、足に巻きながら)ありがとう。では、行きます。(立ち上がって歩き始める。)
翁――あの人は何処へ行くのだろう。
少女――前へ。ずっと前へ。
(過客の姿は次第に薄暮の中に消えていく。)
第4節
あの題目は元来、車の中で決めるつもりだったが、道が悪くて自動車が一尺余りも跳ね上がるため、考える余裕がなかった。ここで私はふと感じた。外来のものは一つだけ取り入れても駄目なのだ。自動車があっても良い道路がなければならない。すべてのことは結局、環境の影響を免れない、と。文学もまた然り――中国のいわゆる新文学、いわゆる革命文学もまた然りである。
中国の文化というものは、言ってしまえば権勢者に奉仕する文化であって、まだ民衆に役立つ文化に変わってはいない。新文学もまた然りであって、社会から遊離した知識人が書斎で書いたものに過ぎない。革命文学と称するものも、その大半はスローガンの羅列であって、文学の名に値しない。
真の革命文学が生まれるには、真の革命が先になければならない。革命が社会を根底から変え、新しい人間関係が生まれ、新しい感情が生まれ、そこから初めて新しい文学が生まれるのだ。
ただし、一つ注意すべきことがある。文学は宣伝とは異なる。宣伝は直接的に訴えるが、文学は間接的に人の心に働きかける。この区別を忘れると、文学は単なるビラになってしまう。
第5節
最も意義深いと思うのは、漸次戦場に向かう一段であって、意識が如何であれ、とにかく多くの青年が東江から上海へ、武漢へ、江西へと革命のために戦い、その一部は種々の希望を抱いて戦場に死に、上に据えられたのが金の椅子であるか虎の皮の椅子であるかは、もはや見ることがなかった。あらゆる革命はこのように進行するものであり、だから筆墨を弄する者は、往々にして革命家に唾棄されるのだ。
しかし文字に全く価値がないかと言えば、そうでもない。少なくとも記録としての価値がある。戦場で死んでいった青年たちの姿を、誰かが書き留めておかなければ、やがて忘れ去られてしまう。権力者はいつも自分に都合のよい歴史だけを残そうとする。だからこそ、権力者以外の者が書かねばならないのだ。
多くの青年が犠牲になった。彼らは理想のために死んだ。しかしその理想は、彼らが思い描いていたものとはまったく違う形で実現した。いや、実現したとさえ言えないかもしれない。これは悲劇か。それとも喜劇か。おそらくそのどちらでもなく、ただの現実なのだろう。
我々にできるのは、せめてその事実を記録し、後世の人々に考える材料を提供することだけだ。
第6節
【私と『語糸』の始終】
私と比較的長い関わりがあったのは、やはり『語糸』であろう。
おそらくこれも原因の一つであったのだろう、「正人君子」たちの刊行物は私を「語糸派の主将」に封じ、急進的な青年の書く文章さえ今なお私を『語糸』の「指導者」だと言っている。昨年、魯迅を罵らずしては己の凋落を救い得ない者たちが、また幾つかの刊行物に文章を載せ、私を攻撃した。
『語糸』の創刊は一九二四年十一月十七日である。創刊に参加したのは私のほか、周作人、銭玄同、林語堂、孫伏園の諸氏であった。刊行の趣旨は、自由に思うところを述べ、何ものにも拘束されないというものだった。いわば「任意談」である。
最初の頃、『語糸』は確かに活気があった。誰もが言いたいことを書き、書きたいように書いた。文体の制限もなければ、思想の検閲もなかった。
しかし時が経つにつれ、変化が現れた。まず、政治的な圧力が増してきた。段祺瑞政府の時代には、まだ比較的自由であったが、張作霖が北京に入ると、言論統制が厳しくなった。『語糸』も例外ではなかった。何度か警告を受け、内容の自己規制を余儀なくされた。
しかし『語糸』はなお続いた。なぜなら、口を塞がれてもなお言わねばならないことがあったからだ。
第7節
しかし何故だか分からぬが、柔石が六ヶ月間編集をして第五巻の上半巻を終えると、彼もまた辞職した。
以上が私の遭遇した『語糸』四年間の瑣事である。最初の数号と最近の数号を比べてみれば、その間の変化がいかに異なるかが分かる。最も明らかなのは、時事にはほとんど触れなくなり、中篇の作品が多く載るようになったことだ。これは頁数を埋めやすく、しかも禍を免れやすいからである。
こうして見ると、『語糸』四年の歴史は、中国の言論の自由の歴史の縮図でもある。最初は比較的自由で活気があったが、次第に圧力が加わり、自己規制が始まり、最後には当たり障りのない文章ばかりになった。
この中で私が最も痛感したのは、仲間の変質である。かつて共に筆を執り、共に抵抗した者たちの中から、転向者が出、妥協者が出、沈黙者が出た。これを責めることはできない。誰にも生活があり、家族があり、命がある。しかし、やはり寂しいことだった。
結局、『語糸』は一九三〇年に終刊した。私はこの経験から一つのことを学んだ。言論の自由とは、放っておけば自然に得られるものではない。常に闘い取り、常に守り抜かねばならないものである。
第8節
張天錫が涼州にいた時、緑色の犬の夢を見た。形は甚だ長く、地の東南から来て張を咬もうとした。張は床の上で避けたが、地に落ちた。後に苻堅が苟長〔『広記』の引用では苌に作る〕を遣わして張を破った時、緑地の錦袍を着て東南門より入ったのは、みな夢の通りであった。〔同上に並ぶ〕
宋の中山の劉玄は、越城に居していた〔三字は『広記』の引用にあり〕。日暮れ時、忽ち一人の者が黒い袴褶を着て来るのを見た。火を取って照らすと、その者には頭がなかった。
晋の阮瞻は無鬼論者として聞こえていた。ある日、一人の客が訪ねて来て鬼の存在について論じた。瞻は持論を展開して鬼はいないと述べたが、客は次々と反論を加え、瞻はついに言い負かされた。そこで客は言った。「私こそ鬼である」と。言い終わると姿が消えた。瞻はこれより後、病を得て程なく死んだ。
第9節
呉の赤烏三年、句章の民・揚度が余姚に至った。夜行していると、一人の少年が琵琶を持って相乗りを求めてきた。度はこれを受け入れた。琵琶を弾いて数十曲を奏でた。曲が終わると、舌を出し目を剥いて度を怖がらせ、去った。さらに二十里ほど行くと、また一人の老父が相乗りを求め、姓は王、名は戒と自ら名乗った。そこでまたこれを乗せた。度が「鬼がうまく琵琶を弾いたが、甚だ哀しかった」と言うと、戒は「わしも弾ける」と言った。すなわちこれは先の鬼に向かって、また目を剥き舌を出した。度は大いに怖れ、車から落ちて気を失った。夜が明けて見れば、老父もまた消え失せていた。
義興の人・謝允が官に赴く途中、路傍に一匹の白い亀がいるのを見た。憐れに思い、拾い上げて水中に放してやった。後に謝允が冤罪に問われ、獄に繋がれた時、夢に一人の白衣の翁が現れて言った。「あなたはかつて私の命を救ってくれた。恩に報いよう」と。果たして翌日、赦免の令が下された。
東陽の人・趙泰が死んで三日、蘇った。語って言うには、地獄にて閻魔大王の前に引き出された。王は簿冊を調べて言った。「この者の寿命はまだ尽きていない。送り返せ」と。
第10節
石季倫(石崇)の母の喪に際し、洛陽の豪傑・名士が弔問に押しかけ、都を傾けるほどであった。王戎もまた弔問に臨んだが、鬼が臂をまくって打ち叩くのを見た。甚だ慌ただしい様子であった。一人の者が棺の前に立っていると、この鬼がその胸を叩き倒した。その人はたちまち倒れ、去った後に病を得て半日で死んだ。ゆえに世間に伝わるところでは、棺の前に立つべきではないと言い、これは王戎の見たところによる。〔『御覧』三百七十一に引く『志怪集』〕
陶侃〔『書鈔』の引用では太尉に作る〕が微賤であった時のこと。漁に出て網を引くと、一枚の織物の梭が得られた。家に持ち帰って壁に掛けておくと、一夜にして雷が鳴り響き、梭は忽然として消えた。翌朝見れば、壁に龍の痕が残っていた。
会稽の賀循が若い頃のこと。夜に書を読んでいると、窓の外に光が見えた。出て見ると、庭の井戸の中から光が射していた。翌日、井戸を浚ってみると、一振りの古剣が現れた。剣身は錆一つなく、水中にあって数百年を経てなお輝きを失わなかった。
第11節
王導は河内の人なり。兄弟三人、並びに時疫に罹った。その宅に鵲の巣があり、朝夕に飛び鳴いていたが、にわかに甚だしく喧しく騒いだ。みなこれを悪んだ。思うに「治ったら、この鳥を退治してやる」と。果たして治ると、鵲を捕らえて舌を断ち殺した。すると兄弟はことごとく唖の病を得た。〔『御覧』七百四十に引く『霊験記』〕
天竺に僧あり、二頭の牛を飼っていた。一日に三升の乳を得ていたが、一人の者が乳を乞うた。牛が言うには「我は前世で奴僕であった。主人の物を盗み食いした報いで、牛と生まれ変わった。乳を施すことで罪業を償おうとしているのだ。他の者に与えてはならぬ」と。
呉郡の陸機の家に一匹の犬がいた。名を「黄耳」と言った。機が洛陽にいた時、家に便りを出したいと思ったが、使いの者がいなかった。戯れに犬に向かって「お前、手紙を届けてくれるか」と言うと、犬は尾を振って応じた。そこで竹筒に書簡を入れて犬の首に括りつけると、犬は駆け出して呉まで走り、返書を銜えて戻ってきた。往復の日数は人の倍の速さであった。
第12節
晋の羊太傅祜、字は叔子、泰山の人なり。西晋の名臣にして、名声は天下に冠たり。五歳の時、かつて乳母に命じて以前遊んでいた指環を取らせようとした。乳母が言うには「あなたは元来そのようなものを持っていません。何処から取るのですか」と。祜が言うには「昔、東の垣根のそばで遊んでいて、桑の木の中に落としたのだ」と。乳母が言うには「では自分でお探しなさい」と。祜が言うには「ここは以前の家ではないので、場所が分からないのです」と。
後に外出して遊び歩いた時、東の方へまっすぐ歩いて行った。乳母はこれに従った。李氏の家に至ると、桑の木の空洞の中に果たして指環があった。李氏の老人は大いに驚いて言った。「これは亡き息子が遊んでいたもので、どうしてあなたが知っているのか」と。
当時の人々はみな、羊祜は李氏の息子の生まれ変わりであろうと言った。祜自身もまた前世の記憶があると語ったが、成長するに従い、その記憶は次第に薄れていった。
第13節
晋の抵世常は中山の人なり。家道は殷に富む。太康年中、晋人が沙門となることを禁じた。世常は奉法精進にして、密かに宅中に精舎を起こし立て、沙門を供養した。于法蘭もまたそこにいた。僧衆の来る者は、辞退するものなし。
一人の比丘あり。容姿は頑陋にして、衣服は塵に汚れ、泥濘を跋渉して世常のもとに来た。世常は出でてこれに礼をなし、奴に命じて水を取らせ、その足を洗おうとした。比丘が言うには「世常が自ら我が足を洗うべし」と。世常はすなわち自ら洗った。
すると比丘の足の裏に車輪の紋様が現れた。その光は燦然として室内を照らした。世常は大いに驚き、伏して拝した。見上げると、比丘の姿はすでに変わり、金色の光を放つ仏の相を呈していた。
比丘は言った。「あなたの信心は篤く、迫害の中にあっても法を守り、僧を供養することを止めなかった。この功徳により、来世には必ず善処に生まれるであろう」と。言い終わると、光とともに消え去った。
世常はこれより後、いよいよ信仰を深め、密かに多くの僧を匿い、経典の書写にも力を注いだ。太康の禁令はやがて解かれ、仏教は再び公然と栄えることとなった。