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中文 (原文)	日本語 (翻訳)
= 端午节 =	= 端午の節句 (端午节) =
鲁迅全集翻訳プロジェクトの一部。	魯迅 (ルーシュン, 1881–1936)
== 中文原文 ==	中国語から日本語への翻訳。
【端午节】 方玄绰近来爱说“差不多”这一句话，几乎成了“口头禅”似的；而且不但说，的确也盘据在他脑里了。他最初说的是“都一样”，后来大约觉得欠稳当了，便改为“差不多”，一直使用到现在。 他自从发见了这一句平凡的警句以后，虽然引起了不少的新感慨，同时却也得到许多新慰安。譬如看见老辈威压青年，在先是要愤愤的，但现在却就转念道，将来这少年有了儿孙时，大抵也要摆这架子的罢，便再没有什么不平了。又如看见兵士打车夫，在先也要愤愤的，但现在也就转念道，倘使这车夫当了兵，这兵拉了车，大抵也就这么打，便再也不放在心上了。他这样想着的时候，有时也疑心是因为自己没有和恶社会奋斗的勇气，所以瞒心昧己的故意造出来的一条逃路，很近乎于“无是非之心”，远不如改正了好。然而这意见，总反而在他脑里生长起来。 他将这“差不多说”最初公表的时候是在北京首善学校的讲堂上，其时大概是提起关于历史上的事情来，于是说到“古今人不相远”，说到各色人等的“性相近”，终于牵扯到学生和官僚身上，大发其议论道： “现在社会上时髦的都通行骂官僚，而学生骂得尤利害。然而官僚并不是天生的特别种族，就是平民变就的。现在学生出身的官僚就不少，和老官僚有什么两样呢？‘易地则皆然’，思想、言论、举动、丰采都没有什么大区别……便是学生团体新办的许多事业，不是也已经难免出弊病，大半烟消火灭了么？差不多的。但中国将来之可虑就在此。……” 散坐在讲堂里的二十多个听讲者，有的怅然了，或者是以为这话对；有的勃然了，大约是以为侮辱了神圣的青年；有几个却对他微笑了，大约以为这是他替自己的辩解：因为方玄绰就是兼做官僚的。 而其实却是都错误。这不过是他的一种新不平；虽说不平，又只是他的一种安分的空论。他自己虽然不知道是因为懒，还是因为无用，总之觉得是一个不肯运动，十分安分守己的人。总长冤他有神经病，只要地位还不至于动摇，他决不开一开口；教员的薪水欠到大半年了，只要别有官俸支持，他也决不开一开口。不但不开口，当教员联合索薪的时候，他还暗地里以为欠斟酌，太嚷嚷；直到听得同寮过分的奚落他们了，这才略有些小感慨，后来一转念，这或者因为自己正缺钱，而别的官并不兼做教员的缘故罢，于是也就释然了。 他虽然也缺钱，但从没有加入教员的团体内，大家议决罢课，可是不去上课了。政府说“上了课才给钱”，他才略恨他们的类乎用果子耍猴子；一个大教育家说道“教员一手挟书包一手要钱不高尚”，他才对于他的太太正式的发牢骚了。 “喂，怎么只有两盘？”听了“不高尚说”这一日的晚餐时候，他看着菜蔬说。 他们是没有受过新教育的，太太并无学名或雅号，所以也就没有什么称呼了，照老例虽然也可以叫“太太”，但他又不愿意太守旧，于是就发明了一个“喂”字。太太对他却连“喂”字也没有，只要脸向着他说话，依据习惯法，他就知道这话是对他而发的。 “可是上月领来的一成半都完了……昨天的米，也还是好容易才赊来的呢。”伊站在桌旁，脸对看他说。 “你看，还说教书的要薪水是卑鄙哩。这种东西似乎连人要吃饭，饭要米做，米要钱买这一点粗浅事情都不知道……” “对啦。没有钱怎么买米，没有米怎么煮……” 他两颊都鼓起来了，仿佛气恼这答案正和他的议论“差不多”，近乎随声附和模样；接着便将头转向别一面去了，依据习惯法，这是宣告讨论中止的表示。 待到凄风冷雨这一天，教员们因为向政府去索欠薪，在新华门前烂泥里被国军打得头破血出之后，倒居然也发了一点薪水。方玄绰不费一举手之劳的领了钱，酌还些旧债，却还缺一大笔款，这是因为官僚也颇有些拖欠了。当是时，便是廉吏清官们也渐以为薪之不可不索，而况兼做教员的方玄绰，自然更表同情于学界起来，所以大家主张继续罢课的时候，他虽然仍未到场，事后却尤其心悦诚服的确守了公共的决议。 然而政府竟又付钱，学校也就开课了。但在前几天，却有学生总会上一个呈文给政府，说：“教员倘若不上课，便不要付欠薪。”这虽然并无效，而方玄绰却忽而记起前回政府所说的“上了课才给钱”的话来，“差不多”这一个影子在他眼前又一幌，而且并不消灭，于是他便在讲堂上公表了。 准此，可见如果将“差不多说”锻炼罗织起来，自然也可以判作一种挟带私心的不平，但总不能说是专为自己做官的辩解。只是每到这些时，他又常常喜欢拉上中国将来的命运之类的问题，一不小心，便连自己也以为是一个忧国的志士：人们是每苦于没有“自知之明”的。 但是“差不多”的事实又发生了，政府当初虽只不理那些招人头痛的教员，后来竟不理到无关痛痒的官吏，欠而又欠，终于逼得先前鄙薄教员要钱的好官，也很有几员化为索薪大会里的骁将了。惟有几种日报上却很发了些鄙薄讥笑他们的文字。方玄绰也毫不为奇，毫不介意，因为他根据了他的“差不多说”，知道这是新闻记者还未缺少润笔的缘故，万一政府或是阔人停了津贴，他们多半也要开大会的。 他既已表同情于教员的索薪，自然也赞成同寮的索俸，然而他仍然安坐在衙门中，照例的并不一同去讨债。至于有人疑心他孤高，那可也不过是一种误解罢了。他自己说，他是自从出世以来，只有人向他来要债，他从没有向人去讨过债，所以这一端是“非其所长”。而且他最不敢见手握经济之权的人物，这种人待到失了权势之后，捧着一本《大乘起信论》讲佛学的时候，固然也很是“蔼然可亲”的了，但还在宝座上时，却总是一副阎王脸，将别人都当奴才看，自以为手操着你们这些穷小子们的生杀之权。他因此不敢见，也不愿见他们。这种脾气，虽然有时连自己也觉得是孤高，但往往同时也疑心这其实是没本领。 大家左索右索，总算一节一节的挨过去了，但比起先前来，方玄绰究竟是万分的拮据，所以使用的小厮和交易的店家不消说，便是方太太对于他也渐渐的缺了敬意，只要看伊近来不很附和，而且常常提出独创的意见，有些唐突的举动，也就可以了然了。到了阴历五月初四的午前，他一回来，伊便将一迭账单塞在他的鼻子跟前，这也是往常所没有的。 “一总总得一百八十块钱才够开消……发了么？”伊并不对着他看的说。 “哼，我明天不做官了。钱的支票是领来的了，可是索薪大会的代表不发放，先说是没有同去的人都不发，后来又说是要到他们跟前去亲领。他们今天单捏着支票，就变了阎王脸了，我实在怕看见……我钱也不要了，官也不做了，这样无限量的卑屈……” 方太太见了这少见的义愤，倒有些愕然了，但也就沉静下来。 “我想，还不如去亲领罢，这算什么呢。”伊看着他的脸说。 “我不去！这是官俸，不是赏钱，照例应该由会计科送来的。” “可是不送来又怎么好呢……哦，昨夜忘记说了，孩子们说那学费，学校里已经催过好几次了，说是倘若再不缴……” “胡说！做老子的办事教书都不给钱，儿子去念几句书倒要钱？” 伊觉得他已经不很顾忌道理，似乎就要将自己当作校长来出气，犯不上，便不再言语了。 两个默默的吃了午饭。他想了一会，又懊恼的出去了。 照旧例，近年是每逢节根或年关的前一天，他一定须在夜里的十二点钟才回家，一面走，一面掏着怀中，一面大声的叫道：“喂，领来了！”于是递给伊一迭簇新的中交票，脸上很有些得意的形色。谁知道初四这一天却破了例，他不到七点钟便回家来。方太太很惊疑，以为他竟已辞了职了，但暗暗地察看他脸上，却也并不见有什么格外倒运的神情。 “怎么了？……这样早？……”伊看定了他说。 “发不及了，领不出了，银行已经关了门，得等初八。” “亲领？……”伊惴惴的问。 “亲领这一层，倒也已经取消了，听说仍旧由会计科分送。可是银行今天已经关了门，休息三天，得等到初八的上午。”他坐下，眼睛看着地面了，喝过一口茶，才又慢慢的开口说，“幸而衙门里也没有什么问题了，大约到初八就准有钱……向不相干的亲戚朋友去借钱，实在是一件烦难事。我午后硬着头皮去寻金永生，谈了一会，他先恭维我不去索薪，不肯亲领，非常之清高，一个人正应该这样做；待到知道我想要向他通融五十元，就像我在他嘴里塞了一大把盐似的，凡有脸上可以打皱的地方都打起皱来，说房租怎样的收不起，买卖怎样的赔本，在同事面前亲身领款，也不算什么的，即刻将我支使出来了。” “这样紧急的节根，谁还肯借出钱去呢。”方太太却只淡淡的说，并没有什么慨然。 方玄绰低下头来了，觉得这也无怪其然的，况且自己和金永生本来很疏远。他接着就记起去年年关的事来，那时有一个同乡来借十块钱，他其时明明已经收到了衙门的领款凭单的了，因为恐怕这人将来未必会还钱，便装了一副为难的神色，说道衙门里既然领不到俸钱，学校里又不发薪水，实在“爱莫能助”，将他空手送走了。他虽然自己并不看见装了怎样的脸，但此时却觉得很局促，嘴唇微微一动，又摇一摇头。 然而不多久，他忽而恍然大悟似的发命令了：叫小厮即刻上街去赊一瓶莲花白。他知道店家希图明天多还账，大抵是不敢不赊的，假如不赊，则明天分文不还，正是他们应得的惩罚。 莲花白竟赊来了，他喝了两杯，青白色的脸上泛了红，吃完饭，又颇有些高兴了。他点上一枝大号哈德门香烟，从桌上抓起一本《尝试集》来，躺在床上就要看。 “那么，明天怎么对付店家呢？”方太太追上去，站在床面前，看着他的脸说。 “店家？……教他们初八的下半天来。” “我可不能这么说。他们不相信，不答应的。” “有什么不相信。他们可以问去，全衙门里什么人也没有领到，都得初八！”他戟着第二个指头在帐子里的空中画了一个半圆，方太太跟着指头也看了一个半圆，只见这手便去翻开了《尝试集》。 方太太见他强横到出乎情理之外了，也暂时开不得口。 “我想，这模样是闹不下去的，将来总得想点法，做点什么别的事……”伊终于寻到了别的路，说。 “什么法呢？我‘文不像誊录生，武不像救火兵’，别的做什么？” “你不是给上海的书铺子做过文章么？” “上海的书铺子？买稿要一个一个的算字，空格不算数。你看我做在那里的白话诗去，空白有多少，怕只值三百大钱一本罢。收版权税又半年六月没消息，‘远水救不得近火’，谁耐烦。” “那么，给这里的报馆里……” “给报馆里？便在这里很大的报馆里，我靠着一个学生在那里做编辑的大情面，一千字也就是这几个钱，即使一早饭做到夜，能够养活你们么？况且我肚子里也没有这许多文章。” “那么，过了节怎么办呢？” “过了节么？——仍旧做官……明天店家来要钱，你只要说初八的 下午。” 他又要看《尝试集》了。方太太怕失了机会，连忙吞吞吐吐的说： “我想，过了节，到了初八，我们……倒不如去买一张彩票……” “胡说！会说出这样无教育的……” 这时候，他忽而又记起被金永生支使出来以后的事了。那时他惘惘的走过稻香村，看见店门口竖着许多斗大的字的广告道“头彩几万元”，仿佛记得心里也一动，或者也许放慢了脚步的罢，但似乎因为舍不得皮夹里仅存的六角钱，所以竟也毅然决然的走远了。他脸色一变，方太太料想他是在恼着伊的无教育，便赶紧退开，没有说完话。方玄绰也没有说完话，将腰一伸，咿咿呜呜的就念《尝试集》。 （一九二二年六月。）	[Dragon Boat Festival] Fang Xuanchuo had recently grown fond of saying "more or less the same," which had almost become his catchphrase; he didn't merely say it -- it had truly taken root in his mind. At first he had said "all the same," but later, finding this too sweeping, he changed it to "more or less the same" and used it to this day. Since discovering this commonplace maxim, he had experienced no small amount of new bitterness, yet also drawn considerable new comfort. When he saw elders oppressing the young, he had formerly been indignant, but now he thought: when these young people have children of their own, they will probably put on the same airs -- and there was nothing more to be upset about. When he saw a soldier beating a rickshaw puller, he also thought: if the rickshaw puller were the soldier and vice versa, it would probably be just the same -- and he took it no more to heart. He sometimes suspected he was fabricating an escape route of self-deception because he lacked the courage to fight against an evil society, something close to "having no sense of right and wrong," which ought to be corrected. Yet this view only continued to grow. When he first publicly presented his theory, it was in the lecture hall of the Shoushan Model School in Beijing. The discussion involved historical matters, how "the ancients and moderns are not far apart," the "similar nature" of all people, and eventually students and officials: "Nowadays it is fashionable to rail against officials, and students rail the most fiercely. But officials are not some special breed -- they come from the common people. Already there are quite a few officials who were students, and how do they differ from old-style officials? 'In the same position, anyone would do the same' -- in thought, speech, and conduct, there is no great difference... And the many new enterprises founded by student organizations -- haven't most already fallen into corruption and largely gone up in smoke? More or less the same. And China's cause for concern lies precisely here..." Of the twenty-odd listeners, some grew wistful, some angry, a few smiled -- probably thinking this was his self-justification, since Fang Xuanchuo was also an official. In truth, they were all wrong. This was merely a new kind of dissatisfaction; though dissatisfaction, it was only well-behaved empty discourse. He considered himself someone who wouldn't stir, supremely law-abiding. So long as his position wasn't in danger, he wouldn't speak up; teachers' salaries were six months in arrears, but so long as he received his official salary, he wouldn't speak either. When teachers banded together, he privately thought they were being indiscreet; only when colleagues mocked them excessively did he feel slight bitterness -- but then he reconsidered: this was perhaps only because he was short of money. Although short of money, he never joined the teachers' association. When everyone voted to strike, he stopped attending class. Only when the government said "teach first, then we pay" did he begin to resent them; and only when a great educationist declared "a teacher carrying books in one hand and reaching for money with the other is not noble" did he complain to his wife. "Say, why are there only two dishes?" he asked at dinner that evening, eyeing the vegetables. She had no modern education and no given name, so there was nothing to call her. He invented a "say." She didn't even have a "say" for him; whenever she spoke facing him, he knew by customary law her words were addressed to him. "But the ten percent paid last month is all gone... And yesterday's rice was only just obtained on credit." "You see, they say teachers who want their pay are vulgar. These people don't seem to know that people need to eat, eating requires rice, and rice costs money..." "Exactly. No money, no rice; no rice, no cooking..." Both cheeks puffed out; he turned his head the other way -- discussion terminated. When on a day of cold wind and rain the teachers were beaten bloody before the Xinhua Gate by government troops, some salary was finally paid. Fang Xuanchuo collected his money effortlessly, repaid some debts, but was still short -- for officials' salaries too had fallen into arrears. Even upright officials began to see that salaries could not go unclaimed. When everyone resolved to continue the strike, he wholeheartedly abided by the decision. Yet the government paid again and classes resumed. But a few days earlier, the Student Union had petitioned: "If teachers don't teach, back pay should not be issued." Though this had no effect, Fang Xuanchuo recalled the government's earlier words, the shadow of "more or less the same" flickered before his eyes -- and so he delivered his lecture. Accordingly, the theory could be judged dissatisfaction tinged with self-interest, but not merely an apology for being an official. Yet at such times he liked to bring in China's future destiny, and would even begin to think of himself as a patriotic man: people always suffer from lack of self-knowledge. But new "more or less the same" facts emerged: the government eventually ignored even harmless officials, delaying payments, until some upright officials who had despised teachers became champions at salary assemblies. Only in several newspapers were articles published mocking them. Fang...