Cult Ov 1 2024

Welcome to our course website Cult_Ov_1_2024!

Session 1 OD Fri Mar 1 10:00-11:40 room 404 - Organizational issues

FRI 10:00-11:40 中国文化概要 Cult Ov 1 2024 Zhou Li (1-16, 外国语学院大楼404教室09161319.01) (S1 1.3., S2 8.3., S3 15.3., S4 22.3., S5 29.3., S6 5.4., S7 12.4., S8 19.4., S9 26.4., S10 3.5., S11 10.5., S12 17.5., S13 24.5., S14 31.5., S15 7.6., S16 14.6.)

What we learn in this class

• We learn about Chinese culture from international, especially Western perspective.
• We learn about cultural phenomena, traditional Chinese culture.
• We learn English and Chinese terminology in the area of Chinese culture.
• We learn to think critically about cultural traditions and to appreciate the benefits from cultural traditions.
• We learn how to determine the location and role of Chinese culture within global culture.
• We learn basics of theories and models of intercultural communication and comparison.
• We learn the appreciate and respect the diversity of multipolar cultures and of integration.
• We become aware of the dangers of cultural discrimination (colonialism, religious missions, imperialism etc.).

Students' contribution

• Every student needs to prepare the 1-2 textbook texts of the respective chapters in the textbook ahead each week of class.
• Every student selects a topic, translates the textbook text into Chinese until session 2 and prepares 1 ppt presentation of 15 min. and a mentimeter.com quiz for everybody to take live in class with results shown after all will have answered. The topics and contents of the sessions are determined by the selection of the students.
• Every student selects several topics from the textbook which are not yet translated into Chinese and translates them into Chinese, submits them to the class representative.

Textbook

These are the last 100 topics of our textbook. Here you find all topics in the order of the book and with the names of the students who will translate the chapters into Chinese. The topics set in bold will be presented in the form of a powerpoint presentation.

101 陈昕舟 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money

102 廖巧然 Music and instruments: Guzheng

103 戴振 Music and instruments: Pipa

104 黄文莉ppt Mythology: Gods and Immortals

105 周静怡 Mythology: Huli-jing

106 梁诚知 National Symbols: National Anthem

107 赵梦娇 National Symbols: National Flag

108 陈思思 Opera: Peking Opera

109 陈思思 Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics

110 肖娄君 Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang

111 陈思思ppt Opera: Tea-picking Opera

112 徐硕珮 Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera)

113 丁昕怡 Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools

114 龚星月（PPT） Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism

115 李静怡 Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching

116 黄文莉 Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng

117 石慕予 Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living

118 金川玉 Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism

119 易祺芳 Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture

120 黄薪诺 Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture

121 徐硕珮 Religion: Buddhism

122 戴振（ppt） Religion: Daoism

123 肖娄君 Religion: Christianity

124 戴振 Religion: Islam

125 罗彬 Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology

126 刘春秀ppt Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions

127 李静怡 Science and Technology: Compass

128 刘欣雨 Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin)

129 师瑶 Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China

130 刘春秀 Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies

131 丁昕怡 Silk and porcelain: Silk

132 金川玉 Silk and porcelain: Porcelain

133 徐硕珮 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词

+134 陈健PPT Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road

135 龚星月 Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road

+136 罗彬PPT Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages

137 陈健 Social: The Long-life Lock

138 刘晓宇ppt Social: Round Table Culture

139 陈倩ppt Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声

140 温一宁 Stage entertainment: Shadow Play

141 石慕予 Traditional Crafts: Carving

142 王晨 Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture

143 梁诚知 Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne

144 黄薪诺 Traditional Crafts: Embroidery

+145 石慕予p p t Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery)

146 黄文莉 Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery

147 赵欣雨ppt Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting

148 陈昕舟ppt Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots

149 赵欣雨 Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware

150 师瑶 Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠

151 陈倩 Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette

152 廖巧然 Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks

153 丁昕怡 Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China

+154 李静怡PPT Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines

+155 廖巧然（ppt Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan

156 黄文莉 Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick

+157 黄薪诺（ppt） Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot

158 刘晓宇 Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking

159 龚星月 Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes

160 赵梦娇（PPT） Traditional Festivals

161 王晨 Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows

162 周莉 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets

163 罗彬 Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning

164 周莉 Westernization: The Westernization Movement

165 金川玉 Worship: Chinese Incense Culture

166 陈健 Economy: Chinese Currency Changes

167 王晨（PPT） History: Wang Shouren

168 肖娄君（PPT） Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit

169 温一宁ppt Cuisine: Luosifen

170 陈昕舟 Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting

171 师瑶 Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝)

172 李静怡 Traditional Craft: Bronze

173 金川玉ppt Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社

174 赵梦娇 Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi

175 刘晓宇 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China

176 刘欣雨ppt Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella

177 周静怡（ppt） stage entertainment:Yuan drama

178 徐硕珮（ppt） Music and instruments: Erhu

179 师瑶ppt Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love

180 刘欣雨 Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan

181 龚星月 Animals：Golden Monkey

182 易祺芳 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen

183 赵欣雨 Opera: Chinese Local Operas

184 刘春秀 The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship

185 丁昕怡ppt Opera: Huangmei opera

186 陈倩 The “reference” of Chinese Music

187 周莉ppt Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance

188 周静怡 Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）

189 刘晓宇 Clothing: Vintage Clothing

190 梁诚知ppt Fine arts:Kunqu Opera

191 温一宁 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers

192 易祺芳ppt National Belief: the Chinese Dream

193 陈倩 Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD)

194 廖巧然 Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People

Homework until Session 2

Please make a Chinese translation of the text of the topic you selected for presentation including questions at the end of the textbook text. When you select a topic, please coordinate with your class representative that no other students selects the same topic.

Preparatory homework for every session

Please prepare the topics of the following session by reading the respective texts in the textbook and by answering the respective questions.

Homework until Session 5

Please translate another topic you are interested in into English. When you select another topic, please coordinate with your class representative that no other students selects the same topic.

Homework until Session 10

Please translate another topic you are interested in into English. When you select another topic, please coordinate with your class representative that no other students selects the same topic.

Homework until Session 15

Please translate another topic you are interested in into English. When you select another topic, please coordinate with your class representative that no other students selects the same topic.

Final paper after Session 16

Please think of a new topic of a phenomenon of traditional or modern Chinese culture. Please use the same format as the other topics in the textbook, including text, terms, references, questions. Whenever you indicate a reference, please also mention the page number. When you select another topic, please coordinate with your class representative that no other students selects the same topic and confirm with the instructor that the topic is appropriate.

Session 1: Student presentations

114 龚星月（PPT） Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism

Please upload your power point here: Media:Daoism_as_Philosophy_2024.pptx

Text to read is in the textbook chapter 114 in English and here in Chinese:

114 哲学流派：古典哲学——道教

道教起源于中国哲学家老子和庄子。道教主要的典籍要回溯到老子的《道德经》。第二本典籍则是庄子的寓言书，它用寓言的方式表达了道教的理念。道教强调人与自然的结合，并建议人类不要与自然对抗，而要通过与之合作共生来控制环境。同样，道教教导人应该通过信任而不是反对自己的自然感受和本能来控制自己，将它们引导到想要的方向而不是抗拒它们。只有这样，他才能获得生命，要么在世界中更长时间留名，要么获得肉体永生。

道教徒相信永生。据说，仙人呼吸风，饮露水，乘云漫游。他们超脱一切尘世烦恼。如果人们全身心地修身养性就有望“得道”，能够长寿，甚至永生，。广受民众欢迎的神话故事《八仙过海》也起源于道教。

道教也与炼金术联系在一起，曾经是通过将庸俗物质转变成黄金来寻求长生不老的实践方法。黄金因其在变化条件下的耐久性和稳定性而与永生联系在一起。“炼金术”一词通过阿拉伯语从中文中“金”一词演变而来。由于配制长生不老药所使用的成分包括砷和水银这种有毒矿物质，经常会产生与预期相反的效果：不止一个中国皇帝死于“仙丹中毒”。

道教重视远离时间、烦恼和与官僚权力的纠葛。因此，它为中国思想贡献了一种无政府主义的思潮，对为中央集权服务的传统儒家思想提出了质疑。无为，有时被翻译为“无为而治”，是道教的一个核心信条，也在大多数中国军事战略书籍中具有重要意义。无为并不意味着单纯的惰性，而是指不做与事物发展趋势背道而行的事情。

道教几乎为所有事物都有神灵——太阳、月亮、星星、风、雨、雷电、山川河流。它还有镇神、地主、灶神、门神和财神。这些神灵的归统于太上老君和玉皇大帝。他们被供奉在道教寺庙和庙宇中。它们的象征物也可以在许多家庭，特别是农村家庭中出现。人们崇拜财神，希望能发财。据说门神能够驱赶恶魔，而灶神被认为是“主管每个家庭的命运”。道教认为灶神每年都会向玉皇大帝报告他所管理家庭的善恶。他在农历十二月二十三日也就是上天庭报告那天被供奉，然后在春节前夜返回时再次被供奉。

道教有许多经典著作。明代编纂的《道藏》共有5485卷。然而，作修行用的书籍的数量并不多。道教经书主要包括《道德经》，这是一部五千多字的哲学诗歌；《清静经》，教导人们远离尘世欲望以实现心灵和思想的平静；《玉皇大帝经》，歌颂玉皇大帝并祈求天官赐福；以及《黄庭经》，以七言律诗形式，教导道教修炼之道。

122 戴振（ppt） Religion: Daoism

Please upload your power point here: Media:Daoism_as_Religion_2024.pptx

Text to read is in the textbook in English chapter 122 and here in Chinese:

122. 宗教：道教

参见：哲学学派-道教

道教是唯一一种完全源自中国，并在中国土壤中成熟发展起来的主要宗教。它起源于东汉末年，即顺帝在位期间（125-144年），以古老的巫术和长生之术为基础。然而，道教徒将老子视为道教的创始人和至高神，将老子的著作《道德经》（一部仅有5000字的小册子）视为信徒的经典。

在他的著作中，老子说基本原则是：1. 仁爱；2. 纯洁；3. 不敢先于人行动。 仁爱意味着对宇宙中的一切保持友好的态度，保持普世和谐。纯洁意味着摆脱奢望，保持心灵和身体的简朴。不敢先于人行动意味着谦逊，抑制自我，而不是采取强势和支配的态度。

“道”一词意为“方法”。在最广泛的意义上，道是宇宙运行的方式，所有自然事件的路径。道是自然的方式，表现为毫不费力的行动。道教往往用水的形象来说明这种毫不费力的行动。水总是下降到最低的水平，却可以冲刷甚至最坚硬的物质。

据道教，宇宙是和谐和秩序的体现。它是活跃的，而不是静态的。它的状态是变化和变异的，永远在变化和消失中，收缩和扩张。道指导着它作为一种秩序原则的功能。在道中，阴阳两个基本力量通过相互作用而运行。它们是可以将所有事物分类为两极相反的两种极性。因此，黑暗与光明、生与死、男性与女性、善与恶、强与弱都是阴阳的表现。

在中国，道教的各种派别在不同的时期出现。在顺帝在位期间，张陵（34-156年）建立了天师道，也称为五斗米道。东汉末年，农民起义领袖张角（？-184年）成立了另一个名为太平道的道教派别。到了西晋和东晋时期，五斗米道已成为一种主要宗教。南北朝时期，统治阶级试图改革道教，使其帮助他们控制农民。在北方，建立了北天师道，在南方，建立了南天师道。元朝时期（1206-1368年），南北两派合并为一个新派别，称为正一道。从那时起，这个派别和全真教（1167年创立）一直是道教的主要派别。正一道相信“以神呼神，以神避祸”。它的神职人员可以结婚，可以吃肉和喝酒，除了斋戒期间。全真教强调自我修养和长生不老，其神职人员必须舍弃家庭生活，斋戒素食，保持独身。然而，1949年后，全真教、正一道和其他道教派别逐渐合并为一个派别，特别是在1956年成立中国道教协会后。

术语和表达方式

Daoism n. 道教 Supreme God 太上老君

Be benevolent; be pure; do not act in advance of others. 一曰慈, 二曰俭, 三曰不敢为天下先。

Effortless action 无为而为 Zhang Ling 张陵 The Heavenly Teacher Sect 天师道 The Five Picules of Rice Sect 五斗米道 Zhang Jiao 张角

The True Unity Sect 正一道 The Complete Unity Sect 全真教 Fasting 斋戒

问题

1. 道教是中国唯一的本土主要宗教吗？它是何时出现的？它的基础是什么？

2. 你对老子及其《道德经》了解多少？

3. 根据老子，社会行为的三个基本原则是什么？它们分别代表什么？

4. 什么是道？在道教中，水象征着什么？

5. 在道教中，宇宙是什么样子的？道是如何运作的？

6. 你对道教派别了解多少？

Session 2 MW Fri Mar 8 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 2: Student presentations

104 黄文莉ppt Mythology: Gods and Immortals

Please upload your power point here: File:Gods 2024.pdf (pptx was too large)

Text to read is in the textbook chapter 104 in English and here in Chinese:

104. Mythology: Chinese Gods and Immortals

Chinese mythology system Chinese mythology is a mythology that has been passed down in oral form or recorded in literature, including many varied myths from regional and cultural traditions. Many myths involve the creation and cosmology of the universe and its deities and inhabitants. Some mythology involves creation myths, the origin of things, people and culture. Some involve the origin of the Chinese state. Some myths present a chronology of prehistoric times, many of these involve a culture hero who taught people how to build houses, or cook, or write, or was the ancestor of an ethnic group or dynastic family. Mythology is intimately related to ritual. Many myths are oral associations with ritual acts, such as dances, ceremonies, and sacrifices. (Lü & Gong 2014, p. 71 ) Chinese mythology is far from monolithic, not being an integrated system. Along with Chinese folklore, Chinese mythology forms an important part of Chinese folk religion. There has been an extensive interaction between Chinese mythology and Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Chinese mythology is a myth in a broad sense, which combines the Ancient mythology system, the Taoist mythology system, and the Buddhist mythology system. Among them, ancient mythology is not very systematic, and most of its records are fragmented and scattered; Taoist mythology has its own system; Buddhist mythology originated from India. (Yang, An & Turner 2005, p. 4) The Ancient mythologies are myths about the origin of man or the creation myths. It begins in ancient times (pre-Xia dynasty). There is not a book specializes in recording all of those myths in history, not even being an integrated system like Western mythology. The Ancient myths are written in the Classic of Mountains and Seas, Book of Songs, the Songs of Chu, Zhuangzi, Huai Nan Zi and other books, and can be divided into four categories: the creation myths (Pangu Separating the World, Goddess Nüwa Greating Human Beings), myths of heroes (Hou Yi Shooting Down the Suns), myths about Tribal war (the Battle of Zhuolu), and myths about human and nature(Kuafu Chasing the Sun, Great Yu Who Controlled the Waters). 1987. (Bai 1987, pp. 34-40) Taoism can be defined as pantheistic, given its philosophical emphasis on the formlessness of the Tao and the primacy of the "Way" rather than anthropomorphic concepts of God. Through time Taoist Theology created its own deities. Similar to deities of Hinduistic beliefs these deities attributed certain qualities. Deities who take part in the Dao are arranged in a hierarchy. The supreme powers are three, the Three Pure Ones, and represent the centre of the cosmos and its two modalities of manifestation (yin and yang). The main classics of Taoism include Zhuangzi and many other scriptures. It creates many gods and immortals in their texts and gives most of them official posts, showing Chinese ancestor's emphasis on practical application. For example, Tudishen（土地公）, the God of the Soil and the Ground, is a tutelary deity of a locality; Sanxing（三星）, Three Stars, is a cluster of three astral gods of well-being, including Fuxing, Prosperity Star, the god of happiness, Luxing, Firmness Star, the god of firmness and success in life and examinations, and Shòuxing, Longevity Star, who stands for a healthy and long life. (Olson & Stuart 2002, pp. 27-28) At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Indian Buddhism was introduced into China and merged with the local culture, creating many new myths. Buddhism thinks that everything is equal, and there is no hierarchy, but in fact, there are quite differences according to the level of their Buddhist understanding and practice. The one with the highest practice is the Buddha. The founder of Buddhism, Shakyamuni, is the most familiar Buddha to Chinese people. Amitabha, also known as Amida or Amitāyus, is a celestial buddha and the principal buddha in Pure Land Buddhism. Bodhisattva has a lower level of Buddhism practice than Buddha. Guanyin is the Chinese translation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. She is often referred to as the "most widely beloved Buddhist Divinity" with miraculous powers to assist all those who pray to her. (Buddhism, p37) 神 shén, 帝 dì and 仙 xiān Chinese traditional religion is polytheistic; many deities are worshipped in a pantheistic view where divinity is inherent in the world. In Chinese language there is a terminological distinction between 神 shén, 帝 dì and 仙 xiān. Although the usage of the former two is sometimes blurred, it corresponds to the distinction in Western cultures between "god" and "deity". dì, sometimes translated as "thearch", implies a manifested or incarnate "godly" power. During the time of Zhou dynasty to the Warring States, dì is used to refer to those who have great moral cultivation and merits. And then it becomes a term of emperor since Qin dynasty. The latter term 仙 xiān refers to a person or similar entity having a long life or being immortal, similarly to the Western idea of "hero". (Hu, 2020) There is another difference between the Chinese gods and immortals. The gods usually have their own position and take charge of different things in Daoist theology. While immortals, unlike gods, have no official positions. It is that certain humans develop the ability to live indefinitely, avoiding death, and becoming divine xiān. Such humans generally also are said to develop special powers and always live leisurely. So since ancient times, many people are longing to become an immortal and live a carefree life. (Fowler & Jeanine 2005, pp. 200-201) Eight immortals The Eight Immortals are a group of legendary xian ("immortals") in Chinese mythology. Each immortal's power can be transferred to a vessel that can bestow life or destroy evil. Together, these eight vessels are called the "Covert Eight Immortals". Most of them are said to have been born in the Tang or Shang Dynasty. They are revered by the Taoists and are also a popular element in secular Chinese culture. They are said to live on a group of five islands in the Bohai Sea, which includes Mount Penglai. (Yang, Deng & Wang 1987, pp. 40-45) The Immortals are Lü Dongbin (呂洞賓), He Xiangu (何仙姑), Zhang Guolao (張果老), Lan Caihe (藍采和), Li Tieguai (李鐵拐), Zhongli Quan (鍾離權), Han Xiangzi (韓湘子), Cao Guojiu (曹國舅), representing man, woman, the old, the young, the poor, the humble, the rich and the noble. Among them, Lü Dongbin is considered to be their leader. Unlike many other Taoist gods and immortals, the Eight immortals all come from the human world and have colorful and varied experiences before they become immortals. Their imagines that are entirely different from the uaual scared deities make them very popular with people. They are not born as immortals. Among them have general, royal members, Taoist or even beggar, etc. All of them have certain shortcoming like Lü Dongbin is frivolous and Tieguai Li has the problem of alcoholism. (Yang, Deng & Wang 1987, pp. 45-50) The Eight Immortals are considered to be signs of prosperity and longevity, so they are popular themes in ancient and medieval art. They were frequent adornments on celadon vases and also the subject of many artistic creations, such as paintings and sculptures. There is a famous saying comes from the myth of them - "The Eight Immortals cross the sea, each reveals its divine powers" (八仙過海, 各顯神通) indicating the situation that everybody shows off their skills and expertise to achieve a common goal. (Little, Stephen 2000, pp. 313, 319–334) Terms and Expressions immortals 仙 mythology 神话, 神话学 cosmology 宇宙论, 宇宙观 monolithic 整体（式）的 the Battle of Zhuolu 涿鹿之战 pantheistic 泛神论的 polytheistic 多神论的 Three Pure Ones 三清 anthropomorphic 人格化的 tutelary 守护神 deity 神 Buddha 佛 Shakyamuni 释迦牟尼 Amitabha 阿弥陀佛 Amitāyus 无量寿佛 celestial 天的 Bodhisattva 菩萨 Pure Land 极乐世界 vessels 法器 Covert Eight Immortals 暗八仙 Taoist 道家的, 道士 Questions 1. What are the topics of the Ancient mythology? 2. What are the differences among shén, dì and xiān? 3. What do the Eight immortals represent respectively? References Lü, Daji; Gong, Xuezeng. (2014). Marxism and Religion. Religious Studies in Contemporary China. Brill. Yang, Lihui; An, Deming; Turner, Jessica Anderson (2005). Handbook of Chinese Mythology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Bai Yang. (1987). Chinese Huamn History. Time Literature & Art Press. Olson, Stuart Alve. (2002). Qigong Teachings of a Taoist Immortal: The Eight Essential Exercises of Master Li Ching-Yun. Bear & Company. Buddhism, the Fulfilment of Hinduism Hu Yanan. (2020). From Gods to Immortals: A Research on the forming factors of God belief during Pre-Qin Dynasty [D]. Harbin Normal University. Fowler, Jeanine D. (2005). An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality. Sussex Academic Press. Yang Erzeng, Deng Zhimo, Wang Xiangxu. (1987). A Full Story Book of Eight Immortals. Spring Breeze Literature & Are Press. Little, Stephen (2000). Taoism and the Arts of China. The Art Institute of Chicago.

160 赵梦娇（PPT） Traditional Festivals

Please upload your power point here: File:Festivals 2024.pdf

Please learn the vocabulary.

Terms and Expressions

• slack season 农闲时节
• get-together banquet 团圆饭
• King Huai of Chu 楚怀王
• the Warring States Period 战国时期
• Zuotu 左徒
• Elegies of Chu 楚辞
• The Nine Hymns 《九章》
• The Nine Songs 《九歌》

Text to read in English:

160. Traditional Festivals

The most popular festivals among all the nationalities are the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival. Besides, the Tomb-Sweeping Day (around April 5), the Chinese Valentine’s Day (July 7 of the lunar calendar) and Senior Citizens’ Day (September 9 of the lunar calendar) are more and more popular. The Spring Festival, the Lunar New Year, is the most important traditional national festival in China. It usually falls in late January or early February. There is some reason for ancient people to begin the year in cold weather. This is the time after the autumn harvest and winter storage, the time before “spring ploughing and summer weeding” - the slack season in farming, time for relaxation and celebrations after a year’s toil, time for looking back to the past and looking forward to the days to come, in short a time for a good, long rest before going to the fields to do backbreaking work again. Legend has it that a long time ago, there was a ferocious demon called Nian. He would come to do evil things very winter after twelve months had passed. People got together and discussed how to deal with him. Some said that the demon was afraid of the red color, flames and noises. So people put up red couplets on their gates, set off firecrackers and kept on beating gongs and drums to drive Nian away. Nian was terrified and fled, and the customs of celebrating the lunar New Year were passed down. Every year now, Chinese families always clear their houses, set off firecrackers, and post Door-God pictures and couplets on their gates to observe this time-honored festival. On the eve of the Spring Festival, it is a folk custom to stay up late or all night and pray for peace and prosperity in the coming year. New Year is ushered in at midnight, 12 sharp. A get-together banquet is usually a must for every Chinese family. The most popular food enjoyed by the rich and the poor alike is jiaozi, or dumplings, which is supposed to augur good fortune. On the first day of the new year, everybody, men and women, old and young, put on new clothes and visit relatives and friends to exchange greetings by bowing, saying nice things such as “gongxi” (congratulations) and wishing one the best of everything during the new year. In recent years, the Spring Festival has become a public holiday. People have several days off from their work, doing whatever they like to do. Family dinners, family travels, dinner parties, going to movies and concerts are the most popular of all the festival activities. The Dragon Boat Festival, or the Duanwu Festival, falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month and is an age-old festival. It is widely accepted that Duanwu is the occasion to commemorate Qu Yuan, China’s great poet of the Warring States Period. People respect Qu for his quest for a way to make his country powerful and prosperous and for his spirit of dedicating himself to his ideals. On the day of Duanwu, the legendary day of his death, people rush from all quarters, rowing dragon boats on the river in an attempt to find his remains, which are supposed to have drifted downstream and never been recovered. People throw bamboo tubes filled with rice into the river as a sacrifice offered to him. It is also the custom to eat zongzi on Duanwu Day, a special rice pudding wrapped up with reed leaves. The fact that Qu Yuan is commemorated at the Duanwu Festival signifies the popularity of a people’s poet. Qu was among the four cultural giants whom the World Peace Council in 1957 called on the whole world to commemorate. Qu Yuan (340 BC–378 BC) was born into an aristocratic family of the Chu state. Trusted by King Huai of Chu, Qu was appointed as zuotu, an important post assisting the king in handling internal and diplomatic affairs. During his office, Qu advised the king to appoint virtuous and talented people to important positions and rule the state by law so as to revitalize Chu. He also proposed that the king form an alliance with the state of Qi against the hegemonic state of Qin. But his proposals did not garner support from the king and other aristocrats. At the same time, Qin played tricks and alienated King Huai from Qu Yuan. Slandered by treacherous court officials, he was dismissed and exiled. Frustrated in his political career, Qu achieved brilliant accomplishments in the field of literature. He was one of the greatest poets, composing many splendid poems. Based on the folk songs of Chu and the Chu dialect, he created a new style of poetry called by later generations the “Elegies of Chu”. His most famous poem is the long lyrical work Li Sao, which amounts to more than two thousand characters. Li Sao, full of rich imaginative expressions and sincere emotions, reveals the poet’s love of his native kingdom of Chu and its people. By adopting symbols and metaphor, Qu wove the myths, legends, historical figures, mountains, rivers, the sun and moon, storms, grass, flowers and so on into lively and magnificent pictures. He also wrote Jiu Zhang (The Nine Hymns) and Jiu Ge (The Nine Songs). His poems have been translated into many foreign languages. The Mid-Autumn Festival comes on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month, when the moon is supposed to be brighter and fuller than in any other month and the moonlight is the most beautiful. In China, a full moon is also symbolic of family reunion and so, that day is also known as the “day of reunion”. The moon was always looked on as the symbol of brightness, purity and goodness by men of letters in ancient times. There are many beautiful odes to the moon left to us written by poets of previous ages. Besides, many myths and legends are attached to the moon. The most popular one is about Chang E, who flies to the moon and allegedly lives in the Moon Palace. She is believed to be a female, so generally a married woman who has gone to visit her parents must come back to join her husband and the rest of his family on the Mid-Autumn day. People eat something special on a particular traditional festival. At Mid-Autumn Festival people eat the moon cake. When night falls, with the moon shining overhead and a gentle breeze bringing people a cool air, thousands upon thousands of families sit together in a circle, having a table placed in the courtyard under the moon, on which incense is burned and fruits of all varieties in season are spread. At the center is a big moon cake cut into a number of slices equal to the number of people in the family. On this day, people can really enjoy the harmony and happiness of family life.

Questions

1. What special Chinese food do we have on traditional festivals?

2. How is the Spring Festival celebrated at home and abroad?

3. Why is the Dragon Boat Festival so named? How is it related to Qu Yuan?

3. What do you know about the legend of Chang E?

4. What in traditional Chinese culture suggests people’s longing for reunion or perfection?  

Session 3 MW Fri Mar 15 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 3: Student presentations

169 温一宁ppt Cuisine: Luosifen

Please upload your power point here: Media:Luosifen_2024.pptx

Text to read is in the textbook chapter 169 in English and here in Chinese:

169 菜肴：螺蛳粉

螺蛳粉，又称螺蛳米粉，是带有“攻击性”气味的一种中式面食，是中国西南部广西省柳州市的特产。它是由米粉煮熟，并放入汤中食用，这种汤是将螺蛳和猪骨，还有黑豆蔻、茴香籽、干橘皮、桂皮、丁香、白胡椒、月桂叶、甘草根、沙姜和八角一起炖煮数小时而成。螺蛳粉中通常不含螺蛳肉，而是在汤中加入腌竹笋、腌青豆、木耳丝、福珠、新鲜青菜、花生和辣椒油。食用者也可以添加辣椒，葱，白醋，青椒来满足自己的口味。

螺蛳粉的历史 起源

根据考古学家们的发现，在旧石器时代晚期，古人们曾在广西省的白莲洞和大龙潭吃过螺蛳。在秦朝以前，米粉就成为了包括广西省在内的中国南方地区人们的主食。然而，二者结合的产物，螺蛳粉出现在二十世纪七十到八十年代左右。关于它的起源有许多猜测。其中之一就是在二十世纪八十年代中期，在解放南路有一家卖干切面的杂货店，店员早上经常拿着一把干切面到隔壁卖螺蛳的奶奶的摊子上去煮。卖螺蛳的王记奶奶觉得味道很好，就卖起了螺蛳粉。另一个说法是说在二十世纪的七十和八十年代，谷埠街菜市场成为柳州最大的生螺批发集散地，附近工人剧院里的观众散场后喜欢在附近逛，从而形成了谷埠街夜市。柳州人喜欢螺蛳和米粉，一些夜市经营者同时经营煮好的螺蛳和米粉。一些食客就喜欢在油水甚多的螺蛳汤中加入米粉，因此形成了螺蛳粉的雏形。还有一个说法是说在二十世纪八十年代早期的一个深夜，几个外国人来到柳州，到了一个快关门的米粉摊上，由于骨头汤没有了，只剩下煮完螺蛳后的汤，摊主就将米粉放入螺蛳汤中加入蔬菜和花生等其他配菜。摊主后来渐渐改良了配料和制作，做成了螺蛳粉。

柳州最闪亮的明星

十多年前，螺蛳粉只出现在夜市上，而如今它不仅存在于简陋的餐馆，还出现在了豪华的酒店餐厅里。我们在提到柳州时，人们就会想到螺蛳粉。不仅仅是因为它本身，还因为它备受欢迎的速食版。在2010年，柳州鼓励商人们在像北京和广州这样的大城市里开店。在2014年，当地政府提出将螺蛳粉产业化，变成可大规模量产的特色小吃，袋装速食螺蛳粉。在产业化的快速发展期间，政府不断规范行业发展，提高准入门槛。这些为推广速食螺蛳粉提供了机会。 到2021年末，柳州有127家螺蛳粉预加工产品企业。柳州螺蛳粉逐渐进入袋装快餐时代，通过互联网电商物流，本土小吃逐渐走向更宽广的天地。在2021年，柳州螺蛳粉整个产业链的销售收入达501.6亿元，其中，袋装螺蛳粉达151.97亿元，同比增长了38.23%，年配送量突破1亿件，全国实体店营业额206.8亿元，同比增长75.25%。另外，在2018年，螺蛳粉的制作技艺被列入广西壮族自治区非物质文化遗产名录。在2021年，入选国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

从中国到世界

在2010年代末，许多螺蛳粉餐馆开到了北京，上海，香港，还有如美国等其他国家。根据数据显示，螺蛳粉被销往超20个国家，在2021年，出口达82.4亿元，同比增长了89.86%。 制作过程

酸，辣，爽和热的感觉伴随着大量的鲜味涌入口腔中。这就是螺蛳粉的魅力所在。要做到这些，制作美味的螺蛳粉步骤如下。1. 把猪骨上的瘦肉切下，直接剁掉脊骨。2. 将螺蛳放入水中浸泡1小时，去除泥沙和土味，再次清洗螺蛳。3. 将配菜切成小条和小块，将油倒入锅中，将豆腐片炒熟（炒豆腐片时油必须是热的，但是不要开火否则豆腐片会烧焦），将炒豆腐片剩下的油中加入辣椒粉制成辣椒油（注意炒完豆腐片后的余热热度是足够的，不需要开火）。4. 将猪骨加入到煮沸的锅中，加入一勺米酒，放入腌菜丝，豆腐丁，用少许油翻炒，但不要加盐。5. 锅中加入黑木耳和猪肉(切下来的瘦肉)，用少许盐一起翻炒。6. 加入一汤匙盐和半汤匙香料，翻炒2分钟，然后加入半碗水，煮开后放入骨汤中。7. 用螺蛳肉煮汤，煮足1小时后，将事先做好的辣椒油倒入锅中(不喜欢辣的可以不放)。8. 煮半锅水，在水中放盐(搅拌均匀，味咸)，水开后，将米粉分别放入水中烫，加入准备好的食材，最后加入螺蛳汤，螺蛳粉就完成了。

影响

经济 显然，它为人们提供了成千上万的工作岗位，促进柳州经济增长并刺激了了柳州的工业化。因此，螺蛳粉成为了明星，甚至是许多想赚钱的商人们滥用的一个热门IP。然而，它对经济的贡献是重要的。

文化 每道特色菜的背后都有着怀旧之情。螺蛳粉也不例外。它是出生和生长在柳州的人们的美好记忆。它是展示传统医学文化深远影响的典例。柳河正好流经柳州，柳州有着优质河螺所需的丰富水资源。此外，柳州位于盆地，气候相当潮湿和炎热。传统医学认为河螺可以排除体内的湿热。所有的这些使得河螺成为了当地人的最爱。

111 陈思思ppt Opera: Tea-picking Opera

Please upload your power point here: Media:Tea-picking_Opera_2024.pptx

Text to read is in the textbook chapter 111 in English and here in Chinese:

111.戏曲：采茶戏

A.概述 采茶戏是流行于江西、湖北、安徽、福建、广东等省的一种戏曲门类，是中国地方特色浓厚的地域文化之一[7]。它产于明清两代，有着400多年的历史，有着各种各样的特色。2006年5月20日，采茶戏经国务院批准，被列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。[1][2]各省的评弹戏都是根据地域取地方名称来区分的，如广东的“粤北评弹戏”、湖北的“阳信评弹剧”、“黄梅评弹”、“玉春评弹”等。

B.采茶戏的起源 采茶戏的制作与茶叶的丰富程度有关。据明代史料记载，在福建省南部、江西省东、南、北的茶区，劳动妇女上山采茶，边唱山歌，鼓励劳动积极性。在农村地区的特殊节日或时间，如三月茶树广泛生长和收割的时候，人们在茶林中唱歌，带着收割的喜悦。他们演唱的山歌小曲形式生动，内容丰富，表达了劳动的喜悦和男女之间的爱情。这种流传在茶区的山歌被称为“采茶歌”，采茶戏是由民间采茶歌和采茶灯唱法发展而来的，后来成为一种有人物、有故事情节的民间戏剧。因为它一般只有两个女性角色和一个小丑，或者一个彩绘角色、一个女性角色、一个人小丑三人表演，所以它也被称为“三字剧团”。该剧种类繁多，有江西采茶戏，即赣南采茶戏、福州采茶戏、南昌采茶戏、高安采茶戏、武宁采茶戏、赣东采茶戏、吉安采茶戏、景德镇采茶戏、宁都采茶戏等。朱飞业，2021）

从采茶歌到采茶歌剧有几个阶段。采茶歌最初是用小调演唱的，每行只有四句歌词，活泼委婉。采茶歌发展后，由采茶小曲组成，称为十二月采茶歌。后来，十二个月的采茶歌与民间舞蹈相结合，变成了采茶灯戏。采茶灯戏的形式比较简单，纯粹是歌舞的集体表演，但已经向采茶戏迈出了一步。（朱非业，2021）

C. 采茶戏的发展 采茶戏经历了一个曲折的发展过程。明代，名茶盛产的江西省安源县九龙山茶区的茶农，为了接待广东茶商，经常以采茶灯戏的形式即兴表演与采茶有关的节目。这种表演已经是采茶戏的雏形了。

中华人民共和国成立前，采茶戏的演出经常受到统治者的干涉和禁止。第一个原因是采茶的文人很少，艺术家的文化水平也不高，所以统治者认为这些戏剧很低俗，很难优雅。其次，为了迎合观众，演员在演出过程中加入了一些不健康的内容。有些剧目显得非常粗俗和不雅，甚至扰乱了社会秩序在清朝光绪中期（约1891年），一些齐剧艺术家和半剧团演员可以独立表演高调和无序的音调曲目。齐剧的原剧和半剧团剧目在半剧团的舞台上并存，故被称为半混戏。民国10年左右，半混戏解体，造成“七紧八松九自由奔放”半剧团的再现。他们在山上表演，直到解放前夕。（朱非业，2021）

中华人民共和国成立后，成立了专业的歌剧团。他们不仅挖掘、编排和制作了优秀的传统剧目，还创作了一批新剧目，如《一颗心》、《送草鞋》、《新邻居》和改编的《銮刀传奇》等。宁都客家采茶戏不仅技艺齐全，曲调优美，而且表演多姿多彩。它已成为能歌能舞、现代与古代、大小、武术的正规戏剧班，成为中国独一无二的戏剧风格。（朱非业，2021）

如果没有采茶等茶艺作品，就不会有采茶歌舞，也不会有采茶戏曲，而采茶戏曲在中国南方许多省份和地区广为流行。因此，采茶不仅与茶有关，而且是戏曲领域茶文化衍生而来的或被戏曲文化吸收的灿烂文化。

D. 赣南采茶戏 赣南采茶戏是采茶剧的重要流派，主要流行于赣南，即赣州。在采茶戏团中，赂南采茶的特点体现在以下几个方面：一是属于客家族。赣南方言是客家话，所以赣南茶剧的传统剧目基本都是用客家话演出的。其次，赣南采茶起源较早，对各种采茶戏的早期发展产生了影响。

它的起源可以追溯到明末清初。乾隆在位元年，江西省省长于昭月在一份说明中提到，“禁止装扮性戏的习俗”[4]485。戏剧专家认为，这里的“性戏”是江西省南部的采茶戏[5]，所以推测它的出生日期应该早于此。第三，在艺术形式上，苏南采茶戏的传统剧目仍保留着“三小戏”的形式。而很多其他类型的采茶戏都有向大戏发展的趋势。比如赣北采茶戏（九江采茶戏、南昌采茶戏等），受湖北黄梅戏的影响，发展成为“半剧团”，可以用来演出古装剧。此外，不同类型歌剧之间的一个象征性区别是音乐。赣南采茶戏的音乐属于曲牌（曲牌）的组合。曲派多达两三百人，旋律优美，为当地人民所熟知[6]。（王景波 2020）赣南茶峰戏的主要表演形式有侏儒步、单袖、扇子等，深刻刻画人物形象，精辟生动地演绎了故事情节。赣南茶峰戏的伴奏主要乐器有钩子、唢呐号、竹笛、锣、鼓、钹等民间乐器，充满地方气息。采茶作为甘南本土文化，是客家人山区生活的写照。它通过喜剧和闹剧表达了甘南人生活的悲欢离合。也是采茶工作中创造的民俗活动，是人们饭后的主要休闲娱乐活动。采茶戏是由民歌、民舞、灯笼发展而来的乡土戏曲，其剧目大多反映劳动人民的生活。它的音乐和演唱风格也是民歌，因此深受人们的喜爱。（习曲）

甘南采茶戏的一般特点是：表演欢快、幽默、歌舞、喜剧性强、地方风味浓郁，颇受群众欢迎。代表作品有《成对的花》、《九龙山采茶》、《挖竹笋》等。

Session 4 OD Fri Mar 22 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 4: Student presentations

185 丁昕怡ppt Opera: Huangmei opera

Please upload your power point here: Media:Huangmei_Opera_2024.pptx

190 梁诚知ppt Fine arts:Kunqu Opera

Please upload your power point here: Media:Kunqu_Opera_2024.pptx

Session 5 MW Fri Mar 29 10:00-11:40 room 404

Information: Apr 4-6 is Qingming holiday in China, the Chinese students make up for the missed classes on Sun (!) Apr 7 and 28.

Session 5: Student presentations

177 周静怡（ppt） stage entertainment:Yuan drama

Please upload your power point here: Media:Yuan_Drama_2024.pptx

139 陈倩ppt Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声

Please upload your power point here: Media:Crosstalk_2024.pptx

Session 7 MW Fri Apr 19 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 7: Student presentations

173 金川玉ppt Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社

Please upload your power point here: Media:Deyunshe_2024.pptx

178 徐硕珮（ppt） Music and instruments: Erhu

Please upload your power point here: Media:Erhu_2024.pptx

Session 8 OD Fri Apr 26 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 8: Student presentations

187 周莉ppt Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance

Please upload your power point here: Media:Lion_Dance_2024.pptx

168 肖娄君（PPT） Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit

Please upload your power point here: Media:Swordsman_2024.pptx

Session 9 OD Sun Apr 28 10:00-11:40 room 404

Repetition of Qingming-Fri April 5.

Session 9: Student presentations

134 陈健 Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road

Please upload your power point here: Media:Silk_Road_Zhang_Qian_2024.pptx

136 罗彬 Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages

Please upload your power point here: Media:Silk_Road_Zheng_He_2024.pptx

Session 10 MW Fri May 10 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 10: Student presentations

167 王晨（PPT） History: Wang Shouren

Please upload your power point here: Media:Wang_Shouren_2024.pptx

145 石慕予 Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery)

Please upload your power point here: Media:Sichuan_Embroidery_2024.pptx

Session 11 OD Sun May 12 (?) 10:00-11:40 room 404

May 1-3 is an extended May First Holiday. The class of May 3 needs to be repeated on May 12 (?).

147 赵欣雨ppt Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting

Please upload your power point here: Media:Paper-cutting_2024.pptx

176 刘欣雨ppt Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella

Please upload your power point here: Media:Umbrella_2024.pptx

Session 12 MW Fri May 17 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 12: Student presentations

148 陈昕舟ppt Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots

Please upload your power point here: Media:Chinese_Knots_2024.pptx

154 李静怡 Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines

Please upload your power point here: Media:Four_Cuisines_2024.pptx

Session 13 MW Fri May 24 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 13: Student presentations

155 廖巧然 Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan

Please upload your power point here: Media:Wuhan_Breakfast_2024.pptx

157 黄薪诺 Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot

Please upload your power point here: Media:Hotpot_2024.pptx

Session 14 MW Fri May 31 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 14: Student presentations

179 师瑶ppt Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love

Please upload your power point here: Media:Marriage_Views_2024.pptx

126 刘春秀ppt Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions

Please upload your power point here: Media:Four_New_Inventions_2024.pptx

Session 15 MW Fri Jun 7 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 15: Student presentations

138 刘晓宇ppt Social: Round Table Culture

Please upload your power point here: Media:Round_Table_2024.pptx

192 易祺芳ppt National Belief: the Chinese Dream

Please upload your power point here: Media:Chinese_Dream_2024.pptx

Session 16 OD Fri Jun 14 10:00-11:40 room 404

Review of this semester