Cult Ov 2 2024

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Session 1 OD Fri Mar 1 10:00-11:40 room 404 - Organizational issues

FRI 10:00-11:40 中国文化概要 Cult Ov 2 2024 404 BA21笔译2 Yu Xinzhong (1-16, 外国语学院大楼404教室09161319.01) (S1 OD 1.3., S2 MW 8.3., S3 MW 15.3., S4 OD 22.3., S5 MW 29.3., S6 OD 7.4. (instead of 5.4.), S7 OD 12.4., S8 OD 19.4., S9 OD 26.4., S10 OD 28.4., S11 MW 10.5., S12 MW 12.5., S13 MW 17.5., S14 MW 24.5., S15 MW 31.5., S16 MW 7.6.)

What we learn in this class

• We learn about Chinese culture from international, especially Western perspective.
• We learn about cultural phenomena, traditional Chinese culture.
• We learn English and Chinese terminology in the area of Chinese culture.
• We learn to think critically about cultural traditions and to appreciate the benefits from cultural traditions.
• We learn how to determine the location and role of Chinese culture within global culture.
• We learn basics of theories and models of intercultural communication and comparison.
• We learn the appreciate and respect the diversity of multipolar cultures and of integration.
• We become aware of the dangers of cultural discrimination (colonialism, religious missions, imperialism etc.).

Textbook

Here are 100 topics of the textbook. The names indicate which student translates which chapter of the textbook from English into Chinese. The topics written in bold will be presented as ppt in class.

涂海蓉 1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development

地理环境是文化发展的基础

中国是亚洲最大的国家，也是世界上人口最多的国家。它占地9560900平方公里（3691000平方英里），大约是世界陆地面积的十五分之一。根据最新的人口普查，截至2005年，中国的总人口已达到13.5亿。不论面积还是人口，欧洲（不包括俄罗斯）都仅是中国的一半。

中国地处东亚，太平洋西岸，位于东半球北半部。她东西宽5000公里，南北长5500公里。中国的陆地边境线长达20000多公里，与14个国家接壤：东邻韩国；南接越南，老挝，缅甸；西南与印度，不丹和尼泊尔相接；西邻巴基斯坦，阿富汗；西北接俄罗斯，哈萨克斯坦，吉尔吉斯和塔吉克斯坦；北与蒙古接壤。中国隔黄海与日本相望，东南与菲律宾越南海相眺。

中国大陆拥有世界上最长的海岸线之一，从北部中朝边境的鸭绿江口奔流至南部中越边境的北仑河口，总长18000公里。中国大陆东侧从北至南依次是渤海，黄海，东海，南海，均与太平洋合流。这片巨大的海域散布着5000多座岛屿。台湾是最大的岛屿，其次是海南岛和崇明岛。

由于其地处欧亚大陆东南部及太平洋西岸，世界最大的大陆和最大的大洋之间的热储量差异造成了中国著名的季风气候。在冬季，发源于西伯利亚，寒冷干燥的极地大陆气团，支配着中国大部分地区；而在夏季，炎热潮湿的热带太平洋气团则影响着中国大部分地区。中国大部分区域是显著的大陆性气候，这种气候的日温差和年温差较大。

中国的降水分布大致上从东南向西北递减。东南沿海部分地区的年降水量达到80英寸以上。长江流域降水量约40英寸。再往北，年降水量低于20英寸。中国正构思并规划一项重大的南水北调工程。

中国地势西高东低，因此大部分河流的流向一般向东。地势由西向东可分为三个阶梯：高原，山地和平原。大体上，中国是一个多山的国家。丘陵，山地和高原覆盖了国家总面积的三分之二，居住着三分之一的人口。

自然植被类型及其植物组成十分多样。中国的种子植物总数约为30000种，2700属。200多个属为中国特有。约有2500种林木。它们当中很多是重要的经济树种，如桐油树，樟树和漆树。丰富的植被和多样的地形养育了多种多样的动物。著名的动物有长江的大白鲟，东北部的东北虎，西部的娃娃鱼，大熊猫和西南部的金丝猴。

根据《中华人民共和国宪法》，中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。国务院是最高国家行政机关的执行机构。

首都北京是全国政治、文化和经济中心。国歌是《义勇军进行曲》。国徽的中心是五星照耀下的天安门，周围是谷穗和齿轮，充分体现了中国人民共和国的宪法范畴。

李珣 2. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs

谭雅兰 3. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting

雷慧婷 4. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan

李舒婧 5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia

雷慧婷 6. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China

裴心弦 7. Animals: Panda

林如茵 8. Architecture

储守娟 9. Architecture: The Forbidden City

李嫣然 10. Architecture: Four Famous Bridges

李嫣然 11. Architecture: Four Great Pavilions

李嫣然 12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace

李嫣然 13. Architecture: Three Great Towers in China

陈佳雯 14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture

裴心弦 15. Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons

宋成爽 16. Army and weapons: Terracotta Army

李珣 17. Astrology: Chinese Astrology

李珣 18. Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms

李珣 19. Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac

谭雅兰 20. Beverages: Milk Tea

李思瑾 21. Beverages: Tea

李思瑾 22. Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China

林如茵 23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing

李思瑾 24. Body movement performance: Stilts

段思雅 25. Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance

牟一泓 26. Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush

陈佳雯 27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy

牟一泓 28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy

胡煜杰 29. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters

牟一泓 30. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts

裴心弦 31. Clothing: Chinese Clothing

宋成爽 32. Clothing: Batik (Lanran)

陈佳雯 33. Clothing: Cheongsam

涂海蓉 34. Confucianism: Confucian Culture

涂海蓉 35. Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues

朱然 36. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism

涂海蓉 37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects

宋成爽 38. Education: Ancient Chinese Education

段思雅 39. Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China

谢香琳 40. Education: Modern Chinese Education System

谢香琳 41. Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

谢香琳 42. Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies)

段思雅 43. Facial Make-up

段思雅 44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up

卢逸萱 45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera

陈卓 46. Fine Arts: Painting

陈卓 47. Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi

陈卓 48. Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day

杨子璇 49. Fine Arts: Seal-cutting

杨子璇 50. Games: Go 围棋

杨子璇 51. Games: Kite Flying

陈佳雯 52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play

林如茵 53. Garden Culture: Gardens

卢逸萱 54. Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing)

林如茵 55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace

储守娟 56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden

储守娟 57. Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China

储守娟 58. History: Carl and Cixi

吴梨萍 59. Interieur: The Folding Screen

吴梨萍 60. Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines

吴梨萍 61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics

潘彤 62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains

潘彤 63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes

潘彤 64. Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai

肖烨 65. Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal）

肖烨 66. Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road

肖烨 67. Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties

喻鑫众 68. Language: Chinese Language

喻鑫众 69. Language: Chinese Dialects

喻鑫众 70. Language: Chinese Folk Argot

胡煜杰 71. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 胡煜杰 72. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology

朱然 73. Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature

卢逸萱 74. Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China

罗嘉怡 75. Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China

宋成爽 76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China

罗嘉怡 77. Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas

罗嘉怡 78. Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu

罗杨 79. Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels

罗杨 80. Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations

罗杨 81. Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio

李舒婧 82. Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song

李舒婧 83. Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty

李舒婧 84. Literature: Modern Literature

谭雅兰 85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu)

朱然 86. Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy

罗淑珍 87. Literature: Contemporary Literature

罗淑珍 88. Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia

罗淑珍 89. Martial Arts: Qigong

龙雨涵 90. Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing

龙雨涵 91. Martial Arts: Wushu

龙雨涵 92. Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi)

姜睿 93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

喻鑫众 94. Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion

姜睿 95. Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology

姜睿 96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine

向璐 97. Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing

向璐 98. Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority

向璐 99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes

雷慧婷 100. Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty)

Homework until Session 2

Please make a Chinese translation of the text of the topic you selected for presentation including questions at the end of the textbook text. When you select a topic, please coordinate with your class representative that no other students selects the same topic.

Preparatory homework for every session

Please prepare the topics of the following session by reading the respective texts in the textbook and by answering the respective questions.

Homework until Session 5

Please translate another topic you are interested in into English. When you select another topic, please coordinate with your class representative that no other students selects the same topic.

Homework until Session 10

Please translate another topic you are interested in into English. When you select another topic, please coordinate with your class representative that no other students selects the same topic.

Homework until Session 15

Please translate another topic you are interested in into English. When you select another topic, please coordinate with your class representative that no other students selects the same topic.

Final paper after Session 16

Please think of a new topic of a phenomenon of traditional or modern Chinese culture. Please use the same format as the other topics in the textbook, including text, terms, references, questions. Whenever you indicate a reference, please also mention the page number. When you select another topic, please coordinate with your class representative that no other students selects the same topic and confirm with the instructor that the topic is appropriate.

Session 1 Student presentations

涂海蓉 34. Confucianism: Confucian Culture

Please upload your power point here:

儒学：儒家文化

引言

儒家是由孔子建立，孟子发展，荀子整理的学术流派。迄今，它仍然保持着一定的生命力。儒家以儒学为指导思想，其中心思想是恕、忠、孝、悌、勇、仁、义、理、智、信。（李晓愚，2010年，第31页）

先秦时期，百家争鸣，儒家与其他百家学术流派处于同等地位。秦始皇焚书坑儒后，儒家的发展受到严重打击。后来，为了维护封建专制统治，汉武帝听从了董仲舒“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”的建议，加强思想专制，儒家得到复兴。（张岂之，1990年，第20页）“儒家”“儒学”“儒教”的概念是不同的，儒家是理论学派，儒学是社会阶层，而儒教是信仰。（陈智斌、杜爱红，2017年，第60-61页）

老子创立了中国道家学派；孔子始创了中国儒家学派；孙子开创了中国兵家学派；墨子是战国初期墨家的创始人。儒学有助于指导行为规范，建设社会秩序；道家注重培养自然观念和精神发展方向；法学服务于国家政治管理的制度建设；兼爱和非攻的概念是墨家的两大基石。

儒学的大一统思想在国家统一、增强民族凝聚力和文化价值融合方面发挥了重要的作用。（谭苏，2012年，第68页）历经两千多年的发展和演变，儒家文化建立起了一个完整的思想体系，包括政治、教育、道德、伦理、行为规范、生活技巧等各个方面。它贯穿华夏历史，培育了中华民族的智慧与灵魂，形成了根深蒂固的思维、心理与生存模式。（向春玲，2008年，第42-43页）

儒家文化分析

智慧发展

孔子是伟大的教育家，也是平民教育的先锋者和实践者。儒学被确立为正统文化后，统治者和百姓都尊崇孔圣教义，重视教育。在这种背景下，保持高度的文化修养与礼教浸润是基本的要求。隋朝，隋文帝发明科举考试，学而优则仕，这鼓舞了寒门学习通过勤奋学习改变自己的生活。（张岂之1990，19）

中华民族世世代代十分重视对子女的教育，这有利于提高整个民族的思维能力。然而，中后期政府的腐败、官僚的黑暗让许多文人学士对仕途感到绝望，对理念感到怀疑。此外，四书五经是儒学的主要学习内容。除了官办学校，私塾和自学几乎无法达到六艺的要求。（张岂之，1990年，第21页）因此，四书五经被作为学生学习的重点，而六艺并没有得到高度重视。

精神指引

精神层面，儒学主张“天行健，君子当自强不息；地势坤，君子以厚德载物。”（张岂之，1990年，第86页）仁者爱人，体现了“天人合一”的精髓，也是儒学最精辟的内涵。这种哲学号召人们积极奉献社会。在现代，它仍具有生命力，是未来人们精神方向的基本要求。（李晓愚，2010年，第32页）

秩序构建

野蛮时期与落后时期的共同点是，一小部分人掌权，压迫奴役大部分人，结果导致劳动分工和财富分配不公，产生了相应的社会等级制度和观念。因为儒学发展于封建社会的过渡时期，孔孟思想植根于唯心主义天命观，没有突破社会等级制度的束缚。此外，他们甚至提倡贵贱有别，强调了等级划分的重要性。（李芳萍，2013年，第56页）

这种背景下，他们所倡导的“仁”在政治管理方面有很大的局限性。百姓的政治地位不能得到公平对待。反之，这种所谓的“仁”呼吁改善百姓生活条件，统治阶级获得更多利益。然而，它的目的是维护社会秩序，调解社会矛盾。这也是封建统治者支持儒学的根本原因。本质上，儒学并没有促进社会公平，相反，它致力于维护不公平的封建社会等级制度，加剧了奴役。事实上，在长期的封建统治下，等级观念已经变成了民族心理的一部分。随着时代与文明的进步，天命观和社会秩序思想变成了中华民族的心理桎梏。（李芳萍，2013年，第56页）

消除封建等级思想和形式主义理念后，儒学的一些哲理在现在社会仍然产生着积极的影响。具体来说，“仁”和“博爱”的精神有利于培养人们的精神；“国家属于人民”的理念反映的积极奉献社会的责任感，可以扩展为不同国家所共享的社会与政治哲学。（李晓愚，2010年，第33页）

孝悌增进了家庭的和睦与稳定；忠信礼恕有利于不同国家、社会和人民之间的关系。“忠”意味着人民应该对国家和民族保持忠诚；“友”“恕”在化解各种矛盾与敌意中发挥着重要作用；谈到“孝”“礼”，许多封建社会遗留的的繁文缛节应当被根除，更注重实际。（向春玲，2008年，第39-41页）

儒家文化的当代价值

今天，儒家文化仍然具有重要意义。我们必须在中华民族优秀传统的基础上，结合当今时代特征与实际国情，探索儒家文化的价值。儒家文化影响中国民族两千余年，已深入到中国社会的方方面面。（向春玲，2008年，第39页）

思想政治教育

儒家文化主张以人为本，高度重视人的价值和尊严。（张岂之，1990年，第51-57页）

多年来，中华民族深受这一优秀哲理影响。在此背景下，其行为模式与心理结构被赋予了独特性，主要表现在两个方面。一是自尊自爱，学会关爱自己。除此之外，也要通过不断提升道德修养增强自尊，实现人的价值发展。二是尊重他人，通过尊重、理解和关心他人来体现对他人人格的尊重。（向春玲，2008年，第39-40页）

现代化经济建设

当今形势下，一些思想内容仍然具有生命力，对促进现代化经济建设，培养中国人民现代爱国主义情感产生着积极影响。（李承宗，2002年，第65页）

首先，儒家文化强调“仁”的思想与组织意识。它有利于培养集体主义思想，为中国现代经济提供精神支柱。（李承宗，2002年，第65页）

由于儒家文化体现的集体主义人生观，个人充满了对他人和集团的义务感和责任感。在此背景下，他们的自我修养旨在治国齐家平天下。因此，个人的价值与国家的兴衰紧密相连，所以他们有强烈的责任感。“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”成为了数千年来的共同信念。这种社会责任感会产生巨大的驱动力，推进国家与社会的发展。（谭苏，2012年，第68页）

第二，儒家文化的“自强”意识和“求是”主张增强了民族精神，为中国经济现代化提供了源动力。（李承宗，2002年，第66页）

《易传》指出：“天行健，君子以自强不息。”它意味着不断发展是自然的法则，君子应当追求进步，坚强不屈。千年来，中华民族在这些思想的影响下形成了奋发图强的优良传统。今天，我们弘扬“自强不息”与“实事求是”的精神，就是要进一步增强民族精神，为社会主义现代化提供强大动力。（李承宗，2002年，第67页）

第三，儒家文化的“改革创新”理念有利于进一步改革开放，加快中国社会主义现代化。在认可不断发展是自然法则的基础上，儒家文化提出了“创新”思想。《礼记》中有言：“苟日新，日日新，又日新。”《易经》曰：“革故鼎新。”（李承宗，2002年，第67页）

这个理念不仅为历史中的改革创新奠定了理论基础，也为当今社会主义经济政治体制改革提供了宝贵经验。对内，弘扬创新精神能够极大地增强中国人民的改革意识。对外，它有利于扩大儒家文化的国际影响力，进一步对开外放。（李承宗，2002年，第67页）

法制建设

儒家文化高度重视个人修养，高度文明的法治社会应该由高素养的公民组成。儒家，在中国有着千年历史的学术流派，已成为中华文化不可或缺的组成部分。（李晓愚，2010年，第32-33页）

如今，中国提出将德治与法治相结合的政策，正是儒家文化找准历史定位，充分发挥作用的时机。探索儒家文化对当代中国法治建设的影响，不仅可以帮助我们深入了解传统文化，也能促进当今中国的法治建设进程。（李晓愚，2010年，第32-33页）

德治思想是儒家文化的重要组成部分，它强调德育的重要性。它是古代中国统治者奉行的治国方略，也是当代中国具有重要借鉴意义的治国方法。

治国层面，儒家强调道德的重要性，它相信治国不应该主要依靠严刑峻法，相反，应该用德育感化民众。子曰：“为政以德，譬如众星捧月。”通过将统治者比作北极星，将人民比作群星，孔子强调了德育的重要性。（王杰，2004，第77页）

如何以德治国？首先，统治者应注重自己的个人修养，发展良好道德品质，以此为公众树立优秀榜样。只有官民真诚地服从于统治者，才能形成良好的社会氛围。其次，由于儒学以“仁”为其核心，呼吁德治，很多人下意识地认为儒学否定法治，并认为儒家文化根本不主张法治。（王杰，2004年，第82-83页）

事实并非如此。诚然儒学提倡德治，它也强调以法治为辅。子曰：“圣人认为，国家治理必须德治与法治相结合。”也就是说，如果用制度和法律约束人们，他们会寻求免罚却缺乏良知；然而，如果以道德和礼节指引他们，他们会有是非观念并严格要求自己。（王杰，2004年，第83页）

总而言之，我们应该认识到，尽管儒家文化是中国的优秀传统文化，它也是封建社会的产物，其本意旨在维护封建专制君主制。因此，它不可避免地存在一些落后性和局限性。在这种情形下，我们必须辩证分析儒家文化，探索儒家文化价值。同时，我们应舍弃其遗留的陋习和不利因素，更好地弘扬中国传统文化，加快现代中国法治建设。（王杰，2004年，第83页）

孔子学院

随着中国国际地位的提高和国际交流的日益增强，中国文化赢得了广泛的国际关注，世界更加渴望学习和理解中国文化。2004年，为响应时代号召，孔子学院成立。今天，孔子学院已遍及亚洲、非洲、美洲、欧洲和大洋洲。（吴瑛，提文静，2009年，第30页）

从根本上说，它有助于中国文化走出去，因为语言是中国文化的重要载体。它对于中国国家形象塑造、中国国际影响力提升、实现广泛国际交流都具有积极意义。（吴瑛，提文静，2009年，第30页）

孔子学院的快速发展充分展现了世界人民学习汉语、了解中国的需求和渴望，但过程中仍然存在一些难题。当今，各国致力于传播自己的语言和文化，因此，国际文化推广中存在着激烈的竞争。此外，孔子学院努力实现持续发展。对内，其发展受诸多因素限制，包括师资短缺、质量低下及缺乏针对性。（吴瑛，提文静，2009年，第31页）

如今，孔子学院遍及世界，但追求量与速的传播策略导致能够对外教授汉语的教师严重不足。

据统计，全球至少缺少 500 万名 TCSL 教师。（吴瑛，提文静，2009年，第31页）

其次，缺乏高质量的本土化汉语教材也成为孔子学院发展的瓶颈。汉语教材的缺乏直接影响了孔子学院文化交流的深度。第三，孔子学院不能传播中国文化的渊博思想。尽管教材内容丰富，但它们主要注重于通过介绍中国食物、茶酒、传统中国医学和武术传播民俗文化。

同时，它们很少提及传统中国文化的思想精髓和现代中国文化的现代价值。（吴瑛，提文静，2009年，第32页）

孔子学院应当全力探索儒学的现代意义，传播中国文化精髓，增进中国文化核心思想及其现代文化价值的推广。中国文化海纳百川。孔子学院应该传播的不是中国文化的全部内容，而是不同于其他国家又展现出中国文化精髓的、具有普世价值的内容。（向春玲，2008年，第42页）

问题

1.儒家文化的核心思想是什么？

2.儒家、儒学、儒教有什么区别？

3.你怎么看待儒家、道家、墨家、法家之间的关系？

4.什么是六艺？

5.你怎么认为儒学的古代影响？

6.你认为儒家文化在中国仍有其当代价值吗？为什么？

7.你如何看待孔子学院的发展现状？

朱然 36. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism

Please upload your power point here: Media:Confucianism_2024.pptx

36. 儒家思想：古典哲学—孔子和儒家思想

孔子被认为是古代中国的一位伟大哲学家和一位伟大圣人。在中国，孔子被称为仲尼、孔丘或孔夫子（孔先生）。17世纪的耶稣会传教士称呼他为Confucius，这个源自拉丁语的名字已为西方所熟知。 据说在大约公元前551年，孔子生于鲁国曲阜（现山东省），卒于公元前479年。他生活在一个动荡时代之末，称为春秋时期。旧周朝诸侯国为争夺霸权而相互争斗，产生的混乱使许多思想家寻求社会秩序与和谐的基本原则。孔子试图游说各个诸侯国，使君主们相信正确的治理方式。虽然儒家思想成为了国家的官方思想体系，但它从未变成一个具有教堂和牧师的确立宗教。中国学者尊称孔子为伟大的老师和圣人，但并没有将他当作人格神来崇拜。孔子本人也没有宣称具有神性。 儒家思想是中国主要的官方思想体系，起源于孔子及其弟子的教导。它涉及到优良行为、实践智慧和适当社会关系的原则。它影响了中国人的生活态度，设定了生活方式和社会价值标准，并为中国的政治理论和制度提供了背景。它自然融入了古代中国的紧密家庭关系和绝对规则模式中，其中父亲像皇帝一样治理，而皇帝则应该像父亲一样关心他的子民，而下面的人则对两者都要服从。这一信仰体系长期统治中国，主要推崇那些适应静态和理想温和世界的美德，使每个家庭都在统治者的统治下有其位置，每个独立的人在家庭中也有其位置。儒家思想从中国的朝鲜、日本和越南传播开来，引起了西方学者的极大兴趣。 儒家思想的原则包含在孔子及其追随者传下来的九本古书中。这些教义可以分为两组：五经和四书。 五经是孔子时期之前的作品，包括以下著作：《周易》（Classic of Changes）、《尚书》（《Classic of History）、《诗经》（Classic of Poetry）、《礼记》（Classic of Rites）和《春秋》（Spring and Autumn Annals）。《周易》主要是一部占卜手册，可能编撰于公元前11世纪之前。其补充的哲学部分，包含在一系列附录中，可能是孔子及其弟子所写。《尚书》是一部古代历史文献的汇编，《诗经》是一部古代诗歌的选集。《礼记》涉及行为原则，包括公共和私人仪式应遵守的规则。《春秋》据说是孔子编纂的唯一著作，是一部珍贵的编年史，记录了从公元前8世纪到公元前5世纪初孔子死亡时的重大封建中国历史事件。 四书是孔子和孟子言论的汇编，以及弟子们对这些思想的评论。包括《论语》（Analects）是孔子名言的汇编，构成了他的道德和政治哲学的基础，《大学》（Ta Hsueh）或The Great Learning，，《中庸》（Chung Yung）或The Doctrine of the Mean，包含一些他的哲学言论，有序地附有弟子们的注释和阐述，《孟子》（Meng Tzu）或Book of Mencius包含孔子最好的继承者之一的名言。 儒家伦理的主旨是“仁”，被解读为各种意思“仁爱”、“爱情”、“善良”、“人性”或“仁心”。“仁”是最高的美德，代表人类最高尚的品质。在个人关系中，“仁”被视为人与人之间的关系，在对自己和他人忠（诚）或faithfulness中得到体现。端庄、互惠和利他主义在儒家黄金法则中体现得淋漓尽致，“己所不欲，勿施于人”。其他重要的儒家美德包括righteousness（义）、propriety（礼）、wisdom（智）、trustworthy- ness 或 integrity（信）和filial piety（孝）。拥有所有这些美德的人成为君子，完美的绅士。政治上，孔子倡导一种父权制的政府，其中君主是仁慈和尊贵的，而子民是尊重和顺从的。统治者应该修养自己，成为道德上完美的人，这样他才能为人民树立良好的榜样。在教育上，孔子坚持“有教无类”的理论。

术语和表达方式 Kong Qiu 孔丘

Qufu 曲阜

Ducal state 诸侯国

Great teacher and sage 至圣先师

Classic of Changes 《易经》

Classic of History 《书经》

Classic of Poetry 《诗经》

Classic of Rites 《礼记》

Spring and Autumn Annals 《春秋》

Appendix n. 附录

Commentary n. 笺注 Analects 《论语》

The Great Learning 《大学》

The Doctrine of the Mean 《中庸》

Book of Mencius 《孟子》

Benevolence n. 仁

Righteousness n. 义

Propriety n. 礼

Wisdom n. 智

Integrity n. 信

Filial piety 孝

问题

1. “孔子”是什么意思？孔子是如何闻名西方的？

2. 孔子生活在哪个混乱的时代？他是如何宣讲自己的思想的？

3. 儒家思想曾经变成国教吗？哪些国家的政治和宗教相结合？

4. 儒家思想主要关于什么？它对中国文化有多重要？

5. 儒家思想符合古代中国的等级制度吗？它的目标是建立什么样的社会？

6. 五经指的是什么？

7. 五经分别是关于什么的？它们都是由孔子编撰的吗？

8. 四书指的是什么？他们包括什么？

9. 哪一本书构成了儒家思想的基础？孔子的格言都包含在其中了吗？

10. 儒家伦理的主旨是什么？你还知道儒家的其他美德吗？

11. 统治者和臣民应该如何按照儒家的道德准则行事？

Session 2 MW Fri Mar 8 10:00-11:40 room 404

The topics and contents of the following sessions will be determined by the selection of the students.

Session 2 Student presentations

姜睿 93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

power point : Media:TCM_2024.pptx

Terms and Expressions

Pharmacology n. 药理学

Pathological adj. 病理学的

Main channels 经

Collateral channels 络

Excretion n. 分泌

Discharge n. 排泄

Syndrome n. 症状（阴阳、表里、寒热、虚实）

Under-activity n. 体虚

Acupuncture n. 扎针

Moxibustion n. 灸术, 拔火罐

Massage n. 按摩

Therapy n. 治疗法

Immunity n. 免疫

Clinical medicine 临床医学

The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine 《黄帝内经》

On Typhoid and Other Diseases 《伤寒杂病论》

The Herbal Canon of Shen Nong 《神农本草经》

Prescription n. 药方

Property of drug 药性

Pellet n. 小丸

Tincture n. 药酒

Syrup n. 糖浆

Gelatin n. 骨胶

Solvent n. 溶剂

Spray n. 喷剂

Pharmaceutical works 制药厂

93.医学：中医

中国古代人民在与疾病的长期斗争中创造了丰富的宝库，中国传统医学与药理学在治疗技艺领域形成了一个独立的流派。它在两千多年的历史中取得了卓越的成就，并在此过程中不断完善，直到今天仍被广泛采用。 中国传统医学和药理学吸收了阴阳理论和五行理论。这两者都包含了中国古代朴素的辩证思想。前者认为，万物都有阴阳两面，阴阳之间的相互斗争和相互作用是宇宙万物不断产生和变化的根源。后者认为，宇宙万物都是由日常生活中不可或缺的五种元素组成的，它们不断运动变化，相互促进，相互制约。 中医的生理和病理分支侧重于内脏、经络、气血、运动和排泄。（中医的）诊断有一套完整的观测体系，其中患者疾病的性质由“四诊”确定——观察患者的整体面貌（望），听声音和闻气味（闻），询问问题（问）和感受患者的脉搏（切）。然后，治疗进入到平衡“八纲”这一步——即平衡阴阳、表里、寒热和虚实。中医还有其他治疗法，如针灸，这涉及对人体经络和穴位的研究。此外还有按摩和气功（呼吸练习）等治疗方法。 中国传统医学和药理学包含着许多被实践证明了的有价值的思想和观点。其中最重要的是，中医不是只治疗症状，而是考虑到患者病情的各个方面，根据阴阳和五行理论形成统一的概念，然后决定治疗方法。举例来说，对于可能需要动手术的疾病，中医关注的是可能导致病情的一般生理变化，除了手术或采用某种形式的治疗外，还试图提高患者抵抗疾病的能力。预防医学在传统中医学中一直受到重视，在现代医学中得到了很高的评价。其预防措施包括早期治疗、提高身体免疫力和“以毒攻毒”。 传统医家认识疾病、观察疾病、分析疾病、治疗疾病的经验主要通过医学文献传承下来。据不完全统计，现存此类文献约8000余篇，其中以临床医学文献居多。《黄帝内经》、《伤寒杂病论》和《神农本草经》是公元前3世纪以前的3部代表性医学著作。《黄帝内经》完成于战国时期（公元前475-221年），是现存最早的中国医学巨著。全书共18卷162章，对人体的生理机能、疾病的症状和诊疗原则作了比较科学的阐述，奠定了中医学的理论基础。另外两本书写于东汉（25-220）。《伤寒杂病论》主要论述了中医的辨证诊断方法、治疗方法和方剂，而《神农本草经》是现存最早的药理学著作，列出了365种药物，奠定了中国药理学的基础。 现在使用的中草药总共有5000多种。根据传统药理学，药物的性质是由其“四性”（寒，凉，温，热）和“五味”（辛，酸，甘，苦，咸）区分的。传统的中药可以制成丸剂、散剂、小粒、小丸、药酒、冲剂、糖浆、块剂和骨胶等形式。目前还可制成注射剂、片剂、可溶性制剂和喷雾剂。许多中药制药厂全国闻名，如北京的同仁堂、天津的大仁堂、杭州的胡庆余堂、苏州的雷允上堂和长沙的九芝堂。 虽然中医有自己的理论体系、治疗原则和治疗方法，但中国的医学工作者被要求从现代科学的角度研究传统中医的原理和方法，并结合西方医学，发展一种新的中医药学。这成就了中国的三大医学分支——中医、西医和中西医结合如今的共存和同步发展。

问题 1.中医的两大理论基础是什么？它们有什么含义？ 2.中医是如何诊断的？什么是“四诊”？ 3.中医是怎么进行治疗的？ 4.中医还有哪些疗法？ 5.中医是不是只治标不治本？中医是如何形成对疾病的统一认识的？ 6.中国的预防医学包括哪些预防措施？ 7.公元前3世纪以前中国最伟大的三部医学著作是什么？ 8.中国现存最早的医学名著是什么？你对它的历史、内容和重要性了解多少？ 9.你对另外两部杰作的历史和内容了解多少？ 10.草药的特性是如何区分的？ 11.中国的三大医学分支是什么？

Session 3 MW Fri Mar 15 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 3 Student presentation 1: 李珣 18. Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms

power point : Media:24_Solar_Terms_2024.pptx

Terms and Expressions

the Beginning of Spring 立春

Beginning of Autumn 立秋

Rain Water 雨水

End of Heat 处暑

Insects Awakening 惊蛰

White Dew 白露

Spring Equinox 春分

Autumnal Equinox 秋分

Fresh Green 清明

Cold Dew 寒露

Grain Rain 谷雨

First Frost 霜降

Beginning of Summer 立夏

Beginning of Winter 立冬

Lesser Fullness 小满

Light Snow 小雪

Grain in Ear 芒种

Heavy Snow 大雪

Summer Solstice 夏至

Winter Solstice 冬至

Lesser Heat 大暑

Lesser Cold 小寒

Greater Heat 立春

Greater Cold 大寒

Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms

1. The Orgin and Development of The 24 Solar Terms

"The 24 solar terms" is a unique phenomenon on traditional lunar calendar, with a profound history in China. Created by ancient Chinese when observing the annual movement of the sun, the twenty-four solar system is seen as a system of time knowledge and the agricultural guideline. It originated in the Yellow River valley, and is the result of people's observation, exploration and summary of astronomy, meteorology, and weather, which is an excellent cultural heritage created by the ancient Chinese people. （Wang Jiahua 2019）

By the late Western Zhou Dynasty, people had already measured the first four solar terms: Winter Solstice, Summer Solstice, Spring Equinox and Autumn Equinox. Afterwards, with the improvement of measurement technology and the further strengthening of people's understanding of the laws of nature in the Warring States period, the complete 24 solar terms were basically formed. During the Qin and Han dynasties, a complete system was perfected and formed into today's complete 24 Solar Terms system. (Wang Jiahua 2019）

2. The Definition and Classification of the 24 Solar Terms

“The twenty-four solar term” is a unique phenomenon on traditional lunar calendar. To facilitate agricultural production, ancient Chinese people summarized a supplementary calendar that divides a year into 24 segments according to the sun’s movement on the ecliptic and seasonal changes in weather and other natural phenomena, with 24 segments proportionally distributed through 12 months. (Yuan Jixi 2016, 34-35)

"The 24 solar term" is a unique phenomenon on traditional lunar calendar. To facilitate agricultural production, ancient Chinese people summarized a supplementary calendar that divides a year into 24 segments according to the sun’s movement on the ecliptic and seasonal changes in weather and other natural phenomena, with 24 segments proportionally distributed through 12 months. (Yuan Jixi 2016, 34-35)

A solar term that starts in the early part of a month is called jie (节), and one that starts in the middle part of a month is called qi (气). (Every three years there would be a month which has only a jie without a qi, or a month which has only a qi without a jie, in which case a leap month would be added to regulate it. ) The solar terms are so named that they represent the changes in season, phenology and climate. (Yuan Jixi 2016, 34-35)

The eight solar terms that reflect seasonal changes are Beginning of Spring, Vernal Equinox, Beginning of Summer, Summer Solstice, Beginning of Autumn, Autumnal Equinox, Beginning of Winter, and Winter Solstice; the four solar terms that represent phenological changes are Waking of Insects, Fresh Green, Lesser fullness and Grain in Ear; and the 12 solar terms that indicate the changes in climate are Rain Water, Grain Rain, Lesser Heat, Greater Heat, End of Heat, White Dew, Cold Dew, First Frost, Light Snow, Heavy Snow, Lesser Cold, and Greater Cold. (Yuan Jixi 2016, 34-35)

3. Folklore of the 24 Solar Terms

The folklore of the 24 solar terms is divided into three aspects: festival folklore, lifestyle customs and food customs. Festive customs such as the "whipping of the spring bull" at the beginning of spring and the "tailing festival" at the end of the cold season. (Ding Yiming, Chang He 2020) Almost every festival has its own special food customs, such as dumplings on the winter solstice and noodles on the summer solstice, as well as biting and tasting spring at the beginning of spring. Following the traditional concept of "the unity of heaven and man, in accordance with the four seasons", the 24 solar terms have led to a wealth of health practices, such as eating liver in spring, drinking water in summer, etc.

These activities can be broadly summarised as follows: worshipping the gods in response to the times of the year, honouring the ancestors and maintaining family ties, eliminating evil and seeking peace, and relaxing and entertaining. Take the Beginning of Spring as an example, it is said that the egg can be set upright on the first day of the Start of Spring, Spring Equinox day and Autumn Equinox day. It is believed that if someone can make the egg stand on the first day of Start of Spring, he will have good luck in the future. In many parts of China, people observe the custom of "biting the spring" on the first day of Start of Spring. They eat spring pancakes, spring rolls, or a few mouthfuls of carrots. Besides, People in China began holding a special ceremony on the first day of Start of Spring about 3, 000 years ago. They made sacrifices to Gou Mang, the god of Spring, who is in charge of agriculture. By the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), greeting spring had become an important folk activity. (He Yannan, Zou Yating 2020)

4. Importance and Values of the 24 Solar Terms

4. 1 Importance in Ancient Times

The 24 solar terms are a creation of traditional farming culture, and their production, development and dissemination have adapted to the economic production methods and social needs in the farming era. They have played an important role in the life and work of traditional Chinese people. (Wang Jiahua 2019)

Firstly, the 24 solar terms are the basic time indicators of agricultural production activities in ancient times, which is also the most basic function and value of the 24 solar terms. Agricultural production is an economic activity carried out by humans according to natural rhythms and the laws of crop growth. The basic requirement of the agricultural production is to keep track of the agricultural time, which means that "if the agricultural time is not violated, there will be sufficient grain supply. " (Mencius - Liang Huiwang). (Wang Jiahua 2019)

Secondly, the 24 solar terms were also regarded as important time points in the daily life of the people in ancient times. Thirdly, for the ancient ancestors, the 24 solar terms were not just a time system, but a much more colourful connotation of life, and an important manifestation and part of their colourful lives. (Wang Jiahua 2019)

For example, the "Four Beginnings"(四立)- the Beginning of Spring, Beginning of Summer, Beginning of Autumn, Beginning of Winter- have always been important festivals in history. At these festivals, the emperors would lead their courtiers to the eastern, southern, western and northern gates of the capital to hold ceremonies to welcome the arrival of spring, summer, autumn and winter. The winter solstice, summer solstice and Qingming Festival are still important traditional festivals today, especially Tomb Sweeping Festival. Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Tomb Sweeping Festival are known as China's four traditional festivals. (Wang Jiahua 2019)

4. 2 Values in Modern Society

In 2016, the 24 solar terms was included in the World Intangible Cultural Heritage List and became one of the most vivid cultural symbols for strengthening the cultural confidence of the Chinese nation and enhancing the cultural cohesion of the Chinese nation. (Ding Yiming, Chang He 2020)

It still has its practical values in modern society. Firstly, as a time-honoured knowledge system with a long history and a customary tradition rich in colourful activities, the 24 solar terms has profound spiritual and cultural connotations, such as respecting nature, adapting to the time of the day, venerating ancestors, filial piety and respect for the elderly, and being good neighbours and friends. Therefore, it is one of the important components of excellent Chinese traditional culture. (Wang Jiahua 2019)

Secondly, the 24 solar terms can accurately reflect the rhythm and rules of nature and the harmonious relationship between man and nature. (Wang Jiahua 2019)

Lastly, the 24 solar terms are not only a time system, but also a living tradition full of rich connotations, which is an important part of people's lives. (Wang Jiahua 2019)

Questions

1. 1. What are the first four solar terms measured by ancient Chinese people?

2. Where does the 24 solar terms originate from?

3. What are the eight solar terms that reflect seasonal changes？

4. When was the 24 solar terms included in the World Intangible Cultural Heritage List?

5. What are the food customs in the Beginning of Spring?

6. Do you konw any other folklore of the 24 solar terms?

References

Yuan Jixi. 袁济喜. (2016). "中华思想文化术语(3)”[Key Concepts in Chinese Thought and Culture]. 外语教学与研究出版社”[Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Belarusian Literature and Arts Press] (Yuan Jix 2016:)

Wang Jiahua. 王加华. (2019. 9. 20）"China Social Science Network" http://www. cssn. cn/zx/bwyc/201909/t20190920_4974497_1. shtml

Ding Yiming. Chang He. 丁一鸣. 常河（2020. 11. 17）"Chinanews" http://www. chinanews. com/cul/2020/11-17/9340057. shtml

He Yannan. Zou Yating. 贺亚楠. 邹雅婷. (2020. 2. 4) “China Daily” https://ent. chinadaily. com. cn/a/202002/04/WS5e3901a9a3107bb6b579d18d. html

储守娟 57. Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China

Please upload your power point here: Media:Wu_Zetian_2024.pptx

Please learn the vocabulary, read the text and answer the questions.

Terms and Expressions

• Wu Mei Niang 武媚娘
• the imperial examination system 科举制度
• officials in feudal times 臣子, 臣民
• Guanzhong 关中地区
• Guanlong aristocracy 关陇集团
• North China Plain 华北平原
• a system of spies 酷吏政治
• secret police 酷吏
• Wan Guojun 万国俊
• Lai Junchen 来俊臣
• the Manual of Accusation 《罗织经》
• System of Land Equalization 均田制
• Gentry 乡绅
• Modified Chinese characters 则天文字
• the Collected Tang Poems 《全唐诗》
• the Collected Tang Essays 《全唐文》
• regulated verse 格律诗
• The Blank Stele 无字碑
• the Qianling mausoleum 乾陵

Gender: Wu Zetian - The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China

Brief Introduction

Wu Zetian (https://www. worldhistory. org/uploads/images/4558. jpeg?v=1623024902)

Empress Wu Zetian (Empress Consort Wu, Wu Hou, Wu Mei Niang, Mei-Niang, and Wu Zhao, l. 624-705 CE, r. 690-704 CE) was the only female emperor of Imperial China. She reigned during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) and was one of the most effective and controversial monarchs in China's history. (Mark, 2016)

Politics

One of the most important apparatus of government which fell into Wu Zetian's power was the imperial examination system: the basic theory and practice of which was to recruit into government service those men who were the best educated, talented, and having the best potential to perform their duties, and to do so by testing a pool of candidates in order to determine this objectively. Wu Zetian continued to use the imperial examination system to recruit officials in feudal times, and she introduced major changes in regard to the system that she inherited, including increasing the pool of candidates permitted to take the test, by allowing commoners and gentry, who were previously disqualified by their background, to take them. Another thing she did was to expand the governmental examination system and to greatly increase the importance of this method of recruiting government officials, which she did since 693. Wu provided increased opportunity for the representation within government to people of the North China Plain, versus people of the northwestern aristocratic families, (whom she decimated, anyway); and, the successful candidates who were recruited through the examination system became an elite group within her government. (The New Book of Tang)

Additionally, at the beginning of Wu Zetian’s period of ascendency, Guanzhong was still the stronghold of the most nationally powerful aristocratic families, despite the fact that economic development in other parts of China had improved the lot of families in other regions. (The New Book of Tang)

However, the Guanlong aristocracy was not willing to relinquish their hold on the reins of government; while, at the same time, some of the more newly wealthy families in other areas, such as the North China Plain or Hubei were eager for a larger share of national power of their own. Most of the opposition to Wu was from the Guanlong families of northwest China. Accordingly, she repressed them, instead favoring less privileged families, thus raising to the ranks of power many talented, but less aristocratic families, often recruited through the official examination system. Many of those so favored originated from the North China plain. Through a process of eliminating or diminishing the power of the established aristocracy, whom she perceived as disloyal to her, and establishing a reformed upper class in China loyal to her, Wu Zetian made major social changes.

China during Wu Zetian’s Reign (https://www. worldhistory. org/uploads/images/4649. png?v=1614250808)

Another important characteristics of Wu Zetian's governance is that her consolidation of power in part relied on a system of spies. She used informants to choose people to eliminate, a process which peaked in 697, with the wholesale demotion, exile, or killing of various aristocratic families and scholars, furthermore prohibiting their sons from holding office.

Wu Zetian eliminated many of her real, potential, or perceived rivals to power by means of death (including execution, suicide by command, and more-or-less directly killing people), demotion, and exile. Mostly this was carried out by her secret police, led by individuals like Wan Guojun and Lai Junchen - who were known to have written a document called the Manual of Accusation, which detailed steps for interrogation and obtaining confessions by torture. (The New Book of Tang)

Economy

Many of Wu Zetian's measures were of a popular nature, and helped her to gain support for her governance. Wu Zetian came to power during a time in China in which the people were fairly contented, the administration was run well, and the economy was characterized by rising living standards. Wu Zetian, as far as the masses were for the most part concerned, continued in this manner. She was determined that free, self-sufficient farmers would continue to work on their own farm land, so she periodically used the System of Land Equalization, which also can be called as equal-field system, together with updated census figures to ensure fair land allocations, re-allocating as necessary. Much of her success was due to her various edicts (including those known as her "Acts of Grace") which helped to satisfy the needs of the lower classes through various acts of relief, her widening recruitment to government service to include previously excluded gentry and commoners, and by her generous promotions and pay raises for the lower ranks. (The Old Book of Tang)

Culture

About Modified Chinese characters, Empress Dowager Wu's cousin's son Zong Qinke submitted a number of modified Chinese characters intended to showcase Empress Dowager Wu's greatness in 690. She adopted them, and she took one of the modified characters, Zhao (曌), to be her formal name (i. e. , the name by which the people would exercise naming taboo on). Zhao was made from two other characters: Ming (明) on top, meaning "light" or "clarity", and Kong (空) at the bottom, meaning "sky. " The implication appeared to be that she would be like the light shining in the sky. (Zhao (照), meaning "shine", from which Zhao (曌) was derived, might have been her original name, but evidence of that is inconclusive. ) (The New Book of Tang)

When it comes to literature, Wu Zetian's court was a focus of literary creativity besides her own literary work. Forty-six of Wu's poems are collected in the Collected Tang Poems and sixty-one essays under her name are recorded in the Collected Tang Essays. Although a lot of those writings serve political ends, there is one poem in which she laments her mother after she died and expresses her despair at not being able to see her again.

Anime Figure

During Wu Zetian's reign, the imperial court produced various works for which she was a sponsor, such as the anthology of the poetry of her court known as the Collection of Precious Glories, which contained poems by Cui Rong, Li Jiao, Zhang Yue, and others, arranged according to the official rank at the court of the individuals included. Among the literary developments that took place during the time of Wu Zetian (and partly at her court) was the final stylistic development of the "New Style" poetry of the regulated verse, by the poetic pair Song Zhiwen and Shen Quanqi. (The Old Book of Tang)

Comments

Empress Wu is a real historical figure, a vivid image of literature and art gallery. She is a distorted image of the patriarchal discourse for a long time. Departure from the Wu Zetian’s Female characteristics, from a gender perspective, this image has an important social and practical significance. (Liu Jian, 2013)

The Blank Stele standing on the east side of the passage at the Qianling mausoleum in Shanxi province was built for Wu Zetian. Due to lack of historical records, its date and builder are still unknown, making the stele a mystery. Maybe this is just what Wu Zetian wanted—no one could define her whole life except time and history. (Zhang Yu, 2014)

Questions

1. Who was the only female emperor of Imperial China?

2. Who wrote the Manual of Accusation?

3. What system has been used to keep free, self-sufficient farmers continuing to work on their own farm land?

4. How many poems which were written by Wu Zetian are collected in the Collected Tang Poems?

5. How many essays under Wu Zetian’s name are recorded in the Collected Tang Essays?

6. Did Wu Zetian write anything on her stele?

References

[1] Mark, E. (2016, March 17). Wu Zetian. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www. worldhistory. org/Wu_Zetian/

[2] The New Book of Tang 《新唐书·卷四·本纪第四》

[3] The Old Book of Tang 《旧唐书·卷六·本纪第六》

[4] Liu Jian 刘健. (2013). 武则天形象演变研究(硕士学位论文, 陕西理工学院). https://kns. cnki. net/KCMS/detail/detail. aspx?dbname=CMFD201402&filename=1014211402. nh

[5] Zhang Yu 张宇. (2014). 武则天的“无字碑”真的无字吗?. 中国国家博物馆馆刊(11), 63-70. doi:CNKI:SUN:ZLBK. 0. 2014-11-010.

Session 4 OD Fri Mar 22 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 4: 2 Student presentations

Notes

3. Intro: who are we when we are talking about our culture etc., what is the meaning of “architecture” (good model of a structure with a purpose)

Good 李嫣然 12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace Integration of Manchu and Han cultures; Chinese openness to foreign elements – “embrace the best” from other cultures

Mandschu culture integrated “primitive beliefs” of the Zhurzhen. Importance of hights.

[explains English passages in Chinese ]

4. Good 潘彤 63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes (Dunhuang)

(personal intro of feeling attracted to the topic), Poor English terminology (switches to Chinese), descriptive presentation; superficial

“Medicine Buddhas” 草师 nor explained. „historical value“, „artistic value“, „commercial value“, „technological value“ (mirrors), „cultural mankind value“ (Encyclopedia or Ocean of human knowledge) Contest for excavation and exploitation (Aurel Stein, Pelliot etc. [no historical knowledge and interest]) Why and How to protect? Digitalization, copies; documentaries, culture and tourism

[Discourse about “Cultural Value”]

李嫣然 12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace

Please upload your power point here:Media:Shengjing_Imperial_Palace_2024.pptx

Terms and Expressions

• Manchu 满族
• Mongol 蒙古
• Nomadic游牧民族的
• Nuerhachi(1559-1626) 努尔哈赤
• Huangtaiji(1592-1643) 皇太极
• Kangxi 康熙
• Jiaqing 嘉庆
• Daoguang 道光
• Red-coated cannon 红衣袍
• Ten Kings Pavilion 十王亭
• Grand Qing Gate 大清门
• Chong Zheng Hall 崇政堂
• Phoenix Tower 凤凰楼（翔凤楼）
• Qingning Palace 清宁宫
• Yanqing Palace 衍庆宫
• Qifu Palace 启福宫
• Wen Su Pavilion 文溯阁
• Chant 吟唱
• the Antler Chair 鹿角椅

12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace

Introduction

Shengjing Imperial Palace, commonly referred to as Shenyang Imperial Palace, is not only the jewel in the crown of Shenyang’s cultural heritage, but also the jade in China. Thanks to its pre-Qing Dynasty origins, the palace has strong Manchu and Mongol architectural influences. It has a lot of special arts, from intricate brick gables and carvings to buildings whose form has been inspired by the shapes of nomadic tents. Although the complex has been standing for a little under 400 years, it’s in remarkable condition right down to the golden dragons that flank the imperial throne. (Candice Song 2021, 1-3)

History

Shenyang Imperial Palace is famous because Qing Dynasty's founder, Nuerhachi (1559-1626) and his son Huangtaiji (1592-1643) had lived here. And with the expansion of the Qing Dynasty, they moved to Peking and lived in the Forbidden City. Construction of Shenyang Imperial Palace began in 1625 and accomplished in 1636 during the reign of Nuerhachi and Huangtaiji, so it has over 360 years history. After them, four emperors of Qing Dynasty had come back from Peking to this palace for 10 times and enlarged this area and added a lot of buildings. They were Emperor Kangxi, Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang (People probably heard of Kangxi and Qianlong because they lead to one of the most affluent periods of China). Therefore, until 1783, the palace was finally finished. （News/Nation 2019 1-3）

It was renamed Co-capital Palace and Emperor Eastward Inspection Palace after the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. With large-scale reparation time after time, the imperial palace now serves as a tourist attraction called Shenyang Imperial Palace Museum. Shenyang Imperial Palace was entitled "Historic Culture Relics Preserved Building" in 1961. The Imperial Palace in Peking and Shenyang are the only two most well-preserved imperial architectural complexes existing in China today. When talking about the palace of China, many people probably just know about the Forbidden City of Peking, it is the most popular one for foreigners. However, to some extent, many antiques and famous places of the Forbidden City are influenced by Shenyang Imperial Palace. (Candice Song 2021, 1-3)

Divisions

Its construction style of Shenyang Imperial Palace belongs to Ming and Qing Dynasty. It covers an area of 60, 000 squaremeters, comprising over 20 courtyards, 300 houses and 70 buildings. There are 114 buildings and around 20 courtyards, and though this might seem rather small when compared to the only other surviving imperial palace in China—the Forbidden City, there is a lot to be said for Shengjing Imperial Palace’s diminutive size and famous elites. According to the build time and layout, the whole construction can be divided into three sections: the east, middle and west:

East part: The buildings around were built in the period of Nuerhachi including Great Administrative Hall and Ten Kings Pavilion;

Middle part: Buildings here were continued and completed in the period of Huangtaiji including Grand Qing Gate, Chong Zheng Hall, Phoenix Tower, Qingning Palace, Yanqing Palace, Qifu Palace etc;

West part: The buildings there were expanded and renovated by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1795) including Wen Su Pavilion. The whole palace, standing in great numbers, is lofty, magnificent and richly ornamented. (Candice Song 2021, 1-3)

A Story about the Antler Chair

(http://pic.nen.com.cn/003/009/349/00300934954_139882b5.jpg)

This palace is an emperor museum combining the architectural styles of the minorities of Man, Han and Mongolia. In addition to the magnificent palace buildings, the Shenyang Imperial Palace is also famous for its rich and precious collections at home and abroad. It has a large number of treasures in its exquisite works, such as Nuerhachi's Sword, Huang Taiji's Waist sword and the Antler Chair. (Candice Song 2021, 1-3)

There is also a legend about the origin of the chair. It is recorded that in 1631, Huang Taiji led his troops to attack a city in western Liaoning Province and built the cities of Huang Dizhi and Huang Bu on the opposite hill. Then, he bombarded the city with red-coated cannon, which scared the wild animals in the mountain. At this time, a panic-stricken deer rushed into Huang Taiji’s tent, was captured by Huang Taiji, and then made into an antler chair with its antlers. After the Antler Chair was produced, all people regarded it as a model. When Emperor Qianlong and Emperor Jiaqing toured Shengjing in the east, they composed poems and chanted on the occasion of appreciating Emperor Huangtaiji's antler chair. Emperor Qianlong also ordered craftsmen to carve poems and articles on the back of the Antler Chair.

(http://pic.nen.com.cn/003/009/349/00300934955_60049e74.jpg)

(http://pic.nen.com.cn/003/009/349/00300934956_70c27d5d.jpg)

Conclusion

In July 2004, Shenyang Imperial Palace was listed on the World Heritage List, and it has become one of the most important cultural relics in China. In addition, a famous world heritage site becomes the joint cultural wealth of all mankind. This change in historical and cultural area has also brought another change in scientific research on Shenyang Imperial Palace Museum. A new proposition and task for the museum's cultural management is put, especially for academic research activities. Now, Shenyang Palace Museum is established as a center for academic exchange, research and information. In the academic research of Shenyang Palace Museum, all efforts are mobilized to expand the content of academic research and to integrate the resources of academic research by cooperation. By studying Shenyang Imperial Palace from the viewpoint of academic, we can further understand the value of Shenyang Imperial Palace as a world heritage. （Deng Qing 2009, 147）

Its most significantly historical value is the record of the rising of Qing Dynasty, its most significantly artistic value is the cultural spirit of Manchu, and its most significantly scientific value is the outstanding representative of national architecture. (Li Xiaoli 2014, 1）The value of Shenyang Imperial Palace is mainly reflected on its early cultural implication, palace culture source, color painting status and age, architectural complex integrity and so on. （Deng Qing 2009, 148）

By connecting Shenyang Palace Museum with "Forbidden City Science" (故宫学)and conducting academic research under the framework of "Forbidden City Science" (故宫学), many researchers have comprehensively improved the academic research level, academic reputation, academic communication and cooperation between Shenyang Palace Museum and domestic academic circles. There are still abundant treasures in Shenyang Imperial Palace, waiting for us to drill. (Deng Qing 2009, 146-148）

References

Deng Qing 邓庆（2009）研究型博物馆的理论与实践-以沈阳故宫为例[The Theory and Practice of Research Museums - A Case Study of Shenyang Palace Museum] Liaoning辽宁：Shenyang Palace Museum 沈阳故宫博物院

Li Xiaoli 李晓丽（2014）沈阳故宫的价值学研究[Study on the value of Shenyang Imperial Palace] Liaoning辽宁：Shenyang Palace Museum 沈阳故宫博物院

News/Nation（2019）沈阳故宫博物院的古建筑重新向公众开放[Ancient building of Shenyang Palace Museum reopens to public] China中国：Xinhua新华网

Candice Song（2021）沈阳故宫[Shenyang Imperial Palace] Liaoning辽宁 :Shenyang沈阳 Chinese Highlights中国亮点

Questions

1. How long has the complex been standing?

2. Why is Shenyang Imperial Palace famous?

3. When was the palace entitled "Historic Culture Relics Preserved Buildings"?

4. At what period were Shengjing Imperial Palace continued and completed?

5. What are features of the west part?

6. What is the legend about the origin of the chair?

潘彤 63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes

Please upload your power point here: Media:Mogao_2024.pptx

63.景观与旅游：莫高窟 简介 莫高窟的标志性建筑ruhr-uni-bochum. de/uvu/index. php/File:Iconic_Building_of_Mogao_Grottoes. jpg 莫高窟，又称千佛洞，建于敦煌市东南25公里处鸣沙山东麓的悬崖峭壁上。现存洞窟492个（保存完好），内有泥塑彩绘佛像2400多尊，壁画45000平方米，南区崖壁上有5座木结构建筑。北区悬崖上还有300多个洞窟，既是僧侣和画家的居室，也是他们的葬身之地。莫高窟附近还有一些石窟寺：西千佛洞（22个洞窟）、榆林石窟（42个洞窟）、东千佛洞（23个洞窟，其中8个洞窟有壁画和塑像）、无庙石窟（5个洞窟）。（樊锦诗，2010年，170页） 这些石窟的建造年代、内容和艺术风格与莫高窟十分相似，因此常被称为敦煌石窟。从公元4世纪到14世纪，石窟都是由僧侣利用捐赠者的资金建造的。主要的洞窟通常由佛教僧侣、地方统治精英以及中原帝王等赞助人赞助，其他洞窟则由商旅、军官和当地的人（如妇女团体）资助。（沙武田，2020年，122页） 莫高窟的历史 莫高窟并非一日建成。根据唐朝的相关记载，公元366年，一位名叫乐僔的僧人在敦煌游历。有一天，他在鸣沙山悬崖对面的三危山上看到了佛像，于是这位虔诚的信徒便在悬崖上开凿了第一个洞窟。后来，法良和尚来到这里，与他一起在洞中修行。此后的一千多年里，越来越多的洞穴被开凿出来。（惠特菲尔德，1990 年，第8页） 到了北凉时期，这里已经形成了一个小型的僧侣社区。这些洞窟最初只是作为隐士僧侣的冥想修行之所，但后来发展为服务于附近兴起的寺院。北魏和北周的统治家族成员在此修建了许多石窟，并在短暂的隋朝兴盛一时。到了隋唐时期，莫高窟已成为人们朝拜和朝圣的地方。隋朝时，河西走廊由中央政权控制。皇帝们虔诚地信奉佛教，下令在全国各地修建佛塔。因此，莫高窟在37年内开凿了100多个洞窟。（樊锦诗，2010年，第175-178页） 道教王元禄 ruhr-uni-bochum. de/uvu/index. php/File:Taoist_Wang_Yuanlu. jpg 到了唐代，石窟的数量已超过一千个。在此期间，敦煌成为丝绸之路的主要商业枢纽和重要的宗教中心。大量石窟都是在这一时期修建的，包括遗址中的两尊大佛像，其中最大的一尊是在695年修建的，当时唐朝女皇武则天在一年前下诏在全国各地修建巨型佛像。845年，武宗下令对佛教徒进行迫害，敦煌遗址躲过了这一劫，因为当时敦煌在西藏的控制之下。作为边陲重镇，敦煌曾在不同时期被其他非汉族人占领。唐代以后，敦煌逐渐衰落，元代以后完全停止了新石窟的建造。五代十国时期和北宋时期，莫高窟由曹议金保管。（马世昌，2010年，303页）之后，他的后代治理敦煌府，并修建了多个家族石窟，如第55窟。（高秀君，2016年9月） 明朝时期，丝绸之路最终被废弃，敦煌也慢慢人口减少，被外界遗忘。莫高窟的大部分洞窟被废弃。然而，二十世纪初，莫高窟又重新成为当地人朝圣和膜拜的地方。1900年 6月 22日，道士王圆箓在清理第161窟的沙土时，在走廊的墙壁上发现了一个宝库，里面有大量的佛经经卷、旧行政文书、刺绣作品和绘画。自此，敦煌闻名于世。中外学者都对这些发现进行了广泛的研究。（斯坦因，1912年，第2卷） 艺术 莫高窟的艺术主要包括三个方面：建筑结构、壁画和雕塑。莫高窟的结构形式主要有三种：精舍、支提窟和带倒漏斗形天花板的大厅。十六国（包括北魏、西魏和北周）早期石窟的主要形式是中央有柱的支提窟。壁画可分为七类：佛教人物、佛经插图、佛教故事、佛教历史画、中国神话、供养人和装饰图案。壁画中的佛教故事可分为三种类型： 佛本生、佛陀的生平和命运故事。佛本生讲述了释迦牟尼在世时的善行，如舍身喂饿虎。至于雕塑，则是在木架上被建造，垫上芦苇，然后用灰泥塑模，最后涂上颜料。（段文杰，1994年，第163页） 王子以身饲虎 北魏第251窟 ruhr-uni-bochum. de/uvu/index. php/File:Cave_251_in_Northern_Wei. jpg 十六国时期的艺术风格在北魏逐渐从原始、简朴转向了轻松、优美的风格，表现为人物体态匀称、面容憔悴。到了北周，从人物造型上可以看出，融合了外来和本土风格的中国艺术逐渐走向民族化。（樊锦诗，2010年，第174页） 隋代造像的特点是身体粗壮、头大、面方、腿短。石窟变得宽敞，更适合绘制大型绘画，如佛经插图和巨幅佛陀说法图。工笔画大胆遒劲，线条繁复流畅。例如，第420窟天花板上的《妙法莲华经》在有限的空间内展示了大量山林、河流、建筑等情节。隋代的题材和艺术显示了传统艺术的重要发展，预示着一个辉煌新时代的到来。（段文杰，1994年，第164页） 唐代第68号石窟 ruhr-uni-bochum. de/uvu/index. php/File:Cave_68_in_Tang_Dynasty. jpg 唐代石窟规模宏大，洞顶呈倒漏斗状。壁画多为巨幅佛经故事画，场景规整，构图匀称。当时的人物面部圆润丰满，眉毛弯弯，表现了唐代人的审美情趣。第220窟的壁画中，皇帝和大臣们听经的形象栩栩如生。皇帝身边的大臣们各有不同的容貌和表情。有的自然雍容，有的小心翼翼。这些比例匀称的彩绘佛像在制作过程中更加细致入微，让我们看到了庄严肃穆的佛像。（樊锦诗，2010年，第174页） 此外，高大的巨型佛像也开始出现。其中最突出的是第96窟的一尊34米高的唐代早期佛像。公元781-848年，河西地区落入藏区。因此，出现了一个有趣的变化：在壁画中，藏王取代了中原皇帝的位置。（樊锦诗2010 年，175页） 到了五代十国和北宋时期，这一时期雕刻的石窟规模很大，形式和布局也各不相同。造像和壁画的题材和风格仍受唐代的影响，但在色彩的运用和绘画技法上呈现出淳朴的民间风格。从9世纪到12世纪，维吾尔族一直在敦煌活动。其艺术风格带有汉族和维吾尔族的印记。维吾尔壁画的总体特点是题材简单、布局松散、笔触直接而粗犷。（荣新江，1999年，248页） 人物形象具有某些少数民族的特征。西夏时期（1036-1227年），大部分石窟都进行了修缮和重修，由于崖壁有限，仅修建了10个石窟。与同时代的榆林石窟相比，敦煌壁画展示的是《净土经》，内容较为简单。元代（1227-1372年）仅存27个洞窟。但第3窟的壁画仍保留了唐宋的技法，即用不同的画法描绘人物的不同部位，如铁线纹、兰叶纹、折芦纹等。自15世纪以来，莫高窟在明清时期逐渐荒废。（荣新江，1999年，248页） 元代第3号石窟 ruhr-uni-bochum. de/uvu/index. php/File:Cave_3_in_Yuan_Dynasty. jpg 术语和表述 hermit 隐士 stupas 舍利塔 Emperor Wuzong ofTang Dynasty 唐武宗 Vihara 精舍 Chaitya 支提窟 stucco 灰泥 Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼 Sutras 佛经 问题 1. What do Dunhuang Grottoes refer to? 2. Who built the first cave and when? 3. In 1900, who found the treasure-house in Mogao Grottoes and what were stored in it? 4. How many aspects does the art of Mogao Grottoes mainly consists of and what are they respectively? 5. What are the characteristics of the statues in Sui Dynasty? 参考文献 Fan Jinshi 樊锦诗. (2010). 敦煌石窟 [The Caves of Dunhuang]. Gansu: The Dunhuang Academy 敦煌研究院. Gao Xiujun 高秀军. (2016). 敦煌莫高窟第55窟研究 [Research on the 55th Grotto of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang]. Lanzhou University 兰州大学. MA Shichang. (2010). Buddhist Cave-temples and the Cao Family at Mogao Ku, Dunhuang. MA Shichang, 27(2), 303-317. Rong Xinjiang 荣新江. (2010). 敦煌藏经洞的性质及其封闭原因 [The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for Its Sealing]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 上海古籍出版社. Sha Wutian 沙武田. (2020). 佛教供养与政治宣传——敦煌莫高窟第156窟供养人画像研究 [Buddhist offerings and Political Propaganda - A Study on the Portrait of the Patron of the 156th Grottoes in Dunhuang]. 中原文物 Cultural Relics in Central Plain, No. 215, 118-128. Stein, M. Aurel. Ruins of Desert Cathay. (1912). Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, volume 2. London: Macmillan. Suemori Kaoru. (2020). "Thousand-Buddha images in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Religious spaces created by polychromatic patterns". Kyoto: Hozokan. Duan Wenjie. (1994). Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie. Abhinav Publications. p. 163. Whitfield, Roderick and Farrer, Anne, Caves of the Thousand Buddhas. (1990). Chinese Art from the Silk Route, British Museum Publications. P . 5-20. https://books. google. ru/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=vYPNqlAMZWAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&dq=info:9v6pr21oST8J:scholar. google. com/&ots=s-uXhnyDBp&sig=u3H7MAh_OpGRS6Iwxoqx0rC5_fo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false https://en. m. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mogao_Caves https://scholar. google. com/scholar?hl=zh-CN&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mogao+grottoes&oq=

Session 5 MW Fri Mar 29 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 5 Student presentations

牟一泓 30. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts

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中文写作:汉字与字体

收集、编纂、分类和教授汉字最早的人，可能是传说中黄帝时期的史家仓颉。根据文献学家的说法，汉字有六类:象形字、指事字、会意字、形声字、转注字、假借字。陕西半坡、临潼江寨、山东莒县出土的许多新石器时代的陶罐上都标有这类符号。其中一些是象形文字，具有汉字的原始形状，证明汉字是作为我们祖先保存记录的符号和标记而进化和发展起来的。

迄今为止发现的最古老的汉字被称为甲骨文(刻在龟壳或动物骨头上的古代汉字)，这在当时已经是很发达的汉字了。这些文字是在商朝的都城河南安阳发现的。大约15万件贝壳和骨头碎片被挖掘出来。在这些碎片上有超过4600个不同的字符，其中超过1000个已被破译出。它们都具备“六书”的汉字构造法则。

除了甲骨文，商末周初还存在刻在青铜器上的文字，这些文字被称为金文或钟鼎文。青铜器上的金文铭文记载了当时的重大事件和活动，反映了当时的社会生活。因此，它们是研究商周两代历史的宝贵资料。

甲骨文、金文虽已发展成为一套较为完备的记录符号，但仍有许多象形文字具有较强的图像元素。这些文字由于结构松散，笔画复杂，难以书写，往往以平直的笔画和潦草的结构来简化。直到西周晚期，甲骨文被统一，以符合一种称为大篆（great seal script）的字体。春秋战国时期，书面语空前广泛和频繁地使用。由于列国的汉字书写习惯不同，相同的汉字有时可以用完全不同的方式书写，例如简化形式或变体形式。

在统一中国并建立封建集权制度后，秦始皇任用李斯统一列国盛行的各种书法风格，并在秦文字的基础上创造了标准化的小篆（small seal script），推动了汉字的发展。新创制的小篆结束了战国以来不同形式文字书写的混乱，为现在的楷书奠定了基础。

小篆成为官方标准文字后不久，就出现了一种叫做俗体字（commoner style）的文字，它是由秦的文字简化而成的，在平民中使用。虽然小篆比早期的字体整洁，但对普通人来说仍然很麻烦。尽管俗体字不是最高标准，但许多人更喜欢使用俗体字，因为它可以写得更快、更方便。最后，一些官方文件开始用俗体字书写。这种字体后来被称为隶书（clerical script）。一个名叫程邈的囚犯收集并整理了俗体字。由于当时的囚犯被称为徒隶，这个俗体字被命名为隶书。这种新文字得到了秦始皇的支持，并被广泛用作小篆的补充。秦时期的隶书称为秦隶（Qin clerical script）或古隶（Archaic clerical script），而汉时期的隶书称为汉隶（Han clerical script）或今隶（Modern clerical script）。

在隶书这一字体中，原本粗壮、弯曲的笔划被修改为平、直、横。它彻底改变了原有的众多象形文字特征，使汉字更具象征意义。隶书是汉时期的主要字体风格。在隶书的基础上，在秦末汉初出现了一种早期的草书（cursive script）字体，称为章草（old cursive script）。章草的笔划连在一起，横笔划仍然是向上的，而它的左落笔划的两端和右落笔划的两段保留了隶书笔法。

东汉、曹魏以后，由隶书、草书演变而来一种新的书写字体，被称为楷书（regular script）。楷书，在隋唐时期进一步发展，成为一种被广泛认可的字体。顾名思义，它是“规则的”，每一个笔划都缓慢而仔细地放置，笔尖从纸上抬起，所有的笔划都彼此不同。

行书（running hand）出现在楷书之后，字体介于楷书和草书之间。与其他字体不同的是，它没有自己特定的风格，笔划相当灵活自然。当用可区分的笔划仔细书写时，行书的文字会非常接近规则的风格；当迅速书写时，它会更接近草书。自金朝以来，大多数书法家都擅长行书。

印刷术发明后，印刷书籍一般采用楷书字体。明末清初，出现了一种新的字体样式：横笔画轻，落笔画重的方形字体。由于方形字体是从宋朝的印刷字体发展而来的，因此这种字体被称为宋体（Song typeface），现在广泛用于印刷报纸和书籍。

Terms and Expressions

Cangjie 仓颉 Pictography & self-explanatory character 象形字

associative compound 会意字 mutually explanatory character 指事字

picto-phonetic character 形声字 phonetic loan character 假借字

synonymous character 转注字 Banpo 半坡

Jiangzhai 姜寨 Lü County 莒县

Jiagu Wen 甲骨文 Anyang 安阳

Jin Wen 金文 Zhongding Wen 钟鼎文

Da Zhuan 大篆 Xiao Zhuan 小篆

Suti Zi 俗体字 Lishu 隶书

Cheng Miao 程邈 Tu Li 徒隶

Gu Li 古隶 Jin Li 今隶

Zhangcao 章草 Xingshu 行书

regular script 楷书 Song typeface 宋体

Questions:

1. Who is the legendary inventor of Chinese characters?

2. What are the six major catergories of Chinese characters? Could you give examples of each catergory?

3. What do you know about Jiagu Wen?

4. What is Jin Wen? Why are Jin Wen inscriptions historically important?

5. Why did the Qin court standardize character writing under Xiao Zhuan?

6. Why did many Qin people prefer Suti Zi to Xiao Zhuan?

7. What is Lishu? What catergories may it fall into?

8. What is Kaishu characterized by?

9. What is Xingshu?

10. What is the Song typeface?

11. What other scripts do you know?

问题:

1. 传说中谁是汉字的发明者?

2. 汉字的六大类别是什么?你能举例说明每一类吗?

3. 你对甲骨文了解多少?

4. 金文是什么?为什么金文铭文具有重要的历史意义?

5. 秦朝为什么用小篆规范汉字书写?

6. 为什么很多秦人喜欢俗体字而不喜欢小篆?

7. 隶书是什么?它可能属于哪些类别?

8. 楷书的特点是什么?

9. 什么是行书?

10. 宋体是什么?

11. 你还知道其他什么字体吗?

李舒婧 82. Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song

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A. 唐宋八大家

唐宋八大家简介

唐宋八大家分别是唐代的韩愈、柳宗元和宋代的欧阳修、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、王安石、曾巩。这个头衔最早出现在《唐宋八大家文钞》。其中，韩愈、柳宗元是唐代古文运动的领袖，而欧阳修和“三苏”（苏洵、苏轼、苏辙）是宋代古文运动的核心人物。王安石、曾巩是临川文学的代表人物。在“三苏”（苏洵、苏轼、苏辙）中，苏洵是他们的父亲，苏轼是哥哥。苏轼与王安石、曾巩是欧阳修的学生。 （周振甫 2016， 25） 总之，他们都崇尚散文，反对骈文，对当时和后世的文学界都产生了深远的影响。他们接二连三的古文创新浪潮，改变了诗歌和散文的陈旧面貌。（房本文 2013，1）

1.韩愈

韩愈是唐代的文学家、哲学家和思想家。他是河阳人，现在是河南省焦作市。韩愈在宋代被苏轼誉为“文起八代之衰”，也是唐宋八大家的掌门人。韩愈与柳宗元互称“韩柳”，其散文与杜甫的诗并称为“杜诗韩笔”。他以四十卷《韩昌黎集》、十卷《外集》和《师说》等伟大著作享有“文章巨公”和“百代文宗”的美誉。（侯本塔 2014，135） 他与柳宗元虽然在政治观点上存在分歧，但仍与柳宗元在古文运动中合作。作为先行者，他们都反对过分追求骈文的形式，而是支持先秦和汉代的散文，都强调文章内容的重要性，以扩大文言写作 的表现功能。（何蕾2017，159）

2. 柳宗元

柳宗元是唐代的文学家、哲学家和思想家。他的祖籍是河东，现在在山西省运城市永济地区。他被称为“柳河东”、“河东先生”，以及“柳柳州”，因为他正式结束了柳州刺史的任职。他生于长安，贞元九年进士及第，后任监察御史。 他与韩愈并称为“韩柳”，与刘玉玺并称为“刘柳”，与王维、孟浩然、韦应物并称为“王孟韦柳”。在不到50年的一生中，他给我们留下了600多首诗歌，在写作方面的成就超过了诗歌。《柳河东集》是他的代表之一。（周振甫 2016， 26） 他是一位思想深邃的哲学家和伟大的文学家，重视文章的内容，主张著作要实用。因此，他关注文学的社会功能，强调文学应该造福世界。而且，他主张思想内容和艺术形式的完美结合，对写作态度严肃。这意味着，作家有高度的道德修养是很重要的。（张剑2019， 1）

3. 欧阳修

欧阳修是北宋时期的政治家、文学家、历史学家和诗人。他被称为“六一居士”，意思是一万卷书，一千卷金石遗文，一张琴，一局棋，一壶酒和一老翁。他出生于绵州，今四川绵阳市，故乡是蓟州永丰，今江西省吉安市永丰县。 欧阳修的诗、词、散文都是一时之冠。他的诗流畅、抒情、委婉，具有相似的散文风格，强调气势，同时保持自然流畅。他的词深邃而优雅，继承了南唐的余风。《欧阳文忠集》是他的代表作之一。 欧阳修继承并发扬了韩柳古诗的优良传统，开创了北宋诗文革新运动。作为这场运动的领导者，他不仅赶走了文学界的旧写作风格，而且凭借自己独特的风格和高超的才华，开辟了诗歌的新风格和新的创作领域。他取得了新的成果，将诗歌和散文的创作推向了新的高度。（侯本塔 2014， 136）

4. 苏洵

苏洵是四川梅山人。年轻时，他学习成绩差。19岁那年，他娶了郑太太。后来，他在27岁时下定决心要努力学习。经过十年的努力，他在学术领域取得了巨大的进步。 苏洵是一个充满政治野心的人。他说，他作品的主要目的是“为世界说话”，并“适用于当下”。他在《衡论》、《上皇帝书》等一些重要的议论文中提出了一整套政治创新思想。由于对社会现实的深刻理解，他善于总结过去历史的经验和教训。因此，撇开他的政治话语中的某些迂腐和偏见的观点，其中许多观点仍然是正确的。

5. 苏轼

苏轼，绰号“东坡居士”，是四川眉山人。他是著名的文学家、书法家、散文家、词作家、诗人，是北宋豪放派的代表。 苏轼被称为“中国古代第一全才”。他被认为是中国几千年历史上文学艺术造诣最杰出的人物之一。他在散文上与韩愈并称为“韩朝素海”，与欧阳修并称为“欧苏”，与黄庭坚并称为“苏黄”，在词曲上与辛弃疾并称为“苏辛”。（周振甫 2016， 28） 苏轼的文学观点与欧阳修一致，但他更强调文学的原创性、表现力和艺术价值。他的文学思想强调“为特定目的而创作”，崇尚自然，摆脱束缚。（张剑 2019， 1）苏轼是继欧阳修之后北宋文坛的领军人物。而且，北宋四大文人黄庭坚、秦观、赵不之、张磊，都曾受过他的培养、欣赏和推荐，所以被称为“苏门四学士”。

6. 苏辙

苏辙出生于梅州梅山，今四川省。嘉佑二年（公元1057年），苏辙与哥哥苏轼一起攀登金石支。 苏辙的散文展现出深邃醇厚的精神。他对古代文字有自己的看法。在《上枢密韩太尉书》一书中，他提出了“文体”理论。他在政治和历史方面表现出色。在他的政治著作中，如《新论》和《六国论》，他主要讨论世界事务。从这些作品中，我们可以吸取过去的教训，批判当下的问题。他在改革方面也非常有见地。此外，他在作赋方面也相当出色，比如他的作品《墨竹赋》。（周振甫 2016， 29）

7. 王安石

王安石，暮年又称半山王安石，封为景国公。他出生于北宋临川，即今江西省抚州市。 王安石不仅是一位杰出的政治家和思想家，也是一位才华横溢的文学家。为了实现自己的政治理想，他将文学创作与政治活动紧密联系在一起，强调文学首先要以服务社会为目标。这意味着，他强调文章的现实功能和社会效果，主张文学与道家的统一。他的散文在很大程度上贯彻了他的文学观点，即启蒙供世界使用的政治法令。（周振甫 2016， 30）

8. 曾巩

曾巩被誉为“南丰先生”。他出生于江西省抚州市南丰县。嘉友二年（公元1057年），出位进士。作为北宋的政治家和散文家，唐宋八大家之一，他也是“南丰七曾”之一，包括曾巩、曾肇、曾布、曾纡、曾纮、曾协、曾敦。 曾巩是欧阳修古代散文运动的支持者和参与者。他提倡先道后文。（张建 2019，1）他的散文自然而简单，很少关注文学的优雅。在八大家中，他是最不亲切的一个。他的文章很少是抒情作品，而大多是论证和叙述。（周振甫 2016， 31）他的散文善于论证，如《上欧阳舍人书》、《上蔡学士书》。在这些作品中，他论证了紊乱的治疗方法，并表达了自己的深切感受。

9. 古文运动与文艺复兴的比较

虽然从古代散文运动到意大利文艺复兴有七八百年，但它们都分别发生在其历史的中古时期。同样，他们都继承了古典文化的精髓，进一步完成了文学复古的历史使命。因此，我们可以将他们视为其文化中的历史高峰。（芦思宏2016， 71） 意识形态比较： 唐宋古代散文运动主张恢复先秦、后汉的儒家思想，实现在文学中传承道的现实目标。（芦思宏2016， 73）它反对六朝以来的平行散文和浮动风格，而是温和而诚实的诗歌概念。而文艺复兴则以古典文化为工具，强烈批判中世纪神学，发扬古希腊和罗马的人文主义和科学理性精神。（王亚平2001， 8）他们的前提和基础是他们自己的经典思想。 写作风格的比较： 两次复古运动都以复古风格为标志，还原了古代散文的创作模式，从而推动了文学运动的进程。唐宋古代散文运动研究了前秦、汉时期的朴素语言风格，而文艺复兴则恢复了古希腊文雅优美的特征。（芦思宏2016，76） 文学形式的比较： 古代散文运动不仅纠正了六朝浮动、僵化的写作风格，也为后世散文的发展奠定了良好的基础。它以零散的单句形式出现，少了华丽和多余的典故，但更多的是口语化的语言。（何蕾 2017， 159）文艺复兴时期的文学作品虽然继承了古典主义的优雅风格，但在文体创作方面还是发生了明显的变化。受文学理论和作品的影响，意大利文学在形式上表现出创新。正如朱光潜先生所说：“意大利文学是不同于古典文学的新型文学。（芦思宏2016，81）

B. Terms and Expressions

The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters 唐宋八大家

Banknotes of Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties 《唐宋八大家文钞》

Ancient Prose Movement 古文运动

parallel prose 骈文

The Decline of Eight Generations 文起八代之衰

The Article Giant 文章巨公

Admired Literate of One Hundred Generations 百代文宗

Han Changli Collection 《韩昌黎集》

External collection 《外集》

The Teacher's Theory《师说》

Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties 先秦两汉时期

writing in classical Chinese 文言文

feudal provincial of Liuzhou 柳州刺史

official supervisor of imperial censor 监察御史

Liu He Dong Colloection 《柳河东集》

Northern Song Dynasty 北宋

a thousand volumes of collections of inscriptions 金石遗文一千卷

Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties 三代

the crown of that time 一时之冠

Southern Tang Dynasty 南唐

Yu Feng 余风

The Anthology of Ouyang Wenzhong Gong 《欧阳文忠公文集》

the Northern Song Dynasty poetry innovation movement北宋诗文革新运动

Heng Lun 《衡论》

Duke Jingguo 荆国公

The Book to the Emperor 《上皇帝书》

Dongpo Jushi 东坡居士

Ci writer 词人

Unconstrained Ci School豪放派

literary and artistic attainments 文学艺术造诣

the first all-round talent in ancient China 中国古代第一全才

Su Men Four bachelors 苏门四学士

the Book to Han Tai Wei in Privy Council 《上枢密韩太尉书》

The New Theory《新论》

On the Six Kingdoms 《六国论》

Ode 赋

The Ode to Ink bamboo 《墨竹赋》

Seven Zengs of Nanfeng 南丰七曾

the doctrine before the text先道后文

the Book to Ouyang She Ren 《上欧阳舍人书》

the Book to Bachelor Cai 《上蔡学士书》

the Six Dynasties 六朝

C. 问题

1. 谁是古文运动的先驱？

2.他们在古文运动中提倡哪种散文?

3、你知道柳宗元的代表作品吗？

4、欧阳修为何被称为“六一书生”？

5、苏洵、苏轼和苏辙是什么关系？

6、谁是“南丰七曾”？

7.、你对文艺复兴时期有所了解吗？

引用

Fang Wenben 房本文. (2013). 士族兴衰与骈散消长—唐代古文运动发微 [The rise and fall of nobles and parallel prose- The subtleties of the Ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty]. Nanking: Nanking University 南京大学.

Hou Benta 候本塔. (2014). 论唐、宋古文运动中的韩愈与欧阳修 [On Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu in the Tang and Song Dynasties]. 三峡大学学报(人文社会科学版) Journal of Three Gorges University (Humanities and Social Sciences edition) 36(S1):135-137.

He Lei 何蕾. (2017). 中唐古文运动：社会转型背景下的文体之变 [The Ancient Prose Movement in the Middle Tang Dynasty: Stylistic Changes in the Context of social transformation]. 青海社会科学 Qinghai Social Sciences (03):156-162.

Lu Sihong 芦思宏. (2016). 略论中西文学的复古倾向—以唐代古文运动与意大利文艺复兴为例 [On the retro tendency in Chinese and Western Literature - a case study of the Ancient Prose Movement in Tang Dynasty and the Italian Renaissanc]. 中外文化与文论 Chinese and Foreign culture and literary theory (01):71-81.

Wang Yaping 王亚平. (2001). 论西欧中世纪的三次文艺复兴 [On the three Renaissance in The Middle Ages in Western Europe]. 东北师大学报 Journal of Northeast Normal University (06):1-8.

Zhangjian 张剑. (2019). 唐宋古文运动的文学维度 [The literary dimension of the Ancient Prose Movement in Tang and Song Dynasties]. 人民政协报 People's Political Consultative Conference News 10-28(010).

Zhangjian 张剑. (2019). 唐宋古文运动的思想维度 [The ideological dimension of the Ancient Prose movement in Tang and Song Dynasties]. 人民政协报 People's Political Consultative Conference News 08-26(010).

Zhao Kun 赵鲲. (2016). 中国文学中的两大文学变革运动—古文运动与“五四”新文学运动之比较 [A comparison between the two major literary revolutions in Chinese literature - the Ancient Prose Movement and the May 4th New Literary Movement]. 解放军艺术学院学报 Journal of Pla Art Academy (01):113-119.

Zhou Zhenfu 周振甫. (2016). 唐宋八大家论 [On the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties]. 中华活页文选(教师版) Chinese Loose-leaf Selections (Teachers' edition) (12):25-31.

Teacher content

Continue with powerpoint to introduce traditional models of ethnocentric view on cultures, scientific, dialectic, dialogic, and a new model to view cultures as heterogeneous and mixed

Information: Apr 4 is Qingming holiday in China, Apr 5 will also be free, it is a so-called Bridge Day, the classes of Apr 5 will be moved to Sunday (!) Apr 7.

Session 6 OD Sun Apr 7 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 6 Student presentations

宋成爽 76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China

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罗嘉怡 77. Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas

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文学：古代文学——《山海经》

1.概述 中国古代文学作品《山海经》，又称《大荒经》，是由多位作者编撰而成的一部中国经典著作，是上古地理、历史神话和奇禽异兽的汇编。它在很大程度上是对中国先秦时期神话般的地理文化的描述，也是中国神话的集合。全书共分为十八卷，记载了550多座山脉和300多条河流。 它的内容不是单纯的叙述。它的“情节”涉及对《山经》《海外经》《海内经》《大荒经》中大方向位置的具体描述。这些描述通常是关于医学药物、飞禽走兽和地理特征的。其中大部分生物是普通正常的，但也有许多是充满幻想色彩、瑰丽奇异的。《山海经》每一章的文本内部呈现为平面铺排式的网络状，结构大致相同，整本书的章节结构也以同样的方式排布。《山海经》的各个章节非常像游记，每个章节都集中在一个特定的地区，从中部地区（中原）开始，向各个方向延伸，直到延展到围绕中部地区四海之外的偏远地区。这本书生动地描述了海内外的不同种族、神明形力、奇珍异植和各个地区特有的矿物，并记载了有关它们的有趣信息，包括诸神的历史和行为活动。这本包罗万象的奇书还包含有关早期医学（包括阳痿和不孕症的治疗方法）、占卜、祭祀的典礼仪式以及已知和未知的动植物的重要信息。它为我们描述了上古时期的地理画卷，从中国中部的著名山脉向外延展到海外的土地。总的来说，它起到了向导的作用，通过它，我们可以更多地了解古代的世界。（麦克 2001：679; Srisinthon 2018：104; 孙玉珍 2003： 109， 110）

2.作者 《山海经》的作者和成书时间都存在争议。最早这本书被认为是大禹或伯益等上古神话人物写就。现代汉学家普遍认为这本书并不是出自一人之手，而是从战国中后期到汉代初中期的众多学者不断修改增订而成。目前，根据杨兴慧和罗大和的最新研究，《山海经》是由伯益肇始、口述，并由其子孙口口相传，到周初时，由宅皋狼或衡父成书，并由造父献给周穆王，从而流传于世。（杨兴慧/罗大和 2016： 66， 73）

3.书中的神话生物 《山海经》所塑造的神话英雄形象具有浪漫主义特质,凝聚了远古先民对道德、力量、生命、自然的敬畏与崇拜,是远古先民智慧的结晶。这些神话英雄形象虽然各有异同,但也具有一定的共性特征。首先,他们都承载了远古先民的原始生命观。其次,神话英雄形象具有精神领袖的特质。最后，神话英雄形象是超然物外的神灵而非凡人。（薛正英 2016： 174， 180）书中的神话生物可分为四种：人兽同体的形象、异族人物形象、珍奇异兽的形象、仙草神木的形象。其中一些在亚洲文化中众所周知的形象很受欢迎，例如九尾白狐、凤凰、女娲、后羿。这些形象充满古人对生命起源的沉思和对自然的探索。这种超现实主义对中国传统文化产生了深远的影响。其中一些形象表达了中国古代祖先对和平的追求。后来，热爱和平也成为了中华民族永久的理想追求。（项薇 2021： 25-26） 以下是书中部分典型神话生物的一些图片和简要介绍。

一只九尾白狐。传说中，它是中国最伟大的治水人大禹和他的妻子涂山氏的媒人。

鲛人，一种类似于美人鱼的生物，专门织造鲛纱。根据《搜神记》一书，鲛人看起来像人类，但下半身是一条鱼尾。当他们哭泣时，他们的眼泪会变成珍珠;而他们身体里的油脂人鱼膏可以让一盏长明灯燃烧一千年。

马身龙首的异兽，被称为中山神。

一种名叫狰的五尾生物，专门捕食老虎和豹子等的食肉兽。

一种名叫䑏疏的中国独角兽。

一种类似猴子的生物，被称为举父，擅长远程投掷石块，恐吓其他野兽。

4.发展历程（地位状态的变化） 历史上最早提到《山海经》的是司马迁,因他对其可信性表示了明确怀疑,这对《山海经》在华夏文明传统中的地位产生了根本影响。自汉刘秀整理作《上〈山海经〉表》、晋郭璞首次为注后,一千年间问津者寥寥。后来，20世纪初，西方“神话”概念以及人类学、神话学等现代学术理论与方法传入中国。这些都给《山海经》的地位带来了根本性的变化。从那时起，它不再遭到史学家的诟病，反而成为当代学者所从事的“中国神话”或“中国神话学”研究的基石。（陈帅 2013： 209）

5.对中国文学的影响 《山海经》是记载中国古代早期神话故事和神明历史最早的百科全书，这部作品也是后来中国神话的主要灵感来源。这些神话的系统性呈现在本质上与世界其他地区已知的古代早期神话故事合集不同，那些故事合集由某些形式的连续性叙事构成。而《山海经》缺乏连续性的叙事，其内容是按照神话地理组织的，其中不同的神话元素、主题和生物在地点和方向上都位不同。它没有情节，但书中的神话生物和神话故事引发了丰富多彩的想象。书中的神话生物在中国文学中被广泛引用。《山海经》的内容描述单一简洁，但却极具想象力，这大大影响了中国早期小说的叙述方式和手法。（项薇 2021： 25-26）

The Classic of Mountains and Seas, The Classic of Great Wilderness 《山海经》 Mountains 《山经》 Regions Beyond Seas 《海外经》 Regions Within Seas 《海内经》 Wilderness 《大荒经》 Yu the Great 大禹 Bo Yi 伯益 modern Sinologist现代汉学家 nine-tailed white fox 九尾白狐 Tushan Shi 涂山氏 Fish Man 鲛人 mermaid 美人鱼 waterproof silk fabric鲛纱 Supernatural Beings 《搜神记》 Mt. Zhongshan 中山神 Zheng 狰 Quanshu 䑏疏 Jufu 举父

问题 1.《山海经》分为几个部分？ 2.这本书描述了什么？ 3.这本书是如何组织结构的？ 4.这本书的创作历程是怎样的？ 5.什么对这本书地位的变化有很大的影响？

Session 7 OD Fri Apr 12 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 7 Student presentations

胡煜杰 71. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales

Please upload your power point here: Media:Fairy_tales_2024.pptx

罗杨 81. Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio

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Session 8 OD Fri Apr 19 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 8 Student presentations

陈卓 Chén Zhuó 46. Fine Arts: Painting

Please upload your power point here: Media:Painting_2024.pptx

Terms and Expressions

• Focal point 聚焦点
• Perspective n. 透视法
• Shifting perspective 移动透视
• Freehand brush work 写意
• Fine brush work 工笔
• Sentiment n. 性情
• Gu Kaizhi 顾恺之
• Su Dongpo 苏东坡
• Ni Yunlin 倪云林
• Dong Qichang 董其昌
• Inscription n. 题字
• Seal impression 印章

46. Fine Arts: Painting

Chinese traditional painting dates back to the Neolithic Period about 6, 000 years ago. The colored pottery with painted animals, fish, deer and frogs excavated in the 1920’s indicate that during the Neolithic Period the Chinese had already started to use brushes to paint. Chinese traditional painting is highly valued throughout the world for its theory, expression and techniques. Different from Western paintings, a Chinese painting is not restricted by the focal point in its perspective. The artist may paint on a long and narrow piece of paper or silk all the scenes along the Yangtze River. The picture “Mulan Returns Home” provides an example. It is based on an old story in which Mulan, disguised as a boy, joined the army in her father’s stead and returned home after the war was won. In the picture one can see what people are doing both outside and inside the courtyard and the house. It can be said that the adoption of a shifting perspective is one of the characteristics of Chinese painting. Why do the Chinese artists emphasize the shifting perspective? They try to break away from the restriction of time and space, and include in their pictures both things which are far and things which are near. Also, the artists find that in life people view their surroundings from a mobile focal point. The shifting perspective enables the artists to express freely what he wants to.

According to the means of expression, Chinese painting may be divided into 2 categories: the xieyi (写意) school and the gongbi (工笔) school. The former is marked mainly by exaggerated forms and freehand brush work, while the latter is characterized by a close attention to details and fine brush work. Xieyi, however, is the fundamental approach to Chinese painting. It constitutes an anesthetic theory which, above all, emphasizes the sentiments. Even at ancient times, Chinese artists were unwilling to be restrained by reality. Gu Kaizhi (348-409), a famous artist of the Jin Dynasty (265-420), was the first to put forward the theory of “making the form show the spirit. ” In his opinion, a painting should serve as a means to convey not only the appearance of an object, but express how the artist looks at it. Gu’s views were followed by such theories as “likeness in spirit resides in unlikeness” and “a painting should be something between likeness and unlikeness. ” Guided by these theories, Chinese artists disregard the limitations of proportion, perspective and light. Take Qi Baishi, a modern painter, for example. He does not paint shrimps, insects, birds and flowers as they are in nature; only their essence has been shown as a result of the artist’s long-term observation and profound understanding of the subjects.

Chinese calligraphy and Chinese painting are closely related because lines are used in both. Chinese people have turned simple lines into a highly-developed form of art. Lines are not only to draw contours but to express the artist’s concepts and feelings. For different subjects and different purposes, a variety of lines are used. They may be straight or curved, hard or soft, thick or thin, pale or dark, and the ink may be dry or running. The use of lines and strokes is one of the elements that give Chinese painting its unique qualities.

Traditional Chinese painting is a combination in the same picture of the arts of poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal engraving. At ancient times most artists were poets and calligraphers. Su Dongpo (1037-1101), Ni Yunlin (1306-1374), and Dong Qichang (1555-1636) were all such artists. To the Chinese, “painting in poetry and poetry in painting” has been one of the criteria for excellent works of art. Inscriptions and seal impressions help to explain the painter’s ideas and sentiments and also add decorative beauty to the painting. Ancient artists liked to paint pines, bamboo and plum flowers. When inscriptions like “exemplary conduct and nobility of character” were made, those plants were meant to embody the qualities of people who were upright and ready to help each other under hard circumstances. For Chinese graphic art, poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal engraving are necessary parts, which supplement and enrich one another.

Qi Baishi (1863-1957) is a most celebrated contemporary Chinese artist. He was versatile, and his own criteria of his success placed poetry first, seal-carving second, calligraphy third and painting last. Through long years of practice, Qi evolved a distinctive, personal style. He was able to portray the same subject in either the xieyi or the gongbi styles. What is fascinating about his work is that in some pictures both methods are used. For example, insects done in the gongbi style and flowers in the xieyi style appear in the same picture, and there should be a perfect harmony between them.

Questions

1. How long is the history of Chinese traditional painting?

2. What is the greatest difference between Chinese traditional painting and Western painting?

3. Why do Chinese artists emphasize the shifting perspective?

4. What are the 2 major categries of Chinese painting?

5. What do you know about Gu Kaizhi’s theory of painting? How important is his theory in the history of Chinese painting?

6. What are the 4 components of a Chinese traditional painting? How are painting and poetry related?

7. What are pines, bamboo and plum flowers symbolic of in Chinese traditional painting?

8. What does Qi Baishi think of the relationship between the necessary parts of Chinese graphic art?

9. What is fascinating about Qi’s work?

肖烨 Xiào Yè 67. Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties

Please upload your power point here: Media:Nanking_2024.pptx

Session 9 OD Fri Apr 26 10:00-11:40 room 404

Xiao Ye

6 or 10 dynasties capital? Nanking has good fengshui (harmonious human-nature environment) ; geology looks like dragon and crouching tiger ; Kongmiao, Sun Yat-sen mausoleum; Discussion about John Rabe

Session 9 Student presentations

吴梨萍 Wú Lípíng 61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics

Please upload your power point here: Media:Four_State-Level_Cultural _ Relics_2024.pptx

Wu Liping (must add literature)

Popular rare Chinese treasures; corrects wrong date in textbook, explains key words (traditional terminology, e.g., 后母emperor’s mother) ; Han Dynasty: Ding, bells (“piano”), grave “suits” (Confucian ornament and Longevity: jade; banned during 三国), horse trampling bird (swallow/dove?; knottet tail); significance: enhance cultural learning (context?) ; good discussion about Dongzhongshu and synchretistic use of elements form Confucian and Daoist thought. Pay attention to conceptual language and descriptive categories

李思瑾 Lǐ Sījǐn 21. Beverages: Tea

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Li Sijin

Intro of types and history of tea cultures; distribution / trade routes; “function”: bioactive substances with health impact ; cafein (why did people like tea before scientific rationalization arrives?; culture, aestetic, emotion?) ; culture and social etiqette of making and drinking tea; Other tea cultures (herbal tea?) (must add references)

Session 10 MW Fri May 10 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 10 Student presentations

谭雅兰 Tán Yǎlán 20. Beverages: Milk Tea

Please upload your power point here: File:Milk Tea 2024.pdf

吴梨萍 Wú Lípíng 61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics

裴心弦 Féi Xīnxián 7. Animals: Panda Culture

Please make sure that you do introduce the animal itself, but how the animal is used by humans for example for panda diplomacy or as a national symbal etc. This course is not a biology course, but a culture course! You may even have to rewrite the text of the chapter.

Please upload your power point here: Media:Panda_Culture_2024.pptx

杨子璇 Yáng Zǐxuán 51. Games: Kite Flying

Please upload your power point here: Media:Kites_2024.pptx 游戏：放风筝

介绍 风筝在中国有着悠久的历史，且一直延续至今。在公园、广场和空旷的草地上都能看到风筝的身影。各种造型的风筝十分壮观，为人们的休闲时光增添了许多乐趣。同时，作为一项传统的民族活动，风筝打上了深深的中国文化烙印，充分表达了人们的美好愿景和强身健体的心愿，富有民族特色和地方风味。作为一种民俗，放风筝是一种以休闲和调节身心为目的的游戏和娱乐活动，使人们在工作之余得到休息，有益于强身健体、陶冶情操、培养创造力和道德感。

风筝的起源和发展 风筝作为中国古代文明的重要组成部分，它的故乡在中国。中国近代著名史学家李约瑟在其《中国科学技术史》中，将风筝列为中国人对人类重要的科学发明之一。 发明人：墨子 据考证，中国最早的风筝是木制的。春秋战国时期，墨家创始人墨翟（公元前 478-392 年）花了三年时间，用木头做了一只鸟，放飞到天空后一天才落地。这只墨子制作的 “木鸢”据说是中国最早的风筝，也是世界上最早的风筝，距今已有2000多年的历史。然而，有人对风筝飞翔能力提出了质疑。王充的说法在历代风筝研究中具有代表性，他先是肯定了风筝的飞翔能力，然后又对风筝是否能持续飞翔三天提出了质疑。此外，还有人质疑木鸟和风筝是否是同一种飞行器。他们认为，风筝是一种 "振翅飞行器"，这意味着它是通过拍打翅膀和拍打空气来飞行的。除此之外，风筝也是 "固定翼飞行器"。然而，这些推测几乎没有证据。因此，时至今日，主流观点仍然认为风筝是由墨家发明的。 源自战争 依据这种观点，风筝起源于汉末。这种观点是基于历史上韩信制作风筝的传说。高澄在《事物纪原》卷八中有对风筝的描述，韩信在战争中用风筝测量田地长度。此外，据《史记·韩信列传》记载，韩信用牛皮制作了各种风筝，并让乐师坐在上面，飞到楚军上空吹奏楚歌，让楚军思念家乡，无心作战。在古代，由于朝代更迭和外族入侵，战争不断。风筝作为一种飞行工具，在战争中受到青睐。风筝与战争的渊源虽有争议，但仍有其合理性。 源自娱乐 放风筝作为一种民间游戏和娱乐，是民俗活动的重要组成部分。在古代，人们最初放风筝是为了祛除厄运，是一种带有巫术意味的户外活动，并不是为了娱乐。当这种游戏成为调节社会生活的一种文化需要时，它就带有了娱乐的含义。娱乐是风筝出现的前提之一。放风筝不仅给人们的生活增添了情趣，还能在愉快高效的情境中开展教育。在《五代史记·李晔传》中，就有皇帝等人在宫中猜灯谜、放风筝的历史记载。此外，李晔还在宫中做了一个纸鸢游戏，用竹子做了一个笛子，系在纸鸢的头上。纸鸢在空中飞舞时，随着风的涌动，听起来仿佛有人在弹奏古筝，“风筝”因此得名。由此可见，风筝起源于古人的休闲活动。 风筝的使用和生产

风筝的使用 最初，风筝通常被用作传播信息和测量天空风向的军事工具。春秋时期，鲁班 "作木鸢以觇宋城"。在唐朝，风筝主要发挥娱乐的作用，并在宫廷和民间流行开来。由于唐朝与外国的频繁交流，风筝还传入了朝鲜和日本等邻国。在之后的朝代，人们把放风筝作为锻炼身体的主要方式之一。

风筝的生产 中国传统的风筝放飞技巧概括起来就是四个字：扎、粘、画、放，即扎架、粘纸、画花、放飞。扎包括宣、分、弯、剪、接。粘合包括选择、裁剪、粘合、镶边和校正。绘画包括上色、打底、描摹、染色和修补。放飞包括风、线、放线、调整和收线。2006年5月，风筝制作技艺被列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

风筝的种类 战斗风筝 战斗风筝是用于风筝格斗运动的风筝。传统上大多数都是小型、不稳定的单线扁平风筝，仅靠风筝线的张力来控制，并使用磨料线切断其他风筝的线。 室内风筝 室内风筝是设计用于在无风环境中放飞的风筝。虽然主要是为室内使用而设计，但也可以在室外放飞。当风力不足导致传统风筝无法在室外放飞时，它们可以。室内风筝的放飞是利用放风筝者的运动所提供的相对风力。这种运动通常是由使用者慢慢向后走（通常是在一个圆圈内）而产生的。但也可以通过风筝线的适当牵引和抽动来实现。 载人风筝 载人风筝是一种用于将人从地面抬起的风筝。历史上，载人风筝主要用于侦察和娱乐。随着 20世纪初动力飞行的出现，人们对这种风筝的开发兴趣逐渐减弱。 充气单线风筝 充气单线风筝是一种充气式的风筝。气球风筝就属于充气风筝。这种风筝将冲压充气和闭囊充气结合在一起。风筝的形状大致源于机翼，进气口通常位于风筝的前端，整个底部都有辔头，可以均匀地分配系绳的负荷。这种风筝没有坚硬的支柱。与热气球一样，也常常充满艺术创意，描绘鱼、猫和许多其他动物和人物。

问题 1.风筝因何得名？ 2.中国传统风筝放飞技巧的四个关键词是什么？ 3.风筝种类有哪些？

Session 11 MW Sun May 12 10:00-11:40 room 404

May 1-3 is an extended May First Holiday. The classes of the Bridge Day May 3 need to be moved on Sunday May 12.

Session 11 Student presentations

雷慧婷 4. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan

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喻鑫众 69. Language: Chinese Dialects

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Session 12 MW Fri May 17 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 12 Student presentations

向璐 99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes

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陈佳雯 33. Clothing: Cheongsam

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林如茵 23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing

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Session 13 MW Fri May 24 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 13 Student presentations

罗淑珍 88. Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia

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龙雨涵 92. Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi)

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Session 14 MW Fri May 31 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 14 Student presentations

卢逸萱 45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera

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段思雅 44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up

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Session 15 MW Fri Jun 7 10:00-11:40 room 404

Session 15 Student presentations

谢香琳 40. Education: Modern Chinese Education System

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Session 16 MW Fri Jun 14 10:00-11:40 room 404

Reflection on this semester

Final Exam MW