Basics of Chinese Culture

Porcellain from China is often called "China".

Quicklinks: Unit 1 General Survey | Unit 2 Language and Calligraphy | Unit 3 Traditional Crafts | Unit 4 Tea, Silk and Ceramics | Unit 5 Traditional Cuisine | Unit 6 Fine Arts | Unit 7 Architecture and Gardens | Unit 8 Literature | Unit 9 Beijing Opera and Acrobatics | Unit 10 Wushu and Qigong | Unit 11 Traditional Medicine | Unit 12 Major Religions | Unit 13 Classical Philosophy | Unit 14 China and the Outside World | Tips | Welcome! Exam | Feedback

Powerpoint for download: media:Culture01.pptx media:Culture02.pptx media:Culture03.pptx media:Culture04.pptx media:Culture05.pptx media:Culture06.pptx media:Culture07.pptx media:Culture08.pptx media:Culture09.pptx media:Culture10.pptx media:Culture11.pptx media:Culture12.pptx media:Culture13.pptx

Registration

• Register at the course website https://bit.ly/2RX5Vrq ? (Zoom-Meeting: https://bit.ly/3bH34e3) --Root (talk) 08:52, 26 April 2020 (UTC)
• Click on the top right corner "Login/Create account", then on "request one" (do not type in username and password here).
• complete the form in English with your username (no Chinese, only Pinyin or English), email address, real name (no Chinese, only Pinyin), short biography, you need to accept the rules, type in the first-time password "wikicaptcha" and then click on "request account". The website is in English, so you cannot use Chinese characters. Even if you see characters, the system will only store letters, so you need to type their names in Pinyin.
• After you will have requested the account, you will receive an email with a link to confirm the registration.
• I have to confirm manually (takes a few days).
• After that, you can login to this course website and click on "Edit" to add your homework by yourself and correct homework of fellow students. Please sign all edits you do.
• Please create a userpage for yourself, just click on your name.

Manual

• What to prepare for next session?

1. Tuesday+Wednesday: In the textbook, please read the texts of the next unit and try to answer the questions beneath.

2. Thursday+Friday: Find a Chinese sentence for each topic, translate it into English and paste it here until Friday.

3. Saturday+Sunday: Look at the translations of your fellow students. Correct at least one sentence for each topic.

4. In the session, please be quick when the questions are posed, to answer the questions on the texts.

Unit 1 A General Survey

A. Geography

Text

China is the largest of all the Asian countries and has the largest population of any country in the world. It covers an area of 9,560,900 km2 (3,691,000 square miles), which is approximately one-fifteenth of the land area of the world. According to the latest population census, China’s total population by 2005 had reached 1.35 billion. In both area and population, Europe (excluding Russia) is only half the size of China.

Lying in the northern half of the eastern hemisphere, China is situated in East Asia on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. She stretches for about 5,000 km from east to west and about 5,500 km from north to south. China has a land boundary exceeding 20,000 km in length, and borders 14 countries: Korea in the east; Vietnam, Laos and Burma in the south; India, Bhutan and Nepal in the southwest; Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west; Russia, Kazakstan, Kirghizia and Tajikstan in the northwest; and Mongolia in the north. China faces Japan across the Yellow Sea, and in the southeast she looks toward the Philippines beyond the South China Sea.

China has one of the longest coastlines in the world along its mainland, running 18,000 km from the mouth of the Yalu River on the Chinese-Korean border in the north to the mouth of the Beilung River on the Chinese-Vietnamese border in the south. The eastern part of the Chinese mainland is flanked from the north to the south by the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea, all of which merge with the Pacific Ocean. Over a vast sea area are scattered more than 5,000 islands. Taiwan is the largest island, followed by Hainan and Chongming.

Because of its location in the southeast of the Eurasian Continent and on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, China is well known for its monsoon climate caused by the difference in the heat reserves between the world’s largest continent and the world’s biggest ocean. The polar continental air mass, cold and dry, originating in Siberia, dominates a large part of China during the winter, while the tropical Pacific air mass, hot and humid, exerts its influence during the summer. Most regions in China have a distinct continental climate, a climate of large daily range and annual range of temperature.

The rainfall distribution in China generally decreases from the southeast to the northwest. The annual precipitation of certain places along the southeast coast amounts to over 80 inches. The Yangtze Valley receives about 40 inches. Further north, less than 20 inches are received annually. A grand project of moving water sources from the south to the north is conceived and planned.

The relief of China is high in the west and low in the east, consequently, the direction of flow of the major rivers is generally eastward. The land surface may be divided from west to east into three steps: plateau, mountain and plain. Basically, China is a mountainous country. Hills, mountains and plateaus cover two-thirds of the country’s total area and are inhabited by one-third of the population.

Types of natural vegetation and their floristic composition are quite diverse. The total number of seed plants in China is about 30,000 species, representing 2,700 genera; more than 200 of these genera are restricted to China. There are about 2,500 species of forest trees. Many of them are trees of economic importance such as tung oil trees, camphor trees and lacquer trees. Profusion of vegetation and a variety of relief have fostered the development of a great diversity of animal life. The notable animals are the great paddlefish of the Yangtze, the Siberian tiger in the northeast, the giant salamander in the west, the giant panda and the sub-nosed monkey in the southwest.

In the light of The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, China is a socialist state under the people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliances of workers and peasants. The organs through which the people exercise the state power are the National People’s Congress and the local congresses at different levels. The State Council is the executive body of the highest organ of state administration.

Beijing, the political, cultural and economic center, is the capital of the country. The anthem is “The March of the Volunteers”. The national badge is centered by Tian’anmen Rostrum in the shine of five stars, encircled by grains and a gear, which fully expresses the constitutional category of what the People’s Republic of China is.

Questions

1. How large is China?

It covers an area of 9,560,900 km2 (3,691,000 square miles), which is approximately one-fifteenth of the land area of the world.--DU PEIXI (talk) 14:10, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

2. What are the countries that China borders?

Korea in the east; Vietnam, Laos and Burma in the south; India, Bhutan and Nepal in the southwest; Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west; Russia, Kazakstan, Kirghizia and Tajikstan in the northwest; and Mongolia in the north. --Liu Qinyu (talk) 03:52, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

3. What do you know about China’s coastline?

China has one of the longest coastlines in the world along its mainland, running 18,000 km from the mouth of the Yalu River on the Chinese-Korean border in the north to the mouth of the Beilung River on the Chinese-Vietnamese border in the south. --Jiang Yun (talk) 04:37, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

4. What’s China’s climate like?

Because of its location in the southeast of the Eurasian Continent and on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, China is well known for its monsoon climate caused by the difference in the heat reserves between the world’s largest continent and the world’s biggest ocean.Most regions in China have a distinct continental climate, a climate of large daily range and annual range of temperature. --Jiang Yun (talk) 04:38, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

5. What’s China’s general land surface like?

The land surface may be divided from west to east into three steps: plateau, mountain and plain. Basically, China is a mountainous country. Hills, mountains and plateaus cover two-thirds of the country’s total area and are inhabited by one-third of the population.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 07:09, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

中华人民共和国国徽，中间是五星照耀下的天安门，周围是谷穗和齿轮。 The national emblem of the People's Republic of China is Tiananmen Square in the middle illuminated by five stars, surrounded by ears of grain and gears.

modification:The national emblem of the people's Republic of China, with Tian'anmen in the middle illuminated by five stars, is surrounded by ears of grain and gears.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 11:54, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

2. Chen Qiuxu

The eastern plains and southern coasts of the country consist of fertile lowlands and foothills. They are the location of most of China's agricultural output and human population.

东部平原和南部海岸由肥沃的低地和丘陵地带组成,是中国大部分农业产出和人口的所在地。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:34, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

The eastern plains and southern coasts of the country consist of fertile lowlands and foothills. They are the larea of most of China's agricultural output and human population. 建议：将location换成area也许更加准确，文中的“所在地”侧重于表示“区域”的意思。--Jiang Yun (talk) 02:32, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

中国的面积达500平方米以上的岛屿为6536个，总面积72800多平方公里，岛屿岸线长14217.8公里。其中有人居住的岛屿为450个。 China has 6536 islands covering an area of more than 500 square meters, with a total area of more than 72800 square kilometers and an island coastline of 14217.8 kilometers. The number of inhabited islands is 450.

4. Guo Xinyi

中国地势西高东低，呈阶梯状分布。

The terrain of China is high in the west and low in the east, with a ladder-like distribution.

Tips: 呈……状分布可用sth-like来翻译。--Guo Xinyi (talk) 00:23, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

11. Li Xiangyun

我们绝不允许任何人、任何组织、任何政党、在任何时候、以任何形式、把任何一块中国领土从中国分裂出去！ We never allow any one, any organization, any party, at any time, at any form, to separate any part of Chinese land from China!

12. Liu Li

The eastern part of the Chinese mainland is flanked from the north to the south by the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea, all of which merge with the Pacific Ocean.

译文：在东部，中国大陆从南到北依次与渤海、黄海、东海、南海相接，所有这些海域都与太平洋相连。

翻译心得：

When translating, we should consider the coherence of sentences and pay attention to whether the sentences conform to the requirements of the native speakers’ expression habit.--Liu Li (talk) 09:37, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

中国幅员辽阔，距海远近差异大，加之地势高低不同形成了多种多样的气候。这使得世界上大多数农作物和动植物都能在中国找到适宜生长的地方。

As the vast territory, the different distance from sea, and the various terrain, China get a diverse climate which renders most crops, animals and plants in the world able to find a suitable place to grow.

15. Liu Xiaoting

一年之计在于春,一天之计在于晨 Make your whole year's plan in the spring and the whole day's plan in the morning.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:42, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

18. Luo Xiaodi

中国位于亚洲东部、太平洋的西岸。领土辽阔广大，陆地总面积约960万平方千米。 China lies in the east of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. The territory is vast and vast, with a total land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:49, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

--Ai Xin (talk) 11:06, 11 June 2020 (UTC)====19. Ma Qian==== 我们绝不允许任何人、任何组织、任何政党、在任何时候、以任何形式、把任何一块中国领土从中国分离出去！ We never allow anyone, any organization, any political party, at any time, in any form, to seperate any piece of Chinese territory from China! We should pay attention to the subquence differences between Chinese and English.

Anyone and any organization or political party, are never allowed to seperate any piece of terriotry from China in any form at any time.

21. Peng Yu

In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in , characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independently of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired.

在其他语言中，主要是在日语之中，有时在韩语中，汉字或用来表示起源于中国的借字，或用来表示表示独立于汉语发音的本国字，再或者用来表达纯粹的语音元素，这种语言元素是基于多种形式的汉字而产生的。

如果定语太长，我们可以采用后置译法，并翻译出先行词。 --PengYu Aiden (talk) 04:28, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: With nicknames such as “the roof of the world,” “the Third Pole” and the “Asian water tower,” the Tibetan Plateau, which encompasses an area greater than Western Europe, is a place of great geological and cultural importance. Translation: 拥有“世界屋脊”，“第三极”和“亚洲水塔”等别称的青藏高原，占地面积超过了整个西欧，并且是一个兼具地理和文化双重重要性的地区。

23. Shi Shuwen

Because of its location in the southeast of the Eurasian Continent and on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, China is well known for its monsoon climate caused by the difference in the heat reserves between the world’s largest continent and the world’s biggest ocean. 因为中国位于亚欧大陆东南部、太平洋西海岸，由世界最大板块和最大海洋温度不同而造成的季风气候在中国十分显著。

24. Sun Rui

中国地形多样，其东面和南面，频临海岸线，多为低地与丘陵，地势平缓，土壤肥沃；其西部和北部，多为凹陷的盆地、起伏的高原和高耸的山丘。 The physical features of China are multiples.  The east and south of the country , which border on the coast , are regions of fertile lowlands and foothills. The west and north of China are regions of sunken basins, rolling plateaus, and towering massifs .

28. Yang Yuxin

在中国辽阔的大地上，有雄伟的高原、起伏的山岭、广阔的平原、低缓的丘陵，还有四周群山环抱、中间低平的大小盆地。 In the vast land of China, there are significant plateaus, rolling mountains, broad plains, low hills and basins surrounded by mountains.

(tip: we should use different terms to indicate one thing. )

30. Yu Jing

中国位于亚洲东部、太平洋的西岸。领土辽阔广大，陆地总面积约960万平方千米，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大，居世界第3位，第四位为美国。差不多同整个欧洲面积相等。China locates in the east of Asia, the west of the Pacific Ocean. It has vast territory. The total land area is about 960 square kilometers, nearly the same as all Europe, the third in the world, after Russia, Canada, America the fourth.

locating in the east of Asia, the west of the Pacific Ocean, China has a vast land area of about 960 square kilometers which is after Russia, Canada, the world's third, fourth is the United States and is about the same size as the whole of Europe.--Miranda (talk) 01:32, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

32. Zhou Xiaolan

西方把中国长江通为“扬子江”，但是以中国而言，将长江成为扬子江似乎并不准确，它只是长江的一段。 Translation: The Changjiang River is called the Yangtze River in western countries. But for China, it doesn’t seem accurate because the Yangtze River is part of the Changjiang River.

B. Traditional Festivals

Text

The most popular festivals among all the nationalities are the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival. Besides, the Tomb-Sweeping Day (April 5), the Chinese Valentine’s Day (July 7 of the lunar calendar) and Senior Citizens’ Day (September 9 of the lunar calendar) are more and more popular.

The Spring Festival, the Lunar New Year, is the most important traditional national festival in China. It usually falls in late January or early February. There is some reason for ancient people to begin the year in cold weather. This is the time after the autumn harvest and winter storage, the time before “spring ploughing and summer weeding”---the slack season in farming, time for relaxation and celebrations after a year’s toil, time for looking back to the past and looking forward to the days to come, in short a time for a good, long rest before going to the fields to do backbreaking work again.

Legend has it that a long time ago, there was a ferocious demon called Nian. He would come to do evil things very winter after twelve months had passed. People got together and discussed how to deal with him. Some said that the demon was afraid of the red color, flames and noises. So people put up red couplets on their gates, set off firecrackers and kept on beating gongs and drums to drive Nian away. Nian was terrified and fled, and the customs of celebrating the lunar New Year were passed down. Every year now, Chinese families always clear their houses, set off firecrackers, and post Door-God pictures and couplets on their gates to observe this time-honored festival.

On the eve of the Spring Festival, it is a folk custom to stay up late or all night and pray for peace and prosperity in the coming year. New Year is ushered in at midnight, 12 sharp. A get-together banquet is usually a must for every Chinese family. The most popular food enjoyed by the rich and the poor alike is jiaozi, or dumplings, which is supposed to augur good fortune. On the first day of the new year, everybody, men and women, old and young, put on new clothes and visit relatives and friends to exchange greetings by bowing, saying nice things such as “gongxi” (congratulations) and wishing one the best of everything during the new year.

In recent years, the Spring Festival has become a public holiday. People have several days off from their work, doing whatever they like to do. Family dinners, family travels, dinner parties, going to movies and concerts are the most popular of all the festival activities. The Dragon Boat Festival, or the Duanwu Festival, falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month and is an age-old festival. It is widely accepted that Duanwu is the occasion to commemorate Qu Yuan, China’s great poet of the Warring States Period. People respect Qu for his quest for a way to make his country powerful and prosperous and for his spirit of dedicating himself to his ideals. On the day of Duanwu, the legendary day of his death, people rush from all quarters, rowing dragon boats on the river in an attempt to find his remains, which are supposed to have drifted downstream and never been recovered. People throw bamboo tubes filled with rice into the river as a sacrifice offered to him. It is also the custom to eat zongzi on Duanwu Day, a special rice pudding wrapped up with reed leaves. The fact that Qu Yuan is commemorated at the Duanwu Festival signifies the popularity of a people’s poet. Qu was among the four cultural giants whom the World Peace Council in 1957 called on the whole world to commemorate.

Qu Yuan (340 BC–378 BC) was born into an aristocratic family of the Chu state. Trusted by King Huai of Chu, Qu was appointed as zuotu, an important post assisting the king in handling internal and diplomatic affairs. During his office, Qu advised the king to appoint virtuous and talented people to important positions and rule the state by law so as to revitalize Chu. He also proposed that the king form an alliance with the state of Qi against the hegemonic state of Qin. But his proposals did not garner support from the king and other aristocrats. At the same time, Qin played tricks and alienated King Huai from Qu Yuan. Slandered by treacherous court officials, he was dismissed and exiled. Frustrated in his political career, Qu achieved brilliant accomplishments in the field of literature. He was one of the greatest poets, composing many splendid poems. Based on the folk songs of Chu and the Chu dialect, he created a new style of poetry called by later generations the “Elegies of Chu”. His most famous poem is the long lyrical work Li Sao, which amounts to more than two thousand characters. Li Sao, full of rich imaginative expressions and sincere emotions, reveals the poet’s love of his native kingdom of Chu and its people. By adopting symbols and metaphor, Qu wove the myths, legends, historical figures, mountains, rivers, the sun and moon, storms, grass, flowers and so on into lively and magnificent pictures. He also wrote Jiu Zhang (The Nine Hymns) and Jiu Ge (The Nine Songs). His poems have been translated into many foreign languages.

The Mid-Autumn Festival comes on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month, when the moon is supposed to be brighter and fuller than in any other month and the moonlight is the most beautiful. In China, a full moon is also symbolic of family reunion and so, that day is also known as the “day of reunion”. The moon was always looked on as the symbol of brightness, purity and goodness by men of letters in ancient times. There are many beautiful odes to the moon left to us written by poets of previous ages. Besides, many myths and legends are attached to the moon. The most popular one is about Chang E, who flies to the moon and allegedly lives in the Moon Palace. She is believed to be a female, so generally a married woman who has gone to visit her parents must come back to join her husband and the rest of his family on the Mid-Autumn day.

People eat something special on a particular traditional festival. At Mid-Autumn Festival people eat the moon cake. When night falls, with the moon shining overhead and a gentle breeze bringing people a cool air, thousands upon thousands of families sit together in a circle, having a table placed in the courtyard under the moon, on which incense is burned and fruits of all varieties in season are spread. At the center is a big moon cake cut into a number of slices equal to the number of people in the family. On this day, people can really enjoy the harmony and happiness of family life.

Questions

1. What special Chinese food do we have on traditional festivals?

The Spring Festival:dumplings;The Dragon Boat Festival:zongzi,rice dumpling;The Mid-Autumn Festival,mooncake--DU PEIXI (talk) 14:29, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

2. How is the Spring Festival celebrated at home and abroad?

A get-together banquet is usually a must for every Chinese family. The most popular food enjoyed by the rich and the poor alike is jiaozi, or dumplings, which is supposed to augur good fortune. On the first day of the new year, everybody, men and women, old and young, put on new clothes and visit relatives and friends to exchange greetings by bowing, saying nice things such as “gongxi” (congratulations) and wishing one the best of everything during the new year. --Jiang Yun (talk) 04:41, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

3. Why is the Dragon Boat Festival so named? How is it related to Qu Yuan?

It is widely accepted that Duanwu is the occasion to commemorate Qu Yuan, China’s great poet of the Warring States Period. On the day of Duanwu, the legendary day of his death, people rush from all quarters, rowing dragon boats on the river in an attempt to find his remains, which are supposed to have drifted downstream and never been recovered.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 07:17, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

古时候，人们为了驱逐黑暗的恐惧感，灯笼衍生为具有驱魔降福、祈许光明之意。 In ancient times, the meaning of lanterns transferred into expelling evil to obtain the light of happiness for people banished the fear of dark.

modification:In ancient times, lanterns were derived with the meaning of exorcism, blessing, and praying for light in order to expel the fear of darkness.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:04, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

2. Chen Qiuxu

Long, long had been my road and far, far was the journey; I would go up and down to seek my heart’s desire.

路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索。

tips:古诗词的翻译需要平时多积累。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:35, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

Falling on the 15th day of the 8th month according to the Chinese lunar calendar, the Mid-Autumn Festival is the second grandest festival in China after the Chinese New Year. It takes its name from the fact that it is always celebrated in the middle of the autumn season. The day is also known as the Moon Festival, as at that time of the year the moon is at its roundest and brightest. 中秋节是中国农历八月十五日，是继春节之后的第二个盛大的节日。它之所以得名，是因为它总是在中秋节庆祝。这一天也被称为中秋节，因为在一年中的那个时候月亮是最圆最亮的。

4. Guo Xinyi

到了唐宋年间，节日生活从充满迷信、禁忌的神秘气氛中解放出来，而向着世俗化、娱乐型的方向转变，成为民间意义上的“佳节良辰”。

In the Tang and Song dynasties, the festival life was free from the mysterious atmosphere full of superstition and taboos, and started to develop towards secularization and entertainment to become a real happy festival of folks.

Tips: “成为民间意义上的佳节良辰”可看作“向着世俗化、娱乐型方向转变”的结果，所以可用to do

11. Li Xiangyun

中秋节始于唐朝初年，盛行于宋朝，至明清时，已成为与春节齐名的中国主要节日之一。 The Mid-Autumn Festival began in the Tang Dynasty and got popular in the Song Dynasty. It had become one of the main festivals in China until the Ming and Qing Dynasty, just as the Spring Festival.

12. Liu Li

People respect Qu for his quest for a way to make his country powerful and prosperous and for his spirit of dedicating himself to his ideals 译文：人们敬佩屈原，因为他终其一生都在为国家寻求一条富强之路，并最终为自己的理想献身。 --Liu Li (talk) 09:43, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

中华人民共和国国庆节是国家独立的一种象征，是伴随着新中国成立而出现的，并且变得尤为重要。

With the founding of new China, National Day of the People’s Republic of China is a symbol of independence, and it becomes more and more important to us.

As a symbol of independence, National Day of the People’s Republic of China appeared with the founding of new China and became ,ore and more important.--Miranda (talk) 02:30, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

15. Liu Xiaoting

但愿人长久，千里共婵娟 Here's to long life this loveliness we share even a thousand miles apart!--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:44, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

18. Luo Xiaodi

春节民俗经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。 Spring Festival folklore was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of state-level intangible cultural heritage.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:51, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

During the Spring Festival, the capacity of China's railway system is highly challenged. 春节期间，中国铁路系统的载客量面临着巨大的挑战. --Ma Qian (talk) 05:46, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

21. Peng Yu

One of the truly unique features of calligraphy that results from these apparently restrictive guidelines is that the viewer is able to mentally retrace, stroke by stroke, the exact steps by which the work was made.

书法蕴含于这些内敛的线条之中最独特的特点是，欣赏者可以根据这一笔一画，在心中重溯书写者的笔走龙蛇的每一步。

长难句要分析好句子成分，拆分句子结构，动词修饰语要一一对应，不能一晃而过，造成修饰错位。 --PengYu Aiden (talk) 04:29, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: “No matter where they live, Chinese try to return home to be with their families for Chinese New Year, just as Americans do for Christmas,” said Dr. Ming Wang, an ophthalmologist and advocate for cultural diversity in Nashville, Tennessee. “This creates the world’s largest annual migration, known as the Spring Festival Travel Rush.” Translation: 来自田纳西纳什维尔的眼科医生、文化多样性倡导者王明说：“不管身在何方，中国人都会回家与家人团圆共度春节，就像美国人过圣诞节一样，这创造了世界上最大的年度迁徙，也就是春运。”

23. Shi Shuwen

百节年为首，春节是中华民族最隆重的传统佳节，它不仅集中体现了中华民族的思想信仰、理想愿望、生活娱乐和文化心理，而且还是祈福攘灾、饮食和娱乐活动的狂欢式展示。 The Spring Festival is the most important traditional festival of the Chinese nation. It not only embodies the Chinese nation's ideological belief, ideal desire, life entertainment and cultural psychology, but also is a carnival of praying for disaster, food and entertainment activities.

The Spring Festival is the most important and ceremonious traditional festival of Chinese nation. It not only embodies the Chinese nation's belief, ideal desire, life entertainment and cultural psychology, but also is a carnival of praying for no disaster, food and entertainment activities. ----Li Xiangyun (talk)

24. Sun Rui

The most important festival in China is the Spring Festival . It is said that the Spring Festival evolved from an activity known as the Winter Sacrifice . It was a custom practiced by the people of primitives society. 春节是中国最重要的节日。据说，春节起源于冬日祭祀这一早期社会习俗。

28. Yang Yuxin

中秋节成为官方认定的全国性节日，大约是在唐代。中秋赏月的风俗在唐代极盛，许多诗人的名篇中都有咏月的诗句。

it's in the Tang Dynasty that Mid-Autumn Festival became the official nationwide festival and the custom of enjoying the full moon prevailed at that time. There were many famous poems in praise of moon.

(tip: we should make the use of some good sentence patterns such as "it's …that…" and make the sentences concise as much as possible )

30. Yu Jing

从远古先民时期发展而来的中华传统节日，不仅清晰地记录着中华民族先民丰富而多彩的社会生活文化内容，也积淀着博大精深的历史文化内涵。 Translation: The traditional Chinese festivals, developing from the ancient times, not only clearly record the rich and colorful contents of social life and culture of ancient people, but also accumulate the extensive and profound historical and cultural connotation.

32. Zhou Xiaolan

Tomb-sweeping Day are always rainy days, just like the sky crying for dead people. 翻译：在清明节这一天总是会下雨，就好像上苍也在为亡魂哭泣。

C. Ancient Science and Technology

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

研究证明树皮能通过拍打，做成像纸一样的载体，其存在可能已有数千年之久。 Studies have shown that bark can be made into paper-like carries through slapping which has been invented about thousands of years before. Tips: 中文中短句、动词较多，在翻译时要灵活的转换为名词、长句.

2. Chen Qiuxu

Chinese printing replaced mass produced handwritten materials and allowed for spreading of books and texts that were until then reserved only for very rich. Doing that it was a cornerstone of Age of Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution.

印刷术取代了大规模生产的手写材料，并使书籍和文本得以传播，而在此之前，这些书籍和文本仅为非常富有的人保留。这样做是启蒙时代和科学革命的基石。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:37, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

地震仪是一种监视地震的发生，记录地震相关参数的仪器。我国东汉时代的科学家张衡，在公元132年就制成了世界上最早的“地震仪”－－地动仪。 Seismograph is a kind of instrument to monitor the occurrence of earthquakes and record the relevant parameters of earthquakes. Zhang Heng, a scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, made the first seismograph in the world in 132 A.D.

11. Li Xiangyun

在人类历史上，封建社会科学文化的最高成就是由中国创造的。 In human history, the highest achievements in feudal society were made by China. tips: 翻译专有名词时要注意规范。

12. Liu Li

Saving time and money, movable type printing advanced cultural diffusion and development. 译文：活字印刷术节省了大量财力物力，并在极大程度上推动了文化的传播和发展。--Liu Li (talk) 09:46, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

在人类历史上，封建社会科学文化的最高成就是由中国创造的。其中农学、医学、数学、天文学是我国古代的四大自然科学。

In the history of human, the highest achievement of science and culture in Feudal society was made by China. And agriculture, medicine, mathematics, and astronomy made up of four natural sciences in ancient China.

15. Liu Xiaoting

九章算术 The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:45, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

18. Luo Xiaodi

--Miranda (talk) 02:36, 12 June 2020 (UTC)====19. Ma Qian==== Typography is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and appealing when displayed. 活字印刷术是一种艺术和工技，能通过排版使文字在展示时变得清晰易读，更有吸引力。 --Ma Qian (talk) 05:48, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Typography is an art and technique of typesetting that makes text legible and attractive in presentation.--Miranda (talk) 02:36, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

21. Peng Yu

As a person’s writing was regarded as a clue to temperament, moral worth, and learning, emperors of the Tang and Song dynasties often selected their ministers on the basis of the quality of their calligraphy.

从一个人的字迹可以窥见人的性格、德行、才能，因此唐宋时期的统治者时常以书法造诣遴选大臣。 汉语惯于短句，在翻译时要尽量脱离英语的长难句表达，向汉语表达法靠拢。

--PengYu Aiden (talk) 04:30, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: Ancient Chinese inventions date back to the Paleolithic period, and the Chinese were always ahead of their contemporaries when it came to inventing valuable things. Translation: 古代中国发明可以追溯到旧石器时代，而且中国在发明有价值的的东西方面总是领先于同时代的其他国家。

23. Shi Shuwen

活字印刷术是人类印刷事业发展史上的一次重大革命，对世界文化的发展有着极其深远的影响。 Movable type printing is a major revolution in the history of human printing, which has a profound influence on the development of world culture. Tip：When translating , the sentences should be properly resolved to avoid too long.

24. Sun Rui

宋代，雕版印刷已发展到全盛时代。较好的雕版材料多用梨木、枣木。因此，对刻印无价值的书，有以“灾及梨枣”的成语来讽刺. In the Song dynasty , block printing had developed to its heyday. Better engraving is made of pear wood or jujube wood. Therefore , people use “ ruin the pear wood and jujube wood” to satirize the printing of worthless books. Tip:翻译时要注意中英语言结构的差别。中文句子讲究意合，注重逻辑关系，连词大多数省略。在进行英汉互译的时候，要根据两种语言的差别进行变通

28. Yang Yuxin

活字制版正好避免了雕版的不足，只要事先准备好足够的单个活字，能够大大地加快制版时间。

Movable type printing, without the shortcomings of block printing, can save the time of plate-making, if we prepare sufficient movable characters.

（tip: we need to know some technical terms such as "雕版"and meanwhile at the process of translation, i learn more about Chinese movable type printing）

modification:Movable type printing avoids the shortage of engraving, it can greatly speed up the plate making time as long as sufficient single typography is prepared in advance--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:11, 8 June 2020 (UTC).

30. Yu Jing

中华人民共和国的科学技术水平得到了很大提高，在计算机、航空航天、生物工程、新能源、新材料、激光技术等领域都取得了重大科技成果。 Translation: Chinese science and technology has improved a lot and has achieved major achievements in computer, aerospace, bioengineering, new energy, new material, laser technique and so on.

32. Zhou Xiaolan

世界科技发展史上，曾经有一道著名的“李约瑟难题”。英国历史学家李约瑟提出：“尽管中国古代对人类科技发展做出了很多重要贡献，但为什么科学和工业革命没有在近代的中国发生？”

Translation: There was once a famous question named “Needham problem” in the history of world science and technology. British historian Joseph Needham said that although ancient China made many important contributions to the development of human science and technology, why didn't the scientific and industrial revolution take place in modern China?"

Tips:Names and terms are difficult in translation. And it is important to make translation more authentic rather than literal.

Unit 2 Language and Calligraphy

A. Chinese Characters and Scripts

Students' Homework: Translations

Liu Xiaoting Chinese Characters and Scripts Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. 汉字结构“内圆外方”，源于古人“天圆地方”的观念。

Calligraphy Chinese calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different poses, such as the uniqueness of the official script- silkworm head and swallow tail, the regular script requirement to stick to the norm and rules, the characteristic of cursive script- flying dragon and dancing phoenixes, and the distinctive - natural grace of the running script. 中国书法以不同的姿态展现其美，如隶书的独特性——蚕头和燕尾，楷书要求坚守规范和规矩，草书的特点-飞龙和舞动的凤凰，以及独特的自然优雅的运行脚本。

The Evolution of Calligraphy The writing techniques of Chinese calligraphy are highlighted by the manner of using a brush, the way ink is used, the art of composition, and so on. 中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法。

Tip

When translating the calligraphy, it can be transliterated directly according to its name , such as Lishu; or translated according to its characteristics, such as Regular script.

陈秋旭 Chen Qiuxun Joy 201830096002 Week 2 1. Cang Jie observed the footprints of animals and birds and realized that he could just use the simple footprint shape instead of drawing the whole animal to identify the animal. 仓颉通过观察动物和鸟类的脚印，意识到他可以用简单的脚印形状来识别动物，而不是画整个动物。 2. Emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty were good at calligraph, and has left us many examples of his handwriting on steles in temples and palaces.

  清朝乾隆皇帝的书法很好，他在寺庙和宫殿的石碑上留下了许多他的笔迹。

3. Oracle evolved into “seal” script, so named because it remained the script type used on personal seals. 甲骨文演变为篆书，这样命名是因为篆书是刻在私人印章上的一种书写体。 胡婧琛 Hu Jingchen Jessie 201830096004 It is a combination of music, art and literature and is characterized by the unique facial make-up, excellent acrobatics and has many different regional variations. 它集音乐、艺术和文学于一体，拥有属性独特的面部妆容、优秀的杂技以及许多不同的地域变化。

Lacquer Thread Sculpture is a traditional folk handicraft in southeast China which uses well-tempered lacquer threads to build decorative patterns. 漆线雕是中国东南地区的一种传统民间工艺品，它使用经过调整的漆线来制作装饰图案。

Chinese calligraphy, also called Shu fa in Chinese is regarded as a traditional art of writing which is existed in Asian cultures. 中国书法，在汉语中也称为书法，被认为是一种存在于亚洲文化中的传统书写艺术。

Tips：做翻译，除了基本的语言素养，也必须要有一定的文化素养。在关于中国传统工艺的翻译中，查阅一些有关文献是必不可少的准备过程。而且我发现英文中复合句比较多，而中文用短句较多，在翻译中，要特别注意语言差异。 李乐怡 Li Leyi Chloe 201830096005 Chinese Characters and Scripts 现代学者认为，成系统的文字工具不可能完全由一个人创造出来，仓颉如果确有其人，也应该是文字创作者之一。 Modern scholars believe that systematic writing tools can not be created entirely by one person, if there is a person, Cang Jie should also be one of the creators of the characters.

Calligraphy 最能代表汉代书法特色的，莫过于是碑刻和简牍上的书法。 The most representative of the characteristics of calligraphy in Han Dynasty is the calligraphy on the tablet inscription and bamboo slips. . The Evolution of Calligraphy 北京大学教授李志敏认为秦始皇统一六国文字，对当时的社会进步有积极意义，但未必有利于书法艺术的发展。 Li Zhimin, a professor of Peking University, believes that the unification of the characters in six Kingdoms by Emperor Qin Shihuang was of positive significance to the social progress at that time, but actually not conducive to the development of calligraphy art.

Tips: Use some vivid expressions and more difficult phrases. To be more concise. 李琦 Li Qi LiKi 201830096006 1. Chinese characters and scripts 汉字起源的旧说法有五种，即结绳说、八卦说、河图洛书说、仓颉造字说和图画说。 译：There are five old theories about the origin of Chinese characters, which are considered as rope knot, theory of the Eight Trigrams, the theory of Yellow River and Luo River, the character by Cangjie and the character from pictures. 2. Calligraphy 书法是指以文房四宝为工具抒发情感的一门艺术。 译：Calligraphy is an art which expresses feelings by writing brushes, ink sticks, paper and inkstones. 3. The Evolution of Calligraphy 王羲之被誉为书圣，他的《兰亭集序》被誉为天下第一行书。 译：Wang Xizhi is considered as the best calligraphe and his work The preview of Lantin Collection is known as the best handwriting in the world. Tip:当我们翻译中国人熟悉而外国人不熟悉的一些缩写词，概括词时，我们应当把它的全称，内容翻译出来。 罗小迪 Luo Xiaodi Ida 201830096008 We should uphold innovative, coordinated, green, open and inclusive development, achieve coordinated social and economic progress of various countries and resolve issues caused by unbalanced development. We should bridge the gap in development and promote shared prosperity. 我们要提倡创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展观，实现各国经济社会协同进步，解决发展不平衡带来的问题，缩小发展差距，促进共同繁荣。 We should pursue common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security. We should reject the Cold War mentality and confrontation between blocks and oppose the practices of seeking absolute security of oneself at the expense of the security of other countries, so as to achieve security of all. 我们要践行共同、综合、合作、可持续的安全观，摒弃冷战思维、集团对抗，反对以牺牲别国安全换取自身绝对安全的做法，实现普遍安全。 Equality, mutual learning, dialogue and inclusiveness between cultures should be championed, so that we overcome cultural misunderstanding, clash and supremacy through exchanges, mutual learning and coexistence. 我们要树立平等、互鉴、对话、包容的文明观，以文明交流超越文明隔阂，以文明互鉴超越文明冲突，以文明共存超越文明优越。 Tips:翻译时不能逐字逐句翻译，必须要结合英语和中文的翻译特点来进行翻译，有些专业术语必须到官方考证后再使用。 郦浩文 Li Haowen Alina 201830096009 甲骨文“高”字。从它的字形上，可以推断在商代已有了一种建造在土台上的建筑了 From the appearance of character “高”， we can infer that there was already a kind of building constructed on the soil platform in Shang Dynasty.

其西南诸峰，林壑尤美，望之蔚然而深秀者，琅琊也 The hills, sitting on its southwestern sides, possess luring forests and valleys. Among these, the one that holds the most prosperous and beautiful is Langya mountain.

书法是以汉字为基础、用毛笔书写的、具有四维特征的抽象符号艺术，它体现了万事万物的“对立统一”这个基本规律又反映了人作为主体的精神、气质、学识和修养。 Calligraphy is a kind of abstract symbolic art, based on the characters and written with bushes , that features four- dimension, and it represents a regular rule that is “contradict but in harmony”, which takes on the the mentality ,the atmosphere, the knowledge and the manner of the person.

翻译的感想： 中翻英找主语是一件挺难的事情，因为中文的形式没有那么严谨并且只求能准确的传达意思，也许有几个部分都可以作英语翻译的主语但是也需要进行比对才能知道哪一种才最符合英语的表达习惯 尤其是翻译古文的时候这就更难了，因为古文常常会省略大量句子成分，对意会的要求就更高了，这不仅要求我们有大量的英语用词的储备，还要求我们有一定的中文素养。 中文常常一句话有很多个逗号，而翻译成英语时需要常常考虑是否保留一整句话，用上大量的从句跟非谓语， 还是将其拆分成若干个小句， 这也需要我们在翻译的时候进行思考与体会。 刘丽 Liu Li Lesley 201830096010 1. In China, although the painting and calligraphy have the consanguinity, they are changing with the complementary independence. 在中国，书、画虽然具有同源性，但它们的发展变化是独立互补的。 2. Calligraphy is a four-dimensional abstract symbolic art based on Chinese characters. It reflects the spirit, temperament, and accomplishment of people, revealing the law of "unity of opposites" of everything. 书法是以汉字为基础、具有四维特征的抽象符号艺术，它体现了人体的精神、气质、修养和万事万物“对立统一”这个基本规律。 3. The art of calligraphy in Tang Dynasty can be divided into three periods. The early Tang Dynasty was mainly to inherit, aim at pursuing the previous beauty which is forceful. The middle Tang continued to innovate, helping start a golden age of calligraphy. In the late Tang Dynasty, although the country was on the decline, there was still some progress in the development of calligraphy. 唐代书法艺术可分三个时期：初唐以继承为主，力求达到前朝书法的劲美；中唐不断发展创新,开创了书法的黄金时期；晚唐虽然国势减衰，但书法仍有进展。

专业话题需要了解专业词汇，例如书画同源、对立统一等。 翻译前需要了解话题的背景资料，如书法的起源、发展、变革， 了解话题特色和常用的形容词词汇，如劲美、瘦削。 秦瑞婧 Qing Ruijing Fiona 201830096011 【Chinese Characters and Scripts】 Text: As time went by, people began to consciously use drawings to express themselves, thus developing drawn writing, the basis of Chinese characters. Translation: 随着时间发展，人们开始有意识地用绘画来表达自己，这样逐渐发展了绘画书写，而绘画书写就是汉字的基础。

【Calligraphy】 Text: Although it uses Chinese characters as its vehicle of expression, one does not have to know Chinese language to appreciate its beauty. Translation: 虽然书法把汉字作为表达思想的载体，但是人们要欣赏它的魅力却不一定懂得汉语。

【The Evolution of Calligraphy】 Text: Legend has it that Wang Xizhi learned that the key to how to turn his wrist whilst writing was to observe how geese moved their necks. Translation: 据说，王羲之是通过观察鹅如何转动脖子来习得在书写过程中应怎样转动手腕。

Tip When translate English into Chinese, we should always remember Chinese sentence structure instead of applying Chinese mechanically to the original sentence. 石书闻 Shi Shuwen Mila 201830096012 UNIT2 A：These characters were difficult to write because of their loose structures and complicated strokes, and tended to be simplified with unbending strokes and rough-and-ready structures. 由于松散的结构和复杂的笔画，使得字符很难写出，而且趋向于被笔直的比划简化，并结构潦草。 B：Calligraphy is regarded in China as either the art of writing or beautiful hand- writing with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. 在中国，书法被认为是写作艺术，或是用毛笔写出的美丽手工作品，亦或是对这个艺术的规则和技巧的研究。 C：Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, this official script has never been abolished although the regular script and the cursive script have prevailed, justifying its charm as art. 自隋唐以来，虽然楷书和草书盛行于世，但是这种隶书从未被废除，这证明了它作为艺术的魅力。 Historically, Chinese calligraphy and politics were closely intertwined and most emperors were good at calligraphy. To some extent, preferences of the Emperors had an influence on the rise and fall of certain calligraphy genres. 历史上，中国书法与政治密切相关，且大多数皇帝都擅长书法。在某种程度上来说，皇帝的偏好影响着确切书法种类发展的兴衰。 Tips：In the process of translation, we should pay attention to the usage of Chinese words and enhance language beauty. If necessary, change the sentences order to make the translation more logical.

李湘芸 Li Xiangyun Unicor 201830096013 1.草书由于字形太简单，容易彼此混淆，所以不能像隶书取代篆文那样，取代隶书而成为主要的字体。

 The cursive hand is so simple in character pattern that it is very easy to be mixed, which is the reason why it cannot replace the clerical script as the main typeface as the clerical script replaced the seal script.

2.传说仓颉造字时，兔子在夜间哭泣，因为兔子害怕人们学会写字后，会取它们身上的毫毛做笔。

 It was said that the rabbits cried at night when Cangjie created the characters, because they were afraid that people would take their hairs to make pens after learning to write.

3. 由于在青铜器内侧的金文是凹入去的，因此在内模上的文字应该是凸出来的。在内模上加上文字图案等，至今仍然是一个谜。

 The characters in the internal mold should be embossed because the Jin Wen on the bronzewares are concave, but it remains a mystery how to add characters in the internal mold.

Tip: 注意句子中的因果关系，选择恰当的语序和连接词。 罗凤 Luo Feng Stella 201830096014 A. Chinese Characters and Scripts “户” is a pictograph of a one-leafed door, and constitutes the racial part of numerous characters relating to doors and spaces. It is also a symbolic of the house and family. The hinge of the ancient door was a vertical beam acting as a pivot; and because of its constant movement and workload, it was cited as an example in the saying: “The hinge of a door is never crowded with insects.” “户”是单扇门的象形文字，是许多表意门和空间这一类汉字的部首。它也是房子和家庭的象形。在古时中国，门的铰链是垂直梁做的转轴；因为其经常转动（和工作量），而被谚语引用：“门的铰链从不会满是虫。”’ B. Calligraphy The flow of lines and the rhythm of the brush create an abstract beauty of the whole. 线条的流畅与用笔的节奏创造出一种整体的抽象美。 C. The Evolution of Calligraphy Four treasures of the study--brush, ink, paper, and ink stone—cannot be neglected when appreciating and understanding Chinese calligraphy because they determine the features and the expressive forms of the work of art. 在欣赏与理解中国书法作品时，文房四宝，即笔墨纸砚，是不可忽视的，因为他们决定着艺术品的特征与表现形式。 TIPS 1. 谚语的翻译存在问题。名词的翻译如hinge、vertical beam、pivot的翻译不准。 2. 翻译时注意意群的划分。讲英文与中文的用语习惯进行区分。 马倩 Ma Qian Echo 201830096015 1.The Chinese family of scripts are writing systems descended from the Chinese Oracle Bone Script and used for a variety of languages in East Asia. 汉字是从中国古代的甲骨文演变而来的一套写作系统，在东亚多数国家的语言中都有借用。 2. 于右任以“易识、易写、准确、美丽”为原则,采用理论先行、成立社团组织、创办专业刊物等方法,推广“标准草书”。 Based on the principles of recognizing easily, writing easily, writing accurately, looking beautifully, Yu Youren promoted the "standard cursive script" by teaching theories first, setting up clubs, and establishing professional journals. 3.唐朝三绝——李白诗歌、裴旻剑舞、张旭草书。 The three wonders of Tang Dynasty are the poems of Li Bai, the sword dance of Pei Min, and the cursive scripts of Zhang Xu.

Tip: When translating the English into Chinese, we can simplify the sentence. 张元龄 Zhang Yuanling Shirley 201830096018 The legend relates that on the day the characters were created, grain rained down from the sky and that night the people heard ghosts wailing and demons crying because the human beings could no longer be cheated. 这个传说与创造汉字那一天发生的事有关。那天，谷粒像雨一样从天上洒下来，在晚上，人们听见鬼魂的哀嚎和魔鬼的痛哭，因为他们再也愚弄不了人类了。

Chinese calligraphy focuses not only on methods of writing but also on cultivating one's character and taught as a pursuit。 中国书法作为一种追求，不仅仅在于书写方法，也在于培育人品。

It is a common mistake to believe that Lishu was created by Cheng Miao alone during Qing Shi Huang’ regime, Lishu was developed from pre-Qin era to the Han dynasty (202 BC-220 AD). 人们普遍错误地认为隶书是程邈一人在秦始皇执政时期创造的，而实际上隶书在先秦时期到汉朝这一段时间发展而成。

Tips: Sometimes we should complete the Chinese sentence, because the English sentence is too short and concise to fully expresses the chinses meaning. (like sentence 1) 艾鑫 Ai Xin Aimee 201830096019 1.中国古老的文字甲骨文，刻与龟甲兽骨之上，最先是用来起占卜吉凶的作用，古代的人认为把有关于疾病、梦境、狩猎、天时等一些疑问刻在龟板上，然后用火来来烤烙这些龟板和动物的骨头，其产生的裂缝，占卜者可以根据这些裂缝的形状和走向来判断所占之事的吉凶。 Oracle, the ancient characters carved onto tortoise shells and beast bonds, is originally used for divination good or ill fortune. By engraving some questions about illnesses, dreams, hunting on the shells and then baking them until cracks appears, soothsayers would judge good or bad luck according to the shape and extensional direction of cracks.

2.写意是中国艺术的重要传统，它的根本任务是在创作过程中努力体现书法家的精神和对自然生活的理解。书法家的每一件作品都能窥见书法家的审美趣味，生活观念，所以有字如其人之说。 Ideograph is a significant tradition of Chinese art, which is essentially to reflect calligraphers' understanding of natural life and spiritual world. Each piece of calligraphy works contains the calligrapher's aesthetic taste, the concept of life, so there is such a thing as "the style is the man".

3.王羲之真迹早就不存于世。因此唐代的精摹本历来已被当作真迹看待，由于年代久远，且享盛名久，和王羲之其它墨迹一样。 Because Wang Xizhi's original works do not exist in the world, exquisite copies in Tang Dynasty has been regarded as authentic due to its age, long fame and closely similar ink marks with originals.

Tips:积累俗语的表达。对与中国传统文化词汇的内涵，要作具体分析后翻译，才能够贴近原文意思。 刘思宇 Liu Siyu Shmily 201830096020 A. Chinese Characters and Scripts 一个国家的文字表达和承载着一个国家、民族的文化，文字因国家、民族文化的发展而传承，国家、民族文化也因文字的传承而延续、发展。 The characters of a country carry the culture of the country and even the nation that it belongs to. The characters inherit from generation to generation with the development of the culture of the country and the nation which also contribute to the extending and improvement of them.

B． Calligraphy 以汉字为依托，是中国书法区别于其他种类书法的主要标志。 Basing on Chinese characters is the primary symbol that distinguish Chinese calligraphy from other kinds of calligraphies.

C. The Evolution of Calligraphy 隶书的出现是汉字书写的一大进步，是书法史上的一次革命， 不但使字体趋于方正，而且在笔法上也突破了单一的运笔技巧，为以后的各种书法流派奠定了基础。 The appearance of Clerical script is a big progress of writing Chinese characters, a revolution in the history of Chinese calligraphy. It not only formed the characters more upright and foursquare, but also broke the single rule, and even laid the foundation of the fallowing calligraphy genres.

Tips：翻译与中国古代文化有关的句子时，要注意英文的含义是否能恰好的地表达出中文句子的意思，与之对应。另外，部分专有名词需查阅资料确认后再进行翻译。 孙睿 Sun Rui Rebecca 201830096021 It was said that on the day the characters were born, Chinese heard the devil mourning, and saw crops falling like rain, as it marked the beginning of the world. 

据说在汉字诞生的那天，中国人听见了魔兽的哀嚎，看见谷子像雨一样从天上落下来, 这就预示着世界的开始

Calligraphy is even wildly accepted by the West; as once Picasso said, "Had I been born Chinese, I would have been a calligrapher, not a painter." 

书法在西方也大受欢迎。毕加索就曾说过：“要是我生在中国，我会成为一个书法家，而不是画家。”

The literal translation of its Chinese name 篆书 is decorative engraving script, because by the time this name was coined in the Han dynasty, its role had been reduced to decorational inscriptions rather than as the main script of the day. 

它的中文名字“篆书”的字面意义是装饰性的雕刻文字。因为当这个名字在汉代被创造的时候，它的角色已经变成装饰性的文字，而不是主要的书写方式。 Tip: Sometimes, an English sentence with a restrictive attributive clause is too long or too complicated for the translator to take as a single sentence.  In this case, we may divide it into two or several parts 夏珂 Xia Ke Nicole 201830096022 1.From ancient times to modern times, brush writing has been the main way to write Chinese characters. As for other writing forms, such as hard pen, finger book, etc. 由古至今，毛笔书写已经成了书写中国汉字的一种主要方式。除了毛笔书写外，还有其他的书写方式，如硬笔、指书等等。 2.The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the ―Four Treasures of the Study. 笔、墨、纸、砚是中国古代文人书房中必备的宝贝，也被称为“文房四宝”。 3.During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. 汉代以人造墨替代了天然墨。 杨佳妮 Yang Jiani NiNa 201830096023 A: Chinese characters and scripts

Regular script came into being between the Eastern Hàn and Cáo Wèi dynasties, and its first known master was Zhōng Yáo. He is known as the “father of regular script”. Qiu Xigui describes the script in Zhong’s Xuānshì Biǎo as:

…clearly emerging from the womb of early period semi-cursive script. If one were to write the tidily written variety of early period semi-cursive script in a more dignified fashion and were to use consistently the pause technique (dùn , used to reinforce the beginning or ending of a stroke) when ending horizontal strokes, a practice which already appears in early period semi-cursive script, and further were to make use of right-falling strokes with thick feet, the result would be a style of calligraphy like that in the "Xuān shì biǎo". However, other than a few literati, very few wrote in this script at the time; most continued writing in neo-clerical script, or a hybrid form of semi-cursive and neo-clerical. Regular script did not become dominant until the early Southern and Northern Dynasties, in the 5th century; this was a variety of regular script which emerged from neo-clerical as well as from Zhong Yao's regular script, and is called "Wei regular" (Weikai). The script is considered to have matured stylistically during the Tang Dynasty.

楷书产生于东汉到曹魏时代之间，其第一位知名大师是张扬。他被称作“楷书之父”。裘锡圭评价《钟氏宣示表》中的字体这样说道：“…它显然是从早期半草书中孕育而出的。如果有人将草书写得更加工整一点，并且在字末使用停顿手法，（顿，用于加强笔画的开始或者结束）那么它便早就已经出现在早期的半草书之中了，并且会使右笔划停顿的笔触进一步发展，就像是《宣示表》中那样的书法风格。但是除了少数文人之外，在那个时期很少有人用这种字体来写字。大多数的人继续使用新字体或半草书和新字体的混合型去写作。直到5世纪早期的南北朝时期，普通文字才成为了主流。这种字体是由各种常用字体和《宣示表》中的字体中混合而成的字体，常常被称作魏楷。随着发展，这种词字体在唐代时风格上已经成熟。”

B. Calligraphy Lishu is an archaic style of Chinese calligraphy which evolved in the Warring States period to the Qin dynasty, was dominant in the Han dynasty, and remained in use through the Wei-Jin periods. Due to its high legibility to modern readers, it is still used for artistic flavor in a variety of functional applications such as headlines, signboards, and advertisements. This legibility stems from the highly rectilinear structure, a feature shared with modern regular script (kaishu). In structure and rectilinearity, it is generally similar to the modern script; however, in contrast with the tall to square modern script, it tends to be square to wide, and often has a pronounced, wavelike flaring of isolated major strokes, especially a dominant rightward or downward diagonal stroke. Some structures are also archaic.

隶书是一种古老的中国书法种类，它从战国时代发展到秦王朝，在汉代为主流所用，并从魏晋时代一直沿用至今。由于它对现代读者而言的具有高度易辨认性，因此仍在各种功能应用（例如标题，招牌和广告）中作为艺术字体使用。它的这种可读性源于它自身高度直线的结构，这与现代常见字体具有相同的特点。在结构和直线性上，它与现代字体大体相似；但是，与正大方圆的现代字体相比，它更为的扁体，并且具有更为突出的柔化波浪状形态，这集中体现在字体主干部分向右或向下的对角线笔触上。同时，它的一些结构也是已经过时了的。 C. The Evaluation of calligraphy Chinese characters can be retraced to 4000 BC signs (Lu & Aiken 2004).

In 2003, at the site of Xiaoshuangqiao (小双桥), about 20 km southeast of the ancient Zhengzhou Shang City, ceramic inscriptions dating to 1435–1412 BC have been found by archaeologists. These writings are made in cinnabar paint. Thus, the dates of writing in China have been confirmed for the Middle Shang period.

The ceramic ritual vessel vats that bear these cinnabar inscriptions were all unearthed within the palace area of this site. They were unearthed mostly in the sacrificial pits holding cow skulls and cow horns, but also in other architectural areas.

汉字可以追溯到公元前4000年 。2003年考古学家在古郑州商城东南约20km的小双桥遗址，发现了可追溯至公元前1435年到公元前1412年前的陶瓷铭文。这些文字是用朱砂漆制成的，因此可以确定了这批文字的创作时间大概在商代中期。在此遗址的供电区域内发现了大量带有朱砂铭文的陶瓷器皿。它们主要在举行牛头骨和牛角的祭祀坑中被发现，除此外还有少量在其他建筑区域发现。 杨清 Yang Qing Zoey 201830096024 Chinese Characters and Scripts: "草"是匆忙、草率的意思。无论哪种字体写得潦草，都算草书。作为一种专门的字体，是汉代才有的。 "Cao" means hasty. No matter which font is scratchy, it is considered Caoshu. As a special font, Caoshu only existed in the Han Dynasty.

Calligraphy: In history, Chinese calligraphers have always written the script as a common way for message transmission during various audience engagements of contributors. 在历史上，中国书法家一直把书写汉字作为一种常见的信息传递方式。

The Evolution of Calligraphy: 就实际来看，行书最为古人偏爱，这主要是书写便捷明晰。 From the practical point of view, Xingshu is most favored by the ancients, which is mainly because of the convenience and clarity of writing.

Tips: 第三个句子是中译英，中文其实是个被动句，我在课本的学习中学到一般来说，在中文里被动语态使用的较少，因为“被”在中文里是有贬义的。而英文刚好相反，因为英文中无主语的句子较多，所以被动语态使用的比较频繁。这里的中文用的是“为”，而不是“被”，虽说是中译英，但我也学会了这样的处理方法。 杨雨欣 Yang Yuxin Evelyn 201830096025 These characters were difficult to write because of their loose structures and complicated strokes, and tended to be simplified with unbending strokes and rough-and-ready structures. 这些字因有着松散的结构和复杂的笔画，极其难写，所以被简化为笔直的笔画和粗线条的结构。 （In the process of translation, we should find out the logical relation, such as the casual relation, so we need to add some words like 因为，所以.） The characters are often joined up, with the last stroke of the first merging into the initial stroke of the next. 草书字体大多为连笔，前一个字的最后一笔与后一个字的第一笔连接起来。 （we should simplify the sentence while keep all the meanings.） A versatile artist, Wang was skilled at writing in the seal, clerical, running, cursive, and regular scripts, and was superb at the cursive script. 作为一个全能型的艺术家，王羲之擅长篆书，隶书，楷书，草书，和行书，其中草书尤为擅长。 （find out the difference between Chinese and English, swift the sentence pattern.） 尹谈文 Yin Tanwen Mia 201830096026 Topic 1: Chinese characters •汉字是历史的“活化石”。

 Chinese characters are living fossils of history. 

Topic 2: Calligraphy •古人给予了书法一个崇高的定义——“字是九重天”，说明书法所代表的品格、品味远高于其他艺术门类。

 The ancients gave calligraphy a lofty definition -- "the Chinese character is the sky above heaven", indicating that the character and taste represented by calligraphy are far higher than those of other arts.

Topic 3: The evaluation of calligraphy •按书写工具分，书法可分为硬笔书法、软笔书法。

 According to writing tools, calligraphy can be divided into hard pen calligraphy, soft pen calligraphy. 

Tips: 1. 如果要将一些中国古文的表达翻译成英文，需要充分了解古文的表面意义和深层含义，再结合两者，形成易懂又具有内涵的翻译。 2. 在翻译一些比喻句的时候，可以适当地变化喻体，以达到符合各自文化语境的效果。

商朝的文字已经有了很大的发展，因此，中国的文字可能在商朝之前就已经出现了，也许与四五千年前的新石器时代一样早。 余静 Yu Jing Yammi 201830096027

1. Chinese calligraphy, like the script itself, began with the hieroglyphs and, over the long ages of evolution, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the heritage of national culture. 就像雕刻一样，中国书法开始于象形文字，经过长时间的发展，发展成了不同的类型和派别，是民族文化遗产重要的组成部分。 2. The zhuan script or seal character was the earliest form of writing after the oracle inscriptions, which must have caused great inconvenience because they lacked uniformity and many characters were written in variant forms.  小篆，又叫篆体，是继甲骨文之后的最早书写形式，因为缺乏统一以及许多文字书写的不同形式，带来了很大的不便。 Tips: Chinese word order is different from the English word order, so, when we are translating, we cannot translate just from English order. For many times, we should change the order to translate more fluently and originally. 周晓兰 Zhou Xiaolan Miranda 201830096030 1、汉字是世界上使用人口最多的文字 Translation: Chinese character is the character that is used by most population in the world.

2、中国书法的历史和中国文字的历史一样悠久 Translation: The history of Chinese calligraphy is as long as the history of Chinese characters.

3、The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters. 翻译：中国书法艺术的形成和发展与汉字的产生与演进有着密不可分的联系。

Tips: when we translate one language into another language, we must conform to the linguistic habits of another language. 朱文浩 Zhu Wenhao Wendy 201830096031 明清时期，受海禁及闭关锁国等对外政策的影响，是古代中国科技的衰落时期，西方科学技术传进我国。 During the Ming and Qing dynasties, influenced by foreign policies such as the sea ban and the seclusion of the country, it was a period of decline in science and technology in ancient China. Western science and technology spread into China.

汉字时刻在冷静地叙述中国漫长崎岖凤凰涅槃的历史，记录着令中华儿女自豪而痛心的反思历程。 Chinese characters are always calmly narrating the history of China ’s long rugged phoenix and nirvana, recording the proud and sad reflection process of Chinese people.

书法，是中国及深受中国文化影响过的周边国家和地区特有的一种文字美的艺术表现形式。 Calligraphy is a unique artistic form of writing beauty in China and its surrounding countries and regions deeply influenced by Chinese culture.

Tip: 理清中文句子关系，长句化短句 李槊 Li Shuo Leo 201830096007

1. 因为它字形优美曲折，一些印章一直采用小篆当做图案。 Because of its beautiful and tortuous font, some seals have always been using Xiao Zhuan as its pattern. 2. 书法是中国汉字特有的一种传统艺术，被誉为：无言的诗，无行的舞，无图的画等。 Calligraphy is an unique traditional art of Chinese characters, known as: poetry without words, dance without action, painting without picture and so on. 3. 汉字发展的总体趋势是由繁到简，由图像性到符号性。 General trend of the development of Chinese characters is from complex to simple and from image to symbol.

Tip：When you translate comparative sentences, pay attention to consistency.

彭宇 Peng Yu Aiden 201830096017 A、In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in , characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independently of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired.

在其他语言中，主要是在日语之中，有时在韩语中，汉字或用来表示起源于中国的借字，或用来表示表示独立于汉语发音的本国字，再或者用来表达纯粹的语音元素，这种语言元素是基于多种形式的汉字而产生的。

如果定语太长，我们可以采用后置译法，并翻译出先行词。

B、One of the truly unique features of calligraphy that results from these apparently restrictive guidelines is that the viewer is able to mentally retrace, stroke by stroke, the exact steps by which the work was made.

书法蕴含于这些内敛的线条之中最独特的特点是，欣赏者可以根据这一笔一画，在心中重溯书写者的笔走龙蛇的每一步。

长难句要分析好句子成分，拆分句子结构，动词修饰语要一一对应，不能一晃而过，造成修饰错位。

C、As a person’s writing was regarded as a clue to temperament, moral worth, and learning, emperors of the Tang and Song dynasties often selected their ministers on the basis of the quality of their calligraphy.

从一个人的字迹可以窥见人的性格、德行、才能，因此唐宋时期的统治者时常以书法造诣遴选大臣。 汉语惯于短句，在翻译时要尽量脱离英语的长难句表达，向汉语表达法靠拢。 彭璐 Peng Lu Julia 201830062001 PA. Chinese Characters and Scripts 千年积淀，孕育出了灿烂多彩的汉字文化，汉字是古典文字中唯一流传并使用至今的文字。 翻译： The splendid and colourful culture of Chinese characteristics, the only classical characteristics that has been passed through generations and has been used till today, was born out of thousand-year heritages. 词典翻译： Thousands of years of accumulation gave birth to the splendid and colourful Chinese culture. Chinese characters are the only classical characters that have been handed down and used so far.

PB. Calligraphy 中国书法体现了万事万物的"对立统一"这个基本规律，又反映了人作为主体的精神、气质、学识和修养。 翻译： Chinese calligraphy proves that everything is both opposite to and harmonious with others as well as reflects spirit, temperament, knowledge and culture of a man. 词典翻译： Chinese calligraphy embodies the basic law of "unity of opposites" in all things, and also reflects the spirit, temperament, knowledge and accomplishment of people as the subject.

PC. The Evolution of Calligraphy 中国书法艺术的形成、发展与汉文字的产生与演进存在着密不可分的连带关系。 翻译： The form and the development of Chinese calligraphy has an unseperated relation with the productivity and improvement of Chinese characters. 词典翻译： The formation and development of Chinese calligraphy are closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters.

Tips for translation 1. 用词的选择（多样化，准确性）

 A was born out of B / B gave birth to A
 Prove / embody
 与...有关联、有联系

Have a close relation with / be closely related to / be allied with(联合、结盟）

 与...有关 have sth / much to do with

Form (形式，具体）; formation（形成，抽象） 2. 专有名词表达形式 万事万物"对立统一"这个基本规律

 the basic law of "unity of opposites" in all things

刘颖 Liu Ying Celestie 201830181013 Topic 1 The Chinese character 永 (yǒng), meaning "forever" or "permanence is often used to illustrate the 8 basic strokes of Chinese characters. They are: "Dot" "Horizontal" "Erect" "Hook" "Raise" "Bend, curve" "Throw away, slant" "Pressing forcefully" 中国汉字中的永，有永远，永恒的意思。它常被用来作为中国汉字八大基本笔画的展示，其中有：点，横，竖，钩，提，弯，撇，捺。

Topic 2 The first effort for the unification of writing, it is said, took place during the reign of King Xuan (827-782 B. C.) of the Western Zhou Dynasty, when his taishi (grand historian) Shi Zhou compiled a lexicon of 15 chapters, standardizing Chinese writing under script called zhuan. 据说，在西周宣王在位时，即公元前827至782年，汉字书写有了第一次大统一。在那个时候，为了将汉字书写同统一为篆书，太史史籀编写了一套含15章内容的词典。

Topic 3 Closely associated with paintings --the two leaders of Chinese art forms -- calligraphy takes precedence over painting since it greatly inspired the art of painting. 作为中国两种领先的艺术形式之一，书法与另一种艺术形式联系紧密———国画。书法不仅早于国画出现，还是国画的起源的源泉。 Tips: 在翻译的过程中，不仅仅只是捋清英语句子的结构将其一一对应翻译成中文句子，而是要在理解的基础上进行再创作。中文多使用短句，并且是topic-prominence, 所以翻译的过程中要不断打破原有的长结构，按照意群拆散成符合中文习惯的句子。 姜赟 Jiang Yun Betty 201830013058

刘沁瑜 Liu Qinyu Lareina 201830191028 A. Chinese Characters and Technology Many characters have multiple readings, with instances denoting different morphemes, sometimes with different pronunciations. 翻译：许多字拥有多重含义，它们在不同的环境中突出不同的词素，有时还有着不同的读音。 B．Calligraphy

 The shape, size, stretch, and hair type of the ink brush, the color, color density and water density of the ink, as well as the paper's water absorption speed and surface texture are the main physical parameters influencing the final result.

翻译：毛笔的形状、尺寸、延展程度和毛发种类，墨水的颜色和颜色的深浅以及墨水的黏稠性，还有纸张的吸水速率和质地都是形象最终结果的物性参数。 C． The evolution of calligraphy

书法是中国土生土长的艺术，有自身悠久、深厚的传统，是琴棋书画四艺之一。

翻译：As an art born and growing in China, Calligraphy, having a long and profound tradition, is one of the four arts including music, chess, calligraphy and painting.

Tip：1.在翻译之前，应查询翻译理解内容中不认识的专有名词，或源语言中看不懂的非本民族知识。如琴棋书画该意译还是直译。 2.在翻译过程中，首先应捋清句子结构，了解句子的主干，即主要信息。有些过长的定语或状语应另造一句，而不应该和主干挤在一起，显得过于冗长繁杂。 3.翻译英文并列词语或句子时，要注意中文的音韵节奏及语序。 4.翻译完后，要检查自己是否有语言错误，语句是否通畅。 郭心怡 Guo Xinyi Skyler 201830162006 1. Chinese characters and scripts 千年积淀孕育出的灿烂多彩的汉字是唯一流传并使用至今的古典文字。 Brilliant Chinese characters, having developed for thousands of years, are the only classical characters that have survived to this day. 2. Calligraphy 书法是指以文房四宝为工具抒发情感的一门艺术。 Calligraphy refers to an art expressing calligrapher’s affection through the four treasures of study. 3. The evolution of calligraphy 北朝书法以碑刻为主，尤以北魏、东魏最精. Calligraphy in the northern dynasty, mainly in the form of tablet inscriptions, flourished most in the northern and eastern Wei dynasties.

Tips: “流传至今”可用survive/be passed，“文房四宝”翻译为the four treasures of study，“碑刻”翻译为tablet inscription。 杜沛曦 Du Peixi Pessy 201830091096 A. Chinese Character and Scripts 小篆和隶书实际上是两个系统，标志着汉字发展的两大阶段。小篆是象形体古文字的结束，隶书是改象形为笔画化的新文字的开始。 Xiaozhuan and Lishu are actually two systems, marking the two stages of the development of Chinese characters. Xiaozhuan is the end of the ancient pictographic characters, and Lishu is the beginning of the new pictographic characters.

B. Calligraphy In China calligraphy occupies a distinguished position in the field of traditional art. It is not only a means of communication, but also a means of expressing a person's inner world in an aesthetic sense. 书法在中国传统艺术中占有突出的地位。它不仅是一种交流的手段，更是一种表达人的内心世界之美感的方式。

C. The Evolution of Calligraphy

Before pen and pencil were introduced to China, millions practised the art of writing in ink. In the twentieth century, the art of calligraphy has not only fascinated modern Chinese who are part of this continuous tradition, but has also captured the interest and imagination of the world.

在钢笔和铅笔被引进中国之前，数百万人练习用墨水书写的艺术。在二十世纪，书法艺术不仅吸引了将这一传统延续下去的现代中国人，而且也吸引了世界对书法的兴趣和幻想.

Tips： 英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法： 1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干结构； 2、找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语； 3、分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句； 4、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等；

1. Ai Xin

中国古老的文字甲骨文，刻与龟甲兽骨之上，最先是用来起占卜吉凶的作用，古代的人认为把有关于疾病、梦境、狩猎、天时等一些疑问刻在龟板上，然后用火来来烤烙这些龟板和动物的骨头，其产生的裂缝，占卜者可以根据这些裂缝的形状和走向来判断所占之事的吉凶。 Oracle, the ancient characters carved onto tortoise shells and beast bonds, is originally used for divination good or ill fortune. By engraving some questions about illnesses, dreams, hunting on the shells and then baking them until cracks appears, soothsayers would judge good or bad luck according to the shape and extensional direction of cracks.

Tips:积累俗语的表达。对与中国传统文化词汇的内涵，要作具体分析后翻译，才能够贴近原文意思。

2. Chen Qiuxu

Cang Jie observed the footprints of animals and birds and realized that he could just use the simple footprint shape instead of drawing the whole animal to identify the animal.

仓颉通过观察动物和鸟类的脚印，意识到他可以用简单的脚印形状来识别动物，而不是画整个动物。

tips:英文常用长句，翻译为中文时可以将它拆成短句。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:13, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

小篆和隶书实际上是两个系统，标志着汉字发展的两大阶段。小篆是象形体古文字的结束，隶书是改象形为笔画化的新文字的开始。 Xiaozhuan and Lishu are actually two systems, marking the two stages of the development of Chinese characters. Xiaozhuan is the end of the ancient pictographic characters, and Lishu is the beginning of the new pictographic characters.

10. Li Shuo

1.因为它字形优美曲折，一些印章一直采用小篆当做图案。 Because of its beautiful and tortuous font, some seals have always been using Xiao Zhuan as its pattern.

11. Li Xiangyun

草书由于字形太简单，容易彼此混淆，所以不能像隶书取代篆文那样，取代隶书而成为主要的字体。 The cursive hand is so simple in character pattern that it is very easy to be mixed, which is the reason why it cannot replace the clerical script as the main typeface as the clerical script replaced the seal script.

14. Liu Siyu

一个国家的文字表达和承载着一个国家、民族的文化，文字因国家、民族文化的发展而传承，国家、民族文化也因文字的传承而延续、发展。

The characters of a country carry the culture of the country and even the nation that it belongs to. The characters inherit from generation to generation with the development of the culture of the country and the nation which also contribute to the extending and improvement of them.

15. Liu Xiaoting

Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. 汉字结构“内圆外方”，源于古人“天圆地方”的观念。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:47, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

17. Luo Feng

“户” is a pictograph of a one-leafed door, and constitutes the racial part of numerous characters relating to doors and spaces. It is also a symbolic of the house and family. The hinge of the ancient door was a vertical beam acting as a pivot; and because of its constant movement and workload, it was cited as an example in the saying: “The hinge of a door is never crowded with insects.”“户”是单扇门的象形文字，是许多表意门和空间这一类汉字的部首。它也是房子和家庭的象形。在古时中国，门的铰链是垂直梁做的转轴；因为其经常转动（和工作量），而被谚语引用：“门的铰链从不会满是虫。”

Tips: 谚语、俗语的翻译应注意中英文化的差异。--Luo Feng (talk) 15:18, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

The Chinese family of scripts are writing systems descended from the Chinese Oracle Bone Script and used for a variety of languages in East Asia. 汉字是从中国古代的甲骨文演变而来的一套写作系统，在东亚多数国家的语言中都有借用。 --Ma Qian (talk) 03:49, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

21. Peng Yu

现代学者认为，成系统的文字工具不可能完全由一个人创造出来，仓颉如果确有其人，应该是文字整理者或颁布者。 Modern scholars have believed that the systematic writing tools could not be completely created by a single person. If Cangjie did exist, it should be the one who organized or enacted the writing. Tips:如果原句太长，我们可以选择性的将其分为两部分翻译。--PengYu Aiden (talk) 09:28, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: As time went by, people began to consciously use drawings to express themselves, thus developing drawn writing, the basis of Chinese characters. Translation: 随着时间发展，人们开始有意识地用绘画来表达自己，这样逐渐发展了绘画书写，而绘画书写就是汉字的基础。

23. Shi Shuwen

虽然汉字数量众多，甚至还有衍生字形，真要统计一个准确数字是一件困难的事情。但从商朝至今，使用最频繁、字义稳定不变的核心汉字不超过300个。Although there are so many characters, and even derivative characters, it is difficult to get an accurate count. However, from the Shang Dynasty to now, the most frequently used core Chinese characters with stable meaning do not exceed 300. Tip：多用连接词连接，主语过长用it做形式主语。

modification:Although there are a large number of Chinese characters, and even derivative glyphs, it is really difficult to count an accurate number. However, since the Shang Dynasty, there are no more than 300 core Chinese characters that are used most frequently and have stable meaning.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:16, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

24. Sun Rui

It was said that on the day the characters were born, Chinese heard the devil mourning, and saw crops falling like rain, as it marked the beginning of the world.  据说在汉字诞生的那天，中国人听见了魔兽的哀嚎，看见谷子像雨一样从天上落下来, 这就预示着世界的开始

28. Yang Yuxin

The characters are often joined up, with the last stroke of the first merging into the initial stroke of the next.

草书字体大多为连笔，前一个字的最后一笔与后一个字的第一笔连接起来。

（we should simplify the sentence while keep all the meanings.）

30. Yu Jing

Characters of the Shang Dynasty have been much developed, so Chinese characters might have emerged long before the dynasty, perhaps as early as in the New Stone Age about four to five thousand years ago. 商朝的文字已经有了很大的发展，因此，中国的文字可能在商朝之前就已经出现了，也许与四五千年前的新石器时代一样早。

The character of the Shang Dynasty had developed so much that Chinese characters probably existed before the Shang Dynasty, perhaps as early as the Neolithic period four or five thousand years ago.--Miranda (talk) 02:42, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

32. Zhou Xiaolan

1、汉字是世界上使用人口最多的文字 Translation: Chinese character is the character that is used by most population in the world.

B. Calligraphy

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

写意是中国艺术的重要传统，它的根本任务是在创作过程中努力体现书法家的精神和对自然生活的理解。书法家的每一件作品都能窥见书法家的审美趣味，生活观念，所以有字如其人之说。 Ideograph is a significant tradition of Chinese art, which is essentially to reflect calligraphers' understanding of natural life and spiritual world. Each piece of calligraphy works contains the calligrapher's aesthetic taste, the concept of life, so there is such a thing as "the style is the man".

2. Chen Qiuxu

清朝乾隆皇帝的书法很好，他在寺庙和宫殿的石碑上留下了许多他的笔迹。

Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty were good at calligraph, and has left us many examples of his handwriting on steles in temples and palaces.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:15, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

In China calligraphy occupies a distinguished position in the field of traditional art. It is not only a means of communication, but also a means of expressing a person's inner world in an aesthetic sense. 书法在中国传统艺术中占有突出的地位。它不仅是一种交流的手段，更是一种表达人的内心世界之美感的方式。

14. Liu Siyu

以汉字为依托，是中国书法区别于其他种类书法的主要标志。

Basing on Chinese characters is the primary symbol that distinguish Chinese calligraphy from other kinds of calligraphies.

Being based on is the primary symbol that distinguish Chinese calligraphy from other kinds of calligraphies.--Miranda (talk) 02:53, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

15. Liu Xiaoting

Chinese calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different poses, such as the uniqueness of the official script- silkworm head and swallow tail, the regular script requirement to stick to the norm and rules, the characteristic of cursive script- flying dragon and dancing phoenixes, and the distinctive - natural grace of the running script. 中国书法以不同的姿态展现其美，如隶书的独特性——蚕头和燕尾，楷书要求坚守规范和规矩，草书的特点-飞龙和舞动的凤凰，以及独特的自然优雅的运行脚本。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:48, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

17. Luo Feng

The flow of lines and the rhythm of the brush create an abstract beauty of the whole. 线条的流畅与用笔的节奏创造出一种整体的抽象美。

19. Ma Qian

于右任以“易识、易写、准确、美丽”为原则,采用理论先行、成立社团组织、创办专业刊物等方法,推广“标准草书”。 Based on the principles of recognizing easily, writing easily, writing accurately, looking beautifully, Yu Youren promoted the "standard cursive script" by teaching theories first, setting up clubs, and establishing professional journals.--Ma Qian (talk) 03:47, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

21. Peng Yu

汉字书法为汉族独创的表现艺术，被誉为：无言的诗，无行的舞；无图的画，无声的乐等。 Calligraphy is exclusively created by Han nationality which is honored as “Poetry without word”,”Paintings without picture” and “Music without sound”. Tips: 中文善用主动语态，英文善用被动语态。

modification:Calligraphy is exclusively created by Han nationality which is honored as “poetry without word”,"dance without formation”,"Paintings without picture” and “Music without sound”.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:23, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: Although it uses Chinese characters as its vehicle of expression, one does not have to know Chinese language to appreciate its beauty. Translation: 虽然书法把汉字作为表达思想的载体，但是人们要欣赏它的魅力却不一定懂得汉语。

23. Shi Shuwen

Historically, Chinese calligraphy and politics were closely intertwined and most emperors were good at calligraphy. To some extent, preferences of the Emperors had an influence on the rise and fall of certain calligraphy genres. 历史上，中国书法与政治密切相关，且大多数皇帝都擅长书法。在某种程度上来说，皇帝的偏好影响着确切书法种类发展的兴衰。 Tips：In the process of translation, we should pay attention to the usage of Chinese words and enhance language beauty. If necessary, change the sentences order to make the translation more logical.

24. Sun Rui

Calligraphy is even wildly accepted by the West; as once Picasso said, "Had I been born Chinese, I would have been a calligrapher, not a painter."  书法在西方也大受欢迎。毕加索就曾说过：“要是我生在中国，我会成为一个书法家，而不是画家。”

28. Yang Yuxin

These characters were difficult to write because of their loose structures and complicated strokes, and tended to be simplified with unbending strokes and rough-and-ready structures.

这些字因有着松散的结构和复杂的笔画，极其难写，所以被简化为笔直的笔画和粗线条的结构。

（tip: In the process of translation, we should find out the logical relation, such as the casual relation, so we need to add some words like 因为，所以.） The characters are often joined up, with the last stroke of the first merging into the initial stroke of the next.

30. Yu Jing

Chinese calligraphy, like the script itself, began with the hieroglyphs and, over the long ages of evolution, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the heritage of national culture. 就像雕刻一样，中国书法开始于象形文字，经过长时间的发展，发展成了不同的类型和派别，是民族文化遗产重要的组成部分。

32. Zhou Xiaolan

2、中国书法的历史和中国文字的历史一样悠久 Translation: The history of Chinese calligraphy is as long as the history of Chinese characters.

C. The Evolution of Calligraphy

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

王羲之真迹早就不存于世。因此唐代的精摹本历来已被当作真迹看待，由于年代久远，且享盛名久，和王羲之其它墨迹一样。 Because Wang Xizhi's original works do not exist in the world, exquisite copies in Tang Dynasty has been regarded as authentic due to its age, long fame and closely similar ink marks with originals.

2. Chen Qiuxu

Oracle evolved into “seal” script, so named because it remained the script type used on personal seals.

甲骨文演变为篆书，这样命名是因为篆书是刻在私人印章上的一种书写体。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:16, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

 Before pen and pencil were introduced to China, millions practised the art of writing in ink. In the twentieth century, the art of calligraphy has not only fascinated modern Chinese who are part of this continuous tradition, but has also captured the interest and imagination of the world. 在钢笔和铅笔被引进中国之前，数百万人练习用墨水书写的艺术。在二十世纪，书法艺术不仅吸引了将这一传统延续下去的现代中国人，而且也吸引了世界对书法的兴趣和幻想.

Tips： 英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法： 1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干结构； 2、找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语； 3、分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句； 4、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等；

14. Liu Siyu

隶书的出现是汉字书写的一大进步，是书法史上的一次革命， 不但使字体趋于方正，而且在笔法上也突破了单一的运笔技巧，为以后的各种书法流派奠定了基础。

The appearance of Clerical script is a big progress of writing Chinese characters, a revolution in the history of Chinese calligraphy. It not only formed the characters more upright and foursquare, but also broke the single rule, and even laid the foundation of the fallowing calligraphy genres.

modification: The appearance of clerical script is a great progress of Chinese character writing and a revolution in the history of calligraphy. It not only makes the font tend to be square, but also breaks through a single technique of pen movement, which lays a foundation for various calligraphy schools later.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:30, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

唐朝三绝——李白诗歌、裴旻剑舞、张旭草书。 The three wonders of Tang Dynasty are the poems of Li Bai, the sword dance of Pei Min, and the cursive scripts of Zhang Xu.--Ma Qian (talk) 03:50, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

21. Peng Yu

草书由于字形太简单，彼此容易混淆，所以不能像隶书取代篆文那样，取代隶书而成为主要的字体。 Cursive scrolls is unable to take the place of the clerical script just as Seal script did to Clerical script, owing to its simple font which is easily be mistakenly recognized. Tips: 中文喜欢由因到果，英文偏爱由果至因。 --PengYu Aiden (talk) 09:52, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: Legend has it that Wang Xizhi learned that the key to how to turn his wrist whilst writing was to observe how geese moved their necks. Translation: 据说，王羲之是通过观察鹅如何转动脖子来习得在书写过程中应怎样转动手腕。

23. Shi Shuwen

Calligraphy is regarded in China as either the art of writing or beautiful hand- writing with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. 在中国，书法被认为是写作艺术，或是用毛笔写出的美丽手工作品，亦或是对这个艺术的规则和技巧的研究。

24. Sun Rui

The literal translation of its Chinese name 篆书 is decorative engraving script, because by the time this name was coined in the Han dynasty, its role had been reduced to decorational inscriptions rather than as the main script of the day. 它的中文名字“篆书”的字面意义是装饰性的雕刻文字。因为当这个名字在汉代被创造的时候，它的角色已经变成装饰性的文字，而不是主要的书写方式。 Tip: Sometimes, an English sentence with a restrictive attributive clause is too long or too complicated for the translator to take as a single sentence.  In this case, we may divide it into two or several parts

28. Yang Yuxin

A versatile artist, Wang was skilled at writing in the seal, clerical, running, cursive, and regular scripts, and was superb at the cursive script.

作为一个全能型的艺术家，王羲之擅长篆书，隶书，楷书，草书，和行书，其中草书尤为擅长。

（tip: find out the difference between Chinese and English, swift the sentence pattern.）

As a versatile artist, Wang Xizhi excelled at seal, clerical, running, cursive, and regular scripts, especially cursive script.--Miranda (talk) 02:58, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

30. Yu Jing

The zhuan script or seal character was the earliest form of writing after the oracle inscriptions, which must have caused great inconvenience because they lacked uniformity and many characters were written in variant forms.  小篆，又叫篆体，是继甲骨文之后的最早书写形式，因为缺乏统一以及许多文字书写的不同形式，带来了很大的不便。

32. Zhou Xiaolan

3、The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters. 翻译：中国书法艺术的形成和发展与汉字的产生与演进有着密不可分的联系。

Tips: when we translate one language into another language, we must conform to the linguistic habits of another language.

Unit 3 Traditional Crafts

A. Embroidery

Students' homework

Ai Xin

湘绣以写实居多，色彩明快，以中国画为底，衬上相应的云雾山水、亭台楼阁、飞禽走兽，风格豪放。 湘绣以独特的针法绣出的动物毛丝根根有力，人称湘绣“绣花能生香，绣鸟能闻声，绣虎能奔跑，绣人能传神。

Xiang embroidery is dominated by bright realistic works, and is bold with traditional Chinese painting at the bottom, corresponding to clouds and mists, mountains and waters, pavilions and towers, fowls and beats. Xiang embroidery is known for its unique stitch to show the strength of animals’ each hair vividly. So there is such thing that embroidered flowers can smell, embroidered birds can sing, embroidered tiger can move, embroidered one can convey feelings.

Chen Qiuxu

清朝的苏绣以“精细雅洁”而闻名，当时的苏州更有了“绣市”的誉称。

Suzhou embroidery of the Qing Dynasty is famous for its "exquisite and elegant". Suzhou had the reputation of "embroidery city" at that time.

tips:中文习惯用四次词语来表达，更简洁明了。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:19, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Improved version:

清朝的苏绣以“精细雅洁”而闻名，当时的苏州更有了“绣市”的誉称

Suzhou embroidery in the Qing Dynasty is famous for its "exquisiteness and elegancy". Suzhou had the reputation of "embroidery city" at that time.

Du Peixi

Today’s embroidery art is much more complicated than ever. For example, the double sided embroidery “cat” is one of the representative works of Su Embroidery.

今天的刺绣艺术比以往复杂得多。比如双面绣《猫》就是苏绣的代表作品之一。

Guo Xinyi

由于其针法特点，十字绣的纹样一般造型简练，结构严谨，常呈对称式布局的图案风格。

Hu Jingchen

Four distinctive styles, or schools, of embroidery emerged at that time, though each would reach their pinnacle after the blossoming of the Silk Road trade created a demand for Chinese goods.

当时出现了四种独特的刺绣风格或流派。而在丝绸之路蓬勃发展，中国商品需求剧增后，这四种刺绣都达到了发展顶峰。

Li Haowen

线色万千，根据各种不同画稿的题材，运用各种不同的针法，选配各种不同色阶的绣线——丝线或绒线，凭借针法的特殊表现力和绣线的光泽作用，使绣制出来的物象，不但保存着画稿原有的笔墨神韵，而且通过刺绣工艺，增添了物象的真实性和立体感，起到了一般绘画所不及的艺术效果。

According to different themes of the paintings, diversified stitches are used, accompanied with various threads, silk yarn and floss for embroidery, in different color gradations, as well as the special expressiveness of the stitches and the gloss of the thread, contributing to the final works. The embroidered painting not only conserves the charm of the strokes in the original paintings, but through the technique, adds more senses of reality and dimension, achieving excellent art effects which the normal painting cannot reach.

Li Leyi

羽毛绣就是用羽毛做的刺绣，不但可以绣山水、人物、飞禽走兽还可以绣地毯、书包、抱枕等日用品。

Feather embroidery is one type of embroidery that is made of feathers, it not only can be made into landscape, characters, animals, but also carpets, book bags, pillows and other daily necessities.

Li Qi

刺绣是针线在织物上绣制的各种装饰图案的总称。

译：Embroidery is a general term used to describe all kinds of decorations done with silk thread in fabrics.

modification: Embroidery is a general term for all kinds of decorative patterns embroidered on fabrics.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:33, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Xiangyun

刺绣在国外也享有很高的声誉，在外国人眼里，刺绣是中国文化艺术的代表之一。

Embroidery also has a high reputation overseas, as one of the representatives of Chinese culture in foreigner’s opinion.

Liu Li

刺绣在中国古代，女子通常以布为纸、以线当墨、以针做笔，以此展现技艺、传递感情。

In ancient China, women usually used cloth as paper, thread as ink and needle as pen to show their skills and convey their feelings.

Liu Qingyu

刺绣与养蚕事业是紧密相连的，所以刺绣又可以称为丝绣。

Translation: Closely correlated with the sericulture, embroidery can also be called the “silk embroidery”.

Li Shuo

自从有了麻布、毛纺织品、丝织品，人们就开始在衣服上刺绣图腾等各式纹样。

Since the existence of linen, woolen textiles, silk goods, people began to embroidered on clothing with totem and other patterns. Peng Yu Variation in stitching patterns, as well as occasional beading and sequins, give the embroidery texture and depth.

变化的缝合模式，以及点缀其上的珠片和亮片，给刺绣以纹理和内涵。

Liu Siyu

湘绣是中国四大名绣之一，是以湖南长沙为中心的带有鲜明湘楚文化特色的湖南刺绣产品的总称。

As one of the four famous embroideries in China, Xiang Embroidery is the general name for Hunan embroidery products with distinct Hunan and Chu characteristics centered Changsha, Hunan Province.

Liu Xiaoting

元代信奉喇嘛教的统治者加强了刺绣的宗教触觉，因此刺绣更多地应用于佛像、佛经和祈祷旗。其中之一被保存在布达拉宫。

The religious touch of embroidery was strengthened by the rulers of Yuan Dynasty who believed in Lamaism, so embroidery was much more applied in Buddha statues, sutras and prayer flags. One product of this time is kept in Potala Palace.

Liu Ying

原文：刺绣工艺与其他工艺不同的是，它为女性专有，是女性的艺术，即所谓的“女红”。 Version1: Embroidery is separated from other crafts because it is a craft exclusively for women, and it is the art of women, which is called “needlework”.

Version 2: Embroidery, the so called “needlework”, is the art of women. It is distinguishable from other forms of crafts due to its exclusive access for women.

Due to the characteristics of its needlework, the patterns of cross stitch are generally simple in shape, well-knit in structure, and often in a symmetrical layout.

Luo Feng

中国是丝绸之国，独特而富有魅力的刺绣艺术，誉满全球。

As the cradleland of silk, China is famous for its splendid embroidery art.

Luo Xiaodi

中国是世界上发现与使用蚕丝最早的国家，人们在四五千年前就已经开始养蚕、缫丝了。

China is the first country in the world to discover and use silk. People began to raise silkworms and reeling silk four or five thousand years ago.

Ma Qian

The broken thread embroidery is to break a thread by hand into 8 to 16 thinner threads, then, to broider them in groups.

破线绣是用手将一根线撕成更细的8到16根，再分别绣到布上面。

Peng Lu

四大名绣之称形成于十九世纪中叶，它的产生除了本身的艺术特点外，另一个重要原因就是绣品商业化的结果。

The reputation of “the four most famous styles of embroidery” was introduced in the middle of 19th century. Apart from the artistic beauty of the products, it is also the result of the commercialization of embroidery.

Qin Ruijing

Curiously, Chinese embroidery was originally the domain of males; it was only later that Chinese men realized that women were better at it.

有趣的是，在中国刺绣本来是男子的活，但是他们到了后来发现女性似乎更擅长刺绣。

Shi Shuwen

To become a good embroiderer, one has to learn first of all how to divide a thread into fine flosses.

想要成为一名优秀的绣工，必须首先学会怎样把总线分成细细的丝线。

Zhang Yuanling

Embroidery was a skill marking a girl's path into womanhood as well as conveying rank and social standing.

学习刺绣这门技能是一个女孩成长为女人的标志，同时从一个人刺绣水平的高低可以知道他的社会地位。

Sun Rui

清代织绣工艺仍分为官营和民营两种形式,官营集中在南京苏州和杭州,称为”江南三织造”,以最精良的技术生产帝王官员用品.

In Qing dynasty embroidery technology was still divided into two forms:the nation-run and the citizen-run. The nation-run are mainly located in Nanjing, Suzhou and Hangzhou, known as “three Jiangnan Silk Factories”, with the most sophisticated technology to produce imperial and official supplies.

Xia Ke

Embroidery is a brilliant pearl in Chinese art. In the costume culture, it occupies an important position in the treasure of the Chinese traditional arts and crafts, and is an important part of Chinese nation.

刺绣是中国艺术中的一颗明珠。在服饰文化中，它在中国传统工艺美术宝库中占有重要地位，是中华民族的重要组成部分。

The four major regional styles of Chinese embroidery are Suzhou embroidery (Su Xiu), Hunan embroidery (Xiang Xiu), Guangdong embroidery (Yue Xiu) and Sichuan embroidery (Shu Xiu). All of them are nominated as Chinese Intangible Cultural Heritage.

中国刺绣的四大主要地域风格分别为苏绣、湘绣、粤绣和蜀绣。它们都被提名为中国的非物质文化遗产。

Gu Xiu (顾绣) — Gu embroidery is rather a family style than a local style originated from Gu Mingshi's family during the Ming Dynasty in Shanghai. Gu embroidery is also named Lu Xiang Yuan embroidery after the place where the Gu family lived.

顾绣——比起一个地域的风格，顾氏刺绣是起源于明朝时期上海一户顾名氏家庭的风格。顾绣也因为顾家曾经居住的地方而又名为露香园绣。

Yang Jiani

Embroidery is the handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with needle and thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. Embroidery is most often used on caps, hats, coats, blankets, dress shirts, denim, stockings, and golf shirts. Embroidery is available with a wide variety of thread or yarn color.

刺绣是由装饰织物或针、线等由其他材料所制成的手工艺品。在制程刺绣的其他材料中也包括诸如金属条、珍珠、珠子、羽毛、亮片等其他材料。刺绣在帽子、毯子、大衣、裙衫、牛仔布、长袜、高尔夫球衫中被广泛使用。刺绣中有各种各样的颜色的纱线。

Yang Qing

我国许多少数民族，如维吾尔族、傣族、苗族、土家族、布依族等都有自己特色的民族刺绣，其中水族马尾绣是中国最古老的刺绣艺术。

China's many ethnic minorities, such as uyghur, dai, miao, tujia, buyi and so on, have their own characteristics of the national embroidery, among which the mawei embroidery is the most ancient Chinese embroidery art.

Yang Yun

蜀绣在古代是比较珍贵的，几乎都是达官贵人、大户人家才能享用的。（中译英）

Shu Embroidery was only used by politicians and rich men in ancient times due to its scarcity.

Yang Yuxin

刺绣保存难度较大，正因如此，古代刺绣的价值远超过其它收藏品。

It is difficult to preserve embroidery, so the value of ancient embroidery far exceeds that of other antiques.

tip: (it's important to find the relationship between Sentences, such as cause and effect, the time relationship and so on.)

Ying Tanwen

民间有苏猫、湘虎之说。

There is a folk saying that Suzhou embroidery like a cat, and Xiang embroidery like a tiger.

There are folks saying that Suzhou embroidery likes a cat, and Xiang embroidery likes a tiger.--Miranda (talk) 03:05, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Yu Jing

富有吉祥图案的老绣片，不仅带着古人祈求富贵寿喜、平安幸福的人生理想，带给人们美好的祝愿，同时也是非常有收藏价值的藏品。

The old embroidery with auspicious patterns not only carries worldly ideals that ancient people begged for richness, longevity, safety and happiness, bring people beautiful wishes, but it is also a collection with reserve value.

Zhou Xiaolan

湘绣起源于湖南民间的刺绣，它在发展的过程中吸取了苏绣和粤绣的优点，从而成为清代刺绣艺苑的后起之秀。

Translation：Originating from the folk embroidery of Hunan, Xiang embroidery absorbed the advantages of Su embroidery and Yue embroidery in the process of its development, and thus became a rising star of embroidery in the Qing dynasty.

Zhu Wenhao

刺绣一般用作服饰用品的装饰，做工精巧，色彩华美，在唐代的文献和诗文中都有所反映。

Embroidery is generally used for the decoration of clothing and accessories, with exquisite workmanship and colorful colors, which are reflected in the literature and poetry of the Tang Dynasty.

B. Cloisonne

Students' homework

Liu Xiaoting 2006年5月20日，景泰蓝制作技艺经中国国务院批准列入中国都一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。On May 20th, 2006, the Chinese State Council approved the production technique of Cloisonne to be incorporated in the first non-material cultural heritage list of China on the national level. Chen Qiuxu用于祭祀用的景泰蓝，造型要求庄重、古朴；当日常器皿使用的景泰蓝，则要求精致、华丽、细节丰富可供玩赏。 The cloisonne used for sacrifice requires solemn and simple appearance. When used as everyday utensil, it has to be exquisite, luxurious and rich in detail to please. Hu Jingchen When cloisonné finally found its way to China prior to its flowering in the 15th century, the form was initially derided as garish and even vulgar by Chinese artisans. 景泰蓝在15世纪达到鼎盛时期。在这之前，景泰蓝终于传入了中国。然而据当时的中国工匠看来，这不过是一种花哨甚至是庸俗的形式罢了。 Li Leyi 清代初期的景泰蓝缺乏独创性，无论造型、色彩和装饰大都沿袭了明代的风格。 Cloisonne in the early Qing Dynasty lacked creativity, regardless of its shape, color and decoration it mostly followed the Ming Dynasty’s style.

Li Qi

北京景泰蓝以典雅雄浑的造型、繁富的纹样、清丽庄重的色彩著称，给人以圆润坚实、细腻工整、金碧辉煌、繁花似锦的艺术感受，成为驰名世界的传统手工艺品。

译：Beijng Cloisonne is famous for its elegant and powerful style, rich and complex patterns and fresh and solemn colors, giving people an artistic feeling of being round ,solid, delicate, neat, brilliant and colorful, thus become a world-famous traditional handicrafts.

Luo Xiaodi

中国瓷器指的是中国制造的瓷器，在英文中“瓷器（china）”与中国（China）同为一词。中国是瓷器的故乡，瓷器是古代劳动人民的一个重要的创造。

Chinese porcelain refers to China-made porcelain, and in English "China" is the same as "China" . China is the hometown of porcelain, porcelain is an important creation of ancient working people.

Li Haowen

北京景泰蓝以典雅雄浑的造型、繁富的纹样、清丽庄重的色彩著称，给人以圆润坚实、细腻工整、金碧辉煌、繁花似锦的艺术感受，成为驰名世界的传统手工艺品。 Beijing Cloisonne is renowned for its elegant and grand shape, complicated decoration and its beautiful as well as solemn colors. It leaves us mellow, firm, delicate, neat and magnificent impressions of art, and it has become a kind of traditional handicrafts known around the globe.

Liu Li

在明代，景泰蓝的装饰纹样以大明莲为主，也有少数串联花卉和青铜器纹样变形的装饰，其色彩以湖蓝为主色调，配以少量红、白、绿、黄等色。 In the Ming Dynasty, the decorative patterns of cloisonné mainly consisted of Daming lotus, accompanying with series of flowers and bronze wares. And the main color of cloisonné was lake blue, sometimes coordinating with red, white, green, yellow and so on. Qin RuijingText: Craftsmen may apply many thin layers of enamel with embedded material firing each layer to coat an object. If the process is done well, the result can be a strikingly colorful and even sparkling hard surface with translucent depth that looks unusual compared to simple painted ceramics or lacquer ware. Translation:工匠们会在瓷器上涂上很多层珐琅，每一层都有嵌入的材料并且经过烧制而成。如果这个过程做的好，最后的瓷器会呈现出令人惊讶的多姿多彩，闪闪发光的硬表面清透见底，与简单彩绘的瓷器相比不同寻常。 Shi Shuwen This requires great care and creativity: the artisan has a blueprint in mind and makes full use of his experience, imagination, and aesthetic perspectives in mapping out the patterns, which include everyday objects such as grasshoppers, frogs, horses, and flowers as well as dragons and phoenixes. 这需要极大的细心和创造力:工匠心中要有一个蓝图，并充分利用自己的经验、想象力和审美角度绘制出图案，其中包括平时常见的东西，如蚱蜢、青蛙、马、花以及龙凤。 Li Xiangyun中国是瓷器的故乡，在英文中，“瓷器”和“中国”为同一词。 China is the home to china. In English, china and China is the same word. Luo Feng景泰蓝的制作既运用了青铜和瓷器 工艺、又溶入了传统手工绘画 和雕刻技艺，堪称中国传统工艺的集大成者. Cloisonne is called a master of traditional Chinese craftsmanship, using both bronze and porcelain craftsmanship, as well as traditional hand-painting and carving techniques. Ma Qian 景泰蓝集美术、工艺、雕刻、镶嵌、玻璃熔炼、冶金等专业技术为一体，具有鲜明的民族风格和深刻文化内涵，是最具北京特色的传统手工艺品之一。 Cloisonne, one of most traditional handicrafts with Beijing specialty, incorporating the professional techniques of art, craft, carving, inlay, fusion, metallurgy, has the vivid national style and profound cultural connotation. Zhang Yuanling The earliest datable pieces being from the reign of the Xuande Emperor (1425–35), which however show a full use of Chinese styles suggesting considerable experience in the technique. 最早的一件景泰蓝瓷器可确定产于宣德年间，这件瓷器淋漓尽致地展现了中国风和精湛的制作技艺。 Ai Xin珐琅器是中国彩绘瓷器中最著名的品种，是中国制瓷工艺发展到顶峰时期的产物。由于其烧造数量少而且当时仅供皇帝秘玩，故显得异常珍贵，又被称为官窑中的“官窑”。 Enamelware is one of the most famous types of Chinese painted porcelain. It is the product of the development of Chinese porcelain technology to the peak period. But it just has a few made-up articles and only serves for emperors, enamelware is extremely precious, known as the best in the official kiln.

Liu Siyu 景泰蓝造型多样、纹饰品种繁多、价格容易让人接受，因此，已经成为我们与亲朋好友互相往来的最佳礼品了。 Cloisonne has diverse models, various kinds of ornamentations, and an acceptable price. Therefore, it has already become the best gift for us to socialize with our relatives and friends.

Sun Rui

清代初期的景泰蓝缺乏独创性,无论造型 色彩和装饰大都沿袭了明代的风格 清代中后期,由于宫廷皇室的奢华,对景泰蓝的影响很大。

In the early Qing dynasty, cloisonne lacked originality. No matter in the style, color or decoration, most of the cloisonne followed the style of the Ming dynasty . In the middle and late Qing dynasty, the luxury of the royal court had a great impact on cloisonne .

Xia Ke All the process of making cloisonne are by hand, are following steps: design, padding, making, thread weaving, drawing, burning, polishing and gilding ect. 景泰蓝完全由手工制成。需要经过制胎、掐丝、烧焊、点蓝、烧蓝、磨光、镀金等步骤。 2.Cloisonne can be used for appreciation collection, business gifts, daily necessities, indoor and out door construction projects decoration. 景泰蓝可以用作鉴赏收藏、商务礼品、日常用品、室内外建筑工程装饰。 3.Cloisonne is a kind of Chinese traditional handicrafts, with a history over 600 years. 景泰蓝是一种中国传统的手工艺精品，距今已有600多年的历史。 Yang Jiani Cloisonné is an ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects, in recent centuries using vitreous enamel, and in older periods also inlays of cut gemstones, glass, and other materials. The technique was in ancient times mostly used for jewellery and small fittings for clothes, weapons or similar small objects decorated with geometric or schematic designs, with thick cloison walls. 景泰蓝是用于装饰金属制品的古代技艺，在近现代景泰蓝技术多使用玻璃搪瓷，在古代则是使用，镶嵌的宝石，玻璃等其他材料。这项技术在古代常见于首饰、衣物装饰品、武器和绘有几何图案的小物品上，并带有一层厚厚的景泰蓝漆。 Yang Qing景泰蓝从诞生的那一刻起就没有走出过皇宫，成为中国历史上唯一传承了600多年，具有纯正皇室血统的帝王级奢侈品。 Cloisonne has never been outside the palace since it was born, and it has become the only imperial luxury with pure royal blood that has been inherited for more than 600 years in Chinese history. Yang Yuxin 景泰蓝集美术、工艺、雕刻、镶嵌、玻璃熔炼、冶金等专业技术为一体，具有鲜明的民族风格和深刻文化内涵，是最具北京特色的传统手工艺品之一。 Cloisonne，as a combination of art, technology, carving, inlay, glass melting, metallurgy and some other technics, with district national style and profound cultural meanings, is one of the most distinctive traditional crafts of Beijing. (learn to transfer the patterns of Sentences, 中文的动词在英译是可以翻译为名词或者一些介词短语，learn to find the most important part in one Sentence, Chinese chooses the end focus while English chooses head focus.) Ying Tanwen 假的景泰蓝重量相对较轻，因为是黄铜胎。 The fake cloisonne was relatively light in weight because it was made of brass. Yu Jing北京景泰蓝以典雅雄浑的造型、繁富的纹样、清丽庄重的色彩著称，给人以圆润坚实、细腻工整、金碧辉煌、繁花似锦的艺术感受，成为驰名世界的传统手工艺品。 Beijing cloisonné is famous for its elegant and vigorous shape, various lines, concinne and solemn colors, giving people fruity and solid, exquisite and neat, resplendent and magnificent, blossoming artistic feeling, and becomes world-famous traditional handicraft. Zhou Xiaolan如果说瓷器像茉莉花一样清新高雅，那么景泰蓝一定像美艳的牡丹花一样高贵大气，虽然他们各有千秋，但不同于瓷器的是景泰蓝的制作工序更为复杂，造型也更多变。 Translation: If porcelain is as fresh and elegant as jasmine, then cloisonne must be as noble as the beautiful peony. Although they each have their own advantages, what is different from porcelain is that cloisonne has a more complex production process and a more varied shape. Zhu Wenhao景泰蓝诞生于皇宫，是皇家重要的组成部分，是皇宫大殿的主要陈设，亦是镇殿之宝。 Cloisonne was born in the Royal Palace. It was an important part of the Royal Family, the main furnishings of the Royal Palace, and the treasure of the town hall. Peng Lu景泰蓝是集美术、工艺、雕刻、镶嵌、玻璃熔炼、冶金等专业技术为一体，具有鲜明的民族风格和深刻文化内涵，是最具北京特色的传统手工艺品之一。 翻译： Cloisonne, gathering art, craft, sculpture, inlay, melt and metallurgy together, is one of the most “Beijing” traditional handicrafts, which embodies distinct national style as well as profound cultural connotations. Li Shuo掐丝珐琅有着五彩斑斓、华丽夺目的魅力，由于其在明代景泰年间获得了史无前例的发展，又一般多外饰蓝色釉料，故习称景泰蓝。 Copper-strip inlay enamel has colorful, gorgeous and dazzling charm, and because of its unprecedented development in the Ming Dynasty Jingtai years, also blue glaze decoration, it is so called Cloisonné (Jing Tailan). Peng Yu In antiquity, the cloisonné technique was mostly used for jewelry and small fittings for clothes, weapons or similar small objects decorated with geometric or schematic designs。 在古代，景泰蓝技术主要用于珠宝、衣服的小配饰、武器或类似的装饰几何或示意图设计小物件。 Liu Ying 原文：这种工艺技术的原产地有很多说法，大致应该是从西亚，中亚，波斯，阿拉伯这几个地区，在元朝时期传入中国，然后在明朝景泰年间大量发展并中国化。 Version: There are many sayings of the origin of this craft. It is believed that during the Yuan Dynasty, the craft was brought to China from regions of the Western Asia, Central Asia, Persia and Arab; later, the craft substantially flourished and was Sinicized in the period of Emperor Jingtai. Jang Yun由于景泰蓝的历史意义及工艺，2006被国家列为第一批非物质文化遗产。（中译英） Cloisonné was listed in the First Batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2006 because of its history meaning and craft. Liu Qingyu Vitreous enamels in the different colors are ground to fine powders in an agate or porcelain mortar and pestle, then washed to remove the impurities that would discolor the fired enamel. T:在玛瑙研体或瓷研钵中用研棒把不同颜色的搪瓷捣碎成粉末。接着冲洗粉末，去除杂质，以免烧制过的搪瓷变色。 Guo Xinyi清代初期的景泰蓝缺乏独创性，无论造型、色彩和装饰大都沿袭了明代的风格。 The cloisonné in the early Qing dynasty lacks originality, with its shape, color and decoration mostly following the style of Ming dynasty.

Du Peixi

Purple copper and enamel are the main materials of cloisonne. The process of making cloisonne is rather complicated. It begins with the casting of bronze into different shapes of vases, jars, bowls and the alike, to which flat bronze wires are then affixed in decorative patterns. 紫铜和搪瓷是景泰蓝的主要原料。景泰蓝的制作过程相当复杂。从把青铜铸造成花瓶、罐子、碗等不同形状开始，然后再在上面贴上装饰图案的扁铜线。

Chen Qiuxu

祭祀用的景泰蓝，造型要求庄重、古朴；当日常器皿使用的景泰蓝，则要求精致、华丽、细节丰富可供玩赏。

The cloisonne used for sacrifice requires solemn and simple appearance, when used as everyday utensils, it has to be exquisite, luxuriant and rich in details for pleasure.

tips:汉语习惯于主动形态，The cloisonne used for sacrifice译为“祭祀用的景泰蓝”，而不译为“景泰蓝被用来祭祀”。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:24, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text: Craftsmen may apply many thin layers of enamel with embedded material firing each layer to coat an object. If the process is done well, the result can be a strikingly colorful and even sparkling hard surface with translucent depth that looks unusual compared to simple painted ceramics or lacquer ware. Translation:工匠们会在瓷器上涂上很多层珐琅，每一层都有嵌入的材料并且经过烧制而成。如果这个过程做的好，最后的瓷器会呈现出令人惊讶的多姿多彩，闪闪发光的硬表面清透见底，与简单彩绘的瓷器相比不同寻常。

Shi Shuwen

This requires great care and creativity: the artisan has a blueprint in mind and makes full use of his experience, imagination, and aesthetic perspectives in mapping out the patterns, which include everyday objects such as grasshoppers, frogs, horses, and flowers as well as dragons and phoenixes. 这需要极大的细心和创造力:工匠心中要有一个蓝图，并充分利用自己的经验、想象力和审美角度绘制出图案，其中包括平时常见的东西，如蚱蜢、青蛙、马、花以及龙凤。

modification: 工匠心中要有一个蓝图，并充分利用自己的经验、想象力和审美角度绘制出图案，其中包括平时常见的东西，如蚱蜢、青蛙、马、花以及龙凤。而这是需要极大的细心和创造力的。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:40, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ma Qian

景泰蓝集美术、工艺、雕刻、镶嵌、玻璃熔炼、冶金等专业技术为一体，具有鲜明的民族风格和深刻文化内涵，是最具北京特色的传统手工艺品之一。 Cloisonne, one of most traditional handicrafts with Beijing specialty, incorporating the professional techniques of art, craft, carving, inlay, fusion, metallurgy, has the vivid national style and profound cultural connotation.--Ma Qian (talk) 04:10, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

珐琅器是中国彩绘瓷器中最著名的品种，是中国制瓷工艺发展到顶峰时期的产物。由于其烧造数量少而且当时仅供皇帝秘玩，故显得异常珍贵，又被称为官窑中的“官窑”。 Enamelware is one of the most famous types of Chinese painted porcelain. It is the product of the development of Chinese porcelain technology to the peak period. But it just has a few made-up articles and only serves for emperors, enamelware is extremely precious, known as the best in the official kiln.

Tips: 翻译时，注意英语的静态化特征，进行词性的转化

Liu Siyu

景泰蓝造型多样、纹饰品种繁多、价格容易让人接受，因此，已经成为我们与亲朋好友互相往来的最佳礼品了。 Cloisonne has diverse models, various kinds of ornamentations, and an acceptable price. Therefore, it has already become the best gift for us to socialize with our relatives and friends.

Cloisonne has become the best gift for us to communicate with our relatives and friends because of its various shapes, variety of ornamentals and acceptable price.--Miranda (talk) 03:09, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Sun Rui

清代初期的景泰蓝缺乏独创性,无论造型 色彩和装饰大都沿袭了明代的风格 清代中后期,由于宫廷皇室的奢华,对景泰蓝的影响很大。 In the early Qing dynasty, cloisonne lacked originality. No matter in the style, color or decoration, most of the cloisonne followed the style of the Ming dynasty . In the middle and late Qing dynasty, the luxury of the royal court had a great impact on cloisonne .

Yang Yuxin

景泰蓝集美术、工艺、雕刻、镶嵌、玻璃熔炼、冶金等专业技术为一体，具有鲜明的民族风格和深刻文化内涵，是最具北京特色的传统手工艺品之一。

Cloisonne，as a combination of art, technology, carving, inlay, glass melting, metallurgy and some other technics, with district national style and profound cultural meanings, is one of the most distinctive traditional crafts of Beijing.

tip: (learn to transfer the patterns of Sentences, 中文的动词在英译是可以翻译为名词或者一些介词短语，learn to find the most important part in one Sentence, Chinese chooses the end focus while English chooses head focus.)

Yu Jing

北京景泰蓝以典雅雄浑的造型、繁富的纹样、清丽庄重的色彩著称，给人以圆润坚实、细腻工整、金碧辉煌、繁花似锦的艺术感受，成为驰名世界的传统手工艺品。 Beijing cloisonné is famous for its elegant and vigorous shape, various lines, concinne and solemn colors, giving people fruity and solid, exquisite and neat, resplendent and magnificent, blossoming artistic feeling, and becomes world-famous traditional handicraft.

Zhou Xiaolan

2. 如果说瓷器像茉莉花一样清新高雅，那么景泰蓝一定像美艳的牡丹花一样高贵大气，虽然他们各有千秋，但不同于瓷器的是景泰蓝的制作工序更为复杂，造型也更多变。 Translation: If porcelain is as fresh and elegant as jasmine, then cloisonne must be as noble as the beautiful peony. Although they each have their own advantages, what is different from porcelain is that cloisonne has a more complex production process and a more varied shape.

Peng Yu

sectionA （embroidery）I didn't see my name in the editing page of the section A of the unit 2, so i write my answer here. Variation in stitching patterns, as well as occasional beading and sequins, gives the embroidery texture and deep meaning. 变化的缝合模式，以及点缀其上的珠片和亮片，给刺绣以纹理和内涵。 Tips: 英文更喜欢用名词，形容词等静态词，中文则反。

sectionB In antiquity, the cloisonné technique was mostly used for jewelry and small fittings for clothes, weapons or similar small objects decorated with geometric or schematic designs。 在古代，景泰蓝技术主要用于珠宝、衣服的小配饰、武器或类似的装饰几何或示意图设计小物件。 tips：如果定语过长，我们可以将它转换为状语。

C. Lacquerware

Students' homework

Liu Xiaoting 现代漆器的制作，形式美表现提到了崇高的地位，甚至很多漆器就只表现单纯的形式美和现代感，这与西方野兽派领袖马蒂斯的影响有着密切的联系。The production of modern lacquerware mainly focuses on the beauty of form, and even many lacquerware simply show the beauty of form and modern sense, which is closely related to the influence of Matisse, the leader of the western fauvism. Chen Qiuxu清代漆器生产的重要特征是地域特色日益明显，呈多样化发展趋势。 The important feature of lacquerware production in qing dynasty is the increasingly evident regional feature, presenting a diversified development trend. Hu Jingchen Originating during the era of Neolithic art, lacquering was originally intended as a form of waterproof protection for wood and bamboo, but the process rapidly became a greatly valued method of decorating fine objects. 起源于新石器艺术时期，上漆原是用来使木头和竹子防潮的一种工艺。而后这种工艺又快速发展为一种装饰精美物品的方法，并为人们所珍视。 Li Leyi 漆器所制作的器皿，样式多且富变化，造型简朴，表现出器物结构比例之美。

Li Qi Utensils made of lacquer, many styles and changes, simple shape, shows the beauty of the structure of the utensils.

According to archaeologists, the earliest example of lacquerware with a colored pattern is a stringed musical instrument unearthed in Xinyang, Henan Province.

  译：据考古学家称，可追溯的最早的彩色漆器是在河南省信阳出土的一件弦乐器。

Luo Xiaodi中国瓷器指的是中国制造的瓷器，在英文中“瓷器（china）”与中国（China）同为一词。中国是瓷器的故乡，瓷器是古代劳动人民的一个重要的创造。

Chinese porcelain refers to China-made porcelain, and in English "China" is the same as "China" . China is the hometown of porcelain, porcelain is an important creation of ancient working people.

Li Haowen与此同时，雕漆更加注重雕刻，从平雕到浮雕、镂空雕、立体圆雕，全靠手工雕刻而成，要“刀刀到位，不能悔刀”，技术难度可想而知。

Meanwhile, lacquerware puts more emphasis on carving. From the skills of flat carving to relief, from hollowed-out carving to round sculpture, they all require to done by hand, which also needs the sculptor to carve exactly with each move and cannot make repairs, so it is evident that how difficult it is.

Liu Li生漆是从漆树割取的天然液汁，主要由漆酚、漆酶、树胶质及水分构成。用它做成的涂料，既有耐潮、耐高温、耐腐蚀等特殊功能，又可以调配出不同颜色，增加审美价值。

Raw lacquer is the natural juice cut from the lacquer tree, mainly composed of urushiol, laccase, gumminess and water. The coating that makes with it, not only has the special functions, like wet-resistant, heat-resistant, corrosion-resistant, but also can mix into different colors, increasing the aesthetic value. Qin Ruijing Text: When exposed to oxygen and humidity, lacquer hardens or polymerizes, becoming a natural plastic and an ideal protective covering for screens, trays, and other implements. Translation:当暴露在氧气和水分下，漆会变硬或聚合，成为一种天然塑料和屏幕、托盘等物品的理想保护层。 Shi Shuwen Chinese lacquerware is elaborate in workmanship, elegant in appearance and harmonious in color. Objects made of lacquer are works of art as well as articles for daily use, including screens, cabinets and coffee tables. 中国漆器做工精细，外观典雅，色彩和谐。漆器既是艺术品，又是日常生活用品，包括屏风、橱柜、咖啡桌等。 中国古代漆器的工艺，早在新石器时代就已经出现，夏代的木胎漆器不仅用于日常生活，也用于祭祀。

 Li Xiangyun The technology of lacquerware in ancient China appeared in the Neolithic Age. The wooden-body lacquer was not only used for normal life, but also for sacrificial activities. 

Luo Feng当“识文描金”被人们看作从日本引入的新工艺时，我们的漆器如烟花一般，繁华中没入了沉沉的夜色。 When lacquerware was regarded as a new technique introduced from Japan, ours was like fireworks, tailing off in the darkness. Ma Qian In the Tang dynasty (618–907), Chinese lacquerware saw a new style marked by the use of sheets of gold or silver made in various shapes, such as birds, animals, and flowers. 在唐朝（618—907），中国漆器出现了一种新风格，即开始使用各种形状的金银薄片，例如鸟，动物和花。 在唐朝（618—907），中国漆器出现了一种新风格，即开始使用金银薄片，其形状也多种多样，例如鸟类，动物，花。 Zhang Yuanling At the time of the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), special administrations were established to organize and divide labor for the expanding lacquer production in China。 为了扩大漆器的产量， 汉代设立起一个专门的机构，负责征集劳动者并将工作分配给他们。 Ai Xin玉佛：一直以来有"男戴观音女戴佛"的说法，这取材于易经和中国古代哲学，认为人类应遵循大自然阴阳协调的原则，女子佩戴男身的玉佛，取男女互补之意。 Jade Buddha: there has always been a saying that "the male wears the goddess of mercy and the female wears the Buddha", which is based on the Book of Changes and ancient Chinese philosophy. It is believed that human beings should follow the natural principle of Yin and Yang balance. If women wear male Jade Buddha figures, the meaning of complementation of men and women can be derived.

Liu Siyu 许多制作精美的古代漆器，即使长期埋藏在潮湿的地下或干燥的沙漠中，也能保持光艳如新，但出土后大多会因环境湿度变化而出现变色现象。 Though chronically covered by humid soil or arid desert, many exquisite ancient lacquerwares still can keep their original color. While after being unearthed, they will discolor because of the change of environment humidity.

Sun Rui 到了战国时期漆器制作进入一个空前繁荣的时代。尤其是战国中期漆器制造业已完全脱离木器业成为一个独立运作的手工业部门。

In the warring states period, lacquerware production entered an era of unprecedented prosperity. Especially in the middle of the warring states period, the lacquerware manufacturing industry completely broke away from the wood industry and became an independent manufacturing sector. Xia Ke

Asian lacquer ware is well known to art collectors worldwide, and is the result of some of the finest craftsmanship techniques in the world. 

亚洲漆器为世界各地的艺术收藏家所熟知，是世界上一些最精湛的工艺技术的结晶。 2.Lacquer ware is created by applying lacquer to wooden objects to give it a fine finish and luster. 漆器是将漆涂在木制品上，使其具有精细的光洁度和光泽。 3.Evidence indicates that the practice of lacquering objects began over 4000 years ago, where it was used to coat common objects like furniture, and personal items like earrings and combs。 有证据表明漆器工艺始于4000年前，那时人们给普通家具和个人物品比如耳环和梳子之类上漆。 Yang Jiani Lacquerware are objects decoratively covered with lacquer. The lacquer is sometimes inlaid or carved. Lacquerware includes boxes, tableware, buttons and even coffins painted with lacquer, mostly from East Asian cultures. During the Shang dynasty (ca. 1600–1046 BC) of China, sophisticated lacquer process techniques developed became a highly artistic craft.

漆器是表面覆盖一层装饰漆的物品。这层表面的装饰漆，有的是镶嵌的，有的是雕刻的。漆器应用范围包括盒子餐桌纽扣，甚至是涂有填漆的棺材，并且多数存在于东亚文化之中。在中国的商代，发达漆器技术逐渐发展成为一种高度艺术的工艺。

Yang Qing唐代漆器工艺如同其社会形态一样先进发达，为了炫耀富丽堂皇的生活，贵族使用的漆器上大量运用金银做装饰。 The craft of lacquerware in the Tang dynasty was as advanced and developed as Tang society. In order to show off the magnificent life, the lacquerware used by the nobility was decorated with gold and silver.

Yang Yuxin 涂漆既可保护器物，经久耐用，又可使其美观。 Lacquering can not only protect the utensils, making them durable, but also make them beautiful and elegant. (找准句子主语) Ying Tanwen 古语云：“滴漆入土，千年不坏。” As the old saying goes:" dropped paint and buried in the ground, the lacquerware won't rub off although for a thousand years. Yu Jing明代时期的工艺美术跨入新的阶段，官方设厂专制御用的各种漆器，并由著名的漆艺家管理。 Industrial art in Ming Dynasty entered into a new stage. Authority set up a factory to make imperial lacquerware specially, and it was managed by famous lacquer wares.

Zhou Xiaolan漆器作为中华文明的瑰宝，即便剥去华美的外衣，留下的也是最质朴的本真，以及最包容的智慧。 Translation: Lacquerware, as the treasure of Chinese civilization, is left with the simplest authenticity and the most inclusive wisdom, even when stripped of its gorgeous garb.

Zhu Wenhao在移动漆器时应轻拿轻放，注意不要与坚硬、锐利的物体碰撞或摩擦，避免剧烈的震动。因为有的漆器在地下埋藏千年，胎质易变得疏松，稍不注意，就会损坏。 When moving the lacquerware, handle it with care, taking care not to collide or rub with hard, sharp objects, and avoid severe vibration. Because some lacquerware has been buried underground for thousands of years, the quality of the tires tends to become loose, and if they are not noticed, they will be damaged. Peng Lu宋代漆器所制作的器皿，样式多且富变化，造型简朴，表现出器物结构比例之美。 翻译： Lacquerware in Song Dynasty, with colourful types and simple forms, embodies the beauty of structure.

Li Shuo以漆漆物，并没有其他手续，称为平漆，最先漆物，只这一种方法。 Flat painting, which means paint something with lacquer and do nothing else, is the only way to paint when the first Lacquerware appeared. Peng Yu The cut-outs were affixed onto the surface of the lacquerware, after which new layers of lacquer were applied, dried, and then ground away, so the surface could be polished to reveal the golden or silvery patterns beneath. 将刻出的图案贴在漆器表面，然后涂上一层新漆，晾干，然后研磨，这样漆器表面就可以抛光，露出下面金色或银色的图案。 Liu Ying Text: Evidence indicates that the practice of lacquering objects began over 4000 years ago, where it used to coat common objects like furniture, and personal items like earrings and combs. 译文：考古发现，早在约4000以前人们就开始在物品上涂漆了。他们会在生活用品上盖上漆层，其中不乏家具，耳环，梳子。 Jang Yun银胎彩绘器物是集唐代金银工艺、雕塑工艺和绘画于一身的高档艺术品，应该是唐代宫廷作坊的产物。（中译英） Artifacts in silver body colored with painting should be products of Tang Dynasty Palace Workshop, as a slap-up artwork, showing gold and silver crafts, sculpture crafts and painting from Tang Dynasty. Liu Qingyu In the Tang dynasty (618–907), Chinese lacquerware saw a new style marked by the use of sheets of gold or silver made in various shapes, such as birds, animals, and flowers. 唐朝产生了一种新的漆器样式，这种漆器由金箔和银箔塑造成各种形状，如鸟、动物和花。

Guo Xinyi中国漆器发源于新石器时代，历经商周直至明清，工艺不断发展，达到了相当高的水平。

Originated in the Neolithic Age, Chinese lacquerware has gone through the Shang and Zhou dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties with its technique developing continuously to a very high level. Du Peixi From the Shang Dynasty to the Han, colorful painting, gold inlaying and other techniques were introduced into the making of lacquer ware. The oldest lacquer ware discovered dates back to the Warring State Period (403--221 BC) when lacquer ware was popular. 从商代到汉代，彩绘、镶金等工艺被引入漆器制作中。被发现的最古老的漆器可追溯到战国时期（公元前403-221年），在当时漆器非常流行。

Chen Qiuxu

清代漆器生产的重要特征是地域特色日益明显，呈多样化发展趋势。

The important feature of lacquerware production in qing dynasty is the increasingly evident regional feature, presenting a diversified development trend.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:25, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

The important feature of Qing Dynasty lacquerware production is the increasingly obvious regional characteristics and diversified development trend.--Miranda (talk) 03:14, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text: When exposed to oxygen and humidity, lacquer hardens or polymerizes, becoming a natural plastic and an ideal protective covering for screens, trays, and other implements. Translation:当暴露在氧气和水分下，漆会变硬或聚合，成为一种天然塑料和屏幕、托盘等物品的理想保护层。

Shi Shuwen

Chinese lacquerware is elaborate in workmanship, elegant in appearance and harmonious in color. Objects made of lacquer are works of art as well as articles for daily use, including screens, cabinets and coffee tables. 中国漆器做工精细，外观典雅，色彩和谐。漆器既是艺术品，又是日常生活用品，包括屏风、橱柜、咖啡桌等。 Tip：注意连接词多样性。“既...又”，除了not only...but also还可以有as well as 等。

modification: 中国漆器做工精细，外观典雅，色彩和谐。漆器,包括屏风、橱柜、咖啡桌等,既是艺术品，又是日常生活用品。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:44, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ma Qian

In the Tang dynasty (618–907), Chinese lacquerware saw a new style marked by the use of sheets of gold or silver made in various shapes, such as birds, animals, and flowers. 在唐朝（618—907），中国漆器出现了一种新风格，即开始使用各种形状的金银薄片，例如鸟，动物和花。 在唐朝（618—907），中国漆器出现了一种新风格，即开始使用金银薄片，其形状也多种多样，例如鸟类，动物，花。--Ma Qian (talk) 04:11, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

玉佛：一直以来有"男戴观音女戴佛"的说法，这取材于易经和中国古代哲学，认为人类应遵循大自然阴阳协调的原则，女子佩戴男身的玉佛，取男女互补之意。 Jade Buddha: there has always been a saying that "the male wears the goddess of mercy and the female wears the Buddha", which is based on the BOOK of Changes and ancient Chinese philosophy. It believes that human beings should follow the principle of Yin and Yang harmony in nature.

Liu Siyu

许多制作精美的古代漆器，即使长期埋藏在潮湿的地下或干燥的沙漠中，也能保持光艳如新，但出土后大多会因环境湿度变化而出现变色现象。 Though chronically covered by humid soil or arid desert, many exquisite ancient lacquerwares still can keep their original color. While after being unearthed, they will discolor because of the change of environment humidity.

Sun Rui

到了战国时期漆器制作进入一个空前繁荣的时代。尤其是战国中期漆器制造业已完全脱离木器业成为一个独立运作的手工业部门。 In the warring states period, lacquerware production entered an era of unprecedented prosperity. Especially in the middle of the warring states period, the lacquerware manufacturing industry completely broke away from the wood industry and became an independent manufacturing sector.

Yang Yuxin

涂漆既可保护器物，经久耐用，又可使其美观。

Lacquering can not only protect the utensils, making them durable, but also make them beautiful and elegant.

tip: (找准句子主语)

Yu Jing

明代时期的工艺美术跨入新的阶段，官方设厂专制御用的各种漆器，并由著名的漆艺家管理。 Industrial art in Ming Dynasty entered into a new stage. Authority set up a factory to make imperial lacquerware specially, and it was managed by famous lacquer wares.

Zhou Xiaolan

3.漆器作为中华文明的瑰宝，即便剥去华美的外衣，留下的也是最质朴的本真，以及最包容的智慧。 Translation: Lacquerware, as the treasure of Chinese civilization, is left with the simplest authenticity and the most inclusive wisdom, even when stripped of its gorgeous garb.

Du Peixi

From the Shang Dynasty to the Han, colorful painting, gold inlaying and other techniques were introduced into the making of lacquer ware. The oldest lacquer ware discovered dates back to the Warring State Period (403--221 BC) when lacquer ware was popular. 从商代到汉代，彩绘、镶金等工艺被引入漆器制作中。被发现的最古老的漆器可追溯到战国时期（公元前403-221年），在当时漆器非常流行。 Tips： 句子的语法结构要清晰 1.句子主干 2.还有那些成分 3.各个意群之间的关系

Peng Yu

The cut-outs were affixed onto the surface of the lacquerware, after which new layers of lacquer were applied, dried, and then ground away, so the surface could be polished to reveal the golden or silvery patterns beneath. 将刻出的图案贴在漆器表面，然后涂上一层新漆，晾干，然后研磨，这样漆器表面就可以抛光，露出下面金色或银色的图案。 tips：英文中逻辑顺序通过conjunction体现，我们要抓住这个特点。

D. Carving

Students' homework

Liu Xiaoting Gold is valuable, but jade is priceless.金有价，玉无价 “The durability and softness of jade, along with the ethereal beauty of its translucent color determine the metaphysics and the ideal character of Chinese. Not only ancient gentlemen compare integrity to jade, but also Chinese porcelain, painting, calligraphy, poetry and heptachord all purse the beauty represented by the reserved-looking soft jade.”玉，坚贞而温润，它们的色泽空灵幻美，却领导着中国的玄思，趋向精神人格之美的表现。不但古之君子比德如玉，中国的画、瓷器、书法、诗和七弦琴，都以精光内敛、温润如玉的美为意象。 Chen Qiuxu乐山大佛高71米，开凿于唐代，经过3代工匠人历时90年得以完工，是中国最大的一尊摩崖石刻造像。 The 71-meter-high Leshan giant Buddha that was carved in the tang dynasty and completed in 90 years by three generations of craftsmen is the largest cliff carving statue in China.

Hu Jingchen Archaeological excavations and literature sources show that early primitive societies had already learned to make utilitarian or decorative objects out of materials readily available in nature, such as jade, stone, bamboo, wood, ivory, horn, and bone. 据考古发现及文史资料，原始社会早期人们就学会了把天然材料，如玉石、竹木、象牙、兽角、兽骨，加工成实用和装饰的物品。 Li Leyi 工艺师在制作过程中，根据不同玉料的天然颜色和自然形状，经过精心设计、反复琢磨，才能把玉石雕制成精美的工艺品。

In the process of making, according to the natural color and shape of different jade materials, the craftsman can carve the jade into exquisite handicrafts after careful design and repeated pondering.

Li Qi 工艺师在制作过程中，根据不同玉料的天然颜色和自然形状，经过精心设计、反复琢磨，才能把玉石雕制成精美的工艺品。 译：In the process of carving, according to the natural color and shape of different jades, craftsman ,carefully designed and thought over and over again, carves jade into fine jade crafts.

Li Haowen海派玉雕的“精”更让人惊异，料色的应用、异想、巧作和精制独具匠心；题材的传承、转化、创新和出挑非常丰富；工艺的理解、发扬、运用和变幻更加神化；思想的发现、嫁接、延续和突破无愧于时代……

The perfection of Hai style jade carving is much more amazing. The application of the materials’ color, the imagination, and the delicate making contain makers’ unique thinking; the themes vary and is abundant in proceeding, transforming, innovating and being outstanding; workers’ understandings, applications and variations become much more miraculous; and as for the mental activities, which resides in these works, the origins, combinations, inheritance and all the breakouts are of greatness of the times.

Liu Li在艺术手法上，东阳木雕通过改变层次的高远和平面分散程度来处理透视关系，并以中国传统绘画的散点透视和鸟瞰式透视为构图特点。

In terms of artistic technique, Dongyang wood carving deals with the perspective by changing the level of elevation and plane dispersion, and it features the scatter perspective and bird 's-eye perspective of traditional Chinese painting.

Qin Ruijing Text: Although deep and bright green jadeite is better known in Europe, for most of China’s history, jade has come in a variety of colors and white “mutton-fat” nephrite was the most highly praised and prized. Translation:虽然深绿色和亮绿色的翡翠在欧洲为人所知，但是在中国的历史上， 翡翠有各种各样的颜色，但其中纯白的羊脂软玉是最受欢迎和褒奖的。

Shi Shuwen Jade has been cherished by the Chinese people as a symbol of many virtues. Its hardness suggests firmness and loyalty, and its luster projects purity and beauty.

中国人把玉珍视为许多美德的象征。它的坚硬代表着坚定和忠诚，它的光泽诠释了纯洁与美丽。 中国瓷器发展史，往简单了说，就是“百家争鸣”到“一家独大”的过程。元代后，景德镇成为主要产地。 My translation: In brief, the development history of porcelain contains two periods, from lots of places famous for porcelain to just one is really known for that. After Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the main producing area.

Li Xiangyun一个雕刻完成的作品可以被称为雕刻，但雕塑一词通常被用来指具有严肃艺术意涵或美学意涵的作品。

 Though a finished carved production can be called carving, the word “sculpture” is often used to describe a composition with serious art meaning or aesthetic connotation. 

Luo Feng Because of its hard texture, pure color and limited space, even though we can depict the scenery, it is difficult to express the feelings in jade carving. 因为玉石质地坚硬，成色纯净，且表面积小，尽管能雕刻，但很难传情达意。 Ma Qian 明有奇巧人曰王叔远，能以径寸之木为宫室、器皿、人物，以至鸟兽、木石，罔不因势象形，各具情态。 There is a amazing man named Wang Shuyuan in the Ming Dynasty, he can carve the palace, container，people, or even the bird, beast, tree, stone into the wood of 1.31 inch in diameter, and nothing does not follow their original shape, has their own styles. Ai Xin一件真正的雕漆艺术品，一般要刷上厚度15毫米左右的漆才能进行雕刻，一般来说，1毫米厚的漆要刷17遍。 A real carved lacquerware art work, generally must be brushed on the lacquer of around 15 mm thickness before engraved. Generally speaking, a handicraftsman needs to brush 17 times

for1 mm thick paint.

Liu Siyu 只有掌握技巧并不断地积累经验，才能达到理想的真正属于自己的刀法。 A sculptor can obtain his own way of carving, only by mastering skills and accumulating experience continually.

Sun Rui 关于石雕艺术的起源，曲阳当地有个很盛行的传说：春秋战国时期，与鬼谷子齐名的黄石公隐居黄山，把《雕刻天书》传给了两位曲阳弟子，从此曲阳人便学会了雕刻。

There is a very popular local legend of the origin of stone carving art. During the spring and autumn period, Huang Shigong ,who was as famous as Gui Guzi , lived in seclusion in Mount Huang and gave the book on carving to his two students . From then on the people in learned how to carve . Xia Ke Boxwood carving the earliest as three-dimensional carving crafts alone, for people to appreciate the present a kind of desk, can be found is the Yuan Dynasty to the two years (1342) "Li Tieguai"like, are now preserved in the Imperial Palace Museum in Beijing. 黄杨木雕作最早作为单独的立体雕刻工艺品，供人们欣赏，像元代至正二年的“铁拐李”像，现被保存于北京故宫博物馆。

2.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the boxwood carvings have formed a separate manual art style, and in a lively style its close to society and portraying the character portraits and loved by the people. 明清时期，黄杨木雕已经形成了独立的手工艺术风格，并且以其贴近社会的生动风格和栩栩如生的人物雕刻而受到人们的喜爱。

3.The content theme mostly Chinese folk myths and legends of the figures, such as the eight immortals,longevity, Guan Gong, Maitreya Buddha, a Buddism godness Guanyin etc.. 其内容的题材主要是中国民间神话传说的人物，如八仙、寿星、关公、弥勒佛、观音等等。 Yang Jiani Carving is the act of using tools to shape something from a material by scraping away portions of that material. The technique can be applied to any material that is solid enough to hold a form even when pieces have been removed from it, and yet soft enough for portions to be scraped away with available tools. 雕塑是一种用工具通过刮掉材料的一部分来使材料塑形的行为。这种技术可以应用于任何一个即使是被移去了部分材料也能保持一定形态的固体上。同时这个固体也必须足够柔软到可以用工具将它刮掉一部分。

Yang Qing印章的雕刻起源于三千多年前的商代，目前人们发现最早的印章是从河南安阳商代墓葬里面挖掘出来的。 The carving of the seal originated from the Shang dynasty more than 3,000 years ago, and the earliest seal is excavated from the Shang dynasty tombs in Anyang, Henan province. Yang Yuxin 在木雕艺术创作中，最有意义的探索是运用各种刀法，恰到好处的体现我们的创作意图。 In the creation of wood carving, the most meaningful exploration is using different knife techniques, to precisely reflect the intention of the author's creativity. (between several nouns, we need to find their rele and use the word"of") Ying Tanwen 木材易腐烂，汉代以前的木雕流传至今非常不容易。 Wood is perishable, so wood carvings before the Han dynasty are very difficult to pass down. Yu Jing刀法好比书法、绘画中的笔触，它能起到加强、丰富作品艺术效果的作用。 Like brushwork in calligraphy and painting, the way of cutting can work to strengthen and enrich artistic effect. Zhou Xiaolan雕刻是刻刀与玉石之间的恩怨情仇，每一块玉石都是它要面对的高山。 Translation :Carving is the enmity between the carving knife and the jade and every piece of jade is the mountain it faces.

Zhu Wenhao 食品雕刻是把各种具备雕刻性能的可食性原材料，通过特殊刀法，加工成形状美观，具有观赏价值的工艺作品。 Food carving is the carving that uses a variety of edible raw materials with engraving properties, combines with special knife methods and makes the material into beautiful shapes. Food carving is the work of ornamental value. Peng Lu 20世纪60年代，随着放大镜等先进科学仪器在微观雕刻领域的运用，微观雕刻艺术便成为一种别具一格的崭新艺术。 翻译： In 1960s, microcarving became a unique art, with the implement of magnifying glass and other advanced instruments in this field. Li Shuo运刀的转折、顿挫、凹凸、起伏，都是为了使作品更加生动自然以充分体现木雕的材质美，体现丰富的雕琢美。 The turning , cadence, concave and convex, ups and downs of the knife are all in order to make the work more vivid and natural and fully reflect the material beauty of wood carving, and the rich carved beauty. Peng Yu A number of outstanding Shanghai jade carving master come to fore, creating a lot of valuable collections of art, injecting of fresh blood for jade art.

一批杰出的上海玉雕大师脱颖而出，创造了大量珍贵的艺术收藏品，为玉雕艺术注入了新鲜的血液。

Liu Qingyu In the history of the art of the Chinese empire, jade has had a special significance, comparable with that of gold and diamonds in the West. T：在中国古代艺术品中，玉石具有特殊意义，它的重要性宛如西方世界中的金子和钻石。 Guo Xinyi 北京玉雕源远流长，技艺深厚精湛，在制作上因材施艺，尤以俏色见长。 Beijing jade carving has a long history as well as profound and exquisite craftsmanship. As to its producing process, techniques are applied according to materials, especially in beautiful colors.

Du Peixi The Chinese carving not only emphasizes strokes and structures of Chinese calligraphy,but also highlights artistic expression of carving freely and uninhibitedly. 中国篆刻既强调书法的笔法、结构，也突出篆刻中自由、酣畅的表达。

Homework 2020 Tips Liu Xiaoting Before translating a passage, we should check the relevant materials first, have a certain understanding of some meanings and technical terms, and then to translate.

Hu Jingchen 做翻译，除了基本的语言素养，也必须要有一定的文化素养。在关于中国传统工艺的翻译中，查阅一些有关文献是必不可少的准备过程。而且我发现英文中复合句比较多，而中文用短句较多，在翻译中，要特别注意语言差异。 Li Leyi Chinese and English expressions often have different word orders. In Chinese, there are many words expressing the same meaning.

Li Haowen中文的四字词语翻译成英文很考验技术

首先需要分析这四字词语的结构，前后的意思是相同的或是并列的，两个字意思之间的关系是相互补充还是相同。然后需要剥离语言外壳弄清楚这个词语本质上是要表达什么意思，然后在英语里找的比较对应的表达（这个时候就发现我词汇量是真的少），这就对我平时背单词提出了新的要求，那就是需要记住几个意思相近单词的辨析以及各自的具体用法。

Liu Li在翻译时要注意句型变化和用词的多样性，如2句中的以……为主，配以或辅以可译为mainly consisted of…, accompanying with…或者the main… was…, coordinating with…

Qin Ruijing When translating, we should pay special attention to the choice of the words. If the words are not proper, the translation will sound extremely strange. Ma Qian When translating Chinese into English, we could arrange the clauses reasonably, put them into one sentence in English. Zhang Yuanling We’d better find out the subject and the object first, as to the predicate, we can use another word to replace the original.

Sun Rui When translate Chinese into English, we should supply subjects to every short sentences.

Yang Qing 中英文互译时，要注意一点：英文较少用动词，更多用名词词组，而中文就更多用动词。翻译时要注意动词的使用。

Zhou Xiaolan when we translate one language into another language, we must conform to the linguistic habits of another language. And it is important to translate the terms correctly.

Zhu Wenhao中翻英时，尽量少使用动词 Peng Lu选词应尽量具体贴切，切忌假大空 Li Shuo主语是句子的灵魂， 定住译文的主语的是关键的一步棋。主语定偏了，整个句子将显得松散乏力，甚至会误导读者。  Liu Ying Reflection: 英语中大量使用名词，而汉语则偏好动词。不仅如此，英语长句多，而汉语多短句，“一逗到底”。所以在汉译英时，常常要思索将动词减少，例如第一句中的“为女性专有”，我思考了很久最终选用了 exclusive+一个名词的形式表达，不知道access在此处是否合适，希望莫汀教授指正。 Liu Qingyu 翻译报告：1.第一个句子虽然简单，可是因对养蚕事业这一名词的不熟悉，而导致翻译工作无法继续。 2.因对搪瓷,漆器没有过深入了解，第二局中出现的大量相关词汇都必须借助词典进行，降低了翻译的效率，让我感受到翻译对译者全方面水平的高要求。 3.有些熟词生义会导致理解错误，比如 第二句中“ be ground to” 意为被研磨成，不能按表面意思直译。 4.第三句中不知如何处理 “marked by” 于是就没有翻译，直接将句子拆成两个分别翻译， 句子中“the use of sheets of gold or silver made in various shapes” “made in various shapes”是形容金箔和银箔的，可是如果翻译成形状各异的金箔和银箔，such as这个句子就找不到地方安置。 5. 第四句比较句翻译出来怪怪的----玉石的特殊意义之于中国，犹如金子与钻石之于西方。 于是，就将句子拆开翻译了。 Guo Xinyi以简单的形容词形容造型、结构、色彩等时，可以用adj.+ in + n. 结构。 当一个汉语句子有多个分句且没有很明显的语义关系时，可以翻译成多个句子。 因材施艺的翻译为“apply techniques according to materials” Du Peixi 句子的语法结构要清晰 句子主干 还有那些成分 各个意群之间的关系

Chen Qiuxu

乐山大佛高71米，开凿于唐代，经过3代工匠人历时90年得以完工，是中国最大的一尊摩崖石刻造像。

The 71-meter-high Leshan giant Buddha that was carved in the tang dynasty and completed in 90 years by three generations of craftsmen is the largest cliff carving statue in China.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:26, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text: Although deep and bright green jadeite is better known in Europe, for most of China’s history, jade has come in a variety of colors and white “mutton-fat” nephrite was the most highly praised and prized. Translation:虽然深绿色和亮绿色的翡翠在欧洲为人所知，但是在中国的历史上， 翡翠有各种各样的颜色，但其中纯白的羊脂软玉是最受欢迎和褒奖的。

Shi Shuwen

Jade has been cherished by the Chinese people as a symbol of many virtues. Its hardness suggests firmness and loyalty, and its luster projects purity and beauty. 中国人把玉珍视为许多美德的象征。它的坚硬代表着坚定和忠诚，它的光泽诠释了纯洁与美丽。

Ma Qian

明有奇巧人曰王叔远，能以径寸之木为宫室、器皿、人物，以至鸟兽、木石，罔不因势象形，各具情态。 There is a amazing man named Wang Shuyuan in the Ming Dynasty, he can carve the palace, container，people, or even the bird, beast, tree, stone into the wood of 1.31 inch in diameter, and nothing does not follow their original shape, has their own styles.--Ma Qian (talk) 04:14, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

modification: In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Shuyuan, an ingenious man, was able to use the wood with a diameter of inch as the palace, utensils, figures, as well as birds, animals, and stones. Nothings does not follow their original shape, has their own styles.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:53, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

一件真正的雕漆艺术品，一般要刷上厚度15毫米左右的漆才能进行雕刻，一般来说，1毫米厚的漆要刷17遍。 A real carved lacquerware art work, generally must be brushed on the lacquer of around 15 mm thickness before engraved. Generally speaking, a handicraftsman needs to brush 17 times

for1 mm thick paint.

Liu Siyu

只有掌握技巧并不断地积累经验，才能达到理想的真正属于自己的刀法。 A sculptor can obtain his own way of carving, only by mastering skills and accumulating experience continually. Only by mastering skills and continuously accumulating experience, can we achieve the ideal of our carving.--Miranda (talk) 03:19, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Sun Rui

关于石雕艺术的起源，曲阳当地有个很盛行的传说：春秋战国时期，与鬼谷子齐名的黄石公隐居黄山，把《雕刻天书》传给了两位曲阳弟子，从此曲阳人便学会了雕刻。 There is a very popular local legend of the origin of stone carving art. During the spring and autumn period, Huang Shigong ,who was as famous as Gui Guzi , lived in seclusion in Mount Huang and gave the book on carving to his two students . From then on the people in learned how to carve . Tip: When translate Chinese into English, we should supply subjects to every short sentences.

Yu Jing

刀法好比书法、绘画中的笔触，它能起到加强、丰富作品艺术效果的作用。 Like brushwork in calligraphy and painting, the way of cutting can work to strengthen and enrich artistic effect.

Zhou Xiaolan

雕刻是刻刀与玉石之间的恩怨情仇，每一块玉石都是它要面对的高山。 Translation :Carving is the enmity between the carving knife and the jade and every piece of jade is the mountain it faces.

Tips:when we translate one language into another language, we must conform to the linguistic habits of another language. And it is important to translate the terms correctly.

Du Peixi

The Chinese carving not only emphasizes strokes and structures of Chinese calligraphy,but also highlights artistic expression of carving freely and uninhibitedly. 中国篆刻既强调书法的笔法、结构，也突出篆刻中自由、酣畅的表达。

Peng Yu

A number of outstanding Shanghai jade carving master come to fore, creating a lot of valuable collections of art, injecting of fresh blood for jade art. 一批杰出的上海玉雕大师脱颖而出，创造了大量珍贵的艺术收藏品，为玉雕艺术注入了新鲜的血液。 tips：英文中的伴随状语，可以讲-ing分词，变成verb。

Unit 4 Tea, Silk and Ceramics

A. Tea

Students' homework

Liu Xiaoting “Savoring tea” is not only a way to discern good tea from mediocre tea, but also how people take delight in their reverie and in tea-drinking itself. “品茶”不仅是辨别好茶与普通的茶的一种方法，也带有神思遐想和领略饮茶情趣之意。 Chen Qiuxu 中国茶道的主要内容讲究五境之美，即茶叶、茶水、火候、茶具、环境。 The main contents of the Chinese tea ceremony stress the beauty of the five realms, that is the tea, the water, the temperature, the tea set and the environment. Hu Jingchen 有令人信服的证据表明，茶降低了患心脏病的风险，甚至可能有助于预防癌症和阿尔茨海默氏病。 There is compelling evidence that tea reduces the risk of heart illnesses and even possibly prevents cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Li Leyi 最初利用茶的方式，可能是作为口嚼的食料，也可能作为烤煮的食物，同时也逐渐为药料饮用。 The initial use of tea may be as a chewable food, as well as as a baked food, and also gradually for medicinal consumption. Li Qi 俄罗斯人泡茶，每杯常加柠檬一片，也有用果浆代柠檬的。在冬季则有时加入甜酒，预防感冒。 译：Russians often have tea with a slice of lemon added in each cup, some also replace lemon with jam. Sometimes sweet wine is added in winter to prevent colds. Luo Xiaodi 中华茶文化源远流长，博大精深，不但包含物质文化层面，还包含深厚的精神文明层次。 Chinese tea culture has a long history, broad and profound, not only contains the material culture level, but also contains a profound level of spiritual civilization. Li Haowen: 采回的茶果，应摊放在干燥和荫凉通风的地方，避免日光曝晒和雨淋。 After pricking, the fruit should be placed dryly and coolly, avoiding exposing directly in the sunshine or the rain.

Liu Li: 中国人饮茶，注重一个“品”字。品茶不仅是指鉴别茶的优劣，也带有神思遐想和领略饮茶情趣之意。 When Chinese drink tea, they pay highly attention to the word "taste". Tea tasting is not only to identify the quality of tea, but also means enjoying the thinking and pleasure brought by tea.

Qin Ruijing: Text: 道教认为茶有助于内丹修炼，佛家又把茶看成禅定入静的必备之物，茶已经脱离作为饮食的物态形式，具有显著的社会、文化功能。 Translation: Taoism believes that tea is conducive to inner alchemic exercise while Buddhism regards tea as an essential to Zen Meditation. Tea has already separated from the physical form of food and has significant social and cultural function.

Shi Shuwen: Talking about adding tea to the tea cup, we have a saying in China which is liquor or wine full, full cup and tea half, half cup. For liquor, full symbolizes whole heartiness that is very sincere. For tea, half means modest. 说起倒茶，中国有句俗话，叫做“酒满茶半”，意思是倒酒时要把杯子倒满，而倒茶时不要倒太满。酒倒满杯表示全心全意。茶倒半杯表示虚心诚恳。

Li Xiangyun茶叶最早是被作为祭品使用的，但从春秋后期就被人们作为菜食，在西汉中期发展为药用，西汉后期才发展为宫廷高级饮料，普及民间作为普通饮料那是西晋以后的事。

 Tea was at the first used as oblations, but as vegetables from the late Spring and Autumn period, and medical in the middle Western Han Dynasty, high class beverages in the late Western Han Dynasty; as for becoming simple beverages in folk, that was after the Western Jin Dynasty.

Luo Feng中国是一个文化历史悠久的国度，也是礼仪之邦。依照习俗，每当有客人来访，主人都应奉茶。 China is a country with time-honored civilization and a land of ceremony and decorum. Traditionally, whenever a guest visits, the host ought to make tea and serve to him.

Ma Qian普遍认为茶树起源于中国大陆的云南、四川一带，在唐代开始在中国兴盛，并传播到周边地区，如日本等地；十七世纪，茶被带进欧洲，随后传遍世界。 It was commonly believed that tea trees were derived from the belt of Yunnan and Sichuan Province, mainland China. In the Tang Dynasty, the tea trees started to flourish and spread to neighbouringareas like Japan. In the 17th century, tea was taken to Europe and later to the whole world.

Zhang Yuanling Workers fertilize the tea bushes using the waste from local pandas whose bodies take in only a small amount of nutrients from the food they eat. 种茶人用本地熊猫的排泄物给土地施肥。 因为熊猫只能从它吃的食物中吸收很小一部分的营养，而排泄物中剩下的养分就被用来给土地增肥了。 Yu Jing: 中国是茶的故乡，中国人发现并利用茶，据说始于神农时代，少说也有4700多年了。 China is the hometown of tea. It’s said that Chinese discovered and used tea beginning at the time of the legendary king Shen Nong, having a history of at least 4700 years.

Zhou Xiaolan: 绿茶在美白护肤、抗衰老方面的作用是公认的。 Translation: Green tea is generally recognized for its effect of whitening skin and preventing aging.

Zhu Wenhao: 好茶不怕细品，好事不怕细论。 Tea of high quality deserves fine taste, things of good morality deserve a fine debate.

Peng Lu: 种茶、饮茶不等于有了茶文化，仅是茶文化形成的前提条件. 翻译： Tea planting and drinking are not tea culture but prerequisites of the formation of tea culture. Ai Xin 斗茶:古代文人雅士各携带茶与水，通过比茶面汤花和品尝鉴赏茶汤以定优劣的一种品茶艺术。 Tea Fight is one of the tea arts that ancient refined scholars carry tea and water through appreciating the tea flowers and taste to evaluate the quality.

Liu Siyu.有人认为茶是神农在野外以锅煮水时，刚好有几片叶子飘入水中，煮好的水喝入口中生津止渴、提神醒脑，被神农认为是一种药而发现的。 It is said that tea was discovered as a kind of medicine by Shennong, when he boiled water in a pot in the field and then a few fallen leaves made his water quench his thirst and refresh him.

Xia ke Tea is usually drunk in tea sets. A tea set is made up of a tea pot and some teacups, which are both made of china.

茶一般是用茶具来喝的。一套茶具由一个茶壶和几个茶杯组成，都是用陶瓷做的。

Most Chinese are fond of drinking tea. Tea is served not only at tea house and restaurants but also at home. People also drink tea during breaks at offices or factories.

大多数中国人都喜欢喝茶。茶不仅只在茶馆和餐馆被提供，在家里也有。人们在办公室和工厂也喝茶。

A cup of tea can make you relaxed and refreshed. And it’s said that green tea can prevent cancers. That’s why tea is becoming more and more popular with people.

一杯茶可以让你放松，焕然一新。而且据说绿茶能够预防癌症。这也是为什么茶变得越来越受欢迎的原因。

Sun Rui 茶字的基本意义是苦菜，上古时期人们对茶还缺乏认识，仅仅根据它的味道把它归于苦菜一类是完全可以理解的，当人们认识到它与一般苦菜的区别及其特殊功能时，单独表示它的新字也就产生了。 The basic meaning of “tea” is “bitter vegetable” . The ancient people lacked the knowledge of tea , so it is reasonable that they put it into the category of bitter vegetables just according to its taste . When people realized the difference between tea and general bitter vegetables and the special function of tea , a new word was created to express it.

Guo Xinyi 潮州工夫茶艺是国家级非物质文化遗产，是中国茶艺中最具代表性的一种，是融精神、礼仪、沏泡技艺、巡茶艺术、评品质量为一体的完整的茶道形式。 Chaozhou gong fu tea art, as a national intangible cultural heritage, is one of the most representative Chinese tea arts. It is a complete form of tea ceremony integrating spirit, etiquette, brewing technology, tea tour art and quality evaluation. Liu Ying Text: Instant teas are produced from black tea by extracting the liquor from processed leaves, concentrating the extract under low pressure, and drying the concentrate to a powder by freeze-drying, spray-drying, or vacuum-drying. 译文：从加工过后的黑茶中提取黑茶汁液，汁液经低压浓缩后，再经过冷冻干燥，喷洒干燥或真空干燥，最后得到干燥的黑茶粉末。这就是即食茶叶的由来。 Liu Qinyu Black and green teas contain no essential nutrients in significant amounts, with the exception of the dietary mineral manganese, at 0.5 milligram (1.8×10-5oz) per cup or 26% of the Reference Daily Intake (RDI). Translation: 除了含有每杯0.5毫克，换而言之，占26%的每日参考摄入量的可食用矿物质锰，黑茶和绿茶并未大量含有其他必需营养素。 Du Peixi Used as medicine at the very beginning and then cooked with other food as diet, tea was not made by soaking tea-leaves with hot water until Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), which is the most common way of making tea in China today. 茶最早用作药物，然后与其他食物一起烹调作为饮食，直到明朝（1368-1644）才用热水浸泡茶叶，这是当今中国最常见的制茶方法。 Li Shuo茶叶呈长圆形或椭圆形，先端钝或尖锐，基部楔形，上面发亮，下面无毛或初时有柔毛，边缘有锯齿，叶柄无毛。 叶子的尖端 叶子反面 Tea leaves are oblong or elliptic. The tip of leaf is obtuse or acute. The basement is cuneate. The surface is shiny and the opposite has no hair or has hair at the beginning.The edge of leaf is serrate, and petiole is glabrous. Peng Yu据说绿茶和红茶能抗癌并预防其他疾病，比如肥胖、阿兹海默症，但是目前为止，并没有有效证据表明绿茶中的复合物对人类疾病有抑制作用。 It has been suggested that green and black tea may protect against cancer or other diseases such as obesity or Alzheimer's disease, but the compounds found in green tea have not been conclusively demonstrated to have any effect on human diseases.

茶最先是作为食用和药用的，饮用是在食用、药用的基础上形成的。 Tea is first used as food and medicine, drinking tea is formed on the basis of food and medicine.

Plain black tea without sweeteners or additives contains caffeine but negligible quantities of calories or nutrients. Some flavored tea with different herbs added may have less than 1 gram of carbohydrates. Black teas from the Camellia sinensis tea plant contain polyphenols known as thearubigins and theaflavins.

不含甜味剂或添加剂的纯红茶虽然含有咖啡因，但其卡路里及其他营养成分的含量可忽略不计。另外，加有多种草本成分的调味茶可能含有少于1克的碳水化合物。以山茶花为原料提取出的红茶含有称为茶红素和茶黄素的多酚。 茶对大脑细胞有保护作用，茶能有效延缓大脑退化，有助于维持大脑血管的健康。 Tea is able to protect brain cells. It also delays brain degeneration, which is helpful to maintain the health of brain blood vessels. (找准几个句子的主语，运用不同句式) Yin Tanwen历史上的茶马古道并不只一条，而是一个庞大的交通网络。 The Ancient Tea Horse Road is not just one road, but a huge transportation network. Jiang Yun六大茶类的划分基础是在制作中，由茶叶发酵的不同程度决定的。 The classification of six kinds of tea is based on their different extents of ferment of leaves during the process of fermenting.

Chen Qiuxu

中国茶道的主要内容讲究五境之美，即茶叶、茶水、火候、茶具、环境。

The main contents of the Chinese tea ceremony stress the beauty of the five realms, that is the tea, the water, the temperature, the tea set and the environment.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:27, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

The main contents of the Chinese tea ceremony pay attention to the beauty of five circumstances, namely tea, water, heat, tea set, environment.--Miranda (talk) 03:26, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text: 道教认为茶有助于内丹修炼，佛家又把茶看成禅定入静的必备之物，茶已经脱离作为饮食的物态形式，具有显著的社会、文化功能。 Translation: Taoism believes that tea is conducive to inner alchemic exercise while Buddhism regards tea as an essential to Zen Meditation. Tea has already separated from the physical form of food and has significant social and cultural function.

Shi Shuwen

Talking about adding tea to the tea cup, we have a saying in China which is liquor or wine full, full cup and tea half, half cup. For liquor, full symbolizes whole heartiness that is very sincere. For tea, half means modest. 说起倒茶，中国有句俗话，叫做“酒满茶半”，意思是倒酒时要把杯子倒满，而倒茶时不要倒太满。酒倒满杯表示全心全意。茶倒半杯表示虚心诚恳。

Ma Qian

普遍认为茶树起源于中国大陆的云南、四川一带，在唐代开始在中国兴盛，并传播到周边地区，如日本等地；十七世纪，茶被带进欧洲，随后传遍世界。 It was commonly believed that tea trees were derived from the belt of Yunnan and Sichuan Province, mainland China. in the Tang Dynasty, the tea trees started to flourish and spread to neighboring areas like Japan; In the 17th century, tea was taken to Europe and later to the whole world.--Ma Qian (talk) 04:16, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

modification: It was widely believed that tea plants have originated in Yunnan and Sichu, the mainland of China. They began to flourish in Chinese mainland in the Tang Dynasty and spread to the surrounding areas, such as Japan. In seventeenth Century, tea was brought into Europe and spread all over the world.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:54, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

1.斗茶:古代文人雅士各携带茶与水，通过比茶面汤花和品尝鉴赏茶汤以定优劣的一种品茶艺术。 Tea Fight is one of the tea arts that ancient refined scholars carry tea and water through appreciating the tea flowers and taste to evaluate the quality.

Tips: 了解中国传统文化中的专有名词，在翻译时，做到通俗易懂

Liu Siyu

有人认为茶是神农在野外以锅煮水时，刚好有几片叶子飘入水中，煮好的水喝入口中生津止渴、提神醒脑，被神农认为是一种药而发现的。 It is said that tea was discovered as a kind of medicine by Shennong, when he boiled water in a pot in the field and then a few fallen leaves made his water quench his thirst and refresh him.

Sun Rui

茶字的基本意义是苦菜，上古时期人们对茶还缺乏认识，仅仅根据它的味道把它归于苦菜一类是完全可以理解的，当人们认识到它与一般苦菜的区别及其特殊功能时，单独表示它的新字也就产生了。 The basic meaning of “tea” is “bitter vegetable” . The ancient people lacked the knowledge of tea , so it is reasonable that they put it into the category of bitter vegetables just according to its taste . When people realized the difference between tea and general bitter vegetables and the special function of tea , a new word was created to express it.

Yu Jing

中国是茶的故乡，中国人发现并利用茶，据说始于神农时代，少说也有4700多年了。 China is the hometown of tea. It’s said that Chinese discovered and used tea beginning at the time of the legendary king Shen Nong, having a history of at least 4700 years.

Zhou Xiaolan

1.绿茶在美白护肤、抗衰老方面的作用是公认的。 Translation: Green tea is recognized for its role in whitening skin care and anti-aging.

Du Peixi

Used as medicine at the very beginning and then cooked with other food as diet, tea was not made by soaking tea-leaves with hot water until Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), which is the most common way of making tea in China today. 茶最早用作药物，然后与其他食物一起烹调作为饮食，直到明朝（1368-1644）才用热水浸泡茶叶，这是当今中国最常见的制茶方法。

Tip:在英语中，时间状语从句可以放在主句前，也可以置后，但在汉语中通常是前置。

Peng Yu

It has been suggested that green and black tea may protect against cancer or other diseases such as obesity or Alzheimer's disease, but the compounds found in green tea have not been conclusively demonstrated to have any effect on human diseases. 据说绿茶和红茶能抗癌并预防其他疾病，比如肥胖、阿兹海默症，但是目前为止，并没有有效证据表明绿茶中的复合物对人类疾病有抑制作用。 tips： 英文中的it，有时并不是真正的主语，所以要把主语找到，这句话里面就是绿茶和红茶。 --PengYu Aiden (talk) 10:56, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

B. Silk

Students' homework

Liu Xiaoting While goods and religious ideas may have travelled the whole way, ancient trade was probably conducted over sections of the routs and it is probable that merchants and travels very rarely, if ever, covered the whole distance between Europe, or the Middle East, by land. 当物品和宗教信仰在丝绸之路上传播时，古老的贸易可能也在这条线路上进行着，也许很少又商人和旅行者能够由陆路走遍丝绸之路上的每一个地方——欧洲，中东或是中国。 Chen Qiuxu 帝王用丝绸彰显其权威，百官用丝绸标识其等级。 The emperor uses silk to show his authority, and the officials use silk to mark their ranks. Hu Jingchen 蚕丝，某些昆虫和蛛形纲动物生产的动物纤维，用作茧和网的建筑材料，其中一些可用于制造高级织物。 Silk, animal fiber produced by insects and arachnids, is used to build cocoons and nets, some of which can used to make fine fabrics.

Li Leyi锦的出现是中国丝绸史上的一个重要的里程碑，它把蚕丝优秀性能和美术结合起来，不仅是高贵的衣料，而且是艺术品。 The appearance of brocade is an important milestone in the history of Chinese silk, which combines the excellent quality of silk with arts, it is not only noble clothing materials, but also works of art.

Li Qi

 穿真丝衣服，不但能防止紫外线的辐射,而且还能增强体表皮肤细胞的活力，促进皮肤细胞的新陈代谢.

译：Wearing silk clothes not only prevents ultraviolet radiation, but also enhances vitality of skin cells, improving metabolism.

Luo Xiaodi 最早丝绸织品只有帝王才能使用，但丝绸业的快速发展令丝绸文化不断的从地理上、社会上渗透进入中华文化。 At first, only emperors could use silk fabrics, but the rapid development of silk Industry made silk culture permeate into Chinese culture from geography and society. Li Haowen: 汉代纹绮是由一色经线上起花，在素地上显出花纹。 Texture silk of Han Dynasty uses one color thread to do the embroidery jog, presenting texture on the plain background.

Liu Li: 从西汉起，中国的丝绸不断大批地运往国外，成为世界闻名的产品。那时从中国到西方去的大路，被欧洲人称为“丝绸之路”，中国也被称之为“丝国”。 From the Western Han Dynasty, China's silk was continuously exported in large quantities, becoming a world-famous product. At that time, the road from China to the West was called "the Silk Road" by Europeans, and China was also called "the Country of Silk".

Qin Ruijing: Text：中国服饰面料多是丝绸，丝绸的特性极大地影响了中国美术特别是人物画的风格和技法。 Translation：The mostly used shell fabric of Chinese clothes is silk whose characteristics largely influence the styles and techniques of Chinese Art especially figure painting’s.

Shi Shuwen: 中国因盛产丝绸，曾被冠以“丝国”之称，张骞对西域的“凿空之旅”以及“丝绸之路”概念的提出，乃至后来的“海上丝绸之路”，丝绸都是珍贵的礼品和商品，扮演着国之重器的角色。 China was once known as the "country of silk" because of the productions of silk. Zhang qian's "voyage to the western regions" and the concept of the "silk road", as well as the later "maritime silk road", all of which were precious gifts and goods, played one of the most important roles in China. Li Xiangyun 2013年9月，中国国家主席习近平提出建设“新丝绸之路经济带”战略构想。

 Xi Jinping, the state president of the People’s Republic of China, put forward the plan of conducting the new Silk Road Economic Belt in September, 2013.

Luo Feng 丝绸之路历史悠久，是古代横贯亚欧的通道，也是我国古代丝绸文化的承载。 The Silk Road has a long history. It serves as more than a passage from Asia to European, but a carrier of the ancient Silk Road culture.

Ma Qian The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles, thus producing different colors. 丝绸的光滑外表是由于丝纤维的类似三棱柱的结构，这使得丝衣能以不同的角度折射照入的光，进而产生不同的颜色。

Zhang Yuanling 可以毫不夸张地说，对于螺祖文化的深入系统研究, 将是解决中国丝绸文化起源的关键性课题。 It can be said without exaggeration that the deepen research on Luzu Culture will be the key program to figure out where is the origin of Chinese silk culture. Yu Jing: 丝绸是中国的特产，中国古代劳动人民发明并大规模生产丝绸制品，更开启了世界历史上第一次东西方大规模的商贸交流，史称丝绸之路。 Silk is the specialty of China. Chinese ancient laboring people created and produced silk production, and opened the first large-scale trade and business communication of west and east countries, which was call Silk Road.

Zhou Xiaolan: Silk as a symbol of ancient Chinese history, has not only weaved an excellent picture in the nation’s civilization history, but also has made indelible contributions for advancement of human beings. 作为中国古代历史的象征，丝绸不仅在中华民族文明史上编织了一幅绝妙的画卷，还为人类文明的进步做出了不可磨灭的贡献。

Zhu Wenhao: 丝绸文化作为中国整体文化领域的一部分，源远流长，它极大推动了我国纺织业不断进步，对世界纺织业具有重要影响。 As a part of the whole Chinese culture, silk culture has a long history, it has promoted the Chinese textile industry to improve constantly and it had an important impact on the whole world.

Peng Lu: 丝绸并不仅是简单的一种昂贵的服装原料，在历史的很长时间里，还承担着重要的货币功能。 翻译： Silk is not only a simple and expensive material for clothing, but also served as an important currency for a long time in history. Liu Siyu 中国古代劳动人民发明并大规模生产丝绸制品，更开启了世界历史上第一次东西方大规模的商贸交流，史称“丝绸之路”。 The working people of ancient China invented and massively produced silk products, and even opened the first large-scale trade and business communication between east and west in the human history. Ai Xin丝绸之路是历史上横贯欧亚大陆的贸易交通线，在经由这条路线进行的贸易中，中国输出的商品以丝绸最具代表性。因此，当德国地理学家Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen 最早在19世纪70年代将之命名为"丝绸之路"后，即被广泛接受。 The Silk Road is a historical trade line across the Eurasia and silk is the most representative commodity exported from China through this route. So it is widely accepted after German geographer Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen first named it “the Silk Road” in the 1870s. Xia Ke Silk is one of China's greatest treasures. It is a type of fabric made from the cocoons of silk worms.

丝绸是中国最伟大的财富之一。这是一种由蚕茧制成的织物。

Silk is the most suitable materials to make dress, because it is light, soft, durable, lustrous.

丝绸是最适合做衣服的材料，因为它轻盈、柔软、耐用、有光泽。

You can find people from wealthy families in silk dresses, which were believed to be commensurate with their high social position.

 你会发现来自富裕家庭的人穿着丝绸衣服，这被认为与他们的高社会地位相称。

Sun Rui 丝绸著名的光泽外表来自于像三棱镜般的纤维结构,这令布料能够以不同的角度折射入射光并将光线散射出去。 The famous glossy appearance of silk comes from a fibrous structure like a prism, which allows the fabric to refract incident light at different angles and scatter it. Guo Xinyi 秦汉时期，丝织业不但得到了大发展，而且随着汉代中国对外的大规模扩展影响，丝绸的贸易和输出达到空前繁荣的地步。 During the Qin and Han Dynasties, besides the great development the silk industry has achieved, the trade and export of silk also reached its unprecedented prosperity with Chinese large-scale influence abroad in the Han Dynasty. Liu Ying 原文：古代中国是一个有着严格礼仪制度的国家，在古代社会中，丝织品本身就是高贵与身份的象征，而棉麻织品则是普通人的服用品。 Version: China was a country with strict social rituals in ancient times. At that time, silk fabrics symbolized the nobility and status in the society, while ramie cotton fabrics represented the common people. Liu Qinyu The earliest evidence for silk is the presence of the silk protein fibroin in soil samples from two tombs at the Neolithic site Jiahu in Henan, which date back to 8,500 years. Translation:泥土样本中存在的丝素蛋白是证明蚕丝存在的最早证据。这个样本来源于在河南贾湖新石器旧址发现的两个墓穴。这两个墓穴可以追溯到8500年前。 Du Peixi What can be asserted is that the Chinese, thanks to a meticulous observation and a scrupulous research, managed to domesticate the silkworm, Bombyx mori, from a wild worm. 可以肯定的是，中国人经过细致的观察和细致的研究，成功地将家蚕从一种野生蠕虫中驯化出来。 Li Shuo汉族人民发明并大规模生产丝绸制品，开启了世界历史上第一次东西方大规模的商贸交流，史称丝绸之路。 The invention and mass production of silk products by Han people opened the first large-scale trade between East and West in the history of the world, which known as the Silk Road. Peng Yu丝绸的生产需要多种昆虫，但是一般只有蛾毛虫的丝才能用于纺织制造。 Silk is produced by several insects; but, generally, only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. Yang Qing海上丝绸之路在唐朝时期兴起.丝绸产品通过东海线和南海线，分别输往朝鲜半岛、日本和东南亚、印度乃至由阿拉伯商人传播到欧洲。 The Maritime Silk Road emerged in the Tang Dynasty. Silk products were exported to the Korean peninsula, Japan, southeast Asia, India and even Europe by Arab traders. Yang Jiani Silk is produced by several insects, but generally only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. There has been some research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level. Silk is mainly produced by the larvae of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, but some adult insects such as webspinners also produce silk, and some insects such as raspy crickets produce silk throughout their lives.

蚕丝是由几种昆虫的活动而产生的，但是通常只有蛾毛虫的蚕丝能被用于纺织生产。曾有研究对其他类型的丝绸进行考察，发现这些蚕丝在分子水平上与蛾毛虫的蚕丝有所不同。蚕丝多由历经整个破蛹而出过程的幼虫产出，然而一些成年昆虫（如旋梭）也可以生产蚕丝，某些如蟋蟀一类的昆虫甚至可以究其一生多时间生产蚕丝以制作丝绸。 Yang Yuxin丝绸作为中国古代伟大的发明之一，通过古老的丝绸之路对世界文明贡献很多，同时，国外文化也通过丝绸之路进入中国，使本土的文化更加丰富多彩 Silk, as one of the greatest ancient inventions, made a great contribution to world civilization through ancient Silk Roads. Meanwhile, foreign cultures were introduced to China, making Chinese local culture more colorful. (中文习惯把重点放在句子后面，而英文更习惯放在前面，所以翻译是要注意语序) Yin Tanwen China plans to develop a Silk Road economic belt that spans the Eurasia continent and a maritime Silk Road that links the Pacific with the Indian Ocean. 中国将构建横跨亚欧大陆的丝绸之路经济带，同时构建从太平洋到印度洋的海上丝绸之路。 Jiang Yun古代的丝织品基本按织物组织、织物花纹、织物色彩命名。 The silk fabrics are named on the basis of texture, patterns and colors.

Chen Qiuxu

帝王用丝绸彰显其权威，百官用丝绸标识其等级。

The emperor uses silk to show his authority, and the officials use silk to mark his rank.

tips:译文尽量整齐，对应中文的对仗。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:30, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text：中国服饰面料多是丝绸，丝绸的特性极大地影响了中国美术特别是人物画的风格和技法。 Translation：The mostly used shell fabric of Chinese clothes is silk whose characteristics largely influence the styles and techniques of Chinese Art especially figure painting’s.

The fabric of Chinese clothing is mostly silk, and the characteristics of silk have greatly influenced the style and techniques of Chinese art, especially figure painting.--Miranda (talk) 03:42, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

中国因盛产丝绸，曾被冠以“丝国”之称，张骞对西域的“凿空之旅”以及“丝绸之路”概念的提出，乃至后来的“海上丝绸之路”，丝绸都是珍贵的礼品和商品，扮演着国之重器的角色。 China was once known as the "country of silk" because of the productions of silk. Zhang Qian's "voyage to the western regions" and the concept of the "silk road", as well as the later "maritime silk road", all of which were precious gifts and goods, played one of the most important roles in China. Tip：“凿空之旅”“丝绸之路、国之重器等结构的词，不要一概归为“...of...",要根据具体意义给出译文。

Ma Qian

The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles, thus producing different colors. 丝绸的光滑外表是由于丝纤维的类似三棱柱的结构，这使得丝衣能以不同的角度折射照入的光，进而产生不同的颜色。--Ma Qian (talk) 04:17, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

丝绸之路是历史上横贯欧亚大陆的贸易交通线，在经由这条路线进行的贸易中，中国输出的商品以丝绸最具代表性。因此，当德国地理学家Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen 最早在19世纪70年代将之命名为"丝绸之路"后，即被广泛接受。 The Silk Road is a historical trade line across the Eurasia and silk is the most representative commodity exported from China through this route. So it is widely accepted after German geographer Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen first named it “the Silk Road” in the 1870s.

Tips: 中译英时，很多时候要添加连接词来展现两个句子之间隐含的逻辑关系。

Liu Siyu

中国古代劳动人民发明并大规模生产丝绸制品，更开启了世界历史上第一次东西方大规模的商贸交流，史称“丝绸之路”。 The working people of ancient China invented and massively produced silk products, and even opened the first large-scale trade and business communication between east and west in the human history.

Sun Rui

丝绸著名的光泽外表来自于像三棱镜般的纤维结构,这令布料能够以不同的角度折射入射光并将光线散射出去。 The famous glossy appearance of silk comes from a fibrous structure like a prism, which allows the fabric to refract incident light at different angles and scatter it.

Yu Jing

丝绸是中国的特产，中国古代劳动人民发明并大规模生产丝绸制品，更开启了世界历史上第一次东西方大规模的商贸交流，史称丝绸之路。 Silk is the specialty of China. Chinese ancient laboring people created and produced silk production, and opened the first large-scale trade and business communication of west and east countries, which was call Silk Road.

midification: Silk is a special product of China. The ancient Chinese laboring people invented and produced silk products on a large scale, which opened the first large-scale trade exchange between the East and the West in the world history, known as the silk road.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:59, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

2.Silk as a symbol of ancient Chinese history, has not only weaved an excellent picture in the nation’s civilization history, but also has made indelible contributions for advancement of human beings. 作为中国古代历史的象征，丝绸不仅在中华民族文明史上编织了一幅绝妙的画卷，还为人类文明的进步做出了不可磨灭的贡献。

Du Peixi

What can be asserted is that the Chinese, thanks to a meticulous observation and a scrupulous research, managed to domesticate the silkworm, Bombyx mori, from a wild worm.  可以肯定的是，中国人经过细致的观察和细致的研究，成功地将家蚕从一种野生蠕虫中驯化出来。

Peng Yu

Silk is produced by several insects; but, generally, only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. 丝绸的生产需要多种昆虫，但是一般只有蛾毛虫的丝才能用于纺织制造。 tips：翻译特定主题的文章应该提前了解一些背景知识，将一些术语的翻译记住。 --PengYu Aiden (talk) 11:01, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

C. Porcelain

Students' homework

Liu Xiaoting 景德镇的瓷器被描述为白如玉，薄如纸，明如镜，声如罄。 Jingde Town’ porcelain is described to be “as white as jade, as thin as paper, as bright as a mirror” in one incidence It makes a bell-like sound when struck.

Chen Qiuxu 大约在公元前16世纪的商朝，中国早期的瓷器就出现了。由于它在烧制过程中还很粗糙，所以只能称为原始瓷器。 Around the 16th century BC in Shang Dynasty, the early Chinese porcelain appeared. As it was still rough on the firing process, it can be only called proto-porcelain.

Hu Jingchen 在唐代，瓷器除了用于制作茶杯外，也经常用于做盘子。

In the Tang Dynasty, as well as being used for teacups, porcelain was commonly used for plates.

Li Leyi 青瓷以瓷质细腻，线条明快流畅、造型端庄浑朴、色泽纯洁而斑斓著称于世。

Celadon is famous for its fine porcelain, smooth lines, elegant shape and pure color.

Li Qi 在中国，瓷器可分为南派和北派：南派——以景德镇为代表的青瓷;北派——以刑窑、定窑为代表的白瓷。 译：In China, porcelain can be divided into south and north: south —— celadon represented by Jingdezhen; north —— white porcelain represented by torture kiln and Ding kiln.

Luo Xiaodi 中国是瓷器的故乡，瓷器是古代劳动人民的一个重要的创造。 China is the hometown of porcelain, porcelain is an important creation of ancient working people.

Li Haowen:传说周世宗要求柴窑生产瓷器“薄如纸、明如镜、声如磬，雨过天青云破处，这般颜色作将来”。 It is said that there was demand proposed by Chai kiln, that as thin as a piece of paper, as bright as mirror, as clear as qing stone, and use the color of the cloud in the clear-out sky.

Liu Li: 在中国，“瓷器”一词最早见之于许慎的《说文解字》中。在汉以前，“瓷”这个字通常指“瓦器”，故而他解释“瓷”为：“瓦器，从瓦次。” In China, the word "porcelain" was first seen in Xu Shen's Origin of Chinese Characters. Before the Han Dynasty, the word "porcelain" referred to "earthenware". As a result, He explained porcelain as a kind of earthenware, and the character comes from the combination of Wa and Ci. ."

Qin Ruijjing: Text：The most valued types of porcelain can be identified by their association with the court, either as tribute offerings, or as products of kilns under imperial supervision. Translation：最珍贵的瓷器类型可以根据它们与宫廷的关系来确定，要么是作为贡品，要么是官窑的产品。

Shi Shuwen:“白如雪、明如镜、薄如纸、声如磬”。这就是让世界都惊艳的中国上品白瓷。 "White as snow, bright as a mirror, thin as paper, sound as China Chime Bells". This is the top Chinese white porcelain that has amazed the world. Li Xiangyun 青瓷以瓷质细腻，线条明快流畅、造型端庄浑朴、色泽纯洁而斑斓著称于世。

 The ceramics are famous for their smooth porcelain, lucid and fluency line, dignified and simple molds, and pure and gorgeous colors. 

Luo Feng 景德镇位于江西省东北部，以瓷器闻名，历来被誉为中国的“千年瓷都”。 Located in the Northeast part of Jiangxi Province, Jingdezhen is well known for its porcelain, hailed as the “Millennium Porcelain Capital” in China.

Ma Qian 原料纯净度高的瓷器，在相互碰撞时，会发出类似金属相撞的清脆声音。 When porcelains with high raw material purity crash, the sound is like the crisp sound when metal crashes.

Zhang Yuanling Although there is a superficial resemblance, artificial porcelain can generally be distinguished from true porcelain by its softer body. 虽然人工制作的瓷器与真正的瓷器在表面上是相似的， 但前者更平滑的器身使它很容易就能与真正的瓷器区分。 Yu Jing: 大约在公元前16世纪的商代中期，中国就出现了早期的瓷器。因为其无论在胎体上，还是在釉层的烧制工艺上都尚显粗糙，烧制温度也较低，表现出原始性和过渡性，所以一般称其为“原始瓷”。 In about mid-commerce of BC 16s, there was early porcelain in China. No matter in carcass, or in the firing process of glaze layer, it was rough, and the temperature was low, showing primitiveness and transitivity, so it was called proto-porcelain.

Zhou Xiaolan: Nowadays, Chinese porcelain is regarded as one of the most important inventions in Chinese history, apart from the ‘Four Great Inventions’. 如今，瓷器被视为中国历史上最重要的发明之一，仅次于四大发明。

Zhu Wenhao: 早在欧洲掌握制瓷技术之前一千多年，中国已经能制造出相当精美的瓷器。 More than a thousand years before Europe mastered procelain-making technology, China had been able to make quite fine porcelain.

Peng Lu: 陶和瓷还是有区别的，先有陶再有瓷，瓷是在陶的基础上发展而来的。 翻译： There are differences between pottery and porcelain. As pottery came before porcelain, porcelain was developed on the basis of pottery. Xia Ke Jingdezhen porcelain is the pearl in the treasure house of Chinese art and culture. 景德镇瓷器是中国艺术文化宝库中的明珠。 The feature of Jingdezhen Porcelain was described as being “as white as jade, as thin as paper, as bright as a mirror, with a sound as clear as a bell.”

 景德镇瓷器的特点是“白如玉，薄如纸，亮如镜，清如钟”。

The four traditional porcelains are Blue and white porcelain, Glowing porcelain, Color glaze porcelain, and Famille-rose porcelain. 四种传统瓷器是青花瓷、发光瓷、色釉瓷和粉彩瓷。 Ai Xin 元代时新疆已经伊斯兰化，随着大批阿拉伯人和中亚穆斯林迁居中国，伊斯兰文化大量涌入，“元人尚白，伊斯兰尚蓝”，因此白底蓝色的青花瓷被元王朝统治者所重视。 In the Yuan Dynasty, Xinjiang had been Islamized. As a large number of Arabs and Muslims from central Asia moved to China, and Islamic culture flooded in, "the yuan people advocated white, Muslims advocated blue", so the blue-and-white porcelain was valued by the rulers. Liu Siyu 自宋代开始，景德镇瓷器就远销日本，明清时大量输入欧洲，同时奠定了“景瓷宜陶”的地位。 From the Song Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelains were exported to Japan. In the period of Ming and Qing Dynasty, a lot of them were sent to European, and established the position of "king porcelain appropriate pottery" at the same time. Sun Rui 黑瓷是在青瓷的基础上发展的。黑瓷和青瓷的呈色剂都是铁原素。在工艺上设法排除铁的呈色干扰就是白瓷；相反，加重铁釉着色便成为漆黑闪亮的黑瓷了。

Black porcelain is developed based on celadon. Both black porcelain and celadon's coloring agent is iron . If you tried to eliminate the interference of iron in color technologically, you will get white porcelain. On the contrary , if you add much more iron gaze to color it , you will get pitch-black and shining black porcelain . Guo Xinyi 多姿多彩的瓷器是中国古代的伟大发明之一，“瓷器”与“中国”在英文中同为一词，充分说明精美绝伦的中国瓷器完全可以作为中国的代名词。 Colorful porcelain is one of the great inventions of ancient China. Given that “china” and “China” are the same in spelling in English, exquisite Chinese porcelain can be considered as the representative of China. Liu Ying 原文：现代新型青花瓷一般由数十件乃至一百几十件大小不同，器型各异的瓷器配套组成，器型轻巧大方，轮廓秀丽匀称，线条工整细腻，色彩和谐诱人。 Version: The modern blue and white porcelain features with a light body, well proportioned profile, exquisite and neat curve, and tempting but harmonious colors; commonly, it’s made from porcelain sets varying in size and shape, which contain dozens of and even hundreds of single porcelains. Liu Qinyu Porcelain often receives underglaze decoration using pigments that include cobalt oxide and copper, or overglaze enamels, allowing a wider range of colors. Translation:陶瓷的釉下彩装饰经常由含氧化钴和铜的颜料绘成，而釉上彩上更广泛地使用了颜色。 Du Peixi During the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907), a large number of porcelain wares were in daily use having been substituted for the ones made of gold, silver, jade and other materials. 在唐代（618-907），大量的日用瓷器被金、银、玉等材料所代替。

Li Shuo瓷石是南方窑口最主要的制瓷原料,它是由花岗岩长期受热液作用和风化作用而形成的,主要含石英和绢云母。

Porcelain stone is the most important porcelain raw material in the south kiln. It is formed by the long-term hydrothermal action and weathering of granite and mainly contains quartz and sericite. Peng Yu青瓷釉指的是一类通常部分透明但有颜色的釉料，其中许多带有明显的“裂纹”，即釉面上产生的各种颜色的小裂纹，通常用于陶器或瓷器上。 Celadon glaze refers to a family of usually partly transparent but coloured glazes, many with pronounced "crackle", or tiny cracks in the glaze produced in a wide variety of colors, generally used on stoneware or porcelain pottery bodies. Yang Qing在中国，瓷器可分为南派和北派：南派——以景德镇为代表的青瓷;北派——以刑窑、定窑为代表的白瓷。 In China, porcelain can be divided into the south faction and the north faction: the southern faction is represented by Jingdezhen celadon; The northern faction is ceramic whiteware represented by the Xing kiln and the ding kiln. Yang Jiani The most common uses of porcelain are for utilitarian wares and artistic objects. It can be difficult to distinguish between stoneware and porcelain because this depends upon how the terms are defined. A useful working definition of porcelain might include a broad range of ceramic wares, including some that could be classified as a stoneware. Porcelain is used to make household wares, decorative items and objects of fine art amongst other things. 瓷器最常用于作为实用工具和艺术品。区分陶器和瓷器可能会有点困难，因为这取决于它们的术语如何定义各自的范畴。一条有效的精准定义应该包括一系列的瓷制品，这之中也有着可以归类为陶器的器皿。除了其他用途，瓷器还用于制造日用品，装饰物品和精美的艺术品等方面。

Yang Yuxin中国瓷器是从陶器发展演变而成的，原始瓷器起源于3000多年前。

Chinese porcelain evolved from pottery. Proto-porcelain dates back to 3000 years ago. (掌握一些动词的用法如evolve) Yin Tanwen景德镇青花瓷始创于元代，到明、清两代为高峰。 Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain originated in the Yuan dynasty and reached its great prosperity in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Jiang Yun西方超高端的瓷器其实就是瓷做的雕塑作品而已，大部分的价值体现在所表达的内容上。 The advanced western porcelains of which the main values are presented in terms of what they want to express are just sculpture works made in porcelain.

Chen Qiuxu

大约在公元前16世纪的商朝，中国早期的瓷器就出现了。由于它在烧制过程中还很粗糙，所以只能称为原始瓷器。

Around the 16th century BC in Shang Dynasty, the early Chinese porcelain appeared. As it was still rough on the firing process, it can be only called proto-porcelain.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:31, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Early Chinese porcelain appeared during the Shang Dynasty, around the 16th century BC. As it was still very rough in the firing process, it could only be called original porcelain.--Miranda (talk) 02:49, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text：The most valued types of porcelain can be identified by their association with the court, either as tribute offerings, or as products of kilns under imperial supervision. Translation：最珍贵的瓷器类型可以根据它们与宫廷的关系来确定，要么是作为贡品，要么是官窑的产品。

Shi Shuwen

“白如雪、明如镜、薄如纸、声如磬”。这就是让世界都惊艳的中国上品白瓷。 "White as snow, bright as a mirror, thin as paper, sound as China Chime Bells". This is the top Chinese white porcelain that has amazed the world.

Ma Qian

原料纯净度高的瓷器，在相互碰撞时，会发出类似金属相撞的清脆声音。 When porcelains with high raw material purity crash, the sound is like the crisp sound when metal crashes. --Ma Qian (talk) 04:19, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

modification: Porcelain with high purity of raw materials will make a clear sound similar to metal collision when colliding with each other.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:03, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

元代时新疆已经伊斯兰化，随着大批阿拉伯人和中亚穆斯林迁居中国，伊斯兰文化大量涌入，“元人尚白，伊斯兰尚蓝”，因此白底蓝色的青花瓷被元王朝统治者所重视。 In the Yuan Dynasty, Xinjiang had been Islamized. As a large number of Arabs and Muslims from central Asia moved to China, and Islamic culture flooded in, "the yuan people advocated white, Muslims advocated blue", so the blue-and-white porcelain was valued by the rulers.

Liu Siyu

自宋代开始，景德镇瓷器就远销日本，明清时大量输入欧洲，同时奠定了“景瓷宜陶”的地位。 From the Song Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelains were exported to Japan. In the period of Ming and Qing Dynasty, a lot of them were sent to European, and established the position of "king porcelain appropriate pottery" at the same time.

Sun Rui

黑瓷是在青瓷的基础上发展的。黑瓷和青瓷的呈色剂都是铁原素。在工艺上设法排除铁的呈色干扰就是白瓷；相反，加重铁釉着色便成为漆黑闪亮的黑瓷了。 Black porcelain is developed based on celadon. Both black porcelain and celadon's coloring agent is iron . If you tried to eliminate the interference of iron in color technologically, you will get white porcelain. On the contrary , if you add much more iron gaze to color it , you will get pitch-black and shining black porcelain .

Yu Jing

大约在公元前16世纪的商代中期，中国就出现了早期的瓷器。因为其无论在胎体上，还是在釉层的烧制工艺上都尚显粗糙，烧制温度也较低，表现出原始性和过渡性，所以一般称其为“原始瓷”。 In about mid-commerce of BC 16s, there was early porcelain in China. No matter in carcass, or in the firing process of glaze layer, it was rough, and the temperature was low, showing primitiveness and transitivity, so it was called proto-porcelain.

Zhou Xiaolan

官瓷代表着中国青瓷艺术的最高成就，是汉民族最优秀的陶瓷文化遗产。 Translation：The official porcelain represents the highest achievement of Chinese celadon art and is the most outstanding ceramic cultural heritage of nationality.

Translation tips: it is difficult to find a word to express an exact meaning, so we must thick twice before translating.

Du Peixi

During the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907), a large number of porcelain wares were in daily use having been substituted for the ones made of gold, silver, jade and other materials.  在唐代（618-907），大量的日用瓷器被金、银、玉等材料所代替。

Peng Yu

Celadon glaze refers to a family of usually partly transparent but coloured glazes, many with pronounced "crackle", or tiny cracks in the glaze produced in a wide variety of colors, generally used on stoneware or porcelain pottery bodies. 青瓷釉指的是一类通常部分透明但有颜色的釉料，其中许多带有明显的“裂纹”，即釉面上产生的各种颜色的小裂纹，通常用于陶器或瓷器上。 tips：英文是一种形合的语言，中文是一种意合的语言，在翻译这句话时，主语可以根据语言习惯给予调整。--PengYu Aiden (talk) 11:24, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

D. Celadon

Students' homework

Liu Xiaoting 龙泉青瓷，以其亘古不衰的生命之力，文化之魂，根植于古老的中国大地。 Longquan celadon, with enduring vitality and immortal cultural spirits, have deeply rooted in China.

Chen Qiuxu 哥窑青瓷自然的裂纹美，这就犹如画家变败笔为神奇一样，给哥窑青瓷增添了生机，在当时它给人们以一种崭新的艺术享受。 The natural beauty of cracks added vitality to the celadon of Ge kiln, just like the painter turning failure into magic, which gave people a new artistic enjoyment at that time.

Hu Jingchen 龙泉陶器的制作方法非常精确，实际上要经过六个加热和冷却阶段的循环。 The method of creating Longquan pottery is incredibly precise and actually goes through a cycle of six stages of heating and cooling.

Li Leyi 元青花的纹饰最大特点是构图丰满，层次多而不乱。

The most characteristic of the Yuan blue and white is that the fabric is abundant, the level is massive but not chaotic.

Li Qi 青瓷作为一种表面施有青色釉的瓷器,是中国陶瓷烧制工艺的珍品. 译：Celadon, as a porcelain with cyan glaze on the surface, is a gem in Chinese pottery firing.

Luo Xiaodi 西晋的制瓷技术益加精巧，既实用又美观，青瓷的用途也扩大到人们日常生活的酒器、餐具和卫生用具等各个方面。 The technique of making porcelain in the Western Jin Dynasty was exquisite, practical and beautiful, and the use of Celadon was also extended to all aspects of people's daily life, such as wine vessels, tableware and sanitary utensils. Li Haowen: 青瓷以瓷质细腻，线条明快流畅、造型端庄浑朴、色泽纯洁而斑斓著称于世。 Celadon is renowned for its exquisite texture, smooth and elegant shape, and its pure colors.

Liu Li:青瓷色调的形成，主要是胎釉中含有一定量的氧化铁，在还原焰气氛中焙烧所致。但有些青瓷因含铁不纯，还原气氛不充足，色调便呈现黄色或黄褐色。 The formation of celadon tone is mainly caused by the calcination of iron oxide in the deoxidized glaze in the atmosphere of reducing flame. However, sometimes, because of the impure iron and the insufficient reducing atmosphere, the color will appear yellow or tan.

Qin Ruijing:Text: Decoration in Chinese celadons is normally only by shaping the body or creating shallow designs on the flat surface which allow the glaze to pool in depressions, giving a much deeper colour to accentuate the design. Translation: 中国青瓷的装饰通常只是塑造瓷身或者是在平面上设计浅的图案，从而使釉料在凹坑中沉淀，赋予更深的色彩来突出设计。

Shi Shuwen: 青花，青出于蓝而胜于蓝，静谧，典雅，华美，稳重，的审美效果。开创了华夏文明的先河，记录着历史沧桑巨变，创造出中华瑰宝，中国符号，青花瓷。 Celadon, blue out of blue and better than blue, which with quiet, elegant, colorful characteristics. It is the pioneer of Chinese civilization, records the vicissitudes of history and creates Chinese treasures, also as Chinese symbols. Zhang Yuanling 民国初年西方人热衷收集中国青花瓷，大量文物外流，古玩商的货源日渐稀少，促使仿古瓷日渐兴旺起来。 Imitating antique celadon gradually became prosperous in the early period of Republic of China. Because at that time, ther was a craze of colecting chinese celadon among foreigners, which led to a great amount outflow of antiques, and the shortage of antique market in China.

Yu Jing: 早在商周时期就出现了原始青瓷，历经春秋战国时期的发展，到东汉有了重大突破。 Primitive celadon appeared early in Shang and Zhou dynasties. After the development of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it had a major breakthrough in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Zhou Xiaolan: 官瓷代表着中国青瓷艺术的最高成就，是汉民族最优秀的陶瓷文化遗产。 Translation：The official porcelain represents the highest achievement of Chinese celadon art and is the most outstanding ceramic cultural heritage of nationality. Translation tips: it is difficult to find a word to express an exact meaning, so we must thick twice before translating.

Zhu Wenhao: 青瓷以瓷质细腻，线条明快流畅，造型端庄浑朴，色泽纯洁而斑斓著称于世。 Celadon is famous for its exquisite porcelain, bright and smooth lines, dignified and simple shapes, pure and gorgeous colors.

Peng Lu: 青瓷以瓷质细腻，线条明快流畅、造型端庄浑朴、色泽纯洁而斑斓著称于世。 Celadon is popular for its exquisite material, clear and smooth lines, elegant and simple shape, as well as pure and various colour.

Sun Rui

三国时期,当地的老百姓利用本土优越的自然条件,吸取越窑和瓯窑的制瓷技术与经验,开始烧制青瓷。 这一时期的青瓷作品制作粗糙,窑业规模也不大。 During the Three Kingdoms Period, the local people took advantage of the superior natural conditions , absorbed the porcelain technology and experience of Yue Kiln and Ou Kiln, and began to produce celadon. Ai Xin 青瓷:瓷胎有厚有薄，釉色近似越窑的色彩，略带绿色，与玉器很像，被称为“假玉器”是很贴切的。 Celadon: some of the porcelain body is thick but some is thin, and the glaze color is similar to Yue kiln color--slightly green. Because it looks like jade on the whole, celadon known as "fake jade" appropriately. Liu Siyu 青瓷以瓷质细腻，线条明快流畅，造型端庄浑朴，色泽纯洁而斑斓著称于世。 Celadon is famous for its delicate porcelain, smooth line, elegant simple shape, and its pure but also gorgeous color. Xia Ke 1.No complete piece of Tang blue and white is known to exist，but shards dating to the eighth or ninth century have been unearthed at Yangzhou in Jiangsu province.

 据了解，目前还没有完整的唐青花碎片存在，但在江苏省扬州出土的碎片可以追溯到8世纪或9世纪。

2.The skills in celadon designing and firing were con-summated in the Song Dynasty due to the con-tributions from five celebrated imperial kilns-Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun and Ding.

 宋代的青瓷设计和烧制技术，是由宋代五大名窑——汝、官、哥、钧、定共同发展而来的。

3.It is mainly colored with ferric oxides and its hardness is somewhere between china and porcelain, so it is usually classified as a type of stone ware.

 它主要使用氧化铁着色，其硬度介于陶和瓷之间，所以通常被归类为石器的一种。

Guo Xinyi 青瓷以瓷质细腻，线条明快流畅、造型端庄浑朴、色泽纯洁而斑斓著称于世。 Celadon is globally famous for its delicate porcelain, bright and smooth line, elegant and simple shape as well as pure and gorgeous color. Liu Ying 原文：青瓷的釉色和质感正好与玉器相吻合，故青瓷有假玉器之称，受到人们的青睐。 Version: Having been adored by many people, the glazing color and texture of celadon are in perfect match with jade, so it’s called “fake jade”. Liu Qinyu The celadon color is classically produced by firing a glaze containing a little iron oxide at a high temperature in a reducing kiln. 人们一般通过在高温缺氧的窑洞中烧制含有少许氧化铁的釉来制造青瓷的颜色。 Du Peixi Celadon, a famous type of ancient Chinese stoneware, came into being during the period of the Five Dynasties (907-960). It is characterized by simple but refined shapes, jade-like glaze, solid substance and a distinctive style. 青瓷是中国古代著名的石器类型，产生于五代（907-960）。其特点是造型简单精致，釉色似玉，质地坚实，风格独特。 Li Shuo青瓷以瓷质细腻，线条明快流畅、造型端庄浑朴、色泽纯洁而斑斓著称于世。 Celadon is famous for its fine and smooth porcelain quality, fluent and bright shape, dignified and simple model and pure gorgeous colour. Peng Yu在陶瓷体接近白度和半透明的情况下，被称作“原瓷”、“准瓷”。 Terms such as "proto-porcelain" or "porcellaneous" may be used in cases where the ceramic body approaches whiteness and translucency.

Yang Qing 在中国青瓷的历史长河中，将青瓷推向巅峰的是南宋时的浙江龙泉青瓷。 In the long history of Chinese celadon, it was Zhejiang Longquan Celadon in the Southern Song Dynasty that pushed celadon to its peak. Yang Jiani Longquan celadon had unprecedented production during Yuan Dynasty.During Ming Dynasty, Longquan celadon, as national present, had entered into imperial palaces of many countries with Zheng He’s navigation. 龙泉青瓷在元代得到了前所未有的大规模生产。在明代龙泉青瓷作为国家赠礼被郑和带进了许多国家的皇宫里。 Yang Yuxin南方青瓷，一般胎质坚硬细腻，呈淡灰色，釉色晶莹纯净，常用类冰似玉来形容。 The southern celadon generally is hard, delicate and light grey. Its glaze is crystal clear, which is often described as ice and jade. (中文习惯用短句和逗号，而英文一般一个句子一个句号，我们要擅长划分句子) Yin Tanwen龙泉青瓷的烧制始于1700多年前，宋代达到鼎盛。 Longquan celadon firing began more than 1700 years ago and reached its peak in the song dynasty. Jiang Yun青瓷茶具以造型古朴挺健，釉色翠青如玉著称于世，被世人誉为“瓷器之花。 Celadon tea sets hold the reputation of the flower of porcelain, known by its simple and alegant style and the jade-like glaze color.

【Tip】 Li Haowen: 找形容词很难找准确，中文两个字的形容词常常找不到一个对应的英语词汇对应，有的时候需要多个词才能将中文的意思表达清楚，可这又会显得很不简练。这个不知道怎么解决。

Liu Li: 在第三句中提到了《说文解字》，对其中知识不甚了解。在查阅资料后发现“从瓦次”意为以瓦为形旁、以次为声旁，也可以理解为是两个字的组合，故而翻译为 “is the combination of …“

Qin Ruijing: We should pay special attention to some words and expressions about traditional cultural, like words concerning religions, or it may be difficult for us to translate some proper nouns.

形式要工整，用词要准确，读来才能朗朗上口

中文里一逗到底的长句，在翻译时，在适当的时候要切断。 中译英时，很多时候要添加连接词来展现两个句子之间隐含的逻辑关系。 Yang Qing翻译的时候要注意有些名词的翻译，比如白瓷不是自己理解的white porcelain，而是有着专门的翻译——ceramic whiteware。 Yin Tanwen在了解中国传统文化时，应对其起源、发展和对现代社会的影响给予充分的关注。不仅要了解它的源头，也要了解时事。

Chen Qiuxu

哥窑青瓷自然的裂纹美，这就犹如画家变败笔为神奇一样，给哥窑青瓷增添了生机，在当时它给人们以一种崭新的艺术享受。

The natural beauty of cracks added vitality to the celadon of Ge kiln, just like the painter turning failure into magic, which gave people a new artistic enjoyment at that time.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:32, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text: Decoration in Chinese celadons is normally only by shaping the body or creating shallow designs on the flat surface which allow the glaze to pool in depressions, giving a much deeper colour to accentuate the design. Translation: 中国青瓷的装饰通常只是塑造瓷身或者是在平面上设计浅的图案，从而使釉料在凹坑中沉淀，赋予更深的色彩来突出设计。

Shi Shuwen

青花，青出于蓝而胜于蓝，静谧，典雅，华美，稳重，的审美效果。开创了华夏文明的先河，记录着历史沧桑巨变，创造出中华瑰宝，中国符号，青花瓷。 Celadon, blue out of blue and better than blue, which with quiet, elegant, colorful characteristics. It is the pioneer of Chinese civilization, records the vicissitudes of history and creates Chinese treasures, also as Chinese sy

Ma Qian

但有些青瓷因含铁不纯，还原气氛不充足，色调便呈现黄色或黄褐色。 However, due to the impure iron content of some celadon, the reducing atmosphere is insufficient, and the color tone will appear yellow or tan.--Ma Qian (talk) 04:24, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

However, due to the impure iron content and insufficient reducing atmosphere, some celadons appear hues of yellow or tan.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 04:17, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

青瓷:瓷胎有厚有薄，釉色近似越窑的色彩，略带绿色，与玉器很像，被称为“假玉器”是很贴切的。 Celadon: some of the porcelain body is thick but some is thin, and the glaze color is similar to Yue kiln color--slightly green. Because it looks like jade on the whole, celadon known as "fake jade" appropriately.

Liu Siyu

青瓷以瓷质细腻，线条明快流畅，造型端庄浑朴，色泽纯洁而斑斓著称于世。 Celadon is famous for its delicate porcelain, smooth line, elegant simple shape, and its pure but also gorgeous color.

Sun Rui

三国时期,当地的老百姓利用本土优越的自然条件,吸取越窑和瓯窑的制瓷技术与经验,开始烧制青瓷。 During the Three Kingdoms Period, the local people took advantage of the superior natural conditions , absorbed the porcelain technology and experience of Yue Kiln and Ou Kiln, and began to produce celadon.

Yu Jing

早在商周时期就出现了原始青瓷，历经春秋战国时期的发展，到东汉有了重大突破。 Primitive celadon appeared early in Shang and Zhou dynasties. After the development of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it had a major breakthrough in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

As early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the original celadon appeared. After the development of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a major breakthrough was made in the Eastern Han Dynasty.--Miranda (talk) 02:58, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

官瓷代表着中国青瓷艺术的最高成就，是汉民族最优秀的陶瓷文化遗产。 Translation：The official porcelain represents the highest achievement of Chinese celadon art and is the most outstanding ceramic cultural heritage of nationality.

Translation tips: it is difficult to find a word to express an exact meaning, so we must thick twice before translating.

Du Peixi

Celadon, a famous type of ancient Chinese stoneware, came into being during the period of the Five Dynasties (907-960). It is characterized by simple but refined shapes, jade-like glaze, solid substance and a distinctive style. 青瓷是一种中国古代著名的石器，产生于五代（907-960）。其特点是造型简单精致，釉色似玉，质地坚实，风格独特。 倒置法。汉语习惯里常将定语修饰语和状语修饰语放在被修饰语之前；英语习惯里这两者位置却颠倒过来，因此翻译时往往要重新颠倒和调整原文语序。 eg. 他提出了一个既经济又可行的办法。 He has put forward a solution to the problem at once economical and practical.

Peng Yu

Terms such as "proto-porcelain" or "porcellaneous" may be used in cases where the ceramic body approaches whiteness and translucency. 在陶瓷体接近白度和半透明的陶瓷，一般被称作“原瓷”、“准瓷”。

Unit 5 Traditional Cuisine

A. Four Distinct Regional Cuisines

Students' homework

1. Liu Xiaoting Though Chinese medicine health benefits are often cited as reasons for eating chilies, most Chinese eat spicy food because their palate is accustomed to it, and have been brought up on it. 虽然中医认为经常吃辣有益于身体健康，但大多数中国人吃辣的原因是因为他们的早就习惯吃辣，并且是从小培养出来的

2. Chen Qiuxu 麻婆豆腐是四川省传统名菜之一，材料主要有豆腐、肉末、辣椒和花椒等，其口味独特，口感顺滑。 Mapo Tofu is one of the traditional dishes in Sichuan province. The main ingredients are tofu, minced meat, chili and Sichuan pepper. Its taste is unique and smooth.

3. Hu Jingchen 川菜拥有多种口味和不同的烹饪方法，具有热，甜，酸，咸，麻的味道。 Sichuan cuisine has a variety of flavors and different cooking methods, featuring the taste of hot, sweet, sour, salty, or tongue-numbing.

4. Li Leyi 民间湘菜代表菜品有剁椒鱼头、辣椒炒肉、湘西外婆菜、吉首酸肉、牛肉粉等。 Folk Hunan cuisine representative dishes are Chop bell pepper fish head, fried pork with chili, Xiangxi grandmother dishes, Jishou Sour Meat, beef powder and so on.

5. Li Qi 山东民风朴实，待客豪爽，在饮食上大盘大碗,丰盛实惠，注重质量，受孔子礼食思想的影响，讲究排场和饮食礼仪。 译：Shandong has a simple folk style and generous hospitality. Dishes are offered with large bowls and high quality, rich and economical. Shandong cuisine has been influenced by the “Confucius Family Dishes”, paying attention to pageantry and table manner. 6. Luo Xiaodi 几千年来，受到各地环境、气候、物产、风俗以及饮食习惯的影响，中国菜形成了多种多样的烹饪方法。 For thousands of years,influenced by the environment, climate, produce, customs and eating habits , Chinese food has been prepared in a variety of ways. 7. Li Haowen: 火辣辣的红剁椒，覆盖着白嫩嫩的鱼头肉，冒着热腾腾清香四溢的香气。 White tender fish flash, covered with fire-hot spicy red chopped pepper, lets out warm and delicious smell.

8. Liu Li: 川菜也许是现今世界上传播最广的一个中国菜系。高达世界屋脊青藏高原，远至大洋彼岸唐人街，只要是有中国人的地方便必有川菜馆。 Sichuan cuisine is perhaps the most widely spread Chinese cuisine in the world today. It spreads as high as the Tibetan plateau on the roof of the world, as far as the Chinatowns on other side of the Pacific. As long as there are Chinese, there will be Sichuan restaurant.

9. Qin Ruijing: Text: Now Shandong cuisine is relished for the many kinds of different seafood and vegetable dishes and their style of frying in high heat that locks in the flavors and isn’t oily. Translation: 如今，鲁菜因其多种多样的海鲜、蔬菜以及在高温烹饪下仍能锁住风味，不油腻为人们喜爱。

10. Shi Shuwen: Jiangsu-Zhejiang cuisine一菜一味,百菜百味,盛名在外。 It enjoys a good reputation as a cuisine that is" one dish with one favor and one hundred dishes with one hundred favors. 11. Li Xiangyun 川菜取材广泛，调味多变，菜式多样。 Sichun cuisine has various raw materials, changeable sauces, and diverse dishes. 12. Ma Qian川菜以麻、辣、鲜、香为特色，以一菜一味、百菜百味而闻名。 Sichuan Cuisine is characterized with tongue-numbing, pungent, fresh, savory, is famous for " one dish for one, one hundred dishes for one hundred tastes."

13. Zhang Yuanling下河帮又称重庆菜，大方粗犷，一花样翻新迅速、用料大胆、不拘泥于材料著称。 Xia Hebang is named , in another word, “Chongqing Cuisine”. This kind of dishes is not punctilious about flavors, also it features the speediness of renewing a variety of recipes, the boldness of adding seasoning and the freedom of using ingredients. 14. Luo Feng Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shangdong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. 鲁菜，又分为胶东菜与济南菜两大菜系，清淡，不油腻，以其香、鲜、酥、软的特点见著。 15. Liu Siyu 在世界各地粤菜与法国大餐齐名，世界各国的中菜馆，多数是以粤菜为主，因此有不少人认为粤菜是海外中国的代表菜系。 Guangdong Cuisine is as famous as French cuisine, and most Chinese restaurants all over the world mainly promote it. So a lot of people regard Guangdong Cuisine is the representative cuisine of overseas Chinese cuisine. 16. Sun Rui 一般认为鲁菜内部分为两大派系，分别以济南和胶东两地的地方菜演化而成。有时也分为三大派系为以上两种加上孔府菜。 It is generally believed that Shandong cuisine is divided into two kinds of cuisine which respectively evolve from Jinan dish and Jiaodong dish and sometimes is divided into three kinds which were the two above and Kongfu dish. 17. Ai Xin 湘菜味道着重酸辣，代表名菜是霸王别姬！主要食材是鳖和鸡肉，烹饪好以后，肉质鲜美酥烂，营养丰盛，让人回味无穷！ The taste of Hunan food emphasizes on hot and sour, the presentative dish is Farewell to My Concubine and the main ingredients are turtle and chicken; after cooking, the delicious crisp meat with rich nutrition, leaves a lasting aftertaste. 18. Xia Ke About Shandong cuisine, the dishes are mainly clear, fresh and fatty, perfect with Shandong’s famous beer, Qindao Beer. 鲁菜主要以清、鲜、肥为主，完美配合著名的山东啤酒——青岛啤酒。 About Jiangzhe cuisine, it pay attention to adjust the soup, keep the original flavor, refreshing, wide adaptability, strong but not greasy, thin rather thin, crisp sodden off the bone, tender and crisp. 关于江浙菜，它强调调汤，保持汤的原汁原味、爽口、适应性广，强劲而不腻味，清淡而不失味，骨头熬煮至糜烂，嫩且脆。 Sichuan cuisine pays attention to cooking tips, fine craftsmanship, stringent, operating requirements. 川菜讲究烹饪技巧，做工精细、严谨、操作要求严格。

19. Yu Jing菜系长期以来受地理环境、气候物产、文化传统以及民族习俗等因素的影响。 Cuisine, for a long time, has been affected by the geographical environment, climate products, cultural traditions and national customs. 20. Zhou Xiaolan : Chinese cuisine originated from different regions of China and has become widespread in many other parts of the world — from East Asia to North America, Australasia and Western Europe. 中国菜系起源于不同的地区，现在在世界上很多地方都很流行，从东亚到北美，从大洋洲到西欧。

21. Zhu Wenhao湘菜制作精细，用料上比较广泛，口味多变，品种繁多;色泽上油重色浓，讲求实惠;品味上注重香辣、香鲜、软嫩;制法上以煨、炖、腊、蒸、炒诸法见称。 Hunan cuisine is finely prepared, with a wide range of ingredients, varied tastes, and a wide variety of colors; color and oil are heavy and thick, and they are value-for-money; taste is focused on spicy, fresh, and tender; It is famous for its methods of braising, stewing, waxing, steaming, and frying.

22. Peng Lu:中国是一个餐饮文化大国，长期以来在某一地区由于地理环境、气候物产、文化传统以及民族习俗等因素的影响，形成了有一定亲缘承袭关系、菜点风味相近，知名度较高，并为部分群众喜爱的地方风味著名流派，菜系。 China is a country with distinguished catering culture. Existing in a specific area for a long time, regional cuisine genres that are inherited through affinity, similarly favoured , well-known and widely popular appeared/was formed, due to the effects of geography, climate, cultural traditions and national customs.

23. Li Shuo 湘菜，即湖南菜，在长沙地区又被称为本味菜，是中国历史悠久的八大菜系之一，早在汉朝就已经形成菜系。 Xiang Dishes, that is Hunan cuisine, is also called original taste cuisine in Changsha area. Hunnan cuisine is one of the eight major cuisines with a long history in China, and has been formed as early as the Han Dynasty. 24. Peng Yu四川人不怕辣，湖南人辣不怕，贵州人怕不辣！ Sichuan people don't fear hot food, Hunan people don't fear any degree of spiciness at all, and Guizhou people fear to eat food that isn't spicy 25. Guo Xinyi 在世界各地粤菜与法国大餐齐名，世界各国的中菜馆，多数是以粤菜为主，因此有不少人认为粤菜是海外中国的代表菜系。 Guangdong cuisine, as famous as French cuisine in all parts of the world, is served by most Chinese restaurants around the world, so that multitudes of people consider Guangdong cuisine as Chinese representative cuisine overseas. 26. Liu Ying 原文：鲁菜的形成和发展与由山东地区的文化历史，地理环境，经济条件和习俗尚好有关。 Version: The formation and development of Shandong Cuisine are relevant with many factors in the region, including the culture and history, the geographic environment, economy conditions and customs. 27. Liu Qinyu With its liberal use of chili, shallots and garlic, Hunan cuisines is known for being ganla or purely hot, as opposed to Sichuan cuisine, to which it is often compared. Translation: 湘菜中经常可见辣椒，葱和蒜，它也因干辣或纯辣而闻名，这点和一直与它比较的川菜相对。 Tips：本句中liberal use 翻译成随意使用有点奇怪，不符合中国人的说话方式，故意译成经常可见。为了不限的句子累赘，后面的定语应放在Sichuan cuisine之前。 28. Du Peixi 粤菜系的形成和发展与广东的地理环境、经济条件和风俗习惯密切相关。广东地处亚热带，濒临南海，雨量充沛，四季常青，物产富饶。 The formation and development of Cantonese cuisine are closely related to the geographical environment,economic condition and traditional customs of Guangdong.Located in subtropical zone and close to the South China Sea,Guangdong has abundant rainfall, evergreen seasons and rich products. 29. .Jiang Yun粤菜讲究原料的季节性，“不时不吃”。(中译英) Cantonese cuisine refuses ingredients precocious, which attaches importance to the mature season of the food. 30.Yang Yuxin: 粤菜不断吸收外地特别是中国北方烹饪技艺和西餐烹饪技艺，灵活善变，贯通中西。 Guangdong cuisine constantly absords other cooking techniques, especially the techniques of the Northern Chinese and Western Food. Guangdong cuisine is flexible and can conciliate China and the West.

31.Yang Qing: 粤菜讲究原料的季节性，"不时不吃"。 Guangdong cuisine stresses the seasonality of food material, “don’t eat anything out of season”.

32.Yang Jiani: Sichuan cuisine often contains food preserved through pickling, salting, and drying. Preserved dishes are generally served as spicy dishes with heavy application of chili oil. The most unique and important spice in Sichuan cuisine is the Sichuan pepper (pinyin:huājiāo"). Sichuan peppercone has an intense fragrant, citrus-like flavour and produces a "tingly-numbing" (pinyin:má) sensation in the mouth. Other commonly used spices in Sichuan cuisine are garlic, chili peppers, ginger, and star anise, etc.

通过酸洗、浸盐、烘干而制成的腌制品也属于四川菜的一种。这种腌制的菜通常都是含有大量辣椒油的辛辣菜品。在四川菜中最为独特而重要调料就是四川花椒了。它具有类似柑橘般强烈的气味， 并且给人的舌尖以麻木的感觉。四川菜中也有许多其他的常用香料，如大蒜、辣椒、姜、八角茴香等。

33.Yin Tanwen: 粤菜讲究原料的季节性，“不时不吃”。 Cantonese food pays attention to the seasonality of raw materials, "do not eat the food not in season. "

Chen Qiuxu

北京烤鸭是具有世界声誉的北京著名菜式，用料为优质北京鸭，炭火烤制，色泽红润，肥而不腻，外脆里嫩。

Peking duck is a famous Beijing dish with a world reputation. It is made of high-quality Beijing duck roasted over charcoal. The color is ruddy, and the meat is fat but not greasy. It tastes crisp outside and soft inside.

tips:中文善用四字词语来表达。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:34, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

一菜一味,百菜百味,盛名在外。 It enjoys a good reputation as a cuisine that is" one dish with one favor and one hundred dishes with one hundred favors.

Ma Qian

川菜以麻、辣、鲜、香为特色，以一菜一味、百菜百味而闻名。 Sichuan Cuisine is characterized with tongue-numbing, pungent, fresh, savory, is famous for " one dish for one, one hundred dishes for one hundred tastes."--Ma Qian (talk) 04:26, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Sichuan Cuisine is characterized with tongue-numbing, spricy, fresh, savory, is famous for " one dish for one taste, one hundred dishes for one hundred ones."--Miranda (talk) 04:00, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

湘菜味道着重酸辣，代表名菜是霸王别姬！主要食材是鳖和鸡肉，烹饪好以后，肉质鲜美酥烂，营养丰盛，让人回味无穷！ The taste of Hunan food emphasizes on hot and sour, the presentative dish is Farewell to My Concubine and the main ingredients are turtle and chicken; after cooking, the delicious crisp meat with rich nutrition, leaves a lasting aftertaste.

Liu Siyu

在世界各地粤菜与法国大餐齐名，世界各国的中菜馆，多数是以粤菜为主，因此有不少人认为粤菜是海外中国的代表菜系。 Guangdong Cuisine is as famous as French cuisine, and most Chinese restaurants all over the world mainly promote it. So a lot of people regard Guangdong Cuisine is the representative cuisine of overseas Chinese cuisine.

Sun Rui

一般认为鲁菜内部分为两大派系，分别以济南和胶东两地的地方菜演化而成。有时也分为三大派系为以上两种加上孔府菜。 It is generally believed that Shandong cuisine is divided into two kinds of cuisine which respectively evolve from Jinan dish and Jiaodong dish and sometimes is divided into three kinds which were the two above and Kongfu dish.

Yu Jing

菜系长期以来受地理环境、气候物产、文化传统以及民族习俗等因素的影响。 Cuisine, for a long time, has been affected by the geographical environment, climate products, cultural traditions and national customs.

Zhou Xiaolan

Chinese cuisine originated from different regions of China and has become widespread in many other parts of the world — from East Asia to North America, Australasia and Western Europe. 

中国菜系起源于不同的地区，现在在世界上很多地方都很流行，从东亚到北美，从大洋洲到西欧。

Du Peixi

粤菜系的形成和发展与广东的地理环境、经济条件和风俗习惯密切相关。广东地处亚热带，濒临南海，雨量充沛，四季常青，物产富饶。 The formation and development of Cantonese cuisine are closely related to the geographical environment,economic condition and traditional customs of Guangdong.Located in subtropical zone and close to the South China Sea,Guangdong has abundant rainfall, evergreen seasons and rich products.

Peng Yu

湘菜制作精细，用料上比较广泛，口味多变，品种繁多。 Hunan cuisine has a delicate production process and a variety of cuisines, using various seasons and materials to bring varied flavors. Tips: 英文喜欢用长句，但中文喜欢用短句来营造一种韵律感，我特意在英文中用了三种various的变形，试图体现一种类似的音韵节奏。

B. The Art of Chinese Cooking

Students' homework

Liu Xiaoting Chinese cooks adapt different cutting skills for different ingredients in accordance with their quality and texture and different shape and size are required for different dishes for forming their special flavors. 中国厨师根据不同食材的质量和质地，采用不同的刀法，不同的菜肴需要不同的形状及大小，以形成各自独特的风味。 Chen Qiuxu “炒”是中式烹调最基本的技术之一，北魏《齐民要术》中已有“炒令其熟”的记载 "Stir-fry" is one of the most basic techniques of Chinese cooking. There was a record of "stir-fry to cook" in the Arts for the People in Wei Dynasty. Hu Jingchen 香味不仅指鼻子直接闻到的味道，也包括原材料的新鲜度和调味料的混合。 Aroma not only refers to the smell that the nose can detect directly, but also includes the freshness of raw materials and the mixture of seasoning. Li Leyi 中国烹饪文化具有独特的民族特色和浓郁的东方魅力，主要表现为以味的享受为核心、以饮食养生为目的的和谐与统一。 Chinese cooking culture has unique national characteristics and abundant oriental charm, which is mainly demonstrated in harmony and unity between the enjoyment of taste as the goal and the purpose of diet and health preservation.

 Li Qi

中国烹饪中的科学内涵十分丰富，其中心内容，在于符合营养要求，达到养生与饮食的终极目的。 译: Intention in Chinese cooking is very scientific and rich. The main point is to meet nutritional requirements, achieving the combination of regimen and eating. Luo Xiaodi 不同地区的人以炒、烧、煎、煮、蒸、烤和凉拌等烹饪方式，形成了不同的地方风味。 People in different areas to fry, roast, fry, boil, steam, roast and cold, and other cooking methods, forming different local flavor. Li Haowen: (刀工的作用)烹调时易于着色入味，受热均匀，成熟快，利于杀毒消菌。 It helps to attach colors to the food, make it take in more flavour, heat it evenly and make it fully cooked, and it is good for disinfection.

Liu Li: 中国菜的特点被总结为：色、香、味、意、形，也称国菜五品。 The characteristics of Chinese food are summarized as: color, aroma, taste, meaning and shape, also known as the Five Characteristics of Chinese Cuisine.

Qin Ruijing: Text: In Chinese cuisine, all the senses are engaged and there is less concern over whether something is fattening or ‘heart healthy’. Translation: 在中国的烹饪中，所有的感官都参与其中，而且也很少关注食物是否会使人发胖或者是否“有益于心脏健康”。

Shi Shuwen: 中国烹饪的“味”之美包含了两层意思：第一是口味，第二是口感，并且口味与口感都有一个共同的特征“和”，且在和之中还有丰富的层次感。 The two meanings of “beauty of taste”: the first is taste, the second is taste feeling, and taste and taste feeling have a common feature of "harmony", and there are abundant layers in the and. Li Xiangyun 刀工要求整齐划一、干净利落。 Cutting requires to be neat and in order, clean and tidy. Ma Qian中国的烹饪技术，十分讲究菜肴的色、香、味、形，把这四个字做为烹制和评价菜肴的标准。 The colour, fragrance, taste and form of cooked food oonsidered as the standard of cooking and evaluating Chinese food is fastidious in Chinese Cooking. 烹调之于中国，同舞蹈、诗歌、绘画一样，可修身养性。 In China, cooking is more like the art to enjoy life, just like dancing, music, poem and painting. Zhang Yuanling蒸是以水蒸气为导热体，将经过调味的原料，用旺火或中火加热，使成菜熟嫩的一种烹调方法. Steaming is a cooking methods. It heats the seasoned raw materials under medium or full baking temperature through vapour, the heat conductor, to make the dishes well-done but succulent. Sun Rui 炒是最基本的烹饪技法。其原料一般是片、丝、丁、条、块。炒时要用旺火要热锅热油,所用底油多少随料而定。 Fry is the most basic cooking skill . The raw material of it are generally pieces, shreds ,dices , strips and lumps. While firing, we need high-temperature fire, high-temperature pot and high-temperature oil . How much oil is used depends on the raw material . Liu Siyu 烹饪指的是膳食的艺术，是一种复杂而有规律地将食材转化为食物的加工过程。 Cooking is the art of eating, a production that turns food materials into food complexly but regularly. Ai Xin 以饮食来养生，是中国烹饪的原则。在中国，有很多食材既是食物，又是药材，这种烹饪，我们称之为“食疗”。食疗可以改变一个人的体质，让身体越来越健康。 Health maintenance through food is one of significant principles of Chinese cooking. It is called “food therapy” that there are many ingredients both food and medicine. Diet can change a person's physique and make the body more and more health Xia Ke 1.In China, different geography, climate, resources, produce and food habits combine to from characteristic local cuisines, namely, the “four flavors” and “eight regional cuisines”. 在中国，由于不同的地理、气候、资源、生产和饮食习惯结合在一起，形成了独具特色的地方菜系——“四味”和“八大地方菜系”。 2.Foods vary from north to south，and typical local dishes may even astonish strangers，such as snake，pangolin，and white rat. 中国从北到南的食物大相径庭，并且一些地方特色菜可能令人大为吃惊，比如蛇、穿山甲、白老鼠。 3.People in coastal areas eat more aquatic products and seafood，whereas those in central and northwest China eat more domestic animals and poultry. 沿海地区的人们会吃更多的水产品和海鲜，而中国中部和西北部的人们更多会吃家畜和家禽。 Yu Jing中国烹饪艺术历史悠久、源远流长，是五味调和的美食观和养生食治的营养文化。 The art of Chinese cooking has a long history, and it is a food concepts of five reconcile and nutrition culture of health maintenance.

Zhou Xiaolan: 中国的烹饪艺术是在烹饪历史发展过程中，逐渐形成、发展并丰富起来的。 Translation ：The art of Chinese cooking is gradually formed, developed and enriched in the historical development of cooking.

Zhu Wenhao中国烹饪艺术虽然受到烹饪原料、烹饪技术、食品实用功能等因素的制约，具有相对的局限性，但它与其他艺术种类相比较，却有自己的艺术特点，即融绘画、雕塑、装饰、园林等艺术形式于一体。 Chinese culinary arts, confined by many factors such as ingredient, technology and the practical function of food, is relatively limited. But compare to other art types, it has its own artistic characteristics that it integrates art forms such as painting, sculpture, decoration and garden.

Peng Lu:中国烹饪文化具有独特的民族特色和浓郁的东方魅力，主要表现为以味的享受为核心、以饮食养生为目的。 Chinese cooking culture embodies unique national characteristics and attractive oriental charm, with the core of taste enjoyment and the purpose of food regimen. Li Shuo 中国烹饪既讲究生理味觉的美，也注重心理味觉的美，从而使人们在烹调师调制的饮食之中得到物质与精神交融的满足。这便是中国烹饪艺术精髓之所在。 Chinese cuisine not only be particular about the beauty of physical taste, but also about the beauty of psychological taste, so that people can get the satisfaction of the admixture of material and spirit from the diet prepared by the cook. This is the essence of Chinese culinary art. Peng Yu Chinese cooking has the tradition of placing an emphasis on the aesthetic feeling of dishes and pays attention to the harmony and agreement of food’s color, fragrance, flavor, shape and utensils. 中国菜一贯注重美学感受，并讲究食物的色、香、味、形、具的和谐与统一。 Guo Xinyi 一个菜系的形成和它的悠久历史与独到的烹饪特色分不开的,同时也受到这个地区的自然地理、气候条件、资源特产、饮食习惯等影响。 The formation of a certain cuisine not only relies on its profound history and unique cooking characteristics, but is also affected by the natural geography, climate conditions, resources and specialties, and eating habits of the region. Liu Ying 原文：中国幅员辽阔，由南到北，从东到西，所处的地理环境大不相同，南方人以甜食，清淡为主，而北方人则喜辣，以口味重为特色。 Version: China is large in size, so its geological environment varies from the south to north, and from the east to west. Food of sweet and light taste is basic for people living in the south, while people in the north prefer a spicy and strong taste. Liu Qinyu When it comes to sauces, China is home to soy sauce, which is made from fermented soybeans and wheat.

 说起调料，酱油产自中国，其主要由发酵了的大豆和小麦制作而成。

Tips：China is home to soy sauce这句直译应为中国是酱油的故乡，但有点不符合中文用法，故译成酱油产自中国。 Du Peixi 无疑，中国美食做为中国文化的重要一部分。对世界也有着很大的影响，包含中国的“美学、文学、哲学”，对理解中国文化也有很大的意义。 Undoubtedly,as an important part of Chinese culture,Chinese cooking has great influence on the world,which includes Chinese “aesthetics,literature,philosophy”.It also has great significance in understanding Chinese culture.

Jiang Yun中式餐饮一般采取圆桌共餐的形式，这是中国餐饮文化的重要表现形式，往往能够制造和谐融洽的气氛。（中译英） The Chinese eating-manner that people often eat at a table with others usually create harmonious and united atmosphere, which is one of the important manifestations of Chinese eating culture. Yang Yuxin: 中国烹饪讲究的是色香味俱全，在讲究口味的基础上，也要讲究色泽。 The Chinese cooking art stresses perfect combination of color, aroma and taste. Besides taste, it is also particular about color.

Yang Qing: 好的烹饪要求新鲜优质的食材。 Good cooking requires fresh and high-quality food material.

Yang Jiani: Chinese cuisine includes styles originating from the diverse regions of China, as well as from Chinese people in other parts of the world including most Asian nations. The history of Chinese cuisine in China stretches back for thousands of years and has changed from period to period and in each region according to climate, imperial fashions, and local preferences. 中国菜是指源于中国各地区、世界华人所在区、以及大多数亚洲地区一种菜系。中国菜的历史在中国可以追溯到几千年前，它随着时间的变化而改变，并在不同的地区根据各地的气候、偏好、风俗而调整。

Yin Tanwen: 中国烹饪艺术特别注重烹饪菜肴的色、香、味、型。 Art of cooking in China gives much attention to the colors, the flavors, the tastes and the appearances of cooked dishes.

Chen Qiuxu

“炒”是中式烹调最基本的技术之一，北魏《齐民要术》中已有“炒令其熟”的记载。

"Stir-fry" is one of the most basic techniques of Chinese cooking. There was a record of "stir-fry to cook" in the Arts for the People in Wei Dynasty.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:36, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

中国烹饪的“味”之美包含了两层意思：第一是口味，第二是口感，并且口味与口感都有一个共同的特征“和”，且在和之中还有丰富的层次感。 The two meanings of “beauty of taste”: the first is taste, the second is taste feeling, and taste and taste feeling have a common feature of "harmony", and there are abundant layers in the it. Tip: 翻译中避免多次重复，比如harmony，再次提到时可用it代替。 .

Ma Qian

中国的烹饪技术，十分讲究菜肴的色、香、味、形，把这四个字做为烹制和评价菜肴的标准。 The colour, fragrance, taste and form of cooked food oonsidered as the standard of cooking and evaluating Chinese food is fastidious in Chinese Cooking.--Ma Qian (talk) 04:29, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

以饮食来养生，是中国烹饪的原则。在中国，有很多食材既是食物，又是药材，这种烹饪，我们称之为“食疗”。食疗可以改变一个人的体质，让身体越来越健康。 Health maintenance through food is one of significant principles of Chinese cooking. It is called “food therapy” that there are many ingredients both food and medicine. Diet can change a person's physique and make the body more and more health

Tips:翻译时可以把句子顺序调换，降低翻译难度，使句子更流畅。

Liu Siyu

烹饪指的是膳食的艺术，是一种复杂而有规律地将食材转化为食物的加工过程。 Cooking is the art of eating, a production that turns food materials into food complexly but regularly.

Cooking refers to the art of food, which is a complex and regular process of converting food materials into food.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 11:56, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

Sun Rui

炒是最基本的烹饪技法。其原料一般是片、丝、丁、条、块。炒时要用旺火要热锅热油,所用底油多少随料而定。 Fry is the most basic cooking skill . The raw material of it are generally pieces, shreds ,dices , strips and lumps. While firing, we need high-temperature fire, high-temperature pot and high-temperature oil . How much oil is used depends on the raw material .

Yu Jing

中国烹饪艺术历史悠久、源远流长，是五味调和的美食观和养生食治的营养文化。 The art of Chinese cooking has a long history, and it is a food concepts of five reconcile and nutrition culture of health maintenance. Chinese culinary art has a long history , and it is a harmonious view of food and nutrition culture of health and food treatment.--Miranda (talk) 09:56, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

中国的烹饪艺术是在烹饪历史发展过程中，逐渐形成、发展并丰富起来的。 Translation ：The art of Chinese cooking is gradually formed, developed and enriched in the historical development of cooking.

Du Peixi

无疑，中国美食做为中国文化的重要一部分。对世界也有着很大的影响，包含中国的“美学、文学、哲学”，对理解中国文化也有很大的意义。 Undoubtedly,as an important part of Chinese culture,Chinese cooking has great influence on the world,which includes Chinese “aesthetics,literature,philosophy”.It also has great significance in understanding Chinese culture. Tips:English sentence building is featured by nypotaxis,whild Chinesse sentence building is featured by parataxis.To clarify the relations between words,English more often resorts to ovent cohesion,frequently using various relatives,connectives,preposition,and some others.

Peng Yu

中国烹饪既讲究生理味觉的美，也注重心理味觉的美，从而使人们在烹调师调制的饮食之中得到物质与精神交融的满足 Chinese cooking pays attention to the enjoyment of physiological taste as well as the pleasure of psychological taste, so that people can get the satisfaction of blending material and spirit in the diet prepared by the chef. Tips:英文是一种形合的语言，分局之间需要connector链接逻辑关系

C. Two Famous Dishes

Students' homework

Liu Xiaoting Typical Mongolian dishes include roast meat, jerky, instant-boiled mutton, roast leg of lamb (烤羊腿 kǎo yángtuǐ /kaowwyang-tway/), hand-stripped mutton, milk tea, cheese, and yogurt. 典型的蒙古菜包括烤肉、牛肉干、即时煮羊肉、羊肉烤腿(烤羊腿kaoYangtui)、手提羊肉、奶茶、奶酪和酸奶。 Chen Qiuxu 北京烤鸭是具有世界声誉的北京著名菜式，用料为优质北京鸭，炭火烤制，色泽红润，肥而不腻，外脆里嫩 Peking duck is a famous Beijing dish with a world reputation. It is made of high-quality Beijing duck roasted over charcoal. The color is ruddy, and the meat is fat but not greasy. It tastes crisp outside and soft inside. Hu Jingchen 火锅是中国独创的美食，历史悠久，老少皆宜。 Hotpot originated in China with a long history and is suitable for all ages.

Li Leyi 而挂炉烤鸭带有的果木清香，似乎更能让人体会到人类最早掌握的“烤”的烹饪方法的智慧。

And hanging oven roast duck with fruit-wood fragrance, seems to be able to let people understand the wisdom of the earliest grasp of human"roast" cooking method.

Li Qi 挂炉烤法是在鸭子身上开个小洞，把内脏拿出来，然后往鸭肚子里面灌开水，然后再把小洞系上后挂在火上烤。 译：The method of hanging duck is to make a small hole in the duck, take out the viscera, pour water into the duck belly, then tie the small hole and hang it on the fire to roast. Luo Xiaodi 东坡肉是杭州名菜，其色、香、味俱佳，深受人们喜爱。 Dongpo meat is a famous dish in Hangzhou. It has good color, aroma and taste, and is deeply loved by people. Li Haowen:冬春二季的北京鸭，肉质肥嫩；秋天天高气爽，温度和湿度都特别适宜制作烤鸭，而此时的鸭子也比较肥壮。 Beijing duck’s flash is juicy and tender in fall and winter. Autumn has a dry and cool climate, and the temperature and the humidity suit for roasting duck, and ducks at that time are also much stronger.

Liu Li: “挂炉烤鸭”以果木为燃料,明火烤制。烤出的鸭子外观饱满，颜色呈枣红色，皮层酥脆，外焦里嫩，并带有一股果木的清香。 Roast duck is roasted over an open flame, using fruit wood as fuel. The roasted duck is plump in appearance and red in color, with crispy skin, caramelized outside and tender inside.

Qin Ruijjing: Text: The meat is characterized by its thin, crisp skin, with authentic versions of the dish serving mostly the skin and little meat, sliced in front of the diners by the cook. Translation: 北京烤鸭的特色是皮薄而脆，最正宗的北京烤鸭是由厨师在客人面前切成带皮和少量肉的薄片。

Shi Shuwen:京师美馔，莫过于鸭，而炙者成佳 There is no better food in Beijing than duck, especially roast duck.

Li Xiangyun 最著名的烤鸭店就是全聚德。 The most famous Beijing Roast Duck restaurant is Qaunjude. Ma Qian Ducks bred specially for the dish are slaughtered after 65 days and seasoned before being roasted in a closed or hung oven. 为这道菜专门饲养的鸭子在65天后被宰杀并调味，然后放在封闭悬挂的烤箱中。

Luo Feng北京烤鸭肉质细嫩，味道醇厚，且肥而不腻。 Beijing Roast Duck is tender, mellow, fat but nor greasy. Zhang Yuanling全聚德烤鸭的手工技艺经过百年传承，是全聚德传统文化的一部分，应该保留下来，如果烤鸭全部都以工业化流水线进行生产，显然其中蕴藏的文化内涵就会大打折扣。 The manual skill of Quanjude Roast Duck should be preserved, because it is part of traditional Quanjude culture, which has been inherited for 100 years. And the value contained in it will be sharply slumped if the brand is to produce the roast duck through industrial assembly lines. Ai Xin 粉蒸肉由带皮五花肉加米粉和其它调味料制作而成。粉蒸肉糯而清香，有肥有瘦，米粉油润，香味浓郁。 Tamales are made of streaky pork with skin, rice noodles and other seasonings. The meat of Tamales is waxy and fragrant, fat and thin; the rice noodles are oily and aromatic. Sun Rui 火锅的发展亦如同餐饮史的发展是渐进式的，完全是依据当时的器皿，社会的需求与原物料的发现引进，而加以变化的。 The development of hot pot which is also like the development of catering is gradual. The changes of hot pot completely based on the utensils, social needs and the discovery and introduction of raw materials at that time . Liu Siyu 烤鸭是具有世界声誉的北京著名菜式，由中国汉族人研制于明朝，在当时是宫廷食品。 Beijing Roast Duck is a world-famous Beijing dish. It was invented by China Han population in Ming Dynasty as a kind of court food. Xia Ke 1.Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chilli, Pepper and prickly ash. 川菜以其辛辣和刺激的味道为特点，口味丰富，注重使用辣椒、胡椒和花椒。 2.Stinky tofu, a traditional snack with Chinese characteristics, has quite different ways of making and eating in different places, with different types in the north and south. 臭豆腐是一种具有中国特色的传统小吃，在不同的地方有不同的制作方法和吃法，在北方和南方都有不同的种类。 3.Pot package meat is invented by Zheng Xingwen, whose hometown is Jianchang Country of Liaoning province. At the late Qing Dynasty, he is the top chef of Du Xueying, who is the first Tao Tai of Binjiang Road Depatement. 煲包肉是由郑兴文发明的，他的家乡是辽宁省建昌县。晚清时期，郑兴文是滨江路第一任太师杜学赢的御厨。

Yu Jing在1864年，京城名气最大的“全聚德”烤鸭店也挂牌开业，烤鸭技术又发展到了“挂炉”时代。 In 1864, Quan Jude—the most famous roast duck restaurant—hung out the shingle, making the roast duck technique develop to Gualu age.

Zhou Xiaolan : Beijing cuisine enjoys international fame for the variety of dishes developed in the imperial kitchens. None is more universally renowned than Beijing Duck. 北京菜以其丰富多样的御膳而享誉国际，而北京烤鸭是北京菜里最出名的。

Zhu Wenhao据说，随着朱棣篡位迁都北京后，也顺便带走了不少南京宫廷里烤鸭的高手。在嘉靖年间，烤鸭就从宫廷传到了民间。 It is said that as Zhu Xi usurped the throne and moved the capital to Beijing, he also took away many masters of roast duck in Nanjing court. During the Jiajing period, the roast duck was passed from the court to the people.

Peng Lu北京烤鸭分为两大流派，而北京最著名的烤鸭店也即是两派的代表。 There are two main genres of Beijing Roast Duck, and the most famous restaurants in Beijing of Peking Duck represents the two school respectively. Li Shuo 北京烤鸭以色泽红艳，肉质细嫩，味道醇厚，肥而不腻的特色，被誉为“天下美味”。 Beijing Roast Duck is known as "delicacy of the world" because of its red color, fine meat, mellow taste, fat but not greasy flavour. Peng Yu Duck（roast duck） is a traditional meat in China, and the dish was once called "shāo yāzi" (燒鴨子). It was mentioned in the Complete Recipes for Dishes and Beverages (飲膳正要) manual in 1330 by Hu Sihui (忽思慧) who was an inspector for the imperial kitchen. 北京烤鸭是一道中华传统佳肴，也曾被称作“烧鸭子”，在御膳房总管忽思慧1330年撰就的饮膳正要中有所记载。 Guo Xinyi 北京烤鸭以色泽红艳，肉质细嫩，味道醇厚，肥而不腻的特色，被誉为“天下美味”。 Beijing Roast Duck has been hailed as “The Delicacy of The World” for its brilliant red color, tender meat, rich flavours and fat but not greasy taste. Liu Ying 原文：鸳鸯火锅，是以传统毛肚火锅的红卤和宴席菊花火锅的清汤卤，两者合并改制而成的重庆创新火锅。 Version: Mandarin Hotpot, a kind of Chongqing Hotpot, is innovated by the combination of red sauce of traditional Schweinemagen Hotpot and light sauce of Chrysanthemum pot. Liu Qinyu Sticky tofu can be eaten cold, steamed, stewed, or, most commonly, deep-fried, and it is often accompanied by chili sauce or soy sauce. 臭豆腐可以冷吃，蒸着吃，焖着吃，然而最为常见的是油炸后吃。臭豆腐经常伴着辣椒酱或者酱油一起吃。 Du Peixi The ducks were originally roasted in a conventional convection oven until Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911) when this dish became a delicacy in the imperial menu and were highly regarded by emperors and other members of the ruling classes. 这些鸭子最初是在传统的对流烤箱中烤的，直到清朝（1644-1911）这道菜成为皇室菜单上的美味，受到皇帝和其他统治阶级的高度重视。 .Jiang Yun明初年间，老百姓爱吃南京板鸭，皇帝也爱吃，据说明太祖朱元璋就“日食烤鸭一只”。（中译英） In early Ming Dynasty, ordinary people loved Nanjing dry-cured duck, so did the emperors, one of whom named Zhu Yuanhang was said to eat a Nanjing dry-cured duck each day.

Yang Yuxin: 北京烤鸭以色泽红艳，肉质细嫩，味道醇厚，肥而不腻的特色，被誉为“天下美味”。 Because of its characteristics of ruddy hue, tender meat quality, mellow taste and fat but not greasy, Beijing Roast Duck is titled"The delicious".

Yang Qing: 烤鸭是具有世界声誉的北京著名菜式，由中国汉族人研制于明朝，在当时是宫廷食品。 Beijing roast duck is a world-famous Beijing dish, it was developed by the Han people of China in the Ming Dynasty and served as royal food at that time.

Yang Jiani: Peking Duck is a famous duck dish from Beijing that has been prepared since the imperial era. The meat is prized for its thin, crisp skin, with authentic versions of the dish serving mostly the skin and little meat, sliced in front of the diners by the cook. Ducks bred specially for the dish are slaughtered after 65 days and seasoned before being roasted in a closed or hung oven. 北京烤鸭是一道源于北京的著名特色菜，它在封建帝王时代就已经闻名。这道菜那薄而又脆的鸭皮广为人赞。这道菜主要是由那层皮和少量的肉所组成的。厨师会在食客面前将其切成薄片。制作这道菜的鸭子是经过专门特殊培育的，在培养65天后， 他们会被宰杀进行调味，然后被放置在封闭或悬挂的烤炉中进行烘烤。

Yin Tanwen: 在众多中国美食中却有十道最具代表性，知名度最高的美食，它们被称为中国的“十大名菜”！ Among many Chinese cuisines, there are ten most representative and well-known dishes, which are called the "ten famous dishes" in China!

Chen Qiuxu

麻婆豆腐是四川省传统名菜之一，材料主要有豆腐、肉末、辣椒和花椒等，其口味独特，口感顺滑。

Mapo Tofu is one of the traditional dishes in Sichuan province. The main ingredients are tofu, minced meat, chili and Sichuan pepper. Its taste is unique and smooth.

东坡肉的主料都是半肥半瘦的猪肉，成品菜都是码得整整齐齐的方块，红得透亮，色如玛瑙，软而不烂，肥而不腻。

Dongpo meat is the main ingredients are half fat half thin pork, finished dishes are yards of neat square, it’s red and bright like agate. It’s soft but not rotten, fat but not greasy.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:46, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

京师美馔，莫过于鸭，而炙者成佳 There is no better food in Beijing than duck, especially roast duck.

Ma Qian

Ducks bred specially for the dish are slaughtered after 65 days and seasoned before being roasted in a closed or hung oven. 为这道菜专门饲养的鸭子在65天后被宰杀并调味，然后放在封闭悬挂的烤箱中.--Ma Qian (talk) 04:43, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

粉蒸肉由带皮五花肉加米粉和其它调味料制作而成。粉蒸肉糯而清香，有肥有瘦，米粉油润，香味浓郁。 Tamales are made of streaky pork with skin, rice noodles and other seasonings. The meat of Tamales is waxy and fragrant, fat and thin; the rice noodles are oily and aromatic.

Liu Siyu

烤鸭是具有世界声誉的北京著名菜式，由中国汉族人研制于明朝，在当时是宫廷食品。 Beijing Roast Duck is a world-famous Beijing dish. It was invented by China Han population in Ming Dynasty as a kind of court food.

Roast duck is a world-famous dish of Beijing. It was developed by The Han Chinese in the Ming Dynasty and served as court food at that time.--Miranda (talk) 10:02, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Sun Rui

火锅的发展亦如同餐饮史的发展是渐进式的，完全是依据当时的器皿，社会的需求与原物料的发现引进，而加以变化的。 The development of hot pot which is also like the development of catering is gradual. The changes of hot pot completely based on the utensils, social needs and the discovery and introduction of raw materials at that time .

Yu Jing

在1864年，京城名气最大的“全聚德”烤鸭店也挂牌开业，烤鸭技术又发展到了“挂炉”时代。 In 1864, Quan Jude—the most famous roast duck restaurant—hung out the shingle, making the roast duck technique develop to Gualu age.

Zhou Xiaolan

Beijing cuisine enjoys international fame for the variety of dishes developed in the imperial kitchens. None is more universally renowned than Beijing Duck. 北京菜以其丰富多样的御膳而享誉国际，而北京烤鸭是北京菜里最出名的。

Du Peixi

The ducks were originally roasted in a conventional convection oven until Qing Dynasty when this dish became a delicacy in the imperial menu and were highly regarded by emperors and other members of the ruling classes. 这些鸭子最初是在传统的对流烤箱中烤的，直到清朝这道菜成为皇室菜单上的美味，受到皇帝和其他统治阶级的高度重视。

Peng Yu

北京烤鸭原来所用的原料是北京填鸭，每天定时由技术工人将用莜麦面和其他营养物调好的饲料，一团团地塞入鸭子食道中。 Peking duck used to be made of Beijing crammed duck, which regularly is fed by technicians who mix naked oats and other nutrients into the duck's esophagus in blobs everyday. --PengYu Aiden (talk) 04:54, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

D. Chopsticks

Students' homework

Liu Xiaoting Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair og chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. 与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子有“和为贵”的意蕴。

Chen Qiuxu 筷子一头圆，一头方。圆的象征天，方的象征地，对应天圆地方。方的在上，圆的在下，代表“民以食为天”。 Chopsticks are round at one end and square at the other. The round symbolizes the day, and the square symbolizes the ground, corresponding to Heaven and Earth. The square is on the top and the round one is on the bottom，which represents "food is the staff of life". Hu Jingchen 经研究表明，老年人经常使用筷子会稍微提高患手部关节炎的风险。 A survey suggests that regular use of chopsticks by the elderly may slightly increase the risk of osteoarthritis in hand.

Li Leyi 筷子有很多工艺品，在设计方面融入了更多的传统工艺，从而也成为人们收藏的选择。 Chopsticks have a lot of crafts, it also blend more traditional techniques in the design, thus it also become the choice of people’s collection.

Li Qi

每周应将筷子放入沸水中煮半小时，放置在空气中晾晒干燥使用，这样可达到消毒作用。

 译：Chopsticks should be boiled in boiling water for half an hour each week. Putting them in the air to be dry before use can achieve disinfection.

Luo Xiaodi 筷子是世界上常用餐具之一，中华饮食文化的标志之一，发明于中国，后传至朝鲜、日本、越南等汉字文化圈。 Chopsticks are one of the most commonly used tableware in the world, one of the symbols of Chinese food culture, invented in China, later spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other SINOSPHERE. Li Haowen: 超期使用的一次性筷子会滋生各种霉菌，轻者可能导致感染性腹泻、呕吐等消化系统疾病。 Out-used disposable chopsticks can be the bed to various mould, which will leads to some digestive system diseases such as infectious diarrhea and vomit at a light level.

Liu Li:筷子最早的称呼是“箸”，但江南水乡的船家忌讳“住”和“蛀”，因而忌讳与之谐音的“箸”。故反其道而用之，将“箸”唤作“快”。 The earliest name of chopsticks is "zhu". But for the boatmen in the southern Chinese riverside town, both "live" and “decay” are taboo, thus also avoiding its homophone "zhu". So they do exactly the opposite, calling it "fast".

Qin Ruijing:Text: 李政道曾赞叹说：“如此简单的两根东西，却高妙绝伦地应用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸，手指能做的事，它都能做，且不怕高热，不怕寒冻，真是高明极了。” Translation：Li Zhengdao said, “Such two simple sticks use the lever principle skillfully. Chopsticks are the extension of human fingers, and they can do everything that human fingers can do, and has property of high- and low-temperature resistant. They are brilliant.

Shi Shuwen: 筷子一头方一头圆,圆的象征天，方的象征地,代表天圆地方 ,圆头入嘴，谓之民以食为天,这是中国人对世界基本原则的理解 Chopsticks has two sides that one is square and another is round, round stands for sky, square stands for the land, on behalf of the round sky and square land. This is the Chinese understanding of the basic principles of the world. Li Xiangyun 虽然筷子起源于中国，但现在很多的亚洲国家都在使用。 Although chopsticks are originated from China, now many other Asian countries are using them. Ma Qian 中国筷子的形状大多为近似的长方体或圆柱体，或头圆尾方，暗合“天圆地方”。 Chinese chopsticks is mostly squared like cuboid or cylinder, or is round in head, foursquare in tail, and that implies " hemispherical dome." Luo Feng筷子可谓是中国国粹，既轻巧又灵活，在世界各国餐具中独树一帜，被西方誉为“东方的文明”。 Chopsticks, the quintessence of Chinese culture, develop a school of its lightness and flexibility among various tableware. They are praised as Eastern Civilization by the western. Zhang Yuanling筷箸是中华文化的体现，除了其食器的功用以外，在古代曾经有人将其形状之直与人格之直相类比。 Chopsticks is a symbol of Chinese culture. Aside from its physical usage as a tool while eating, in ancient times, someone used to compare the straightness in its shape to the rightness in ones character. Xia Ke Chopsticks are small tapered sticks used in pairs of equal length as the traditional eating utensils of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Generally believed to have originated in ancient China. 筷子是一种锥形的小棍子，成对使用，长度相等，是中国、日本、韩国和越南的传统餐具。一般认为起源于古代中国。 Do not pass food directly from your set of chopsticks to other's. Again, this is a funeral tradition that involves the bones of a cremated body. 不要把食物直接从你的筷子上传到别人的筷子上。再一次，这是一个关于火化的尸体的骨头的葬礼传统。 If you have already eaten with your chopsticks, use the opposite end to take food from a shared plate. 如果你已经用筷子吃过了，用另一端的筷子从公用的盘子里拿食物。 Sun Rui 筷子的使用在东亚地区影响十分广泛以至于一些学者将东亚文化圈形象地称为筷子文化圈 The use of chopsticks is so widespread in east Asia that some scholars refer to “the east Asian cultural circle” as “the chopstick cultural circle”. Liu Siyu 筷子，是指中国常用的饮食工具，通常由竹、木、骨、瓷、象牙、金属、塑料等材料制作。 Chopsticks, as a tool of eating in China, are usually made by materials such as bamboos, woods, bones, porcelain, ivories, metal, plastics and so on. Ai Xin 中国从古代开始，就有以食品祭祖的风俗，祭祖时，考虑到死人和活人不一样，活人用筷子进食很方便，而死人已脱离躯壳，只有灵魂飘游在冥界，不再能自如地使用筷子，所以，祭品的碗盆上面才竖插筷子，而平常生活中如果将筷子竖插在碗或盆上，就算是犯了忌讳。 Since ancient times, China has the custom of ancestor worship with food. People offer bowl above the shaft with chopsticks, considering the dead no longer use chopsticks freely for only the soul floats around in the underworld without body. So inserting chopsticks upright in the bowl or plate is a taboo in daily life.

Yu Jing筷子是世界上常用餐具之一，中华饮食文化的标志之一，发明于中国。 Chopsticks are one of the frequently-used tableware in the world, one of the symbols of Chinese cooking culture, and are invented in China.

Zhou Xiaolan: 一双筷子分为两根，代表中国人遵守太极和阴阳的理念。 Translation：A pair of chopsticks is divided into two, representing the Chinese people's adherence to the principles of tai chi and Yin and Yang. Tips: It is important to get to know more about what we are going to translate before translation.

Zhu Wenhao筷子一头圆、一头方。圆的象征天，方的象征地，对应天圆地方,这是中国人对世界基本原则的理解;手持筷子时，拇指食指在上，无名指小指在下，中指在中间，是为天地人三才之象，这是中国人对人和世界的关系理解。 Chopsticks are round at one end and square at the other. The round symbolizes sky, the square earth. This is the Chinese understanding of the basic principles of the world; When holding the chopsticks, the index finger and the thumb are on the top, the little finger and the ring finger are on the bottom, and the middle finger is in the middle. This is the Chinese understanding of the relationship between human and world. Peng Lu首先，筷子一头圆、一头方。圆的象征天。方的象征地，对应天圆地方;这是中国人对世界基本原则的理解。其次，手持筷子时，拇指食指在上，无名指小指在下，中指在中间，是为天地人三才之象.翻译： First, one side of chopsticks is round and the other side is square. The round side represents the sky and the square side symbolizes the earth, which implies round sky and square earth, the fundamental understanding Chinese have toward the world’s basic principle. Then, while holding chopsticks, thumb and index finger are over middle finger that is above ring finger and little finger, which is on behalf of the sky, the people and the earth. Li Shuo 筷子是持放在手指中夹取食物或其他东西的细长条棍，可由竹、木、骨、瓷、象牙、金属、塑料等材料制作，形状或方或圆各异，多用作餐具。 Chopsticks are slender sticks used by fingers to holding food or other things. They can be made of bamboo, wood, bone, porcelain, ivory, metal, plastic and other materials, with different shapes like squares, circles and so on, and they are mostly used as tableware. Peng Yu Perhaps in a nod to Confucius, Chinese chopsticks featured a blunt rather than pointed end. 很可能是为向孔子致敬，中国筷子的特点是钝而不是尖。 Guo Xinyi 四千年前的夏代，箸还处于雏形，后又经过数百年的不断演化，至商汤时代也就渐渐形成两根长短相同的小棍棍。 Zhu in the Xia Dynasty, four thousand years ago, was only in its infancy. Hundreds of years’ continuous evolution moulded it into two small sticks with the same length in the Shang and Tang Dynasties. Liu Ying 筷子在中国有几千年的传承历史，时代更迭，人类文明穿越岁月，文化薪火相传。 Version: Chopsticks has a history of thousands of years, although time fades away, the mankind civilization carried by it remains, and the culture it contains descends from generation to generation. Liu Qinyu When eating rice from a bowl, it is normal to hold the rice bowl up to one’s mouth and use chopsticks to push or shovel the rice directly into the mouth. 吃饭时，应将碗端起到嘴边，用筷子将饭扒到嘴里。 When从句翻译时，我将from a bowl 省略了，因为众所周知，饭一般都是装在碗里的，若将其译出，显得累赘。Push和shovel意思相近，用接地气的中文可以翻译成扒，意译成将饭扒到嘴里。 Du Peixi 在中国，筷子除了用来吃饭，在民间的婚、丧、喜庆等礼俗都有广泛运用。中国筷子的形状多为近似的长方体或圆柱体。 In China,except for eating,chopsticks are widely used in wedding,funeral,celebration and so on.The formation of Chinese chopsticks is similar to cuboid and cylinder. Jiang Yun莫言筷箸小，日日伴君餐，千年甘苦史，尽在双筷间。（中译英） Chopsticks, the tableware used everyday, in which hidden thousand-years history are important. Yang Yuxin: 每次用完筷子要轻轻地放下，尽量不要发出响声。 Whenever you put down your chopsticks, please do it lightly and try to avoid sounds.

Yang Qing: 筷子一头圆、一头方。圆的象征天，方的象征地，对应天圆地方。 One end of the chopsticks are round and the other are square. The round end represent the sky and the square end represent the ground, which correspond to the round sky and square ground.

Yang Jiani: Chopsticks are shaped pairs of equal length sticks that have been used as the traditional ancient kitchen and eating utensils in virtually all of East Asia for over six thousand years. 筷子是等长的成对木棒，广泛使用于古代东亚地区的传统厨事中，并作为饮食用具，在东亚有着将近6000年的历史.

Yin Tanwen: 筷子一头圆、一头方。圆的象征天，方的象征地，对应天圆地方。 Chopsticks are round at one side and square at the other. The round side is a symbol of the heaven, the square side is a symbol of the ground, corresponding to the round heaven and the square ground.

Tips Liu Xiaoting While translating Chinese dishes, we can adopt strategies of foreignization or domestication to convey the composition of the dishes ( ingredients, cutting style ) and their cultural connotations, so foreigners can appreciate our traditional cultural while enjoying delicious food. Chen Qiuxu翻译时要结合汉语和英语的语言特点，译文要符合汉英说话习惯，不能逐字逐句翻译 Hu Jingchen像中文讲究对仗一样，翻译时英文也要尽可能的保持形式上的一致，例如在列举如酸甜苦辣味道时，要注意词性的一致。 Li leyi 要习惯性地把中文里的动词系统转化为英文里的形容词，因为英文中一般没有很多动词连在一起的情况。 Liu Li:“皮层酥脆、外焦里嫩”，在汉语中为形容词，但考虑到英语的常用表达习惯，可找出中心词，将其翻译为名词短语，即with crispy skin, caramelized outside and tender inside.

Qin Ruijing:It is a difficult thing to find a proper adjective or adverbial. In the last sentence, “高妙绝伦地”is hard to find a appropriate adv. to translate it. Therefore, we should pay special attention to adj./adv. learning.

Shi Shuwen：When translate classical Chinese essays or sentences, I should try to make the sentences understandable in modern Chinese first, then translate into other languages.

Ma Qian Analyse the structure of the sentence, find the subject, predict, and object, and rewrite the sentence before translating. Zhang Yuanling It is better to present the judgemental sentence before the others that tell some other background information.

Ai Xin 翻译时可以把句子顺序调换，降低翻译难度，使句子更流畅。 汉译英时，可以适当减译，言可达意即可。 Sun Rui 翻译时将一些重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义省去。

Zhu Wenhao学会用英语的句子结构来翻译汉语，避免中式英语。 Guo Xinyi 1. “与…齐名”可译为as famous/well-known as 2. “被誉为”可译为be hailed/honored/praised as 3. “肥而不腻”：fat but not greasy 4. In its infancy 可用来表达“处于雏形”“处于初期阶段” Liu Ying 在翻译的过程中，不仅仅只是捋清英语句子的结构将其一一对应翻译成中文句子，而是要在理解的基础上进行再创作。中文多使用短句，并且是topic-prominence, 所以翻译的过程中要不断打破原有的长结构，按照意群拆散成符合中文习惯的句子。

Chen Qiuxu

筷子一头圆，一头方。圆的象征天，方的象征地，对应天圆地方。方的在上，圆的在下，代表“民以食为天”。

Chopsticks are round at one end and square at the other. The round symbolizes the day, and the square symbolizes the ground, corresponding to Heaven and Earth. The square is on the top and the round one is on the bottom，which represents "food is the staff of life".

tips:汉语重意合，句子之间常靠内部的逻辑关系连接在一起，所谓“形散而神聚”，而英语重形合，句与句之间往往靠各种语言形式紧密结合--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:49, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

筷子一头方一头圆,圆的象征天，方的象征地,代表天圆地方 ,圆头入嘴，谓之民以食为天,这是中国人对世界基本原则的理解 Chopsticks has two sides that one is square and another is round, round stands for sky, square stands for the land, on behalf of the round sky and square land. This is the Chinese understanding of the basic principles of the world.

Ma Qian

中国筷子的形状大多为近似的长方体或圆柱体，或头圆尾方，暗合“天圆地方”。 Chinese chopsticks is mostly squared like cuboid or cylinder, or is round in head, foursquare in tail, and that implies " hemispherical dome." --Ma Qian (talk) 04:45, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

中国从古代开始，就有以食品祭祖的风俗，祭祖时，考虑到死人和活人不一样，活人用筷子进食很方便，而死人已脱离躯壳，只有灵魂飘游在冥界，不再能自如地使用筷子，所以，祭品的碗盆上面才竖插筷子，而平常生活中如果将筷子竖插在碗或盆上，就算是犯了忌讳。 Since ancient times, China has the custom of ancestor worship with food. People offer bowl above the shaft with chopsticks, considering the dead no longer use chopsticks freely for only the soul floats around in the underworld without body. So inserting chopsticks upright in the bowl or plate is a taboo in daily life.

Tips: 汉译英时，可以适当减译，言可达意即可。

Liu Siyu

筷子，是指中国常用的饮食工具，通常由竹、木、骨、瓷、象牙、金属、塑料等材料制作。 Chopsticks, as a tool of eating in China, are usually made by materials such as bamboos, woods, bones, porcelain, ivories, metal, plastics and so on.

Sun Rui

筷子的使用在东亚地区影响十分广泛以至于一些学者将东亚文化圈形象地称为筷子文化圈 The use of chopsticks is so widespread in east Asia that some scholars refer to “the east Asian cultural circle” as “the chopstick cultural circle”.

Yu Jing

筷子是世界上常用餐具之一，中华饮食文化的标志之一，发明于中国。 Chopsticks are one of the frequently-used tableware in the world, one of the symbols of Chinese cooking culture, and are invented in China.

Invented in China, chopsticks are one of the most frequently-used tableware in the world and one of the symbols of Chinese cooking culture.--Miranda (talk) 10:09, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

一双筷子分为两根，代表中国人遵守太极和阴阳的理念。 Translation：A pair of chopsticks is divided into two, representing the Chinese people's adherence to the principles of tai chi and Yin and Yang.

Tips: It is important to get to know more about what we are going to translate before translation.

Du Peixi

在中国，筷子除了用来吃饭，在民间的婚、丧、喜庆等礼俗都有广泛运用。中国筷子的形状多为近似的长方体或圆柱体。 In China,except for eating,chopsticks are widely used in wedding,funeral,celebration and so on.The formation of Chinese chopsticks is similar to cuboid and cylinder.

Peng Yu

筷子的说法，其实出于避讳。讲究避讳一直是吴地民间文化的一个特色，直到今天，上海话仍然把“鹅”说成是“白乌龟”，以避“杀鹅（我）”之讳。 The term chopsticks is actually a taboo. Taboo has always been a feature in wu's folk culture. Today, the Shanghai dialect still says "goose" as "white turtle" to avoid the taboo of "killing a goose (sounds like killing me)". tips：本地特色浓厚之时，要适量进行补充说明。 --PengYu Aiden (talk) 05:01, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Unit 6 Fine Arts

A. Painting

Students' homework

1.Liu Xiaoting Figure painting makes characters as the main body of the painting, mainly including word interpretation, grand picture, portrait painting, genre, historical story painting and so on. 人物画是以人物形象为主体的绘画，主要包括道释画、仕女画、肖像画、风俗画和历史故事画等。 2.Chen Qiuxu1.农耕文化的悠久历史使得中国人倾向于家居生活，然而对于自然山水的审美需求与此发生矛盾。中国山水画起源的一个重要原因，就是那些士大夫艺术家试图把山水自然搬入自己的居室来赏。 The long history of farming culture makes Chinese people tend to live at home. However, the aesthetic demand for natural landscape conflicts with this. An important reason for the origin of Chinese landscape painting is that scholar-officials tried to move the landscape into their own rooms. 3.Hu Jingchen 国画是中国的传统绘画形式，是用毛笔蘸水、墨、彩作画于绢或纸上。 Chinese painting is a traditional form of painting in China. It is painted on silk or paper with a brush dipped in water, ink, or color painting. 4.Li Leyi 人们图绘花鸟并不是限于其艺术范围内的表现，而是通过它们传达社会的信仰和君主的意志。 People draw flowers and birds not to show their artistic representation, but to convey the faith of society and the will of the monarch. 5.Li Qi 中国画与西方绘画不同之处，其中一项就是书法。国画上常伴有诗句，而诗句是国画的灵魂。 译：One of the differences between Chinese traditional painting and Western painting is calligraphy. Chinese traditional painting is usually accompanied with poetry, which is the soul of it. 6.Luo Xiaodi 中国画主要分为人物、花鸟、山水这几大类。表面上，中国画是以题材分为这几类，其实是用艺术表现一种观念和思想。 Chinese painting is mainly divided into figures, flowers and birds, landscape these categories. On the surface, Chinese painting is divided into these categories by subject matter, in fact, art is used to express an idea and thought.

7.Li Haowen: 工笔画一般先要画好稿本，一幅完整的稿本需要反复地修改才能定稿，然后复上有胶矾的宣纸或绢，先用狼毫小笔勾勒，然后随类敷色，层层渲染，从而取得形神兼备的艺术效果。 The gongbi painting needs the painter to finish the draft at first. A complete draft requires numbers of adjustments before settled. And then cover it with xuan paper or silk with vitriol and gum. First use small brushes made of wolf fur to draw the outline and then apply the colors layer by layer according to different requirements, to achieve the goal that both the character and the spirit effects contained.

8.Liu Li: 到了吴派后期，以张宏为代表的苏州画家在文人山水画方面另辟蹊径，创作出了富有生活气息的绘画作品。 In the later period of Wu School, the Suzhou painters represented by Zhang Hong branched out in the field of literati and landscape painting by creating a new one which were full of life.

9.Qin Ruijing: Text: 相对“工笔”而言，写意用豪放简练的笔墨描绘物象的形神，抒发作者的感情。 Translation: Compared to fine brush work, the succinct and bold freehand brush work portrays objects’ shape and spirit, and shows the painters’ feelings.

10.ShiShuwen:As China's national essence, the traditional Chinese painting has the glorious history and tradition. 作为中国的国粹，中国画有着悠久的历史和传统。 11.Li Xiangyun 中国画的题材主要有人物、山水、花鸟，非常具有传统特色。 The themes of Chinese traditional painting mainly are characters, mountains and rivers, flowers and birds, which show its traditional features. 12.Luo Feng 中国画重表现，讲究的是“写心”、“写意”、“写我“，状物是为了寄情、为了言志。 Chinese paintings emphasize self-expression and stress on “spirit”, “freehand” and “me”. They express the spirit and ambition through the description of images. 13.Ma Qian国画，古时称为丹青，泛指中华文化的传统绘画艺术，是琴棋书画四艺之一。 Chinese traditional painting, called Danqing in ancient times, one of Four arts --- lyre-playing, chess, calligraphy, painting, refers to the traditional painting art of Chinese culture generally. 14.Zhang Yuanling国画和西方绘画的原则有许多不同的地方，其重在神似不重形似，强调观察总结不强调现场临摹，运用散点透视法不用焦点透视法，重视意境不重视场景。 Chinese traditional paintings have many differences at root with Western Masters . For example, Chinese paintings attach great importance to the likeness in spirit rather than in shape; they emphasizes observation and summary instead of facsimileing right at the spot; they are painted by using the method of focal point rather than perspective; they pays a close attention to artistic conception instead of the scene.

15.Liu Siyu 中国画凝聚着中华民族的智慧、性格、心理、气质，以其鲜明的特色和风格在世界画苑中独具体系。 Chinese panting, coagulated with wisdom, characters, mentality, and temperament of Chinese nations, takes over a unique system in the world of painting because of its distinct feature and style. 16.Ai Xin 中国山水画是中国人情思中最为厚重的沉淀。游山玩水的大陆文化意识，以山为德、水为性的内在修为意识，咫尺天涯的视错觉意识，一直成为山水画演绎的中轴主线。 Chinese landscape painting is the richest cultural and historical heritage to place emotions. Its main point of interpretation is three senses: the mainland culture--touring mountains and rivers, the inner cultivation-- mountains for virtue and water for nature, and the visual illusion horizon. 17.Sun Rui 中国艺术在审美的主客观关系上不过份强调感官刺激和理性分析,更强调主客观的和谐交融,其审美要求和民族个性有关。 In terms of the relationship between the subjectivity and the objectivity of aesthetics, instead of on sensory stimulation and rational analysis, Chinese art lays more emphasis on the harmony between the subjectivity and objectivity. Its aesthetic needs are related to ethnic characteristics. 18.Xia Ke 1. In ancient times, Chinese painting was commonly called “Danqing”, mainly referring to paintings on silk and Xuan paper which were mounted on scrolls. 在古代，中国画通常被称为“丹青”，主要是指画在丝绸和宣纸上的卷轴画。 2. Xuan paper, Including unprocessed processed and half processed, suitable for the conveying the artistic expression of both calligraphy and painting. 宣纸，包括未经加工的、加工的、和半加工的，适用于书法和绘画的艺术表达。 3. As opposed to western styles of art, works painted in traditional style is called as Chinese painting, meaning "national painting". 为区别于西方的油画，传统风格的作品也被称为中国画，即“国画”。 19.Yang Yuxin: 中国绘画以毛笔、水墨、宣纸为特殊材料，建构了独特的透视理论，大胆而自由地打破时空限制。 Painting takes brush, ink, and rice paper as special materials. It formed unique perspective theory, boldly and freely breaking the limitations of time and space. 20.Yang Qing: 从美术史的角度讲，民国以前的国画我们都统称为古画。 From the perspective of art history, the Chinese paintings before the Republican period are called ancient paintings. 21.Yang Jiani: Chinese painting is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world. Painting in the traditional style is known today in Chinese as guóhuà, meaning 'national' or 'native painting', as opposed to Western styles of art which became popular in China in the 20th century. 中国画是延续传承下来的世界古老传统艺术形式之一。在今天，用传统方式作画的艺术形式被中国人民称之为国画，字面意思可理解为“民族的”、“本土的绘画”，与近代20世纪在中国流行的西方风格艺术品互为对应。 22.Yin Tanwen: 中国画按题材分类有人物画、山水画、花鸟画等。 Chinese paintings are classified by object into portraits, landscape paintings, flower and bird paintings, etc. 23.Yu Jing国画是中国的传统绘画形式，是用毛笔蘸水、墨、彩作画于绢或纸上。 Chinese painting is China’s traditional painting form, using writing brush dipping in water, ink and color to paint on handkerchiefs and paper.

24.Zhou Xiaolan : Chinese painting as one of Chinese traditional art forms, coming from Chinese calligraphy, is a bridge to show Chinese people’s value in life and nature, individual and collective, internality and externalism. 翻译：中国画作为中国传统艺术的一种形式，来源于书法，是展现中国人的生命与自然、个人与集体、内在与外在等价值的桥梁。

25.Zhu Wenhao 欣赏中国山水画，先要了解国画制作者的胸襟意象。画家把名山大川的特色，先储于心，再形于手，所以不以"肖形"为佳，而以"通意"为主。 To appreciate Chinese landscape painting, you must first understand the mindfulness of Chinese painting makers. The artist puts the characteristics of the famous mountains and rivers first in his heart and then in his hands. Therefore, he prefers not "Xiaoxing" but "Tongyi".

26.Peng Lu中国画在观察认识、形象塑造和表现手法上，体现了中华民族传统的哲学观念和审美观。 翻译：Chinese painting embodies traditional philosophy concepts as well as aesthetic through observation, construction and expression. 27.Li Shuo水墨画，是中国绘画的代表，基本的水墨画，仅有水与墨，黑与白色，但进阶的水墨画，也有工笔花鸟画，色彩缤纷，后者有时也称为彩墨画。 Ink painting, is the representative of Chinese painting. The basic ink painting has only water and ink, black and white, but the advanced ink painting, has also colourful fine brushwork flowers and birds painting, and it is also sometimes called color ink painting. 28.Peng Yu It was from the Six Dynasties (222-589) to the Tang dynasty (618-907) that the foundations of figure painting were gradually established by such major artists as Gu Kaizhi (顧愷之) and Wu Daozi (吳道子). 六朝时期至唐朝时，顾恺之、吴道子等主要画家逐步创建了人物画。 29.Guo Xinyi 中国画主要分为人物、花鸟、山水这几大类。表面上，中国画是以题材分为这几类，其实是用艺术表现一种观念和思想。 Chinese painting mainly falls into three categories: characters, flowers and birds, and landscapes. On the surface, the classification is according to subject matters, while in fact, it is according to different concepts or thoughts conveyed by art. Tips: 分成几类可用“fall into”表达 山水如果翻译成mountains and waters会显得太生硬，因此翻为landscapes 30.Liu Qinyu Chinese painting and calligraphy distinguish themselves from other cultures' arts by emphasis on motion and change with dynamic life. Translation: 中国画和书法能从其他文化艺术中脱颖而出的主要原因是其注重生活中的动作和变化。 Tip：dynamic 意思和motion，change相近，且直译会很奇怪，顾不译。 31.Liu Ying 原文：中国画不喜欢画市街，房屋，家具，器物等立体相很显著的东西。 Version: Objects with obviously three-dimensional features like streets, houses, furniture, ceramic ware are rarely seen in Chinese painting. 32.Du Peixi 画家只画一叶轻舟,却表现出了浩瀚大海,让人有无穷尽的视觉体验。 The painter only drew a light boat, but showed the vast sea which gave people an endless visual experience. 33.Jiang Yun无论写意还是工笔都属于优秀画种，人才也自始至终都不缺，唯一缺的就是给予有天赋、有能力的人才施展才华的空间和时间。 Both xieyi and gongbi belong to excellent kinds of paintings. What they are lacking in is not talents but the time and oversight left for the talents to show their gift.

Chen Qiuxu

农耕文化的悠久历史使得中国人倾向于家居生活，然而对于自然山水的审美需求与此发生矛盾。中国山水画起源的一个重要原因，就是那些士大夫艺术家试图把山水自然搬入自己的居室来赏。

The long history of farming culture makes Chinese people tend to live at home. However, the aesthetic demand for natural landscape conflicts with this. An important reason for the origin of Chinese landscape painting is that scholar-officials tried to move the landscape into their own rooms.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:54, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

As China's national essence, the traditional Chinese painting has the glorious history and tradition. 作为中国的国粹，中国画有着悠久的历史和传统。

Ma Qian

国画，古时称为丹青，泛指中华文化的传统绘画艺术，是琴棋书画四艺之一。 Chinese traditional painting, called Danqing in ancient times, one of Four arts --- lyre-playing, chess, calligraphy, painting, refers to the traditional painting art of Chinese culture generally.--Ma Qian (talk) 04:52, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

中国山水画是中国人情思中最为厚重的沉淀。游山玩水的大陆文化意识，以山为德、水为性的内在修为意识，咫尺天涯的视错觉意识，一直成为山水画演绎的中轴主线。 Chinese landscape painting is the richest cultural and historical heritage to place emotions. Its main point of interpretation is three senses: the mainland culture--touring mountains and rivers, the inner cultivation-- mountains for virtue and water for nature, and the visual illusion horizon.

Tips: 英译汉时1.直译→意译。对句子进行整合，达到简练、清晰。

Liu Siyu

中国画凝聚着中华民族的智慧、性格、心理、气质，以其鲜明的特色和风格在世界画苑中独具体系。 Chinese panting, coagulated with wisdom, characters, mentality, and temperament of Chinese nations, takes over a unique system in the world of painting because of its distinct feature and style.

Sun Rui

中国艺术在审美的主客观关系上不过份强调感官刺激和理性分析,更强调主客观的和谐交融,其审美要求和民族个性有关。 In terms of the relationship between subjective and objective of aesthetics, instead of the sensory stimulation and rational analysis, Chinese art lays more emphasis on the harmony between subjective and objective. Its aesthetic requirements are relate to national characteristics.

Yu Jing

国画是中国的传统绘画形式，是用毛笔蘸水、墨、彩作画于绢或纸上。 Chinese painting is China’s traditional painting form, using writing brush dipping in water, ink and color to paint on handkerchiefs and paper.

Chinese painting is a traditional form of painting in China. It is done with a brush dipped in water, ink or color and painted on silk or paper.--Miranda (talk) 07:12, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

Chinese painting as one of Chinese traditional art forms, coming from Chinese calligraphy, is a bridge to show Chinese people’s value in life and nature, individual and collective, internality and externalism. 翻译：中国画作为中国传统艺术的一种形式，来源于书法，是展现中国人的生命与自然、个人与集体、内在与外在等价值的桥梁。

Guo Xinyi

中国画主要分为人物、花鸟、山水这几大类。表面上，中国画是以题材分为这几类，其实是用艺术表现一种观念和思想。

Chinese painting mainly falls into three categories: characters, flowers and birds, and landscapes. On the surface, the classification is according to subject matters, while in fact, it is according to different concepts or thoughts conveyed by art.

Tips:

1.分成几类可用“fall into”表达

2.山水如果翻译成mountains and waters会显得太生硬，因此翻为landscapes--Guo Xinyi (talk) 08:41, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Shuo

===Peng Yu===--PengYu Aiden (talk) 05:04, 15 June 2020 (UTC) It was from the Six Dynasties (222-589) to the Tang dynasty (618-907) that the foundations of figure painting were gradually established by such major artists as Gu Kaizhi (顧愷之) and Wu Daozi (吳道子). 六朝时期至唐朝时，顾恺之、吴道子等主要画家逐步创建了人物画。 --PengYu Aiden (talk) 05:04, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

B. Seal-cutting

Students' homework

Liu Xiaoting In 2007, the Institute of Seal Cutting Art started the first postgraduate class on seal cutting and also received visiting scholars from other countries and regions, a breakthrough in the development of the art in China. 2007年，篆刻艺术研究所开办了第一期篆刻研究生班，并接待了来自其他国家和地区的访问学者，中国的篆刻艺术取得了突破性的发展。 Chen Qiuxu 2.秦、汉的玺印，是古代人们在交往时,作为权力和凭证的信物。 The seals of Qin and Han Dynasties were used as tokens of authority and vouchers in ancient times. Hu Jingchen 早在殷商时代，人们就用刀在龟甲上刻“字”。 As early as the Yin and Shang dynasties, people used swords to engrave "words" on tortoise shells. Li Leyi 唐宋之际，由于文人墨客的喜好，印章的体制虽已改变，但仍以篆书作印。

During the Tang and Song dynasties, the seal system was changed because of the preference of the literati, but seal character was still used for seal.

Li Qi 印章，用作印于文件上表示鉴定或签署的文具, 基本上可分为官印和私印两类。 译：Seal, used as a stationery printed on documents for identification or signature, can basically be divided into official seal and private seal. Luo Xiaodi 当代篆刻艺术空前繁荣，然而篆刻艺术与现代生活的远离，又无情地压缩了篆刻艺术的生存空间。 Nowadays the art of seal cutting is very flourishing, but it is in a long distance from the modern life. 印章的装饰性雕刻也成为一项专门的技艺，直接影响到印章的艺术品味。 Decorative seal cutting also became a special technique that would directly influence the artistic taste of the seals.

Li Haowen: 传世的古代玺印，多数出于古城废墟、河流和古墓中,有的是战争中战败者流亡时所遗弃，也有在战争中殉职者遗弃在战场上的，而当时的惯例，凡在战场上虏获的印章必须上交，而官吏迁职、死后也须脱解印绶上交。 Those ancient seals which were passed through years were mostly been discovered in relics, rivers and ancient tombs. Some of them were deserted by the wandering losers of the war, while some of which were abandoned by those who died on the battlefield. According to the rules at that time, one should hand in the seals found on the battlefield. Also, those officers who changed their position or passed away had to return their seals as well.

Liu Li: 到了明清两代，篆刻便成为以篆书为基础，利用雕刻方法在印面中表现疏密、离合的艺术形态。 In the Ming and Qing dynasties, seal cutting became an art form based on seal script, which used the carving method to show the density and separation of the seal.

Qin Ruijing: Text：篆刻也是刻印印章的一种，但却是艺术家将学术，素养化作个性所表现出来的艺术。 Translation: Seal cutting is a kind of engraving. However, it is an art in which artists transform his knowledge and accomplishment into his individuality

Shi Shuwen: Seal cutting art is the combination of calligraphy (mainly Seal Character) and engraving (including chisel and cast). It is an art to make seal and it is a unique art form of Chinese characters. 篆刻艺术结合了书法(主要是篆书)和雕刻(包括凿和铸)。它是一门篆刻的艺术，是中国特色的独特艺术形式。

Li Xiangyun 印章是书法与雕刻的完美结合。 Seals are the perfect combination of calligraphy and carving. Luo Feng Seal-cutting melts paintings and calligraphy as a whole, and designs layout in a limited place. 篆刻艺术融绘画与书法为一体，在有限的空间设计布局

.Ma Qian Due to the development of Chinese architecture, seals of this period were also widely used in building materials, e.g. after finishing a tile or a brick, the maker normally stamped his seal on the surface. 随着中国建筑史的发展，这段时期，印章也广泛出现于建筑材料上，例如，在制作完一片瓦或一块砖后，工匠们通常会用印章印上自己的名字。 Zhang Yuanling篆刻作品的气息是作品气质品位的体现，它往往是评判一件篆刻作品高下的重要标准。 The breath of a piece of seal-cutting work indicates its temperament and taste. Moreover, it is an important standard to assess whether a work is good or not.

Ai Xin 书法和印章相映成趣，不但使书法作品增色、活跃气氛、起到锦上添花的效果，而且能调整重心、补救布局上的不足，对作品起到稳定平衡的作用。 Seal not only plays the effect of icing on the cake by adding color for calligraphy works, but also plays a balanced role to the work through the center of gravity and layout adjustments. Sun Rui 十六世纪以后,金石学盛行,有些书画家以花乳石代替坚涩难刻的硬质印石,大大促进了篆刻艺术的发展. After the 16th century , the Epigraphy prevailing,some painters and calligraphers replaced the hard stone with the flower-emulsion stone, which greatly promoted the development of the art of seal cutting. Liu Siyu 中国篆刻是书法和镌刻相结合，来制作印章的艺术. Chinese seal-cutting is a kind of art that combines calligraphy and engraving to make a seal. Xia Ke 1Oracle is the first seal. To the Spring and Autumn Period, with the emergence of the seal, seal gradually became a specialized skill. 甲骨文便是最早的篆刻。到了春秋时期，随着印章的出现，篆刻逐渐成为专门的技艺。 2. Texture of the original multi-purpose seal gold, silver, copper, jade, horns, ivory and other hard materials. 原印章质地多用金、银、铜、玉、角、象牙等硬质材料制成。 3. Seal cutting, as an important component of Chinese traditional culture and art, is closely intergrated With the traditional art, calligraphy. 篆刻是中国传统文化艺术的重要组成部分，与传统书法艺术有着密切的联系。 Yang Yuxin: 秦始皇统一六国后，规定“玺”为天子所专用，大臣以下和民间私人用印统称“印”。 After The First Emperor of Qin unified six states, he stipulated that "Xi" was exclusively used by emperor, and that seal used by officials and individualities was collectively named "Yin". Yang Qing: 篆刻艺术，是书法和镌刻相结合，来制作印章的艺术。 Seal-cutting is the art of making seals which combines calligraphy and engraving. Yang Jiani: Seal cutting, or zhuanke in Chinese (篆刻), is a traditional form of art that originated in China, and later spread to East Asia. It refers to cutting a pattern into the bottom face of the seal (the active surface, used for stamping), rather than the sides or top. 篆刻是一种传统的艺术形式，它起源于中国，并流传于东亚国家。它是在物体的底部（用于立起的支撑面）刻上相应的图案，而不是在侧面或表面。 Yin Tanwen: 早在殷商时代，人们就用刀在龟甲上刻“字”。 As early as Yin and Shang dynasty, people used knives to carve "characters" on tortoiseshell. Yu Jing 先秦及秦、汉的玺印，是古代人们在交往时,作为权力和凭证的信物。 Seals in pre-Qin, Qin and Han dynasty were a keepsaker of power and a certificate of authenticity in ancient people’s communication.

Zhou Xiaolan: 篆刻，是一种形质虽小，却有着独特表现形式和浓厚文化内涵的传统艺术。 Seal cutting, though small in size, is a traditional art with unique forms of expression and strong traditional cultural contents.

Zhu Wenhao 古印章大多都有钮饰工艺，而钮工的精粗与否将直接影响到古印章的价值。 Most of the ancient seals have button decoration technology, and the precision of the button work will directly affect the value of ancient seals.

Peng Lu篆刻艺术，是书法和镌刻结合，来制作印章的艺术，是汉字特有的艺术形式。 翻译：Seal-cutting, the combination of calligraphy and engraving, the art of making seal, is a unique artistic form of characteristics.

Li Shuo因为石质印材，柔、脆、腻、坚适中，易于受刀，并能表现出特有的金石韵味，故明清以来多为印人所喜用。 Because the stone seal material is moderately soft, crisp, greasy, and firm, easy to be carved by the knife, and can show a unique charm of gold and stone, since the Ming and Qing dynasties, it is loved by most of the Seal-cutting people. Peng Yu The seals blend elements of engraving, calligraphy, painting and poetry. Nowadays, Chinese artists are bringing back the traditional ways of making seals. 印章是集印刻、书法、绘画、诗作于一体的艺术形式。中国艺术家正在带领传统印章重回大众视野。

Guo Xinyi 篆刻艺术是书法、章法、刀法三者完美的结合，一方印中，既有豪壮飘逸的书法笔意，又有优美悦目的绘画构图，并且更兼得刀法生动的雕刻神韵。 Seal-cutting perfectly combines calligraphy, composition and the engraver’s handwork. A seal contains not only bold and elegant calligraphy strokes, but also beautiful and pleasing composition, and also vivid engraving verve of handwork. Tips: 当一个句子的表语成分显得单一时，可视情况将表语部分的名词转化为动词形式，使句子结构变为主谓宾 Liu Qinyu Born to a peasant family from Xiangtan, Hunan, Qi became a carpenter at 14, and learned to paint by himself. T:齐白石出生在湖南湘潭的一个农民家庭，他在14岁成为一个木匠，并且自学绘画。 Liu Ying 原文：早期的玺印发现于商周之际，其功用与器物的制作与铭记有关。 Version：It was found that the early Royal Seal appeared between Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty, and its usage was relative with producing or recording something. Du Peixi Seal-cutting, as an important component of Chinese traditional culture and arts, is closely integrated with traditional painting and calligraphy. 篆刻作为中国传统文化艺术的重要组成部分，与传统书画有着密切的联系。 Jiang Yun刻,简单来说就是借助刀和石头，将设计好的、停留在纸面的印稿更立体地呈现出来，并且在呈现的过程中对作品有相应的充实完善。 To seal is to present the well-designed printed drafts in three dimensions with the help of the knife and stone and polish and modify the works in the whole process.

Chen Qiuxu

秦、汉的玺印，是古代人们在交往时,作为权力和凭证的信物。

The seals of Qin and Han Dynasties were used as tokens of authority and vouchers in ancient times.

tips:中文不习惯用被动,英文使用了被动语态。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:57, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

Seal cutting art is the combination of calligraphy (mainly Seal Character) and engraving (including chisel and cast). It is an art to make seal and it is a unique art form of Chinese characters. 篆刻艺术结合了书法(主要是篆书)和雕刻(包括凿和铸)。它是一门篆刻的艺术，是中国特色的独特艺术形式。

Ma Qian

Due to the development of Chinese architecture, seals of this period were also widely used in building materials, e.g. after finishing a tile or a brick, the maker normally stamped his seal on the surface. 随着中国建筑史的发展，这段时期，印章也广泛出现于建筑材料上，例如，在制作完一片瓦或一块砖后，工匠们通常会用印章印上自己的名字。--Ma Qian (talk) 04:54, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

书法和印章相映成趣，不但使书法作品增色、活跃气氛、起到锦上添花的效果，而且能调整重心、补救布局上的不足，对作品起到稳定平衡的作用。 Seal not only plays the effect of icing on the cake by adding color for calligraphy works, but also plays a balanced role to the work through the center of gravity and layout adjustments.

Liu Siyu

中国篆刻是书法和镌刻相结合，来制作印章的艺术. Chinese seal-cutting is a kind of art that combines calligraphy and engraving to make a seal.

Chinese seal cutting is the art of making seal by combining calligraphy with engraving--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:33, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

Sun Rui

十六世纪以后,金石学盛行,有些书画家以花乳石代替坚涩难刻的硬质印石,大大促进了篆刻艺术的发展. After the 16th century , the Epigraphy prevailing,some painters and calligraphers replaced the hard stone with the flower-emulsion stone, which greatly promoted the development of the art of seal cutting.

Yu Jing

先秦及秦、汉的玺印，是古代人们在交往时,作为权力和凭证的信物。 XiYin in pre-Qin, Qin and Han dynasty was keepsake of power and voucher in ancient people’s communication. The seals of the Pre-Qin, Qin and Han Dynasties served as tokens of power and evidence in ancient people's communication.--Miranda (talk) 10:20, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

篆刻，是一种形质虽小，却有着独特表现形式和浓厚文化内涵的传统艺术。

Translation: Seal cutting, though small in shape , is a traditional art with unique forms of expression and strong cultural connotation.

Guo Xinyi

篆刻艺术是书法、章法、刀法三者完美的结合，一方印中，既有豪壮飘逸的书法笔意，又有优美悦目的绘画构图，并且更兼得刀法生动的雕刻神韵。

Seal-cutting perfectly combines calligraphy, composition and the engraver’s handwork. A seal contains not only bold and elegant calligraphy strokes, but also beautiful and pleasing composition, and also vivid engraving verve of handwork.

Tips:

1.当一个句子的表语成分显得单一时，可视情况将表语部分的名词转化为动词形式，使句子结构变为主谓宾--Guo Xinyi (talk) 08:48, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

Peng Yu

2、The seals blend elements of engraving, calligraphy, painting and poetry. Nowadays, Chinese artists are bringing back the traditional ways of making seals. 印章是集印刻、书法、绘画、诗作于一体的艺术形式。中国艺术家正在带领传统印章重回大众视野。

---

C. Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi

Students' homework

Liu Xiaoting Bada shanren’ paintings of fish and birds, for example, are exaggeratedly simplified, their eyes drawn as simple circles with dots at the center, to give them a peculiar, and highly original, look. 例如，八大山人的鱼和鸟画被夸张地简化了，他们的眼睛被画成简单的中间有点的圆圈，给他们一个独特的、高度原创的外观。 Liu Xiaoting Qi baishi’s art is under the space and time background which has a junction between ancient and modern. 齐白石的艺术是在古今相连的时空背景下进行的。 Chen Qiuxu 3.他常把“八大”和“山人”竖着连写。前二字又似“哭”字，又似“笑”字，而后二字则类似“之”字，哭之笑之即哭笑不得之意。 He often vertically wrote "bada" and "shanren" together. The first two words are like word "crying" or "laughing", and then the latter are similar to the preposition "of", which means do not know whether to laugh or to cry. Chen Qiuxu 4.在北京保利2017年秋拍上，齐白石《山水十二条屏》以4.5亿元起拍，在近70余次的竞争中，最终以8.1亿元落槌，加佣金以9.315亿元成交，成为目前全球最贵的中国艺术品。 In the autumn auction of Beijing Poly in 2017, Qi Baishi's "twelve screens of landscape" started with 450 million yuan, and in nearly 70 times of competition, it finally landed with 810 million yuan, with the addition of commission for 931.5 million yuan, becoming the world's most expensive Chinese art.

Hu Jingchen 朱耷就是在这所草屋中度过了他孤寂、贫困的晚年，直至去世。 Zhu Da spent his lonely and impoverished old age in this hut until his death. Li Leyi 朱耷一生坎坷，曾一度精神失常，而后他选择与世隔绝，在创作中安放自己孤独的灵魂。 Zhu Da’ s whole life was miserable, and he even had a period of insanity, but finally he chose to be isolated to settle his own lonely soul in his creations. Li Qi 齐白石画虾通过毕生的观察，力求深入表现虾的形神特征。 译：Qi Baishi paints shrimp through a lifetime of observation, striving to show shrimp’s shape and spirit deeply. Luo Xiaodi 《八大山人》是2009年4月1日由江西美术出版社出版的图书，作者是杨建峰。本书收录了八大山人的集书、画于一体的山水、花鸟中国画作品。 Bada Shanren was published by Jiangxi Fine Arts Publishing House on April 1,2009 by Yang Jianfeng. This book contains the Collection of Eight mountains, painting in one of the landscape, flowers and birds of Chinese painting works. Luo Xiaodi 齐白石不可能将家乡草木赶过黄河带到北京，但家乡草木却作为一种自然信息随齐白石来到北京，并化作艺术信息传达出来，以实现齐白石心理的平衡。 It was impossible for Qi Baishi to bring the grass and trees of his hometown across the Yellow River to Beijing, but the grass and trees of his hometown came to Beijing with Qi Baishi as a natural message, and were translated into artistic messages to achieve Qi Baishi's psychological balance.

Li Haowen:齐白石不可能将家乡草木赶过黄河带到北京，但家乡草木却作为一种自然信息随齐白石来到北京，并化作艺术信息传达出来，以实现齐白石心理的平衡。 Unable to take the flower and grass in hometown across the Yellow River to Beijing, they played as a piece of nature information with Qi instead, and were expressed as art information to balance the homesickness in Qi’s heart.

Liu Li: 八大山人花鸟画最突出特点是“少”：一是描绘的对象少；二是塑造对象时用笔少。 The most prominent feature of bird-and-flower paintings of Zhu Da is "few". One is to depict the objects of few, and the other is to shape the object with few strokes .

Qin Ruijjing: Text: (Bada Shanren) His storied life leaves many questions unanswered, and his masterpieces of painting and calligraphy are renowned in Chinese art for their daring idiosyncratic approaches to style, composition and meaning. Translation: 他传奇的一生留下了许多未解之谜，他的书画杰作以大胆独特的风格、构图和意义在中国艺术中享有盛名。

Shi Shuwen:齐白石用水墨画的鱼儿没有上色，却使人看到长河与游鱼。 The fish Qi Baishi painted in ink were not colored, but according to the painted fish, people have a visual of the long river and swimming fish.

Li Xiangyun 与清代以后大多数喜欢习画的人一样，齐白石对绘画的学习开始于对《芥子园画谱》的临摹。 Like most people who liked learning painting in the Qing Dynasty, Qi Baishi began his study of painting from the copying of “Mustard Seed Garden”.

Luo Feng 在白石老人的山水画中，每一笔似乎都含着家乡的 泥土气息，每一根线条似乎都凝结着大自然的露珠。 In the landscape paintings ofl Qi Baishi, it seems that we could smell the scent of our hometown’s soil and see on each line the dew in the nature. Luo Feng 八大山人是我国明末清初书画双绝的艺术大师。 Bada Shanren is the master of paintings and calligraphy in late Ming and early Qing dynasty.

Ma Qian八大山人的山水和花鸟画都具有强烈的个性化风格和高度的艺术成就，尤其是其简笔写意花鸟画。 Bada Shanren has a strong personal style and a high art degree in the landscape painting and the bird-and-flower painting, especially his simple freehand bird-and-flower paintings. Zhang Yuanling懂美学的人都知道，好的艺术需要脱离“画得真像，弹得真快，唱得真高”，如果只是画得像，齐白石不足以成为齐白石。 Anyone who studies aesthetics will know that a piece of good work needs to be kept away from superficiality, such as a high resemblance in paintings, a fast speed in playing, a perfect treble in singing. Qi Baishi can not achieve himself if his works only own a good reputation of the likeness. Sun Rui 在画家(八大山人)所绘的鱼鸟图中,所有眼睛不是白眼向天,就是紧闭双目,仿佛告诉观者,世道如此黑暗,真是惨不忍睹,不如抬眼望青天 All the eyes of the fish and birds painted by the painter (Bada Shanren) are looking up at the sky or closing tightly, which as if tries to tell people the world is too dark and miserable to see ,so it is better to look at the sky. Ai Xin 八大山人以绘画为中心，对于书法、诗跋、篆刻也都有很高的造诣。在绘画上他以大笔水墨写意画著称，并善于泼墨，尤以花鸟画称美于世。 Ba Da Shan Ren gets high attainment in painting and is also goods at calligraphy, postscript and seal cutting. In painting, he is famous for his brushwork and freehand brushwork, especially for his flower-bird paintings. 齐白石从来没有入仕愿望、懒于应酬、不管闲事、与世无争、始终以一颗纯真的心，沉浸在艺术的体验之中，沉浸艺术故乡里。 Qi Baishi never has the desire of official career, lazy in social intercourse with a native heart. He immersed in art, standing aloof from worldly affairs Liu Siyu 浓厚的乡土气息，纯朴的农民意识和天真浪漫的童心，富有余味的诗意，是齐白石艺术的内在生命。 Strong local flavor, simple peasant consciousness, innocent childishness, and evocative poetry, are the internal life of Qi Baishi’s art. Xia Ke 1. Qi Baishi paint a lot of different things，all of them come from our daily life, and many of them looks unconspicuous. 齐白石画了很多不同的东西，它们都来自于我们的日常生活，而且很多看起来并不显眼。 2. Qi Baishi also described the shrimp's beard and nip with inscriptive writing brush. 齐白石还用刻字的笔头描绘虾须和虾钳。 3. Among all of the students of Qi Baishi, he loved Li Kuchan most. He once said “They learn my hand, only the Ying(Li Kuchan's former name) took my heart.” 在他所有的学生中，齐白石最喜欢的是李苦禅。他曾说“人也学吾手，英也夺吾心”。 Yang Yuxin: 齐白石保留了以墨为主的中国画特色，并以此树立形象的骨干，而对花朵、果实、鸟虫往往施以明亮的饱和的色彩。 Qi Baishi kept the Chinese painting characteristic that it centeres on ink. Based on that characteristic, he erectes visual backbone and gives flowers, fruits, birds and insects bright and saturated color. Yang Qing: 虾是齐白石代表性的艺术符号之一。 Shrimp is one of Qi Baishi's representative artistic symbols. Yang Jiani: Born to a peasant family from Xiangtan, Hunan, Qi became a carpenter at 14, and learned to paint by himself. After he turned 40, he traveled, visiting various scenic spots in China. After 1917 he settled in Beijing. 齐白石，生于湖南省湘潭市一个农民家庭，14岁时就做了木匠，并在此时自学了画画。40岁时，他游历了中国的许多风景名地，1917年之后在北京定居。 Yin Tanwen: 《墨虾》是中国齐白石的作品。这幅画中的虾呈半透明质感，疏密有致，情态各异，惹人喜爱。 Ink Shrimps is the work of Qi Baishi from China. The shrimps in this painting show translucent sense and are well-proportioned. Also, thier expressions are different and adorable. Yu Jing八大山人对齐白石的大写意绘画影响很大,可以说是终生的,特别是早期画作,有很明显的八大山人画风痕迹。 Bada Shanren had a great influence on Qi Baishi’s freehand brushwork painting, and the influence can be said to be lifelong. Especially his early painting, has an evident painting traces of Bada Shanren.

Zhou Xiaolan: 齐白石是各方面造诣都很高的现代绘画大师。 Translation: Qi Baishi is a master in modern painting with high achievements in all aspects. Tips: It is important to translate naturally and make people easy to understand.

Zhu Wenhao八大山人由于他的特殊身世，和所处的时代背景，使他的画作不能像其它画家那样的画 直抒胸臆，而是通过他那晦涩难解的题画诗和那种怪怪奇奇的变形画来表现。 Because of his special life experience and background of his time, his paintings cannot directly express his mind like other painters, but is expressed through his obscure poems and strange paintings. Tip:用词要准确，带点古文性质的词语翻译成对应的意思。

Peng Lu八大山人原来叫朱耷，八比朱少了个牛，大比耷少了个耳，牛耳在古代指有权力的人，把牛耳去掉，权力就消失了，从而成了亡命之徒。 翻译：Bada Shanren used to be named Zhu Da. In Chinese characteristics, eight, pronounced “ba”, misses a character of ox, compared to “Zhu”. And big, pronounced “da”, lacks a character of ear, compared to “Da”. In ancient China, ox ears symbolize people who hold power. With ox ears left out, power fades away. Thus, “Bada” represents his status of outlaw. Li Shuo齐白石擅画花鸟、虫鱼、山水、人物，笔墨雄浑滋润，色彩浓艳明快，造型简练生动，意境淳厚朴实。 Qi Baishi is good at painting flowers and birds, insects and fish, mountains and rivers, and characters, his paintings are vigorous and moist, color is gaudy and bright, images are simple and vivid, and conceptions are pure and plain. Peng Yu The stylized vertical writing of his pseudonym Bada Shanren looks like the characters for laugh and cry , thus by signing his paintings he implied his confusion and feelings of grief for the fate of his country and home. 八大山人的在作品上的署名垂直而下，自成风格，字形如笑如哭，他正是用这样一种署名，将他对家国命运的困苦之情隐含其中。 Guo Xinyi 八大山人的特殊身世和所处的时代背景，使他的画作不能像其它画家那样直抒胸臆，而是通过他那晦涩难解的题画诗和那种怪怪奇奇的变形画来表现。 Because of Bada’s special life experience and the background of his time, he cannot express his feelings straightforwardly like other painters but show them through his obscure poems on paintings and those weird deformation paintings. Tips： “没有主观意识的某物使得…”可翻译为because of something, … Liu Qinyu In the Qin dynasty the more regular and formal seal script called xiaozhuan (小篆) was formalized by Chancellor Li Si and prescribed by the Emperor Qinshihuang, thus the written script of Chinese characters was unified for the first time. T: 在秦朝，秦始皇和丞相李斯规范了一种更加规律和有条理的文字—小篆，因此汉字的书写形式第一次统一。 Liu Ying 原文：齐白石老家有个星斗塘，塘中多虾草，幼年的白石常在塘边玩耍，从此与虾结缘。 Version：Qi usually played by the star pond situated in his hometown, which was home to many shrimps and plants, so he gradually got tied to the shrimps. 反思：名词短语常被各种修饰成分层层包围，要翻译它的话，必须划分清楚谁是前置修饰语，谁是后置修饰语，处理得当名词短语的结构使其平衡，才能更好翻译。 Du Peixi 齐白石笔下的老鼠有的活泼机灵，有的狡猾取巧，有的贪婪可笑，个个生动鲜活，令人捧腹不已。 Some of Qi Baishi’s mice are lively and clever, some are cunning and ingenious, some are greedy and funny, all of them are vivid and hilarious. Jiang Yun禅给了八大山人独特的智慧，他毕生用艺术的语言来表现它。 Zen offered Bada Shanren unique wisdom which was expressed by him by artistic language through his life.

TRANSLATION TIPS Liu Xiaoting In the translation of works of art most of the use of modified language, so as to give readers more space for imagination. Hu Jingchen 翻译的时候，当我们觉得一个句子不能很好地完全表达原文的意思时，可以采用两个甚至多个句子，尽量不要让句子变得太复杂，给读者阅读造成困扰。 Li Leyi 把中文里连续的动词改为英语一个句子里的非谓语动词。 Li Qi 当翻译中文句子时，一个句子若不能充分表达原意，可以把它拆分为两个简单的句子。 Li Haowen: 怎么把一个全是逗号的中文长句断成若干个英文小短句需要我的慎重思考。要考虑各个部分之间的逻辑关系以及主语是否有变化。断句以后主动语态与被动语态的选择也要考虑。将哪一部分作为主体，剩余的哪些部分作为修饰成分也需要考虑。

Liu Li:在中译英时，要注意找出长句中的关键词，同时关注修饰语的位置安排。

Qin Ruijing:At first,“素养”this word is quite difficult to find a proper translation. However, after I search the Internet, I found many answers suggesting “accomplishment”. Although I know this word, I really don’t know this meaning before. We may pay attention to these familiar words.

Ma Qian Pay attention to the proper noun when transiting Chinese into English.

Zhang Yuanling By using a right punctuation, the structure and logic of the sentence can be cleared. 要明白“画得真像，弹得真快，唱得真高”只是一些例子，需要一个概括性的词汇，这就要就一折完全理解句子想表达的意思，即读出字外之意。 Ai Xin 英译汉时1.直译→意译。对句子进行整合，达到简练、清晰。 2.句子重心调整：避免头重脚轻 Sun Rui 英译汉时要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。

Chen Qiuxu

他常把“八大”和“山人”竖着连写。前二字又似“哭”字，又似“笑”字，而后二字则类似“之”字，哭之笑之即哭笑不得之意。

He often vertically wrote "bada" and "shanren" together. The first two words are like word "crying" or "laughing", and then the latter are similar to the preposition "of", which means do not know whether to laugh or to cry.

tips：直译法适用于句子比较简单时，当句子结构比较复杂使用意译的方法，以求跟汉语习惯保持一致。

在北京保利2017年秋拍上，齐白石《山水十二条屏》以4.5亿元起拍，在近70余次的竞争中，最终以8.1亿元落槌，加佣金以9.315亿元成交，成为目前全球最贵的中国艺术品。

In the autumn auction of Beijing Poly in 2017, Qi Baishi's "twelve screens of landscape" started with 450 million yuan, and in nearly 70 times of competition, it finally landed with 810 million yuan, with the addition of commission for 931.5 million yuan, becoming the world's most expensive Chinese art.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 00:39, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

齐白石用水墨画的鱼儿没有上色，却使人看到长河与游鱼。 The fish Qi Baishi painted in ink were not colored, but according to the painted fish, people have a visual of the long river and swimming fish. 在翻译简单句时，既然结构简单，就要多打磨用词。

Ma Qian

八大山人的山水和花鸟画都具有强烈的个性化风格和高度的艺术成就，尤其是其简笔写意花鸟画。 Bada Shanren has a strong personal style and a high art degree in the landscape painting and the bird-and-flower painting, especially his simple freehand bird-and-flower paintings.--Ma Qian (talk) 04:58, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

八大山人以绘画为中心，对于书法、诗跋、篆刻也都有很高的造诣。在绘画上他以大笔水墨写意画著称，并善于泼墨，尤以花鸟画称美于世。 Ba Da Shan Ren gets high attainment in painting and is also goods at calligraphy, postscript and seal cutting. In painting, he is famous for his brushwork and freehand brushwork, especially for his flower-bird paintings.

Liu Siyu

浓厚的乡土气息，纯朴的农民意识和天真浪漫的童心，富有余味的诗意，是齐白石艺术的内在生命。 Strong local flavor, simple peasant consciousness, innocent childishness, and evocative poetry, are the internal life of Qi Baishi’s art. Strong local flavor, simple peasant consciousness, innocent and romantic childlike innocence and poetic flavor are the inner life of Qi Baishi's art.--Miranda (talk) 10:24, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Sun Rui

在画家(八大山人)所绘的鱼鸟图中,所有眼睛不是白眼向天,就是紧闭双目,仿佛告诉观者,世道如此黑暗,真是惨不忍睹,不如抬眼望青天 All the eyes of the fish and birds painted by the painter (Bada Shanren) are looking up at the sky or closing tightly, which as if tries to tell people the world is too dark and miserable to see ,so it is better to look at the sky.

Yu Jing

八大山人对齐白石的大写意绘画影响很大,可以说是终生的,特别是早期画作,有很明显的八大山人画风痕迹。 Bada Shanren had a great influence on Qi Baishi’s freehand brushwork painting, and the influence can be said to be lifelong. Especially his early painting, has an evident painting traces of Bada Shanren.

Zhou Xiaolan

齐白石是各方面造诣都很高的现代绘画大师。 Translation: Qi Baishi is a master in modern painting with high achievements in all aspects. Tips: It is important to translate naturally and make people easy to understand.

Guo Xinyi

八大山人的特殊身世和所处的时代背景，使他的画作不能像其它画家那样直抒胸臆，而是通过他那晦涩难解的题画诗和那种怪怪奇奇的变形画来表现。

Because of Bada’s special life experience and the background of his time, he cannot express his feelings straightforwardly like other painters but show them through his obscure poems on paintings and those weird deformation paintings.

Tips：

1. “没有主观意识的某物使得…”可翻译为because of something, …--Guo Xinyi (talk) 09:17, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

Peng Yu

3、The stylized vertical writing of his pseudonym Bada Shanren looks like the characters for laugh and cry , thus by signing his paintings he implied his confusion and feelings of grief for the fate of his country and home. 八大山人的在作品上的署名垂直而下，自成风格，字形如笑如哭，他正是用这样一种署名，将他对家国命运的困苦之情隐含其中。

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Unit 7 Architecture and Gardens

A. Architecture

Students' homework

1. Liu xiaoting Compared with European architectural style which is open and shut, a courtyard is like a hand scroll of painting which should be unfolded little by little. 与开放封闭的欧洲建筑风格相比，庭院就像一幅手画，应该一点一滴地展开。 2. Chen Qiuxu 客家土楼建筑闪耀着客家人的智慧，它具有防震、防火、防御多种功能，通风和采光良好，而且冬暖夏凉。 Hakka earth buildings shine with the wisdom of the hakka people. They are shockproof, fireproof, and defensive, with good ventilation and lighting, also they are warm in winter and cool in summer. 3. Hu Jingchen 中国的古建筑，像一幅中国画长卷，必须一段段的逐渐展看，不可能同时全部看到。 Old Chinese architecture is like a long scroll of Chinese painting. It must be gradually displayed in sections, and can not be seen all at the same time. 4. Li Leyi 一般地说，一座欧洲建筑，是比较一目了然的,而中国的古建筑，却象一幅中国画长卷，必须一段段的逐渐展看，不可能同时全部看到。 Generally speaking, a European architecture, is relatively clear at the first glance, the ancient Chinese architecture, however, is like a long scroll of Chinese painting, which must be gradually expanded and can not be seen at the same time. 5. Li Qi 中国古代建筑的类型很多，主要有宫殿、寺观、佛塔、民居和园林建筑等 There are many types of Chinese traditional architecture, including palaces, temples, ,pagodas, houses and garden buildings. 6. Luo Xiaodi 由于幅员辽阔，各处的气候，人文，地质等条件各不相同，而形成了中国各具特色的建筑风格。 As a result of vast territory, climate, humanities, geology and other conditions are different, formed the Chinese architecture. 7. Li Haowen: 多数庭院都是前后串连起来，通过前院到达后院，这是中国封建社会“长幼有序，内外有别”的思想意识的产物。 Most courtyards’ front and back are connect. Through the front, we can reach the backyard. And this is the product of the thinking in Chinese feudalism society that“there are sequence between the old and the young. There are differences between the external and internal”.

8. Liu Li: 一般地说，多数庭院都是前后串连起来，这是中国封建社会“长幼有序，内外有别”的思想意识的产物。 Generally speaking, most courtyards are connected from front to back, which is the product of Chinese feudal society's ideology of "respect for seniority, differences in regions."

9. Qin Ruijing: Text: 大气、生气、富丽三者，既有其特定的行色，又有其丰硕的内涵，三者结合形成了中国建筑的传统。 Translation: With their specific characteristics and rich connotation, majesty, vitality and splendor together form the tradition of Chinese architecture.

10. Shi Shuwen: 中国古建筑的平面以长方形为最普遍，一座长方形建筑，在平面上都有两种尺度，即它的宽与深。 Rectangle is the most common form of ancient Chinese architecture. A rectangular building has two dimensions on the plain surface - width and depth. 11. Li Xiangyun 中国少数民族地区的居住建筑也很多样。 The residential architectures in Chinese minority areas are also diversified. 12. Lou Feng雄峙已数百年的古建筑，充沛艺术特殊气味的街市，为一民族文化之显著之表现者，亦常在“改善”的旗帜下完全牺牲。 The historical landmarks having existed for decades, and streets with the local colors, known as our priceless national culture, are killed for so-called development. 13. Ma Qian大气，最充分地体现了中国传统建筑“天人合一”的思想。 Grandeur embodies the idea of "oneness with nature" in Chinese traditional architecture to the most extent.

14. Zhang Yuanling 中国古建筑以木构架结构为主的结构方式，由此创造出独特风格的各种平面和外观，由秦汉时期发展形成. Chinese architecture, developed from Qin and Han Dynasties, has unique style of various plans and appearance which is mainly created by wooden frames. 15. Xia Ke Feng Shui is an art. Through the arrangement of things, it helps people use the earth’s natural forces and uses the balance of yin and yang. 风水是一门艺术。它是通过事物的摆放安排，帮助人们利用地球的自然力量，它利用了阴阳的平衡。 In north, thick walls can prevent sand and protect them from coldness. While in south, people tend to have thin walls and they pay more attention to have fresh wind. 在北方，厚墙可以防沙，保护人们免受寒冷。而在南方，人们往往建造薄的墙壁，因为他们更注重通风。 Chinese architecture is required to be like the nature. There are many hills and ponds in Chinese traditional gardens. 中国的建筑要求趋向于大自然。因此中国传统园林中有许多假山和池塘。 16. Ai Xin 穿斗式构架的特点是柱子较细、密，每根柱子上顶一根檩条，柱与柱之间用木串接，连成一个整体。采用穿斗式构架，可以用较小的材料建筑较大的房屋，而且其网状的构造也很牢固。不过因为柱、枋较多，室内不能形成连通的大空间。 The characteristic of the column and tier-beam structural system: the pillars are thin and dense linked by wood with a purlin on each one. The structure saves material and its reticular formation makes the building stronger. However, the room can’t connect cut off by lots columns. 17. Sun Rui 天人合一思想体现在中国古建筑的发展过程中，促进了建筑与自然的互相协调与融合。 The theory that man is an integral part of nature is embodied in the development of ancient Chinese architecture, which promotes the coordination and integration of architecture and nature. 18. Liu Siyu 中国不同地域和民族其建筑艺术风格等各有差异，但其传统建筑的组群布局、空间、结构、建筑材料及装饰艺术等方面却有着共同的特点，区别于西方，享誉全球。 Though China has various styles of architecture arts in different areas and nations, its traditional architectures have the same features in group layout, space, structure, architectural materials and decorative art which makes them differ from architectures in the west and become world-renowned. 19. Li Shuo一般地说，一座欧洲建筑，是比较一目了然的。而中国的古建筑，却象一幅中国画长卷，必须一段段的逐渐展看，不可能同时全部看到。 Generally speaking, a European building is absolutely clear. But the ancient Chinese architecture, however, is like a long scroll of Chinese painting, which must be gradually expanded and can not be seen at the same time.

20. Peng Yu整个二十世纪，中国建筑师尝试了把传统的中式设计融合进现代建筑中，且成就非凡。 Throughout the 20th century, Chinese architects have attempted to combine traditional Chinese designs into modern architecture (usually government), with great success.

21. Yu Jing中国传统建筑正是中国历史悠久的传统文化和民族特色的最精彩、最直观的传承载体和表现形式。 Chinese traditional architecture is just the most wonderful, intuitive carrier and manifestation of traditional culture and national features of Chinese long history.

22. Zhou Xiaolan: 作为美术鉴赏的重要对象，中国古代建筑具有悠久的历史传统和光辉的成就。 As an important object of art appreciation, ancient Chinese architecture has a long historical tradition and brilliant achievements.

23. Zhu Wenhao中国建筑艺术，讲究大门、大窗、大进深、大屋檐，视野开阔，直通自然，充分体现“天人合一”的思想。四角飞檐翘起，或扑朔欲飞，或耸立欲飘，让凝固显得欲动。 Chinese architectural art pays attention to gates, large windows, large depths, and large eaves. It has a wide view and direct access to nature, fully expressing the thought of “harmony between the heaven and human” . The cornices of the four corners are raised, or eager to fly, or stand to float, making the solidification appear to move.

24. Peng Lu中国建筑是中国历史悠久的传统文化和民族特色的最精彩、最直观的传承载体和表现形式。 Chinese architecture is a traditional culture with a long history as well as the most brilliant, visualized inheriting carrier and manifestation of ethnic characteristics.

25. Guo Xinyi 中国古代建筑经过长时期的努力，同时吸收了中国其他传统艺术，特别是绘画、雕刻、工艺美术等造型艺术的特点，创造了丰富多彩的艺术形象。 Thanks to the long-period efforts made by Chinese people and an absorption of the characteristics of other Chinese traditional arts, especially the plastic arts such as painting, sculpture and industrial arts, old Chinese architecture has created scores of rich and colorful artistic images. Tips:1.这一句中的因果关系可用thanks to表达 2.英文中更看重名词，因此可将“经过长时期的努力”和“吸收…”用名词结构表达

26. Liu Qinyu Chinese architecture demonstrates an architectural style that developed over millennia in China, before spreading out to influence architecture all throughout East Asia. 中国建筑风格传出影响了其他东亚国家，在此之前，中国建筑风格已历经千年。

27.Du Peixi The Chinese and European structures continued over the longest period of time and spread over the widest area and consequently, produced more brilliant achievements. 中国和欧洲的结构延续时间最长，分布范围最广，取得了更加辉煌的成就。 Tips: brilliant通常译为使人印象深的;很成功的;聪颖的，此处结合语境译为辉煌的 28.Liu Ying 中国古建筑有两种不同的人工环境。一种是宅院式的建筑群，表现出理性而规整的布局; 一种是山水等自然景观相结合的园林式建筑，它的构图是自由的。 There are two different artificial environment in Chinese ancient buildings. One is the building groups of messuage style, which shows the rational and tidy layout ; the other is landscape building combined with natural scenery like mountains and rivers, which is constructed freely. 29.Jiang Yun 屋顶是中国传统建筑一个标志。（中译英） One of the remarks of traditional architecture is the roof. 30.Yang Yuxin: 清朝，建筑技艺有所创新，主要表现于玻璃的引进使用及砖石建筑的进步等方面。 In the Qing Dynasty, architectural techniques were innovated, mainly in the introduction and ues of glass and the development of brick and stone architecture.

31.Yang Qing: 中国古代建筑自先秦至19世纪中叶以前基本上是一个封闭的独立的体系。 Chinese ancient architecture was basically a closed and independent system from the pre-Qin period to the middle of the 19th century.

32.Yang Jiani: The use of dougong first appeared in buildings of the late centuries BC and evolved into a structural network that joined pillars and columns to the frame of the roof. Dougong was widely used in the ancient Chinese during the Spring and Autumn Period (770–476 BC) and developed into a complex set of interlocking parts by its peak in the Tang and Song periods. 斗拱的使用首先出现在公元前晚期的建筑中，并演变成一个结构网络，将支柱和柱子连接到屋顶框架。斗拱在春秋战国时期（公元前770-476年）被古代中国人广泛使用，并在唐宋时期达到顶峰，发展成为一套复杂的联锁零件。

33.Yin Tanwen: 中国古人在建筑格局上有很深的阴阳宇宙观和崇尚对称、秩序、稳定的审美心理。 The ancient Chinese had a deep concept of yin and yang and an aesthetics of advocating symmetry, order and stability in the architectural pattern.

Chen Qiuxu

客家土楼建筑闪耀着客家人的智慧，它具有防震、防火、防御多种功能，通风和采光良好，而且冬暖夏凉。

Hakka earth buildings shine with the wisdom of the hakka people. They are shockproof, fireproof, and defensive, with good ventilation and lighting, also they are warm in winter and cool in summer.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 00:38, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

中国古建筑的平面以长方形为最普遍，一座长方形建筑，在平面上都有两种尺度，即它的宽与深。 Rectangle is the most common form of ancient Chinese architecture. A rectangular building has two dimensions on the plain surface - width and depth.

Ma Qian

大气，最充分地体现了中国传统建筑“天人合一”的思想。 Grandeur embodies the idea of "oneness with nature" in Chinese traditional architecture to the most extent.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:01, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

穿斗式构架的特点是柱子较细、密，每根柱子上顶一根檩条，柱与柱之间用木串接，连成一个整体。采用穿斗式构架，可以用较小的材料建筑较大的房屋，而且其网状的构造也很牢固。不过因为柱、枋较多，室内不能形成连通的大空间。 The characteristic of the column and tier-beam structural system: the pillars are thin and dense linked by wood with a purlin on each one. The structure saves material and its reticular formation makes the building stronger. However, the room can’t connect cut off by lots columns.

Tips: 中文以短句为主，而英语多长句，在翻译时，要注意化散为整

Liu Siyu

中国不同地域和民族其建筑艺术风格等各有差异，但其传统建筑的组群布局、空间、结构、建筑材料及装饰艺术等方面却有着共同的特点，区别于西方，享誉全球。 Though China has various styles of architecture arts in different areas and nations, its traditional architectures have the same features in group layout, space, structure, architectural materials and decorative art which makes them differ from architectures in the west and become world-renowned.

Sun Rui

天人合一思想体现在中国古建筑的发展过程中，促进了建筑与自然的互相协调与融合。 The theory that man is an integral part of nature is embodied in the development of ancient Chinese architecture, which promotes the coordination and integration of architecture and nature.

Yu Jing

中国传统建筑正是中国历史悠久的传统文化和民族特色的最精彩、最直观的传承载体和表现形式。 Chinese traditional architecture is just the most wonderful, intuitive carrier and manifestation of traditional culture and national features of Chinese long history. Chinese traditional architecture is the most splendid and intuitive inheritance carrier and expression form of Chinese traditional culture with a long history and national characteristics.--Miranda (talk) 10:29, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

作为美术鉴赏的重要对象，中国古代建筑具有悠久的历史传统和光辉的成就。

As an important object of art appreciation, ancient Chinese architecture has a long historical tradition and brilliant achievements.

Guo Xinyi

中国古代建筑经过长时期的努力，同时吸收了中国其他传统艺术，特别是绘画、雕刻、工艺美术等造型艺术的特点，创造了丰富多彩的艺术形象。

Thanks to the long-period efforts made by Chinese people and an absorption of the characteristics of other Chinese traditional arts, especially the plastic arts such as painting, sculpture and industrial arts, old Chinese architecture has created scores of rich and colorful artistic images.

Tips:1.这一句中的因果关系可用thanks to表达

2.英文中更看重名词，因此可将“经过长时期的努力”和“吸收…”用名词结构表达--Guo Xinyi (talk) 03:10, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

B. Gardens

Students' homework

Liu xiaoting Since Monk Tianru had once researched the Buddhism sutras at Lion Cliff on West Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang Province with the guidance of Monk Zhongfeng, also there were many grotesque rocks in the garden resembling lions, the garden was first given the name Lion Grove. 由于天如和尚曾在中峰和尚的指导下研究过浙江省天目狮子崖的佛经，花园里也有许多奇形怪状的石头，形似狮子，因此花园最初被命名为狮子林。 Chen Qiuxu 江南园林的造园艺术在于欲显而隐或欲露而藏的手法把某些精彩的景观或藏于偏僻幽深之处，或隐于山石、树梢之间，避免开门见山，一览无余。 The art of gardening in Jiangnan gardens lies in the way of concealing---concealing some wonderful landscapes in remote and deep places, or hiding among the rocks and trees, so as to avoid going straight to the point of view. Hu Jingchen 古典园林突出地抒发了中华民族对于自然和美好生活环境的向往与热爱。 Classical gardens prominently express the Chinese nation's yearning for and love for nature and a beautiful living environment. Li Leyi 中国园林形成时期最突出的成就是造园和文学、绘画的结合， The most outstanding achievement of Chinese garden formation period is the combination of gardening, literature and painting. Li Qi 园林是人们为了游览娱乐的方便，用自己的双手创造风景的一种艺术。 Garden is a kind of art that people create scenery with their own hands for the convenience of sightseeing and entertainment. Luo Xiaodi 牡丹雍容华贵，被人们誉为“花中之王”，它是中华民族兴旺发达、美好幸福的象征。 Elegant peony , known as the "King of flowers" , is a symbol of happiness and prosperity of China. Li Haowen: 苏州古典园林占地面积小，采用变换无穷、不拘一格的艺术手法，以中国山水花鸟的情趣，寓唐诗宋词的意境，在有限的空间内点缀假山、树木，安排亭台楼阁、池塘小桥，使苏州古典园林以景取胜，景因园异，给人以小中见大的艺术效果。 Suzhou classic gardens take up very small land. Their decoration and buildings adopt verified and unlimited artistic style. Based on the Chinese environment interest, accompany with the artistic conception of poetry, artificial mountains ,trees, pavilions, ponds and bridges which are arranged in the limited space, make Suzhou classic gardens stand out with their scenery. Different gardens hold different scenes, bringing the artistic effect of imagining the big from the small

Liu Li: 中国古典园林以自然界的山水为蓝本，由曲折之水、错落之山、迂回之径、参差之石、幽奇之洞所构成的建筑环境把自然界的景物荟萃一处。 Chinese classical gardens are based on the landscape of natural, and the built environments composed of twisted water, scattered mountains, winding paths, jagged stones and marvelous caves bring all the natural scenery together.

Qin Ruijing: Text: 中国的造园艺术，以追求自然精神境界为最终和最高目的，从而达到“虽由人作，宛自天开”的审美旨趣。 Translation: The ultimate and highest purpose of Chinese garden art is to pursue natural spiritual state and thus achieves the aesthetic purport that although made by man, it should be created by heaven.

Shi Shuwen: 我国南方江南地区、广东沿海地区和四川一带的园林较富特色，于是便有了所谓江南园林、岭南园林和蜀中园林的称谓。而北京四周及山东、山西、陕西等地的园林风格较为相像，便统称之为北方园林。 The southern regions of Jiangnan, the coastal areas of Guangdong and Sichuan are characterized by gardens, so there are the so-called Jiangnan gardens, Lingnan gardens and Shu gardens. And the garden style around Beijing and Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi is very similar, it is called the north garden. Li Xiangyun 中国有很多举世闻名的园林，如圆明园、颐和园、苏州园林。 There are many world-famous gardens in China, such as the Old Summer Palace, the Summer Palace, and Suzhou garden. Lou Feng中国古代园林，是把自然和人造的山水、花木及建筑等融为一体的游赏环境。Ancient Chinese gardens are somewhere recreational, where nature blend into man-made landscapes, flowers, trees and buildings.

Ma Qian Some gardens are for ornamental purposes only, while some gardens also produce food crops, sometimes in separate areas, or sometimes intermixed with the ornamental plants.

一些园林仅仅只有观赏作用，但还有一些园林是可以种植粮食作物的，有时是单独分出一块区域来种，有时是和观赏植物混在一起。 Zhang Yuanling对现实的失望，使得很多士人寄情于山水之间，园林承载越来越多的文化价值，玄学思想和山水文学也为园林的发展注入新的契机。 Many literati, be disappointed at the reality, devoted their upset emotion into the landscape,which makes gardens bear increasing cultural value. In addition, a philosophy of metaphysics and the landscape literature became new stimulus that help the development of gardens. Sun Rui 园林的最初形式为囿。囿是指在圈定的范围内让草木和鸟兽自生自育。 The original form of garden is “enclosure”. An enclosure is an enclosed place where plants and animals are living and breeding by themselves. Ai Xin 中西园林的不同之处在于：西方园林更多的是展现理性的精神力量，而非以建筑为主。在西方园林中，真正的建筑所占的面积也很小，大多数以精神思维的表现具象化为主；中国园林则以自然景观和观者的美好感受为主，更注重天人合一。 The difference of gardens between China and the West: the western gardens focus on the spiritual power of reason rather than architecture. The real area of buildings is small, most of which is embodied in the expression of spiritual thinking. While, the Chinese gardens focus on the unity of man and nature, the beauty of the landscape to viewers. Xia Ke Chinese garden has been three thousand years of history, is the earliest garden art origins in one of the countries in the world. 中国园林已有三千多年的历史，中国是世界上最早发展园林艺术的国家之一。 Jiangnan garden represents the folk residential garden, the park owner more essence of history was the famous litterateur or calligrapher. 江南园林是民间民居园林的代表，园林的主人通常是历史上著名的文学家或书法家。 Certain plants were favored for Chinese gardens because of their association with overcoming the limitations of ordinary life. 一些植物因其能克服生存条件的限制而受到中国园林的青睐。 Liu Siyu 中国园林文化历史悠久，是世界三大园林发源地之一，在园林规划设计方面积累了许多优秀的文化内涵以及造景的成功经验。 China with garden culture of great antiquity is one of the three original places of garden, and it has accumulated much about garden planning and design, such as splendid cultural connotation and successful experience of designing scenes. Li Shuo文人园一般均较小，容纳不了许多景，没有苑囿那种宏大壮丽、摄人心魄的美景，但它却别有韵味，能令人流连忘返，其关键就是园景中融和了园主的文心和修养。 Literati garden is generally small. Although it can not accommodate much scenery, and doesn’t have the grand, magnificent, breathtaking beauty of the royal Hunting preserve, it has a unique charm which can make people forget to return. The key is to blend the garden master's literal heart and cultivation into the scenery.

Peng Yu据诗经，酒林肉池是鹿台最大的特征之一。 According to the Shiji, one of the most famous features of this garden was the Wine Pool and Meat Forest . Yu Jing园林是人们为了游览娱乐的方便，用自己的双手创造风景的一种艺术。 Garden is a kind of art that people make in their hands for the convenience of visiting and amusing.

Zhou Xiaolan: The classical gardens in Suzhou represent the quintessence of the gardens built in southern area of the Yangtze River, and demonstrate the varied styles of Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. 苏州古典园林是江南园林的精华，展示了宋、元、明、清各代不同的风格。

Zhu Wenhao窗子在园林建筑艺术中起着很重要的作用。有了窗子，内外就发生交流。窗外的竹子或青山，经过窗子的框框望去，就是一幅画。 Windows play an important role in the art of garden architecture. With the window, communication occurs inside and outside. The bamboo or green hill outside the window is a picture through the window frame.

Peng Lu 我国地域广大，东西南北的气候地理条件及物产各不相同，因而园林也常常表现出较明显的地方特性。 Due to the vast area, climates,geography conditions and products are quite different in every corner of China, which leads to gardens’ distinct regional features. Guo Xinyi 中国古典园林绝非简单地摹仿构景的要素,而是有意识地加以改造、调整、加工、提炼，从而表现一个精练概括浓缩的自然. Rather than simply imitate the elements of landscape, Chinese classical gardens are consciously reformed, adjusted, processed and refined so that a concisely condensed nature is reflected. Tips: “绝非…而是…”可用rather than结构翻译

Liu Qinyu

A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds, rock works, trees and flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries.

中国传统园林外由高墙环绕，其内小径蜿蜒，走廊曲折，连接着会堂与亭子，其中假山环绕，池塘点缀，绿树阴阴，百花争艳。 Du Peixi The highly formalized surfaces of a classical Chinese scholarly garden are quite enjoyable and intriguing on a purely visual level; they can be appreciated for that alone. 中国古典学术园的高度形式化的表面在纯粹的视觉层面上是相当令人愉快和有趣的；它们可以单独欣赏。 Liu Ying 将自然山水的景色浓缩、集中到庭院之中是中国园林的一大特色。 It is one of the prominent features of Chinese gardens to condense natural scenery into the yards.

Jiang Yun 留园的美不在于每个建筑或者某个细节的精美，更在于你游走之中所获得的惊喜。

When you are traveling in the garden, what really matters in beauty doesn’t lie in the delicacy in every detail or every piece of architecture but lies in the surprise met in the trip.

Chen Qiuxu

江南园林的造园艺术在于欲显而隐或欲露而藏的手法把某些精彩的景观或藏于偏僻幽深之处，或隐于山石、树梢之间，避免开门见山，一览无余。

The art of gardening in Jiangnan gardens lies in the way of concealing---concealing some wonderful landscapes in remote and deep places, or hiding among the rocks and trees, so as to avoid going straight to the point of view.

tips:在理解句子意思的基础上进行翻译，不逐字翻译，跟汉语习惯保持一致。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 00:45, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

我国南方江南地区、广东沿海地区和四川一带的园林较富特色，于是便有了所谓江南园林、岭南园林和蜀中园林的称谓。而北京四周及山东、山西、陕西等地的园林风格较为相像，便统称之为北方园林。 The southern regions of Jiangnan, the coastal areas of Guangdong and Sichuan are characterized by gardens, so there are the Jiangnan gardens, Lingnan gardens and Shu gardens. And the garden style around Beijing and Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi is very similar, it is called the north garden. Tip：中译英时，有些词可以不必译出，有时逐字译反而显得啰嗦而冗长。比如文中的“所谓”。

Ma Qian

Some gardens are for ornamental purposes only, while some gardens also produce food crops, sometimes in separate areas, or sometimes intermixed with the ornamental plants.

一些园林仅仅只有观赏作用，但还有一些园林是可以种植粮食作物的，有时是单独分出一块区域来种，有时是和观赏植物混在一起。--Ma Qian (talk) 05:04, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

一些园林仅供观赏，还有一些可用来种植粮食作物，有些是分开种植，有些是混合在一起。--Miranda (talk) 12:01, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

中西园林的不同之处在于：西方园林更多的是展现理性的精神力量，而非以建筑为主。在西方园林中，真正的建筑所占的面积也很小，大多数以精神思维的表现具象化为主；中国园林则以自然景观和观者的美好感受为主，更注重天人合一。 The difference of gardens between China and the West: the western gardens focus on the spiritual power of reason rather than architecture. The real area of buildings is small, most of which is embodied in the expression of spiritual thinking. While, the Chinese gardens focus on the unity of man and nature, the beauty of the landscape to viewers.

Liu Siyu

中国园林文化历史悠久，是世界三大园林发源地之一，在园林规划设计方面积累了许多优秀的文化内涵以及造景的成功经验。 China with garden culture of great antiquity is one of the three original places of garden, and it has accumulated much about garden planning and design, such as splendid cultural connotation and successful experience of designing scenes.

Yu Jing

园林是人们为了游览娱乐的方便，用自己的双手创造风景的一种艺术。 Garden is a kind of art that people make in their hands for the convenience of visiting and amusing.

Zhou Xiaolan

The classical gardens in Suzhou represent the quintessence of the gardens built in southern area of the Yangtze River, and demonstrate the varied styles of Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties.

苏州古典园林是江南园林的精华，展示了宋、元、明、清各代不同的风格。

Guo Xinyi

中国古典园林绝非简单地摹仿构景的要素,而是有意识地加以改造、调整、加工、提炼，从而表现一个精练概括浓缩的自然.

Rather than simply imitate the elements of landscape, Chinese classical gardens are consciously reformed, adjusted, processed and refined so that a concisely condensed nature is reflected.

Tips: “绝非…而是…”可用rather than结构翻译--Guo Xinyi (talk) 03:12, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

C. The Summer Palace

Students' homework

Liu xiaoting As the largest garden in China, the Summer Palace is today the center of interests of all tourists coming to visit Beijing and its many cultural and historical relics. 作为中国最大的园林，颐和园有深厚的文化背景与丰富的历史遗迹，是今天来北京旅游的所有游客的兴趣焦点。 Chen Qiuxu 颐和园集传统造园艺术之大成，万寿山、昆明湖构成其基本框架，借景周围的山水环境，饱含中国皇家园林的恢弘富丽气势。 The Summer Palace is a masterpiece of traditional garden art, with the Wanshou mountain and Kunming lake forming its basic framework. Taking advantage of the surrounding landscape, it is full of the magnificence and grandeur of the Chinese royal gardens. Hu Jingchen 智慧海是万寿山顶最高处一座宗教建筑，是一座完全由砖石砌成的无梁佛殿，由拱券结构组成。 The Sea of wisdom is a religious building at the top of the Longevity Hill. It is a Liang-free Buddha Hall made entirely of brick and stone. Li Leyi 颐和园的桂花来源于清朝宫廷，经过几代人的养育，不断探索、扩展和创新，盆栽桂花已发展成为颐和园的品牌花卉。

The osmanthus in the Summer Palace derives from the Qing Dynasty court, after several generations of nurturing, continuous exploration, expansion and innovation, potted osmanthus has developed into a brand flower of the Summer Palace.

Li Qi 颐和园是保存最完整的一座皇家行宫御苑，被誉为“皇家园林博物馆”。 The Summer Palace is the most completely-preserved Royal Palace and Royal Court, which is known as the "Royal Garden Museum ". Luo Xiaodi 颐和园占地面积达293公顷，主要由万寿山和昆明湖两部分组成。各种形式的宫殿园林建筑3000余间，大致可分为行政、生活、游览三个部分。 The Summer Palace which covers an area of 293 hectares, is mainly composed of Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake. There are more than 3000 palaces and gardens in various forms, which can be divided into three parts: administration, living and sightseeing. Li Haowen：圆明园的建筑，形式变化较多，而且参差不齐，不落窠臼。 The styles of complex in Summer Palace vary from each other. The buildings are different in size and all of them are special and unique.

Liu Li: 清漪园的总体规划以杭州西湖为蓝本，同时广泛仿建江南园林及山水名胜。 The overall plan of Qingyi Garden is based on the West Lake in Hangzhou, and widely imitating the gardens and scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze river.

Qin Ruijjing: Text: 颐和园是以昆明湖、万寿山为基址，以杭州西湖为蓝本，汲取江南园林的设计手法而建成的一座大型山水园林。 Translation: Absorbing the design technique of South China garden, the Summer Palace taking the Kunming Lake and the Longevity Hill as base address, modeling after the West Lake is a large-scale landscape garden.

Shi Shuwen:颐和园是保存最完整的一座皇家行宫御苑，被誉为“皇家园林博物馆”，也是国家重点旅游景点。 The Summer Palace is the most complete preserved imperial palace, known as the "museum of royal gardens", is also a national key tourist spots. Li Xiangyun 颐和园作为我国古代园林的艺术瑰宝，不仅有着珍贵的美学价值、历史价值，更有着重要的生态价值。 As one of the art treasure of Chinese traditional gardens, the Summer Palace has not only precious aesthetic and historical value, but also important ecological value. Lou Feng北京颐和园始建于公元1750年，1860年在战火中严重损毁，1886年在原址上重新进行了修缮。 The Summer Palace was built in 1750AD, but severely damaged in the war in1860, and restored on the original site in 1886. Ma Qian 颐和园素以人工建筑与自然山水巧妙结合的造园手法着称于世，是中国园林艺术顶峰时期的代表。 The Summer Palace, the representative of the peak period of Chinese garden art, is famous for its technique to combine the artificial buildings with natural sceneries ingeniously. Zhang Yuanling颐和园是晚清最高统治者在紫禁城之外最重要的政治和外交活动中心，是中国近代历史的重要见证与诸多重大历史事件的发生地。 Beyond the Forbidden City, Yiheyuan is the most important political and diplomatic center. It is a place which is a great reminder of modern history of China and a place where numerous historical events happened. Ai Xin圆明园占地面积3.5平方千米，规模宏伟，有一百五十余景，融会了各式园林风格，有“万园之园”之称，被誉为“一切造园艺术的典范”。 The Old Summer Palace has a great size of 3.5 square kilometers with more than 150 scenic spots integrating various garden styles. It is known as “the garden of garden”, as a model of all garden art. Xia Ke The palace is the largest and the best-preserved royal garden in the world with the richest cultural connotation, hence it is honored as the museum of royal garden. 夏宫是世界上最大、保存最完整、文化内涵最丰富的皇家园林，被誉为皇家园林博物馆。 Yuanmingyuan is renowned throughout the world for its fabled charms and association with Chinese modern history. Extolled as the “Garden of Gardens” and the “Versailles of the East” during its heyday. 圆明园以其神话般的魅力和与中国近代历史的联系而闻名于世。在其全盛时期被誉为“万园之园”和“东方的凡尔赛”。 The French writer Victor Hugo once remarked. “Wirth all its treasures, Notre Dame in Paris is no match for Yuanmingyuan, that enormous and magnificent museum in the East.” 法国作家维克多•雨果曾经说过。“尽管巴黎圣母院有那么多的宝藏，它还是比不上圆明园，那座宏伟的东方博物馆。” Sun Rui 圆明园的南部为朝廷区，是皇帝处理公务之所，其中最著名的是上朝听政的正大光明殿。 The southern part of the old Summer Palace is the imperial court area, where the emperor handled his official business. Zhengda guangming temple where the emperor held court is the most famous place in this area. Liu Siyu 颐和园是晚清最高统治者在紫禁城之外最重要的政治和外交活动中心，是中国近代历史的重要见证与诸多重大历史事件的发生地。 The Summer Palace was the most important political and diplomatic activity center outside the Forbidden City for the supreme ruler of the late Qing dynasty, and was an important witness of Chinese modern history and the place where a lot of important historical events took place.

Li Shuo与颐和园的沧桑命运相依伴，园藏文物也阅尽世变，其增减损益正可折射近代中国的兴衰历程。 Along with the vicissitudes of the Summer Palace, the cultural relics of the garden have also experienced a lot of changes, and their gains and losses can reflect the rise and fall of modern China.

Peng Yu其亭台、长廊、宫殿、庙宇和小桥等人工景观与自然山峦和开阔湖面和谐地融为一体，堪称中国风景园林设计中的杰作。

The natural landscape of hills and open water is combined with artificial features such as pavilions, halls, palaces, temples and bridges to form a harmonious ensemble of outstanding aesthetic value.

Yu Jing 1961年3月4日，颐和园被公布为第一批全国重点文物保护单位，与同时公布的承德避暑山庄、拙政园、留园并称为中国四大名园，1998年11月被列入《世界遗产名录》。 On March 4th 1961, it was announced that the Summer Palace was the one of the first national relic protection unit, along with Chengde Mountain Resort, Humble Administrator's garden and Lingering Garden, which were called four Chinese famous gardens. In Nov. 1998, it was listed in the World Heritage List.

Zhou Xiaolan: 颐和园是中国现存规模最大，保存最完整的皇家园林。 The Summer Palace is the largest and best-preserved imperial garden in China. Tips: when we translate a sentence, there is no need to translate word by word. Sometimes, we can use omit some words.

Zhu Wenhao颐和园最美之时，是在夕阳衔山，游人散尽，或者朝暾初上，湖上雾气迷濛，游人未到之时，这时满园朝晖夕烟，静妙无极。 The most beautiful time in the Summer Palace is when the mountains are at sunset, the tourists are gone, or the morning of the morning is over, and the fog is misty on the lake. When the tourists are not here, the garden is full of sunshine and tranquility.

Peng Lu颐和园是晚清最高统治者在紫禁城之外最重要的政治和外交活动中心，是中国近代历史的重要见证与诸多重大历史事件的发生地。 Besides the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, an important witness of Chinese modern history as well as a vital site of many famous historical events, is the most essential center for policy and diplomacy of the imperators in late Qing dynasty. Guo Xinyi 颐和园是晚清最高统治者在紫禁城之外最重要的政治和外交活动中心，是中国近代历史的重要见证与诸多重大历史事件的发生地。 The Summer Palace, the most important political and diplomatic center for the supreme ruler of the late Qing Dynasty besides the Forbidden City, witnessed modern Chinese history and experienced the occurrence of many significant historical events. Tips:后半句中以the Summer Palace为主语，将“重要见证”和“发生地”用谓语动词表示可让句子更生动。

Liu Qinyu

As the Qing Empire started declining after the reign of the Daoguang Emperor (r. 1820–1850), the Summer Palace gradually became more neglected and the architectural features on the three islands were ordered to be dismantled because the costs of maintenance were too high. 道光皇帝即位后，清朝开始衰落，颐和园愈加受到忽视，其维修费用高昂，皇帝下令拆除了三座岛上的建筑群。 Tip：中文注重原因在前结果在后，而英文结果在前原因在后，翻译时需注意。 Du Peixi This was only in 1998 that the great beauty of the garden was revealed after the recognition of the site as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage as well as a National 5A Tourist Spot of China. 直到1998年被联合国教科文组织认定为世界文化遗产和国家5A级旅游景区后，才显露出这座花园的巨大美感。 Tips：Du Peixi 中文与英文的语序差异很大，在中文里状语通常放在前。 Liu Ying 颐和园以其丰厚的历史沉淀，优美的自然环境景观，卓越的保护管理工作被联合国教科文组织列入《世界遗产名录》。 The Summer Palace was listed in the Word Heritage for its historical culture of richness, natural scenery of magnifcence, and protective management of brilliance. Jiang Yun 颐和园的假山都是太湖石，建筑木材来自全国各地。 The artificial hills in the Summer Palace are built with Tihu stone. It used the timber across from the country for construction.

Chen Qiuxu

颐和园集传统造园艺术之大成，万寿山、昆明湖构成其基本框架，借景周围的山水环境，饱含中国皇家园林的恢弘富丽气势。

The Summer Palace is a masterpiece of traditional garden art, with the Wanshou mountain and Kunming lake forming its basic framework. Taking advantage of the surrounding landscape, it is full of the magnificence and grandeur of the Chinese royal gardens.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 00:46, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

颐和园是保存最完整的一座皇家行宫御苑，被誉为“皇家园林博物馆”，也是国家重点旅游景点。 The Summer Palace is the most complete preserved imperial palace, known as the "museum of royal gardens", is also a national key tourist spots.

Kown as the "Museum of Royal Gardens",The Summer Palace is the best preserved royal garden and a national key tourist attraction.--Miranda (talk) 12:11, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Ma Qian

颐和园素以人工建筑与自然山水巧妙结合的造园手法着称于世，是中国园林艺术顶峰时期的代表。 The Summer Palace, the representative of the peak period of Chinese garden art, is famous for its technique to combine the artificial buildings with natural sceneries ingeniously.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:06, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

圆明园占地面积3.5平方千米，规模宏伟，有一百五十余景，融会了各式园林风格，有“万园之园”之称，被誉为“一切造园艺术的典范”。 The Old Summer Palace has a great size of 3.5 square kilometers with more than 150 scenic spots integrating various garden styles. It is known as “the garden of garden”, as a model of all garden art.

Liu Siyu

颐和园是晚清最高统治者在紫禁城之外最重要的政治和外交活动中心，是中国近代历史的重要见证与诸多重大历史事件的发生地。 The Summer Palace was the most important political and diplomatic activity center outside the Forbidden City for the supreme ruler of the late Qing dynasty, and was an important witness of Chinese modern history and the place where a lot of important historical events took place.

Yu Jing

1961年3月4日，颐和园被公布为第一批全国重点文物保护单位，与同时公布的承德避暑山庄、拙政园、留园并称为中国四大名园，1998年11月被列入《世界遗产名录》。 On March 4th 1961, it was announced that the Summer Palace was the one of the first national relic protection unit, along with Chengde Mountain Resort, Humble Administrator's garden and Lingering Garden, which were called four Chinese famous gardens. In Nov. 1998, it was listed in the World Heritage List.

Zhou Xiaolan

颐和园是中国现存规模最大，保存最完整的皇家园林。 The Summer Palace is the largest and best-preserved imperial garden in China. Tips: when we translate a sentence, there is no need to translate word by word. Sometimes, we can use omit some words.

Guo Xinyi

颐和园是晚清最高统治者在紫禁城之外最重要的政治和外交活动中心，是中国近代历史的重要见证与诸多重大历史事件的发生地。

The Summer Palace, the most important political and diplomatic center for the supreme ruler of the late Qing Dynasty besides the Forbidden City, witnessed modern Chinese history and experienced the occurrence of many significant historical events.

Tips:后半句中以the Summer Palace为主语，将“重要见证”和“发生地”用谓语动词表示可让句子更生动。--Guo Xinyi (talk) 03:16, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

D. Carl and Cixi

Students' homework

Liu xiaoting Empress Dowager Cixi ate various foods generally thought conducive to long life by the Chinese people, such as honey, walnuts and sesame oil, as is recorded in historical documents. 据史料记载，慈禧太后常吃蜂蜜、核桃、香油等中国人认为有益于长寿的食物。 Hu Jingchen 卡尔对慈禧的第一印象很好，她认为这位太后“看上去非常和善、年轻而又带着迷人笑容”。 Carl made a good first impression on Empress Dowager Cixi, who she described as "looking very kind, young and charming with a smile”. Li Leyi 从慈禧的主战与求和，可以看出慈禧与帝国主义关系的变化。 From Cixi's proposition of war and peace, we can see the change of Cixi's relationship with imperialism. Li Haowen: 慈禧太后一生享尽荣华富贵，生活时尚超前，在发达的西方工业面前，也是滴滴不漏，占尽先机。 the Empress Dowager Cixi has enjoyed a luxurious and fashion life. Facing the advanced western technology, she didn’t miss anything but always stepped a foot ahead.

Liu Li:凯瑟琳•卡尔以观察统治者的眼光去解析慈禧，却在政务之外，看到了一个女人对容貌的关爱和对服饰的考究。 Katharine Carl interpreted Cixi from the perspective of observing the ruler, but outside of politics, she saw a woman's care for her appearance and her dress.

Qin Ruijing:Text: Due to her excellent skills and technique, Carl was honored with the Order of the Double Dragon by Cixi, which was the top award for outstanding services to the throne and the Qing court at the time. Translation：由于卡尔出色的画技，慈禧太后御赐她双龙宝星。双龙宝星在当时是对皇上和朝廷做出杰出贡献的最高赏赐。 Zhang Yuanling 慈禧太后坐在火车后面，结果开火车的人是站立的，这让慈禧不满，她认为奴才应该跪着。 Cixi, sat at the backseat of the steam train, recognized that the person who operated the machine was standing. This infuriated her for Cixi supposed that flunkey be kneeling down.

Ai Xin

慈禧迷恋操弄权术，政治手腕堪称精明干练，尤其擅长操纵官场派系之间的利益斗争以 达到势力均衡，借此维系个人的绝对权威和巩固政权的相对稳定。 Cixi is obsessed with politics and her political skills are sharp and professional, especially good at control the struggle for interests between official sides to get the balance of power, so that she maintains her absolute authority and consolidates the relative stability of the regime. Liu Siyu美国女画家凯瑟琳•卡尔在20世纪初曾创了两项空前绝后的世界性纪录:她是惟一在中国官廷之内一连呆了很长时间的外国人，又是惟一替尚健在的中国后妃画过肖像的人。 American female painter Katharine Carl once achieved two unprecedented worldwide records in the beginning of 20th century: one was that she was the only foreigner who stayed in Chinese court for a long period; second was that she was also the only one who painted portraits for living Chinese empresses at that time. Peng Yu慈禧虽然拒绝采纳西方政治模式，但却支持科技、军队改革和洋务运动。 Although Cixi refused to adopt Western models of government, she supported technological and military reforms and the Self-Strengthening Movement.

Jiang Yun 为了给慈禧画像，柯尔在颐和园流连了十个月。对于一个外国人来说，这是绝无仅有的。 Carl stayed in the Summer Palace for 10 months in order to portray Cixi, which is rare for a forigner.

Tips: When translating historical events, due to cultural differences, the translation of specific historical periods needs special attention. 翻译要充分考虑到读者的感受。如果从句段中挑选句子翻译，一定要注意语境。要将上下文中隐含的信息适当加进去，不要给读者带来困扰。 Get more unfamiliar words. 翻译时好灵活运用词汇，短语等，译文要符合中英文表达习惯。 Qin Ruijing: To translate ancient Chinese poetry is really difficult. It is not an easy thing to express the artistic conception in the poetry. I still need improve both my English and Chinese. Li Qi:对于中文所熟知的意象，当翻译成英文时，应当加以解释，如文房四宝，翻译时说明文房四宝即笔，墨，纸，砚。

Shi Shuwen：Supplementary translation is a common way in translation, which is to ensure the completeness of the translation and to ensure that the reader can understand the translation correctly. The translator should be objective and creative in the process of translation. It’s necessary to add the important to help understanding. Ma Qian Sometimes when translating, there isn't one-to-one translation, we'd better use free translation, but should pay attention to the true meaning of that word. Zhang Yuanling 根据英文的特点，把中文中的动词在翻译时转换为名词。

Yu Jing在戊戌变法中，慈禧太后几乎断送了性命和权力，但是她也从戊戌变法中收获良多，她开始变成一个支持革新政策的人。 In Hundred Day’s Reform, Cixi nearly lost her life and power, but she also learnt a lot from the reform, and became a person supporting reform policy.

Unit 8 Literature

A. Classical Literature

Questions

1. What does classical Chinese literature refer to?

Classical literature refers to the Chinese literature of a period of around 3,000 years between the beginning of Chinese history and the Opium War of 1840. --LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:07, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

2. What does pre-Qin literature refer to? What are its masterworks?

I t refers to the literature that produced before Qin Dynasty. The Book of Songs;"Li Sao"; "A lament".

3. What is Sima Qian’s greatest achievement?

He wrote the "Annals of the Grand Historian" (Shiji).--Root (talk) 09:08, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

4. Who are the representatives of Jian’an Literature?

Cao Cao , Cao Pi, Cao zhi--Evelyn (talk) 09:16, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

5. What does the golden age of classical poetry refer to? Can you name some of the great poets then?

The golden age of classical poetry refers to The Tang Dynasty (618-907). Li Bai,Du Fu and Bai Juyi,Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. --Jiang Yun (talk) 04:48, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

7. Who are the Eight Great Writers of Tang and Song”?

Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong, together with the late Tang writers Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, are known as the Eight Great Writers of Tang and Song.--Evelyn (talk) 09:12, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

8. What is the greatest literary achievement in the Yuan Dynasty?

zaju or poetic drama set to music.--Skyler (talk) 09:19, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

9. Can you name some representative Yuan writers and their masterworks ?

Guan Hanqing’s Snow in Midsummer (also known as The Wrongs Suffered by Dou E), Wang Shifu’s The Western Chamber and Ji Junxiang’s The Orhpan of Zhao.--Zoey YangQing (talk) 09:23, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

10. What are the greatest literary achievements in the Ming and Qing dynasties? Can you name some of the great Ming dramatists and their masterworks?

Among the famous plays of the Ming Dynasty are The Tale of the lute by Gao Ming and The Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu. Well-known Qing plays are The Peach Blossom Fan by Kong Shangren and The Palace of Eternal Youth by Hong Sheng.

11. Can you name some of the great Qing novelists and their masterworks?

My answer is: Cao Xueqin.--Root (talk) 09:03, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

两弯似蹙非蹙笼烟眉，一双似喜非喜含情目。

Her mist-wreathed brows at first seemed to frown, yet were not frowning; her passionate eyes at first seemed to smile, yet were not merry.

Revision: Her mist-wreathed brows seem to frown, yet, not to frown; her amorous eyes seem to smile, yet, not to smile.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:04, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Chen Qiuxu

中国古典文学有诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种表现形式，在各种文体中，又有多种多样的艺术表现手法。

There are many forms of expression in Chinese classical literature, such as poetry, prose, novels, ci, fu and qu. In all kinds of literary forms, there are a variety of artistic expression techniques.

Hu Jingchen

汉赋其主要特点是铺陈写物，不歌而诵，是中国古代特有的一种文学体裁。

The main features of Han Fu are to lay out the writings and recite them without singing. It is a literary genre unique to ancient China.

(Tips: 当原文包含的信息过多时，可以采用多个句子翻译，简洁明了。)

Li Leyi

林黛玉是书中一位富有诗意美和理想色彩的悲剧形象,她美得让人由衷地心疼和爱怜，更具艺术魅力的是她无与伦比的丰富而优美的精神世界。

Lin Daiyu is a tragic image of poetic beauty and ideal brilliance in the book, she is so beautiful that people sincerely love her and feel pitiful for her, and her unparalleled abundant and elegant spiritual world is more artistically charming.

Lin Daiyu is a tragic image full of poetic beauty and ideal color in the book. Her beauty is heartfelt and loving, and her unparalleled abundant and elegant spiritual world is more artistically charming.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 03:46, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Qi

《红楼梦》是一部具有世界影响力的小说，举世公认的中国古典小说巅峰之作，中国封建社会的百科全书。

A Dream of Red Mansions is a novel of global impact, which is universally recognized as the peak of Chinese classical novels and as an encyclopedia of Chinese feudal society.

A Dream of Red Mansions is a novel of global impact, which is universally recognized as the peak of Chinese classical novels and the encyclopedia of Chinese feudal society.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 13:27, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Luo Xiaodi

中国古典文学广义的指自先秦至清代末年的中国文学，包括作家、作品、文学事件，文体起源与发展历程，文学运动、流派，文学理论，作家作品的考据、研究等等。

In a broad sense, Chinese classical literature refers to Chinese literature from the pre-qin period to the end of the Qing Dynasty, including writers, works, literary events, the origin and development of literary style, literary movements, schools, literary theory, Textual Research and so on.

Li Haowen

儒林外史全篇没有贯穿始终的主要人物和故事框架，而是一个个相对独立的故事的连环套；前面一个故事说完了，引出一些新的人物，这些新的人物便成为后一个故事中的主要角色。

The whole book of Scholars has no main character who shows up from the beginning to the end, nor did a story structure. But it has several separate stories. They are connected by some new characters showing up in the previous story and then they will be the main characters in the next.

Liu Li

汉赋其主要特点是铺陈写物，不歌而诵，是中国古代特有的一种文学体裁。

The main characteristic of Han Fu is to lay out and write things without singing. It is a special literary genre in ancient China.

The main characteristic of Han Fu is to lay out and write things without praising. It is a special literary genre in ancient China.--Evelyn (talk) 04:10, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

《离骚》把最为生动鲜艳、只有在原始神话中才能出现的那种无羁而多义的浪漫想象，与最为炽热深沉，只有在理性觉醒时刻才能有的个体人格和情操，最完满地溶化成了有机整体。

Translation: “Li Sao”perfectly combines the most wild, vivid and colorful romantic imagination, which can only appear in the primitive myths, and the most intense and deep individual personality and sentiment, which can only be found in the moment of rational awakening, into an organic whole.

Shi Shuwen

《诗经》三百零五篇中，有一百四十四篇涉及植物，唯有诗歌最能释木。

Of the 305 passages in The Book of Songs, 144 passages relate to plants, only poetry can explain wood best. Tips：中文翻译成英文有时需要“扩词”，比如“释”就是阐释的意思。

Zhang Yuanling

《桃花扇》写李香君和侯方域的离合之情的部分不多，反而是国家兴亡之势的描写占了上风。因此他们之间的爱情，便成了沧海中的一粟，最后化作一缕云烟。

The Peach Blossom Fan is not long in the length of depicting the vicissitudes of Li Xiangjun and Hou Fangyu, but long in describing the fate of Ming Dynasty. Then their love was no more like a drop in the ocean, and finally disappeared as a cloud of vapor.

Luo Feng

Records of the Historians covers the world as it was then known to the Chinese and a 2500-year period from the age of the legendary Yellow Emperor to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in the author's own time.

《史记》记载了自黄帝至汉武帝太初年间（即司马迁所处朝代）共2500年的历史。

Ma Qian

《史记》被称为“史家之绝唱，无韵之离骚”。

Records of the Historian has the reputation of " the masterpiece of the history, the Li Sao without rhythm."

Li Xiangyun

中国诗词闻名世界，却也极难翻译。

Chinese poetry and ci lyric are famous all around the world, but they are very difficult to translate.

Ai Xin

《诗经》是我国第一部诗歌总集。编成于春秋时期，大抵是西周初年至春秋中叶500年间的作品，共305篇，代表了2500多年以前诗歌创作的最高成就。

The Book of Songs is the earliest anthology of verse in China, which presents the top achievement of poetic creation more than 2500 years ago. It is compiled during the Spring and Autumn period about 305 works, roughly composed from the early Western Zhou dynasty to the middle of the spring and autumn period.

Xia Ke

可怜无定河边骨，犹是春闺梦里人。

Those miserable piles of bones near the Wuding lake, are still sweet husbands in their wives’ dreams.

士为知己者死，女为悦己者容。

A man would die for someone appreciates him, a woman will dress up for someone she likes.

但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。

I wish the one I care about will live long and healthy, so we can share the same moon no matter how far apart we are. 第二句诗词，前句是“would”后句是“will”，应该可以保持时态一致的。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:50, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Liu Siyu

《诗经》里的作品多方面描写了现实生活，表现了不同阶层人民在现实生活中的各种感受，真实地反映了现实生活。

Compositions in The Book of Songs depicted real life from various perspective, showed the feelings of people of different classes in it, and truly reflected it.

Sun Rui

《诗经》的作者身份十分广泛，有上层的公卿大夫，也有中下层的“士”，“风”类诗歌的作者大多是下层的平民百姓，同时这类诗歌大多是集体创作的。

The authors' identities of The Book of Songs are very broad, which include aristocracy of the upper class and also scholars of the middle and lower class. The authors of Wind Poetry are mostly common people of lower class. At the same time, this kind of poetry is mostly collective creation.

Yang Yuxin

《诗经》里的作品多方面描写了现实生活，表现了不同阶层人民在现实生活中的各种感受，真实地反映了现实生活。

The book of songs mainly described real life, showing all kinds of feelings of different people at different classes, truly reflecting people's real life at that time.

tip: 表现，反映等动词的选择，诗经的翻译记住。

Yang Qing

在艺术上，窦娥冤体现了现实主义与浪漫主义风格的融合，反映了广大人民伸张正义、惩治邪恶的愿望。

Artistically, the Snow in Midsummer reflects the combination of realism and romanticism, and reflects the desire of the people to uphold justice and punish evil.

---

recorrect：

Artistically, the Snow in Midsummer reflects the combination of realism and romanticism showing the desire of the people to uphold justice and punish evil. --PengYu Aiden (talk) 05:54, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Yang Jiani

Journey to the West is a Chinese novel published in the 16th century during the Ming dynasty and attributed to Wu Cheng'en. It is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. In English-speaking countries, the work is widely known as Monkey, the title of Arthur Waley's popular abridged translation.

《西游记》是一部写于16世纪的明朝的中国小说, 作者是吴承恩。他是中国古典文学的四大名著之一。在英语国家，这部小说通常被称为“猴子”，源自Arthur Waley广为人知的翻译。

Yin Tanwen

中国古代四大名剧分别是《牡丹亭》、《桃花扇》、《长生殿》、《西厢记》。

There are four famous operas in ancient China, which called the Peony Pavilion, the Peach Blossom Fan, Palace of Eternal Youth, the Romance of the Western Chamber.

There are four famous operas in ancient China, which are considered as the Peony Pavilion, the Peach Blossom Fan, Palace of Eternal Youth, the Romance of the Western Chamber.--Jessie (talk) 03:02, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Yu Jing

文学是用语言塑造形象反映社会生活的一种语言艺术，是文化中极具强烈感染力的重要组成部分。

Literature is a kind of language art, using language to shape figures to reflect social life, and it is an important component with strong infection in culture.

Literature is a kind of language art that reflects social life by shaping images with language. It is an important part of culture with strong appeal.--Miranda (talk) 12:30, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

中国古典文学是中华民族最宝贵的文化遗产之一。

Chinese classical literature is one of the most precious cultural heritages of the Chinese.

Zhu Wenhao

甩发功，多为男性角色甩动头顶扎束的一绺长发，表现惊慌失措、悲愤交加、疼痛欲绝以及仓皇逃命、垂死挣扎等激烈异常的情绪和情境的一种表演特技。

Hair swing is one of a acting skills in Beijing opera. Usually, the male character whips a stunt of long hair from the top of his head to express abnormal emotions, such as panic, a mix of grief and anger, extreme pain, and to show a fierce situation like rushing to escape and struggling desperately.

Peng Lu

中国传统文化养育了中国古典文学，中国古典文学又大大丰富了中国传统文化，使传统文化更具有深刻的影响力。

Thanks to traditional culture, Chinese classical literature has become fertile, which, at the same time, enriches traditional culture and wins it more profound influence.

Guo Xinyi

《诗经》里的作品多方面描写了现实生活，表现了不同阶层人民在现实生活中的各种感受，真实地反映了现实生活，这是它的一大特色。

It is one of the most prominent characteristics of The Book of Songs that the real life is portrayed from more than one aspect in the poems and it manifests different feelings of different classes of people in their real life, so that the reality has its truly reflection.

Tips: 英文长句中一般评论在前，事实在后，所以可先翻译最后一句

英文中更喜欢用被动句，所以中间两句用被动形式更说得通

Liu Qinyu

The majority of the Odes date to the Western Zhou period (1046–771 BC), and were drawn from around 15 kingdoms, those which were mainly provinces and cities in the Zhongyuan area.

这本诗集可以追溯到西周时期（公元前1046-771），且其内容源自当时的15个王国，他们主要位于中原地区。

Liu Ying

原文：《尚书》的主要内容是尧舜至春秋时代一些君主和大臣的讲话，誓词，政令的记录，反映上古时代的政治观念和某些统治者的经验。

The Book of History mainly records the speeches, oaths and decrees of monarchs and ministers from Yao Shun period to Chunqiu period. It reflects political ideas in the ancient times and experiences of some governors.

Du Peixi

The Chinese classical poetry is a gem in the treasure house of Chinese literature as well as an important component of the Chinese traditional culture.

中国古典诗歌是中华文化宝库的一颗明珠,也是中华民族优秀传统文化的重要组成部分。

Tip：gem of the treasure house 的意思为珠宝屋里的宝石，为了使句子更多美感，翻译为宝库的一颗明珠。

Jiang Yun

水浒世界里只有一种颜色，那就是黑色。（中译英）

There is only a kind of color in Shui Hui Huan: black.

Li Shuo

《诗经》反映了劳动与爱情、战争与徭役、压迫与反抗、风俗与婚姻、祭祖与宴会，甚至天象、动物、植物等方方面面，是周代社会生活的一面镜子。

The Book of Songs is a mirror of social life in Zhou Dynasty, which reflects labor and love, war and corvee, oppression and resistance, customs and marriage, ancestor worship and banquet, even celestial, animal, plant and other aspects.

Peng Yu

The Dream of the Red Chamber was very highly regarded when it was published both in China and Japan and is reminiscent of a psychologically complex work like Dostoyevskiy’s.

《红楼梦》在中国和日本出版时都受到高度评价，让人联想到陀思妥耶夫斯基那样的心理复杂作品。

B. Modern Literature

Text

Chinese literature from the Opium War of 1840 to the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 in mainland China is known as modern Chinese literature. It is divided into two stages: the first stage, lasting from the Opium War to the May 4th Movement of 1919, features new literature, while the second stage, extending from 1919 to 1949, is marked by the rise of revolutionary literature.

With the invasions by foreign powers since 1840, China was gradually changed into a semi-feudal, semi-colonial society, and Chinese people rose heroically against foreign aggressions. Meanwhile, new literature appeared. Its works reflect the then political struggles and the extraordinary events of social life. Three representative writers of modern new poetry are Gong Zizhen (1792-1841), Huang Zunxian (1848-1905) and Liu Yazi (1887-1958). Other reformers who wrote sophisticated poems too include Lin Zexu, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and Qiu Jin.

Fiction constitutes an important part of the literature of this period and features the condemnation of social evils. Of the more than 1,000 novels of the time, the best are Exposure of the Official World by Li Boyuan, Strange Events of the Last 20 Years by Wu Jianren, The Travels of Lao Can by Liu E, and A Flower in an Ocean of Sin by Zeng Pu. These works are known as “the 4 great novels of exposure.” As a result of the increase of contacts with foreign countries and the efforts of progressive people to learn from the West, many foreign works were translated into Chinese. The leading translators were Yan Fu (1854-1921) and Lin Shu (1852-1924). Their influential translations include On the Origin of the Species by Charles Darwin and Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. During this period, about 1,000 works of fiction from foreign countries were translated into Chinese, promoting the development of new literature in China.

Drama flourished during this period. With the decline of kunqu, a form of southern opera which had dominated the theater from the 17th century to the 19th century, many more popular types of local operas came into being and developed. One of them was Beijing Opera. It took shape as an independent opera between 1840 and 1860. As it appealed to both the feudal rulers and ordinary people, it spread from north to south and from cities to villages, and thus became a “national opera.” The most famous Beijing operas include Empty City Ruse, Women Generals of the Yang House, The Fisherman’s Revenge, The Gathering of Heroes, The Jade Bracelet, and Havoc in Heaven.

On May 4, 1919, a massive anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement broke out in China. It aimed at overthrowing Confucianism and promoting science, democracy, and writing in the vernacular. The movement brought about the birth and development of a new Chinese literature. A group of progressive intellectuals treated literature as weaponry in their efforts to oppose feudalism and imperialism, and to reflect the sufferings of the working people and their struggle for liberation. Among them were the leading writers of the time, Lu Xun (1881-1936) and Guo Moruo (1892-1978). The important works of the 1920’s include Lu Xun’s Call to Arms and Wandering (short stories) and Guo Moruo’s The Goddesses, a collection of new poetry.

With the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921, the proletariat began to exercise its leadership in the new literary movement. Such well-known members of CCP as Deng Zhongxia, Yun Daiying and Qu Qiubai and such famous writers as Mao Dun (1896-1981), Guo Moruo and Lu Xun all advocated what they called “revolutionary literature.” In 1930, in order to wage more effective struggles against the Kuomingtang reactionaries, the Chinese League of Left-Wing Writers was established in Shanghai. The literary periodicals which the League writers published, such as The Dipper, Literature Monthly and Sprouts Monthly, played an important part in the development of Chinese revolutionary literature. Important works of this period include Mao Dun’s novel Midnight, Ba Jin’s (1904-2005) “Trilogy of Love”: Fog, Rain and Lightning and “Trilogy of Turbulent Currents”: The Family, Spring and Autumn, Lao She’s (1899-1966) novel Camel Xiangzi (also known as Richshaw Boy), Cao Yu’s (1910-2008) plays Thunderstorms and Sunrise, Tian Han’s (1898- 1968) play The Death of a Star, and poems by Yin Fu, Ai Qing and Zang Kejia.

In May 1942, during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Invasion, the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art was convened. In his famous “Talks at the Yan’an FLA,” Mao Zedong (1893-1976) emphasized that art must serve the people, mainly workers, peasants and soldiers, and explained the relationship between art and politics and that between art and life. Inspired by the “Talks,” writers and artists went in groups to the front and among the masses, living and working with them. As a result, a large number of outstanding works came out. Famous novels were Zhao Shuli’s (1903-1970) The Marriage of Young Blacky and Rhymes of Li Youcai, Ding Ling’s (1904-1986) The Sun Shines Over the Sanggan River, and Zhou Libo’s (1908- 1979) The Hurricane. Li Ji’s (1922-1980) Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang was an excellent long narrative poem. And the opera The White-Haired Girl by He Jingzhi (1924- ) and Ding Yi was most popular among the people, and it has been translated into several foreign languages and performed in many foreign countries ever since.

Questions

1. What does modern Chinese literature mean?

Chinese literature from the Opium War of 1840 to the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 is known as modern Chinese literature.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 04:29, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

4. Who were the leading translators in the late 19th century? What works did they translate?

The leading translators were Yan Fu (1854-1921) and Lin Shu (1852-1924). Their influential translations include On the Origin of the Species by Charles Darwin and Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. During this period, about 1,000 works of fiction from foreign countries were translated into Chinese, promoting the development of new literature in China.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 07:48, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

5. How did Beijing Opera become a “national opera”?

As it appealed to both the feudal rulers and ordinary people, it spread from north to south and from cities to villages, and thus became a “national opera.” Skyler (talk) 09:44, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

During the War of Liberation, themes of literature are generally the rural life in liberation areas and Chinese peasant’s struggle against the feudal rule and the system of exploitation.

解放战争时期，文学的主题一般是解放地区的农村生活和中国农民反对封建统治和剥削制度的斗争。

Chen Qiuxu

《狂人日记》是中国第一部现代白话文小说，首发于《新青年》月刊。文中讽刺了中国封建礼教和中国人的陋俗。

A madman's diary is Chinese first modern vernacular novel published in the monthly magazine New Youth. It satirizes the Chinese feudal ethics and the Chinese rotten customs.

Revision: A madman's Dairy, the first Chinese modern vernacular novel, appearing in the monthly magazine New Youth for its first publishment, satirized the Chinese feudal ethics and Chinese undesirable customs.--Ma Qian (talk) 04:49, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Hu Jingchen

现代文学为中国的近现代社会创造了民族共同的想象空间，对中国近现代民族精神的形成和凝聚，民族国家的形成具有不可替代的重要作用。

Modern literature has created a common imagination space for China's modern and contemporary society, and it plays an irreplaceable and important role on the formation and cohesion of China's modern and national spirit and the formation of a nation-state.

Modern literature has created a common imagination space for China's modern and contemporary society, and it plays an irreplaceable and important role on the formation and cohesion of China's modern , national spirit and the formation of a nation-state.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 15:00, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

祥子是个绝对的好人，同时他的生活愿望又是那么普通，但是这样的祥子在当时的社会里却无法生存。

Xiang Zi was an absolutely good man, and his desire for life was so ordinary, but such a person could not survive in the society at that time.

Xiang Zi was an absolutely good man and has only an oridinary desire for his life. However, such a pure person could not survive in the society at that time.--Jessie (talk) 02:57, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Qi

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Chinese modern literature is a new literature formed with the influence of foreign literature, when great changes were taking place within Chinese society.

Chinese modern literature is a new literature formed under the condition of historical changes in Chinese society and widely accepted the influence of foreign literature.--Miranda (talk) 12:38, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Luo Xiaodi

中国现代文学既是作家作品的历史，也是文学和文化思想的历史，也是中国社会接受和运用现代文学的历史。

Modern Chinese literature is not only the history of writers'works, but also the history of literature and cultural thought, as well as the history of the acceptance and application of modern Chinese literature.

Modern Chinese literature is not only the history of writers and their works, but also the history of literature and cultural thought, as well as the history of the acceptance and application of modern Chinese literature.--Evelyn (talk) 04:15, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Haowen

但是小凤仙在小有名气之后却心猿意马，“不在玩意儿上用功夫，专在交际上用功夫”，成了流氓绅士杨大爷的玩物，背叛了先生为之呕心沥血的戏剧事业。

However, Xiao Fengxian become absent minded when he gets a little famous. He doesn’t bury himself in Beijing Opera, but spares no effort in socializing. Finally, he ends up with being a toy to rich hooligan Yang, betraying the works in which Liu Zhensheng has devoted his whole life.

Liu Li

社会政治事件往往成为现代文学创作的题材源，引发文学创作和理论论争。

Social and political events often become the source of the subject matter of modern literary creation, causing literary creation and theoretical debate.

Qin Ruijing

相对于超越了特定地域审美趣味的昆曲而言，京剧更多地是特定地域文化的产物；相对于昆曲所代表的文人士大夫趣味，它更接近于底层和民间的趣味。

Compared with “kunqu” which transcends the regional aesthetic, Beijing Opera is the product of a specific region’s culture. Compared with “kunqu” that represents the interest of literati and officialdom, Beijing Opera is more closer to the interest of the lower class people.

Shi Shuwen

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Chinese modern literature literature which is widely influenced by foreign literature under the condition of historical changes in Chinese society.

Widely influenced by foreign literature ,Chinese modern literature is a new literature under the condition of historical changes in Chinese society.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 13:32, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhang Yuanling

昆曲是一门集歌唱、舞蹈、道白、动作为一体的综合性很高的艺术形式，在刻画人物性格、表达人物心理状态等方面，形成了完整而独特的表演体系。

Kunqu is a category of art that high in comprehensiveness for integrating singing, dancing, narrating and action in one. It formed a complete and unique performing system in the aspects like depicting one’s character, expressing one’s mentality, and so on.

Luo Feng

Fiction constitutes an important part of the modern literature and features the condemnation of social evils.

在中国近现代文学史上，小说作为其重要组成，以针砭时弊为著。

Ma Qian

京剧的腔调以西皮和二黄为主，主要用胡琴和锣鼓等伴奏，被视为中国国粹。

Beijing Opera is regarded as Chinese national theater, of which the tune mainly are Xipi and Erhuang, and it accompanied with Huqin and drum for most of the time.

Li Xiangyun

近现代文学作品开始使用白话文。

Modern literature works began to use vernacular.

Liu Siyu

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Contemporary literature is a new literature which is widely influenced by foreign literatures under the condition of the historical changes within Chinese society.

这首诗对商妇的各个生活阶段，通过生动具体的生活侧面的描绘，在读者面前展开了一幅幅鲜明生动的画面。

This poetry showed readers a vivid picture by depicting a profile in different life period of the business woman vividly and specifically.

Xia Ke

一位本地英雄，

在废弃的停车场上，

唱歌，

玻璃晴朗，桔子辉煌。

A local hero, is singing in the abandoned parking lot, he is as clear as the the glass in the sun , and as gleam as the glowing orange .

酒进到嘴里，爱进到眼里，

这就是在衰朽和死亡之前，

我们应该学会的全部真理。

We drink with our mouths, we show love with our eyes,

and this is the truth we need to learn,

before we get old and die.

为了寻找你，我搬进鸟的眼睛，经常盯着路过的风。

To look for you, I moved into a bird’s eyes, and staring at the passing wind.

Ai Xin

20世纪70年代末的“伤痕小说”主要是指暴露“文革”十年灾难、揭露“文革”十年的黑暗现实给党和国家造成危害、给人们心灵造成创痛的小说，其主题是彻底否定“文化大革命”，揭露林彪“四人帮”，鞭挞丑恶灵魂，同情人民的遭遇，礼赞美好的情操。

"Scar literature" mainly refers to novels in the late 1970s, which expose the "cultural revolution" disaster and dark reality, which reveal the country’s harm and people’s heart trauma of the ten years. The themes completely deny "culture revolution", criticize Lin Biao "Gang of Four", lash ugly soul, sympathize with unfortunate experience and praise noble sentiment.

我先前总以为人是有罪的，所以枪毙或作监的。现在才知道其中的许多，是因为被人认为可恶。这才终于犯罪了。 --《可恶罪》 一九二七年

I had often thought that a man was shot or put into prison for his guilty; but now I know many of them crime at last because they are considered guilty. -- The Crime of Hate In 1927

Sun Rui

在文革前和文革当中，中国大陆的当代文学一直存在着潜在的创作，历次政治运动中被剥夺了写作权力的知识分子仍然在用笔表达内心的理想之歌和感情世界。

In the period before and during the cultural revolution, potential creation had always existed in the contemporary literature in Chinese mainland. The intellectuals who had been deprived of the right to write in all the political movements were still expressing their inner idea lsongs and emotional world with the pen.

Yang Yuxin

创作实践上要求反映现实政治社会内容，歌颂广大人民和英雄人物对外国侵略者的英勇抵抗。

In practice, composition is supposed to reflect realistic contents of political and social, praising people and heroes' brave resistance to foreign invaders.

tip: 动词的过度，要求翻译成be supposed to

Yang Qing

《激流三部曲》，包括《家》、《春》、《秋》，表达了巴金对自由、民主、尊重人格、人性解放的呼吁。

The Trilogy of Turbulent Currents, including The Family, Spring and Autumn, shows Ba Jin's appeal for freedom, democracy, respect for personality and liberation of human nature.

Yang Jiani

Lu Xun was born into a family of landlords and government officials in Shaoxing, Zhejiang; the family's financial resources declined over the course of his youth. Lu aspired to take the imperial civil service exam; but, due to his family's relative poverty, was forced to attend government-funded schools teaching "Western education".

鲁迅出生在浙江绍兴的一个官宦地主家庭里。在他年轻的时候，家里的财力逐渐衰退。鲁迅立志去参加科举考试，然而由于家庭的贫穷，他被迫参加了由政府资助承办的“西式教育”学校.

鲁迅出生在浙江绍兴的一个官宦地主家庭里。他还年轻时，家里的财力就逐渐衰退。鲁迅立志去参加科举考试，却由于家庭的贫穷，被迫参加了由政府资助承办的“西式教育”学校.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 04:04, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Yin Tanwen

新文化运动后，一群先进的知识分子将文学作为反帝反封建运动的武器，也用文学来反映劳动者的疾苦和他们为了自由所做的斗争。

After the new culture movement, a group of advanced intellectuals used literature as weaponry against imperialism and feudalism, and also to reflect the sufferings of the workers and their struggle for liberation.

Yu Jing

新民主主义文学中所孕育的社会主义因素﹐保证了文学的社会主义发展方向﹐到中华人民共和国成立后﹐便形成了社会主义文学的洪流。

The socialism factor bred in new democratic literature assured the literature socialism developing direction and formed socialism literature current after the founded of New China.

Zhou Xiaolan

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Chinese modern literature is a new literature which is widely influenced by foreign literature under the condition of historical changes in Chinese society.

Tip;when we translate something, we must be faithful to the original

Zhu Wenhao

巴金曾说：“我们三兄弟跟觉新、觉民、觉慧一样，有三个不同的性格，因此也有三种不同的结局。 Ba Jin once said: "Our three brothers, like Jue Xin, Jue Min and Jue Hui, have three different personalities and therefore have three different endings.

Peng Lu

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

With historical changes happening inside in China , Chinese modern literature is developed to a new literature though widely accepting foreign achievements.

Chinese modern literature is a kind of new literature formed by the influence of foreign literature under the condition of historical changes in Chinese society.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:54, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Guo Xinyi

可以说，没有外国文学、文化的影响，中国现代文学的产生是无法想象的。

To say the least, the advent of Chinese modern literature is hard to imagine if without the impact of foreign literature and foreign culture.

Tips：“可以说”: to say the least

“产生”不一定都用production或者appearance，也可以用advent或emergence

Liu Qinyu

Lu Xun was born into a family of landlords and government officials in Shaoxing, Zhejiang; the family's financial resources declined over the course of his youth.

鲁迅出生于浙江绍兴的一个官僚地主之家。在他年少时，家道中落。

Liu Ying

虽然现代小说是全新的，但并不意味着它是孤立的，恰恰相反，它得益于对中国传统小说的继承和吸取。

Although contemporary literature is brand-new, it isn’t isolated; contrarily, it benefits from inheriting and absorbing the edges of traditional literature.

Du Peixi

In the field of poetry, Guo Moruo is the figure initiated the modern Chinese poetry with his outstanding example, The Goddess. 在诗歌领域，郭沫若是中国现代诗的首要人物，他杰出的代表作是《女神》。

---

郭沫若是中国现代诗的引领者，《女神》是其杰出的代表作。--PengYu Aiden (talk) 06:01, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Jiang Yun

这就是中国文学目前的问题，搞文学的在搞艺术，国家希望它服务于社会（中译英） People who belongs to literary are working on arts, but our country hopes it serve the society. This is the question lying in Chinese literature.

Li Shuo

《茶馆》结构上分三幕，以老北京一家叫裕泰的大茶馆的兴衰变迁为背景，展示了从清末到北洋军阀时期再到抗战胜利以后的近50年间，北京的社会风貌和各阶层的不同人物的生活变迁。

The structure of Teahouse is divided into three acts. With the rise and fall of a big tea house called Yutai in old Beijing as the background, it shows the social features of Beijing and the life changes of different figures in every class in about 50 years from the late Qing Dynasty to the period of the Northern warlords, then to the victory of the War of Resistance.

Peng Yu

Lu Xun, the harbinger and master of modern literature, composed the Madman's Diary, which was the first work set completely in exoteric language and which sharply revealed the essence of society.

鲁迅是现代文学的先驱和大师，《狂人日记》是第一部完全以通俗语言为背景，深刻揭示社会本质的作品。

C. Contemporary Literature

Text

Literature from the founding of New China in 1949 to the present day is referred to as contemporary literature. Guided by the literary policy of “letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend,” a great number of good works were produced from the early 1950’s to the mid 1960’s. Best examples are the novels Builders of a New Life by Liu Qing, Keep the Red Flag Flying by Liang Bin, Red Crag by Luo Guangbin and Yang Yiyan, The Song of Youth by Yang Mo, Tracks in the Snow Forest by Qu Bo, Great Changes in a Mountain Village by Zhou Libo, and Sanliwan Village by Zhao Shuli. The best plays include Teahouse by Lao She (1899-1966), Guan Hanqing by Tian Han (1898-1968) and Cai Wenji by Guo Moruo, the opera The Red Guards of Honghu, and the song and dance epic The East Is Red, and popular poems written by Ai Qing, Li Ji, Wen Jie, Guo Xiaochuan and He Jingzhi. All these works faithfully reflect the features of the age and people’s aspirations for a new life. They were of a great influence in inspiring people’s enthusiasm about and participation in the socialist construction.

During the 10-years Great Cultural Revolution, literature withered. But the great victory in smashing the Gang of Four in 1976 ushered in a new period. Various forms of literature began to flourish again. Take novels and short stories for example. From 1980 to 1986, more than 100 novels were published each year, while the number of short stories published each year since 1978 reached 10,000. Enormous progress was also made in reportage literature, poetry, essays, children’s literature, science fiction and minority literature. Meanwhile a large number of middle-aged and young writers emerged, such as Wang Meng, Jiang Zilong, Zhang Xianliang, Chen Rong, Zhang Jie, Gao Xiaosheng, Jia Pingwa and Wang Anyi.

Literature of the new period reflects various aspects of life of the changing society. “Wound Literature,” with “The Wound” by Lu Xinhua as its representative, exposes the persecution of people under the tyranny of the Gang of Four. Another type concentrates on the experience and Units gained during the 17 years after the founding of New China. “A Story out of Sequence” by Ru Zhijuan, “Lishunda Builds a House” by Gao Xiaosheng, “Lunar Eclipse” by Li Guowen, and A Tale of Mt. Tianyuan by Lu Yanzhou belong to this type. The new period literature is also featured by works about the reforms carried out in all fields. Among them are “Manager Qiao Assumes Office” by Jiang Zilong, Leaden Wings by Zhang Jie, and “30 Million Yuan” by Ke Yunlu. Well-known works on life and love include At our Middle Age by Chen Rong, “A Corner Forsaken by Love” by Zhang Xian, and Love Must Not Be Forgotten by Zhang Jie.

Multi-expressionism can be regarded as one of the characteristics of the works of this period. Many writers, especially older writers, still cling to realism. However, many middle-aged and young writers have been borrowing Western modernist techniques, such as stream-of-consciousness, symbolism and black humor. They have been trying to combine realism with modernism and even post-modernism to depict social life more profoundly from personal points of view.

Liu Xiaoting

"Remembering Past Times" is the management thought of the teahouse and "Reappearance of Traditional Folk Craft" is its style, so here has already been an ideal place in Beijing for foreigners to come as a guest and know about Chinese culture today.

“忆往昔”是茶馆的经营思想，“再现传统民间工艺”是茶馆的风格， 因此这里已经是来北京的外国人作为客人了解中国文化的理想场所。

Chen Qiuxu

巴金的长篇小说以描写家庭生活为主，家即社会，家庭是构成社会机体的细胞，家庭生活是社会生活的缩影。

Ba Gin's novels are mainly about family life. Family is the society, the cell of social organism, and the epitome of social life.

tips:这里不将“家庭生活”译为“family life”,可以理解为family,排比句式更加整齐。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 00:56, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

Hu Jingchen

现代文学为中国的近现代社会创造了民族共同的想象空间，对中国近现代民族精神的形成和凝聚，民族国家的形成具有不可替代的重要作用。

Modern literature has created a common imagination space for China's modern and contemporary society, and it plays an irreplaceable and important role on the formation and cohesion of China's modern and national spirit and the formation of a nation-state.

Li Leyi

杨子荣是曲波以现实战斗中的真人为原型而塑造出的人物形象，更是一位革命斗争经验丰富、智勇双全的侦察英雄。

Yang Zirong is a character created by Qu Bo with a real image in the real battle, and he is also a reconnaissance hero, who contains rich experience and wisdom and courage in the revolutionary struggle.

Li Qi

《红岩》反映的是全国解放前夕光明与黑暗之间展开的一场生死较量。

Red Rock reflects a battle of life and death between light and darkness in China on the eve of national liberation.

Luo Xiaodi

中国当代文学体制沿袭1949年以后的官方文学体制，培养出大量庸俗腐朽，阿谀逢迎体制内作家。

The Chinese contemporary literary system follows the official literary system after 1949, and has produced a large number of writers who are vulgar, corrupt and sycophantic.

The Chinese contemporary literary system follows the official literary system after 1949, and has cultivated a large number of writers within the system who are vulgar, corrupt and sycophantic.--Evelyn (talk) 04:37, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Haowen

贾平凹说，磁铁只对螺丝帽、铁钉起作用，不对石头、木块起作用，文学也同样。“我从来没有考虑过读者，越考虑，书越卖不动。”

Jia Pingwa says that, the magnet can only work with nails and screws. It can do nothing to the stone and the rock. It is just the same as literature. “ I have never ever thought of readers. The more I think, the less the book can be sold.”

Liu Li

中国平民作家直面现实，深层揭示社会矛盾，以文学的方式推动社会的发展与进步。

Chinese civilian writers face the reality directly, reveal the social contradictions deeply, and promote the development and progress of the society by means of literature.

Chinese civilian writers face reality, reveal social contradictions, and promote social development and progress by means of literature.--Miranda (talk) 12:55, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

“伤痕”文学最初是带有贬斥含义的称谓，这些作品的感伤的、悲剧性的情感基调以及揭露性的取材趋向，被一些批评家看做五六十年代“暴露文学”“写阴暗面”等在80年代的重演。

"Wound literature” is a derogatory term at first. Some critics in 1980s regard it as a replay of the 1950s “exposure literature” and “writing dark side” because its sentimental and tragic emotional tone and revealing materials.

Shi Shuwen

中国当代文学，首先指的是1949年以来的中国文学；其次指的是发生在特定的社会主义历史语境中的文学，它限定在“中国大陆”这一范围之中。

Firstly, Chinese contemporary literature refers to the Chinese literature since 1949; Secondly, it refers to the literature that takes place in the specific historical context of socialism, which is confined to the scope of "Chinese mainland".

Chinese contemporary literature is Chinese literature since 1949, and secondly, it refers to the literature that occurs in a specific historical context of socialism, which is limited to the "mainland China".--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:56, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Luo Feng

Guided by the literary policy of “letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend,” a great number of good works were produced from the early 1950’s to the mid 1960’s.

在“百花齐放，百家争鸣”方针的指导下，20世纪50年代初至60年代中期，中国涌现了一大批优秀文学作品。

Zhang Yuanling

当某个集体的成员觉得他经历了可怕的事情，在群体意识上留下了难以磨灭的痕迹，成为永久的记忆，根本且无可扭转地改变了未来的认同，文化创伤就发生了。

Cultural trauma takes place when one of the group believes himself has experienced something horrible. It will make a irremovable mark on the group identification, which turns into a permanent memory, and changes their recognition of the future radically and irreversibly.

Ma Qian

中国当代著名作家王蒙点评贾平凹时说：“事实上，他的农民模样掩盖了他的精明、智能。他是个聪明、善于不露痕迹搞幽默的作家。”

When giving comments on Jia Pin'ao, a famous contemporary Chinese writer Wang Meng said:" In fact, his shrewdness and intelligence are covered by his looking of a peasant. He is a smart writer who is good at making fun of people in no trace."

Li Xiangyun

当代文学大致可分为四个阶段：新时期文学、80年代文学、90年代文学、新时代文学。

There are mainly four stages of contemporary literature: new-era literature, 80’s literature, 90’s literature, new-age literature.

Xia Ke

人生就像一场舞会，教会你最初舞步的人却未必能陪你走到散。

Life is just like a dance party, the one who taught you how to dance may not keep dancing with you until the end of the party.

人间没有永恒的夜晚，世界没有永恒的冬天。

There is no eternal darkness in the life, there is no eternal winter in the world.

我不配做一盏灯，那么就让我做一块木柴吧。

I’m not good enough to be a lamp, then, let me be a match.

Liu Siyu

近代文学的政治性、战斗性，随着近代社会的发展，愈来愈加强和显著了。

With the development of society, modern literature’s political nature and militancy became more and more strong and remarkable.

---

With the development of society, the political nature and agressivement became more and more remarkable and strong.--PengYu Aiden (talk) 06:16, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

《呐喊》中的阿Q是辛亥革命时期的农民典型。他是赤贫的雇农，被地主压迫，他不正视现实，常以精神胜利法自我陶醉，而忘却了自己失败者的悲惨屈辱的处境。

In the Cry to Arms, Ah-Q is a typical peasant during the Revolution of 1911. As a destitute farmhand oppressed by landlords, he did not face the reality, but often indulged himself in spiritual triumph to forget his own miserable and humiliating situation. In the Cry to Arms, Ah-Q was a typical peasant in the Revolution of 1911. tips： 翻译时注意前后时态一致 --Shmily. (talk) 06:25, 13 June 2020 (UTC)Liu Siyu

Sun Rui

中国现代文学以一九一七年发难的文学革命为开端。自此，中国文学发展历史进入一个新的时期。

The beginning of Chinese Modern literature is the literature revolution in 1017. Since then, the development of Chinese literature has entered a new period.

The modern Chinese literature began with the literary revolution in 1917. Since then, the development of Chinese literature has entered a new period.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 12:51, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Yang Yuxin

尽管这一时期的文学在多样性发展上有所不足，并存在着粉饰现实的偏差，但具有中国民族特色及时代特色的主导性风格。

Although literature of this period is defective in diversity, and tries to gloss over realistic deviation, it possesses a dominant style with Chinese national characteristics and the characteristics of the times.

tip: 关联词中文中成对出现，英文则不可

Yang Qing

《山乡巨变》具有浓郁的南国的地方特色，湖南山村清秀俊美的乡风水色和当地特有的风情民俗，赋予小说一种特殊的文化蕴涵，并创造出令读者心驰神往的优美意境。

Great Changes in a Mountain Village has strong local characteristics of southern China. The clear and beautiful scenery and unique local folklore of the mountain village in Hunan give this novel a special cultural meaning and create an attractive artistic conception.

Yang Jiani

Jia Pingwa is a Chinese novelist and short story writer. He was born in Dihua Town, Danfeng County, Shaanxi, graduated from Northwest University School of Arts in 1975, began to publish works in 1972. His novels includes "Shang State", "White Night", and the autobiographical "I am a Farmer". His 1993 novel, Deserted City was banned for its explicit sexual content by the State Publishing Administration. The novel was released 17 years later. His most famous novel is Shaanxi Opera, which won the Mao Dun Literature Prize.

贾平凹是中国小说和短篇小说家。出生于陕西省丹凤县翟华镇，1975年毕业于西北大学艺术学院。他的小说包括《商州》，《白夜》和自传《我是农民》。他1993年的小说《荒城》由于露骨性内容被国家出版总局禁止出版。这部小说于17年之后得到解禁。他最著名的小说是《陕西戏曲》，使他获得了茅盾文学奖。

Yin Tanwen

伤痕文学是20世纪70年代末到80年代初在中国大陆文坛占据主导地位的一种文学现象。

Wound Literature is a dominant literary phenomenon in China from the late 1970s to the early 1980s.

Yu Jing

自二十世纪末期开始，具有独立思想的中国自由文学的出现，使得中国当代文学大踏步进入世界先进文化行列，成为引领世界文学的先锋。

Since the late 20th century, Chinese Liberalism Literature with independent idea has appeared, making Chinese modern literature entered the world’s advanced culture ranks and became the pioneer of leading world literature. Since the late 20th century, Chinese Liberalism Literature with independent idea has appeared, making Chinese modern literature entered the world’s advanced culture ranks and has become the pioneer of leading world literature.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 14:08, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

自二十世纪末期开始，具有独立思想的中国自由文学的出现，使得中国当代文学大踏步进入世界先进文化行列。

Since the end of the 20th century, the emergence of independent-mind Chinese liberal literature has made Chinese contemporary literature stride into the ranks of the world’s advanced literature.

Tips: we don’t need to translate the sentence exactly according to the original text, and inversion and reversion are useful method in translation.

Zhu Wenhao

中国杂技艺术以它无与伦比的精湛技艺，绚丽多层的传统节目，独特鲜明的民族风格，博得了国内外广大观众的赞赏和喜爱。人们从这项传承数千载，历万劫而不衰的形体表演艺术中，看到了中华民族勤劳、勇敢、智慧、乐观和不断追求超越自身与客观束缚的民族性格。

Chinese acrobatic art has won the appreciation and affection of the audience at home and abroad for its unparalleled superb skills, gorgeous multi-layered traditional programs, and unique and distinctive ethnic style. People have seen the Chinese people's diligence, bravery, wisdom, optimism, and constant pursuit of a national character that transcends their own and objective constraints from this form of performance art that has been passed on for thousands of years.

Peng Lu

自二十世纪末期开始，具有独立思想的中国自由文学的出现，使得中国当代文学大踏步进入世界先进文化行列，成为引领世界文学的先锋，并使中国当代文学达到历史的顶峰。

From late 20th century, the appearance of Chinese liberal literature featured individual ideas has made contemporary literature step into advanced culture of the world, the pioneer of world literature and reach the peak of history.

Guo Xinyi

“文化大革命”中政治生活的逆转，人为地遏止了正在发展着的上述文学趋势，粉饰与歪曲现实的文学逆流却获得恶性发展，造成了灾难性的后果。

Because of the reversion of the political life in the Great Cultural Revolution, the upward trend of literature was held back artificially while the countercurrent of literature that whitewashed and distorted the reality obtained vicious development, bringing about catastrophic consequences.

Tips: 翻译长句时先分析每个分句的关系，这个句子中有因果关系，因此可用because of连接。

Liu Qinyu

With the advent of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, Jia Yanchun was accused of being a counter-revolutionary and he spent the next ten years in a labor camp.

1966年文化大革命兴起后，贾彦春被打为反革命分子，并在一个劳动营中度过了十年。

Tip：有的地方中文语义上下文中包含了这层意思，就不需要直译出来了。

Liu Ying

原文：在市场的体制下，纯文学和通俗文学都无法离开出版运作和文化消费市场的选择

Under the current marketing system, pure literature and light literature are unable survive without choices from publication and consumers.

《尚书》The Book of History 政令 decree [C] an official order from a ruler or government that becomes the law 继承 inherit v. 通俗文学 light literature 反思：在翻译“体现”，“政治观念”或“什么理念”时，常常词语匮乏，不能想到更地道贴切的词语，如reflect, political ideas, political opinions, 这一方面要多积累。还有连接词也贫乏，句与句之间常常只会用简单的因果关系，转折与并列关系，接下来要多积累。

Under the current marketing system, pure literature and light literature are unable to survive without choices from publication and consumers. --Jessie (talk) 03:10, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Du Peixi

晚清以来，个人主义思想从西方传入中国，极大地影响了中国现代文学的创作。

Since Late Qing, the thoughts of individualism streamed into China from the West, they influenced the creation of Chinese modern literature deeply.

Revision: Since late Qing Dynasty, individualism, spread from the west to China, had greatly influenced the creation of Chinese modern literature.--Ma Qian (talk) 04:34, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Jiang Yun

《红岩》是一部为时代而生的小说，但是却缺乏对人性的思考，对生活的探索，树立价值观的色彩过浓。(中译英)

Red Crag a novel born for its era, of which the values are emphasized too much is lacking in the exploration if humanity and life.

Li Shuo

《彷徨》贯穿着对生活在封建势力重压下的农民及知识分子“哀其不幸，怒其不争”的关怀。

The concern of “mourn for their unfortunate, anger for their cowardice”to those farmers and intellectuals who was living under the weight of feudal forces runs through Wandering.

Peng Yu

Modern Chinese poems are also called “new poetry”. They usually do not follow any prescribed pattern.

现代中国诗歌也被称为“新诗”，通常不遵循任何规定的模式。

D.李白《长干行》and its Translations

Liu Xiaoting

大林寺桃花 Peach Blossoms in the Temple of Great Forest

白居易 Bai Juyi

人间四月芳菲尽，

All flowers in late spring have far and wide,

山寺桃花始盛开。

But peach blossoms are full-blown on this mountainside.

长恨春归无觅处，

I oft regret spring’s gone without leaving its trace,

不知转入此中来。

I do not know it’s come up to adorn this place.

Chen Qiuxu

唐诗是中华民族珍贵的文化遗产之一，是中华文化宝库中的一颗明珠，对于后人研究唐代的政治、风俗、文化等都有重要的参考意义。

Tang poetry is one of the precious cultural heritages of the Chinese nation and a pearl in the treasure house of Chinese culture. It has important reference significance for the later generations to study the politics, customs and culture of the Tang Dynasty.

Luo Xiaodi

十四为君妇，羞颜未尝开。

I'm so shy when I marry you at the age of fourteen.'

I'm so shy to smile when I marry you at the age of fourteen. --Jessie (talk) 03:27, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Haowen

“门前迟行迹”以下八句，通过节气变化和不同景物的描写，将一个思念远行丈夫的少妇形象，鲜明地跃然于纸上。

The eight lines, which are below the line “you wavered yourself before the gate”, depict a young married woman who misses her leaving husband dreadfully through the description of the changing solar terms and different objects.

Liu Li

李白善于从民间文艺和神话传说中吸取营养和素材，以此构成其诗特有的瑰玮绚烂的色彩。

Li Bai is good at absorbing nutrition and material from folk literature and mythology to form the unique magnificent and gorgeous color of his poems.

Li Bai is good at absorbing nutrients and materials from folk literature and myths and legends to form the magnificent colors of his poems.--Miranda (talk) 13:03, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

在两年光景中，河商之妻从女孩变成为女人，充分认知到当两个成年人把各自的童年留在背后，需要做什么才能在时间的侵凌中保全一个人类家园。

In two years, the merchant’s wife grew up into a woman, and gully understood what should be done to preserve a homeland in the invasion of time whn two adults left their childhood behind.

Shi Shuwen

长干，在今天的南京市，位于秦淮区中华门外秦淮河南，在唐代，这里曾是商人们聚集的繁华地区，李白亲眼目睹了这里的是市井人情，看到商人的孩童们在这里玩耍嬉戏，感慨地写下了《长干行》。

Changgan, today's Nanjing city, is located in the south of Qinhuai river. In the Tang dynasty, it was a prosperous area where merchants gathered.

Zhang Yuanling

李白的《长干行》，通过一系列富有生活情趣的细节和心理侧面，成功地展现了一个丈夫远行的商妇丰富的内心世界。

In The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter, Li Bai successfully showed the inner world of a merchant’s wife by a series of details and mental side descriptions which are rich in the delight of life.

Luo Feng

十四为君妇，羞颜未尝开。

I became your bride when I was fourteen. I was bashful still at that time.

Li Xiangyun

庞德翻译的《长干行》被誉为20世纪美国最美的译诗。

The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter, translated by Ezra Pound, is regarded as the most beautiful translated poetry in 20th century in America.

Ma Qian

商妇的爱情有热烈奔放的特点，同时又是那样地坚贞、持久、专一、深沉。

Love of the businessman's wife is passionate and enthusiastic, but faithful, everlasting, pure, and deep at the same time. Tips: Dividing the sentence into several parts, and rearrange the order if necessary.

The love of businessman’s wife is passionate and enthusiastic. At the same time, it is so faithful, persistent, pure and deep.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 02:02, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Yang Yuxin

这首诗对商妇的各个生活阶段，通过生动具体的生活侧面的描绘，在读者面前展开了一幅幅鲜明生动的画面。

This poem describes each lifeq stage of the merchant woman in a specific and vivid way, depicting vivid pictures to readers.

Yang Qing

诗人李白写过许多反映妇女生活的作品，《长干行二首》就是其中杰出的诗篇。 The poet Li Bai has written many poems reflecting women’s life, the two Ballad of a Merchant’s Wife are the outstanding poems.

Revision: Poet Li Bai has written many poems reflecting women's lives, and the two Ballads of a Merchant's Wife stand out among them.--Ma Qian (talk) 04:27, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Yang Jiani

妾发初覆额，折花门前剧；

While my hair was still cut straight across my forehead I played about the front gate, pulling flowers.

Yin Tanwen

《长干行》这首爱情叙事诗以商妇独白自述的手法，反映古代商人妻子的生活与情感。

The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter reflects the life and emotion of an ancient merchant's wife by the way of monologue as a love narrative poem.

Yu Jing

郎骑竹马来,绕床弄青梅

Lang rides a bamboo horse to come, make green plum around the bed

Jiang Yun

李白是最早介绍到西方，并产生巨大影响力的中国诗人。（中译英）

Li Bai, the first Chinese poet introuduced to the Western countries, has a great influence on them.

Tips

When translating historical events, due to cultural differences, the translation of specific historical periods needs special attention.

在翻译有关文学的句子时，对于有些文学术语，我们自己要有一定的了解，才能把它翻译成合适的英语。因此，积累真的很重要。

Long sentence---short sentence

Li Haowen

“杨大爷”的翻译让人苦恼。Mr. Yang感觉用在一个流氓身上不太对，去电子词典里搜出来的是Uncle Yang， 这看起来也不对。记得曾见过将人的姓氏直接接在他的职业后面的用法，于是在此处便采用这种用法。

“节气”的翻译本想自己用climate，后觉得意思上有所偏差，在词典中查询得到solar terms的用法，但也有cycle的说法。后因为cycle只找到两处是做节气的意思，因此还是选用solar terms。

Qin Ruijing

The differences between Chinese and English makes it really hard to translate Chinese short sentences into English. One of the most important things is to place the modifiers in a proper position.

Shi Shuwen

长干，在今天的南京市，位于秦淮区中华门外秦淮河南，在唐代，这里曾是商人们聚集的繁华地区，李白亲眼目睹了这里的是市井人情，看到商人的孩童们在这里玩耍嬉戏，感慨地写下了《长干行》。 Changgan, today's Nanjing city, is located in the south of Qinhuai river. In the Tang dynasty, it was a prosperous area where merchants gathered. Tips：I read the translation of the poems written by Li Bai and had some reflections. First, translate classical Chinese into modern Chinese, and then translate modern Chinese into English; Second, on the basis of 1, when translating into English, I should think carefully about the words and keep up with the rhythm of English poetry. Changgan, today's Nanjing city, is located in the south of Qinhuai river. In Tang dynasty, it was a prosperous area where merchants gathered.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 05:00, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhang Yuanling

“最后化作一缕云烟”: 此句在中文中，大家都明白云烟会消散，所以作者省略了“消散”这个动词。再翻做英文时，应该把动词补上; 道白其实就是戏剧里读的旁白。

Dividing the sentence into several parts, and rearrange the order if necessary.

Unit 9 Beijing Opera and Acrobatics

A. Beijing Opera

Questions

1. How important is Beijing Opera in Chinese theatre?

Beijing Opera is the most representative of all forms of traditional Chinese dramatic art. --LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:20, 27 April 2020 (UTC) Beijing Opera is symbol of the cultural identity for China. So that it is almost the most important one in Chinese theatre.

2. Why do we say that classical Chinese drama is a comprehensive performing art?

because it is an ingenious combination of elements from many sources: traditional Chinese music, poetry, singing, recitation, dancing, acrobatics and martial arts--Evelyn (talk) 09:20, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

3. What do you know about the differences between Chinese drama and Western drama?

Theatrical art forms in many countries do not present singing, dancing and spoken parts in one single drama. However, traditional Chinese drama, including Beijing Opera, is a kind of entertainment which includes spoken parts, singing, dancing and acrobatics.--Skyler (talk) 09:24, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

4. What is expected of a B. O. performer in appearance?

They must be good- looking or attractive when appearing in make-up, of pleasing physical proportions, with a pair of expressive eyes and a rich variety of facial expressions. --LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:21, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

5. How should a B. O. performer pose on the stage?

Every movement on the stage is gracefully and precisely made and every pose assumed at the end of a movement makes the performer resemble a piece of well-executed sculpture, thereby increasing the aesthetic value of the acting.--Yammi (talk) 09:37, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

6. Why are theatrical forms of other provinces difficult for us to understand?

Each type employs the dialect of a particular locality, with a particular musical style and repertory typical of that area.--Yammi (talk) 09:40, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

7. How did Beijing Opera come into being?

Beijing Opera was the product of the merging in Beijing of Anhui and Hubei opera styles in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. --Evelyn (talk) 09:20, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

8. Why isn’t acting in B. O. restricted in time and space?

Because symbolism is essential.

9. Give examples to show the symbolic meanings of activities in Beijing Opera?

Bodily movements signify opening a door, entering or leaving a room, going upstairs or down, climbing a mountain or wading across a stream. Circling the stage, with a whip in hand, suggests riding a horse; riding in a carriage is represented by an attendant holding flags that are painted with a wheel design on either side of the performers; walking in a circle indicates a long journey; 4 soldiers and 4 generals flanking both sides of the stage represent an army several thousand strong; two men somersaulting under a spotlight shows the audience how they are groping and fighting in the dark; and on a stage bare of scenery, a performer holding an oar paddle and doing knee bends to simulate a heavy swell, demonstrates travelling on a boat.

Zhang Yuanling

10. What are the most important elements of B. O.?

music and singing --Ma Qian (talk) 09:28, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

11. What is the main stringed instrument used in B. O.?

the fiddle known as the jinghu (Beijing fiddle) supported by an erhu (second fiddle)--Yammi (talk) 09:28, 27 April 2020 (UTC) the fiddle known as the jinghu (Beijing fiddle) supported by an erhu. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 14:11, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

12. Where are the main tunes of B. O. from?

The music of Beijing Opera combines the erhuang tune from Anhui Opera, the xipi tune from Hanju (Hubei Opera), and tunes and musical accompaniment of Kunqu (Kunshan Opera).--Zoey YangQing (talk) 09:31, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

13. What do you know about xipi tune and erhuang tune?

The xipi tune is usually used for expressing strong emotions while erhuang is a proper tune for deep and sorrowful feelings.--Skyler (talk) 09:28, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

14. What do you know about yunbai and jingbai?

in B.O.,spoken dialogues are done in two forms: yunbai, which sounds like the Hubei and Auhui dialects, and jingbai, which sounds like the Beijing dialect. The former is used by main and serious characters and the latter for minor and frivolous roles.--Liu Li (talk) 09:32, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

15. How are the main character roles in B. O. classified? What do they refer to respectively?

The character roles in Beijing Opera are divided into 4 main types according to the sex, age, social status and profession of the character. Sheng refers to male roles. It is subdivided into laosheng (middle-aged or old men), xiaosheng (young men) and wusheng (men with martial skills). Dan refers to female roles. Like sheng, dan is also subdivided into various types. Qingyi is a woman with a strict moral code; and laodan is an elderly woman. Jing refers to the roles with painted faces. They are usually warriors, heroes, statesmen or even demons. Jing can be further divided into wenjing (civilian type) and wujing (warrior type). Chou, or clown, is a comic character and can be recognized at first sight for his special make-up (a patch of white paint on his nose). Chou is subdivided into wenchou (civilian clown) and wuchou (clown with martial skills). --LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:26, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

16. Is facial painting applied to all character roles? What are red, gold and silver symbolic of in B. O.?

Yes,red for a cunning and deceitful character, gold and silver for gods and demons. --Yammi (talk) 09:34, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

17. Can painted facial patterns be used repeatedly? What can we do about them?

In Beijing Opera, facial painting, which is applied to Jing roles only, shows the character’s age, profession and personality by using different colors. Each color symbolizes a certain characteristic: red for a cunning and deceitful character, gold and silver for gods and demons. In Beijing Opera, over 1,000 painted facial patterns are used. Each pattern is designed for a specific historical figure and can never be used for another. What an actor can do to improve the pattern lies in his ability to make subtle and interesting changes within the fixed facial pattern. --Liu Xiaoting (talk) 02:03, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

18. Are the colors of B. O. costumes symbolic?

yellow for the imperial family, red for high nobility, red or blue for people of violent nature. --Evelyn (talk) 09:31, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

19. Do different roles wear different costumes?

Yes, they do. Because different robe colors indicate different social status---yellow for the imperial family, red for high nobility, red or blue for people of violent nature. There are appropriate costumes for each role. A scholar wears a blue gown; a general wears padded armour; an emperor wears a dragon robe.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 02:06, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

20. What else do you know about Beijing Opera?

Besides gorgeous clothes and headdresses, jeweled girdles for men and hair ornaments for women are also used in Beijing Opera.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 02:07, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

Beijing Opera is developed from absorbing many other dramatic dorms, mostly from the local drama 'Huiban' which was popular in South China during the 18th century. 京剧是在吸收许多其他戏剧形式的基础上发展起来的，主要是从18世纪在华南地区流行的地方戏剧“徽班”。

Chen Qiuxu

京剧的表演艺术更趋于虚实结合的表现手法，最大限度地超脱了舞台空间和时间的限制，以达到“以形传神，形神兼备”的艺术境界。

The performing arts of Peking opera tend to combine the virtual with the real, and break away from the limitation of the stage space and time to the maximum extent, so as to achieve the artistic realm of "conveying the spirit with the form and having both the form and the spirit".--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 00:59, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

Hu Jingchen

中国戏剧蕴含着一种理性和国际性戏剧的种子，它那精确的方式方法可以适用于唤醒并引导磨炼过的群众争取一个美好的世界。 Chinese drama contains a kind of rational and international seed, which can precisely be used to wake those struggling people and guide them to strive for a beautiful world. --Jessie (talk) 06:52, 4 May 2020 (UTC) Chinese drama is rational and international, which can precisely be used to wake those struggling people and guide them to strive for a beautiful world. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 15:10, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

由于京剧在形成之初，便进入了宫廷，使它的发育成长不同于地方剧种。 Because Beijing Opera entered the court at the beginning of its formation, its development and growth was different from other local operas.

Li Qi

京剧走遍世界各地，成为介绍、传播中国传统艺术文化的重要媒介。 Beijing Opera travels all over the world and becomes an important medium to introduce and spread Chinese traditional art and culture.--Liki (talk) 02:07, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Peking Opera has become an important medium for introducing and disseminating Chinese traditional art and culture all over the world.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 04:30, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Luo Xiaodi

京剧在文学、表演、音乐、舞台美术等各个方面都有一套规范化的艺术表现程式。 Beijing opera has a set of standardized artistic expression formula in literature, performance, music, stage art and so on.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 09:40, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Haowen

京剧的表演艺术更趋于虚实结合的表现手法，最大限度地超脱了舞台空间和时间的限制，以达到“以形传神，形神兼备”的艺术境界。 The expressing method adapted by the performing art of Beijing Opera is much more close to the integration of ideological and practical. It utmostly gets rid of the restrictions of the limits of the space and time on the stage, and thus achieves the art realm that the spirits are expressed by the body,and both of them are all obtained.

Liu Li

四大徽班进京献艺，揭开了中国京剧200多年波澜壮阔的历史序幕。

The arrival and performance of the four Hui Classes' in Beijing opened the magnificent history of Chinese Beijing Opera, which lasts more than 200 years. --Liu Li (talk) 06:35, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text: 京剧是综合性表演，即唱、念、做、打、舞为一体、通过程式的表演手段叙演故事，刻画人物，表达“喜、怒、哀、乐、惊、恐、悲”思想感情。 Translation: Beijing Opera is a comprehensive performance. It combines singing, speaking, performing, acrobatic fighting and dancing. It uses the stylized acting to portray and narrate the plot and characters and express characters’ feelings like joy, anger, sorrow shock, and fear.

Shi Shuwen

京剧流播全国，影响甚广，有“国剧”之称。以梅兰芳命名的京剧表演体系被视为东方戏剧表演体系的代表，为世界三大表演体系之一。

Peking Opera has been distributed throughout the country and has a wide influence. It is called "national opera". The Peking Opera performance system is named after Mei Lanfang and is regarded as the representative of the Oriental drama performance system and one of the three major performance systems in the world.

Zhang Yuanling

京剧的服装，是以明代日常生活的服装为基础，参照了宋、元两代服装的样式， 同时吸收了清代服装的某些特点， 经过历代艺术家概括 、提炼 、美化形成的 。 The costumes in Beijing Opera, based on the daily clothes in Ming Dynasty, considering the styles of clothes in Song and Yuan Dynasty, absorbing some characteristics of costumes in Qing Dynasty, is generalized, refined and modified by artists form generation to generation.

Luo Feng

Created and developed by talented artists several centuries ago, classical Chinese drama proves a comprehensive performing art with a unique form of its own---comprehensive because it is an ingenious combination of elements from many sources: traditional Chinese music, poetry, singing, recitation, dancing, acrobatics and martial arts, all blended into one great theatrical art without a trace of affectation. 中国传统戏曲起源于几个世纪前，由才华横溢的艺术家创造并发展，以其独特的艺术形式呈现了全面综合的表演——其全面性在于对中国传统音乐、诗歌、唱腔、朗诵、舞蹈、杂技和武术多种艺术形式的巧妙结合，使得京剧艺术浑然天成。

Ma Qian

“四大名旦”脱颖而出，是京剧走向鼎盛的重要标志。

The outstanding emergence of "Four famous male characters of Beijing Opera" is an important symbol of Beijing Opera in its peak time.--Root (talk) 09:43, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Li Xiangyun

京剧被视为中国国粹，位列中国戏曲三鼎甲“榜首”。 Beijing Opera is regarded as Chinese Quintessence, ranking on the top of the three crowns of Chinese opera.

Ai Xin

蟒袍常有黄、红、青、白、黑五色，黄色为皇帝（或地位最高的神仙）专有，其他人物不得用，状元 ,穿红蟒，廉正的官员穿青蟒或白蟒，包拯统一穿黑蟒。 Embroidered robe often has five colors: yellow, red, green, white and black. Yellow is only for the emperor (or the highest status of the gods) and is not allowed to be used by other characters. Zhuangyuan (the first place in the imperial examination) wears red; honest officials wear green or white, Bao Zheng are uniform to wear black.

Liu Siyu

由于各类文化艺术形式的日益丰富，京剧观众不断分流、流失。京剧的观众群正在迅速萎缩。 Because many cultural and artistic forms become more and more diversified, the audience of Beijing Opera keep being diverted and lost. Thus, the number of audiences of Beijing opera is shrinking rapidly.

Due to the increasing variety of cultural and artistic forms, Peking Opera audiences are constantly being diverted and lost. Beijing Opera's audience is shrinking fast.--Miranda (talk) 13:14, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Yang Yuxin

京剧的表演艺术更趋于虚实结合的表现手法，最大限度地超脱了舞台空间和时间的限制。 The performance arts of Beijing Opera is close to expression that combines reality and virtualitys, greatly getting rid of limit of time and space.--Evelyn (talk) 07:53, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

The performance art of Beijing Opera tends to be a combination of the real and the imaginary, which breaks through the limitation of stage space and time to the greatest extent.--Miranda (talk) 13:54, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Yang Qing

由于京剧在形成之初，便进入了宫廷，这使它的发育成长不同于地方剧种。要求它所要表现的生活领域更宽，所要塑造的人物类型更多，对它的技艺的全面性、完整性也要求得更严，对它创造舞台形象的美学要求也更高。 Since Beijing Opera entered the palace at the very beginning of its formation, its development was different from local operas. It is required to show a wider range of life areas, to create more types of characters, to have a more comprehensive and integrated skill and to create a more beautiful stage image.--Zoey YangQing (talk) 13:10, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Yang Jiani

Peking opera features four main types of performers. Performing troupes often have several of each variety, as well as numerous secondary and tertiary performers. With their elaborate and colorful costumes, performers are the only focal points on Peking opera's characteristically sparse stage. 京剧的表演者主要分为四个类型。有很多种类的主要表演团体，还包括许多二级和三级的表演者。穿着精美服装的表演者是京剧舞台上的唯一焦点。 第二句：There are many kinds of major performing groups, including many secondary and tertiary performers. --Shi Shuwen (talk) 12:40, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Yin Tanwen

京剧伴奏乐器分打击乐器与管弦乐器。打击乐器被称为“武场”，管弦乐器则为“文场”。 The accompaniment instruments of Beijing Opera are divided into percussion and stringed instruments. Percussion instruments are known as "Wu Chang", while stringed instruments are known as "Wen Chang".

Yu Jing

1883年-1918年，京剧由形成期步入成熟期，代表人物为时称“老生后三杰”的谭鑫培、汪桂芬、孙菊仙。 During 1883 to 1918, Beijing Opera has developed from formative period to mature period. The representative figures are Tan Xinpei, Wang Guifen and Sun Juxian, and they are called “old after-born three”.--Yammi (talk) 10:05, 27 April 2020 (UTC) From 1883 to 1918, Beijing Opera had developed from formative to mature. The representative figures were Tan Xinpei, Wang Guifen and Sun Juxian, and they were called “old after-born three”. Tips： 翻译时要注意时态。--Shmily. (talk) 07:11, 13 June 2020 (UTC)Liu Siyu

Zhou Xiaolan

京剧是中国影响最大的戏曲剧种，分布地以北京为中心，遍及全国各地 Beijing Opera is the most influential opera in China, distributed in Beijing as the center and throughout the country.

Revision: Beijing Opera, the most influential opera in China, distributes around China but centre in Beijing.--Ma Qian (talk) 04:02, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhu Wenhao

甩发功，多为男性角色甩动头顶扎束的一绺长发，表现惊慌失措、悲愤交加、疼痛欲绝以及仓皇逃命、垂死挣扎等激烈异常的情绪和情境的一种表演特技。 Hair swing is a acting skills in Beijing opera. Usually, the male character whips a stunt of long hair from the top of his head to express abnormal emotions, such as panic, a mix of grief and anger, extreme pain, and to show fierce situation like rushing to escape and struggling desperately

Peng Lu

京剧更趋于虚实结合的表现手法，最大限度地超脱了空间和时间的限制，以达到"以形传神，形神兼备"的艺术境界。 Beijing Opera tends to bond imagination with reality, which, to the greatest extent, breaks the limitation of space and time, so as to meet the artistic state of "conveying spirits with forms and combining forms with spirits".

Guo Xinyi

1917年以来，京剧优秀演员大量涌现，呈现出流派纷呈的繁盛局面，由成熟期发展到鼎盛期，这一时期的代表人物为，梅兰芳、余叔岩。 Since 1917, scores of outstanding performers in Beijing Opera have emerged, presenting a prosperous situation with various genres. Beijing Opera was greeted with a shift away from mature period towards its peak, during which time Mei Lanfang and Yu Shuyan were representative performers in Beijing Opera. --Skyler (talk) 13:21, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

京剧的流派主要指演员的表演风格和艺术特点，乃透过师徒相传来传承和发展。 The school of Beijing Opera is mainly about performance styles and artistic characteristics, which are developing by master to apprentice inheritance.

The school of Beijing Opera is mainly about performance styles and artistic characteristics, which are developed through master to apprentice inheritance. --Evelyn (talk) 04:58, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Liu Ying

京剧形成以来,涌现出大量的优秀演员,他们对京剧的唱腔、表演,以及剧目和人物造型等方面的革新、发展做出了贡献形成了许多影响很大的流派。 Since the formation of Peking Opera, a large number of outstanding actors have emerged. They have contributed to the innovation and development of Peking Opera's singing, performance, repertoire and character modeling, and have formed many schools with great influence.

Du Peixi

借东风源自于四大名著当中的《三国演义》，又叫草船借箭. Taking advantage of the east wind is derived from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms which is one of the four classic. It's also called "Borrowing Your Enemy's Arrows".

"Taking advantage of the east wind", also called "Borrowing Your Enemy's Arrows", is derived from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, one of the four classics.--Jessie (talk) 03:38, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Jiang Yun

相比评书，京剧经得起反复听，市场前景很广阔。 （中译英） Compared with storytelling, Beijing Opera which has a promising prospect stands up to be appreciated repeatedly

Li Shuo

京剧中把女性统称为“旦”，其中按照人物的年龄、性格又可细分为许多行当，饰演大家闺秀和有身份的妇女称为“正旦”，正旦在京剧中俗称“青衣”。 In Beijing Opera, women are called "Dan ", which can be subdivided into many types according to the age and character of the role. The women who plays as ladies are called "Zhengdan ", which is commonly known as" Qing Yi "in Beijing Opera.

Peng Yu

京剧有四种主要的角色类型:生(绅士)、旦(女子)、净(粗人)和丑(小丑)。 Peking opera features four main role types, sheng (gentlemen), dan (women), jing (rough men), and chou (clowns).

Text

Questions

1. What do you know about Mei’s early life?

Mei was born in Beijing into a family of Beijing Opera performers. He started to learn the art of opera when he was a little boy. He made his debut at the age of 11 and became well-known before he reached the age of 20. --Skyler (talk) 09:49, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

2. How many roles did Mei play in his career? What roles did he prefer to play?

In his career of 50 years, he played more than 100 roles, which include the emperor’s concubines, daughters of noble families, women generals and goddesses. In the performances, he demonstrated skillfully the different characters and personalities of these women. --Liu Li (talk) 09:54, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

3. What dances did Mei design to help express the character of the role he played? What other dances did he design?

In the opera, "Conqueror Xiangyu Parts with his Concubine", he uses a sort of sword dance. For the opera "The Fairy Scattering Flowers", he designed a silk-ribbon dance based on ancient Buddhist grotto frescoes. In addition, he created a plate dance, a horsetail whisk dance, a feather dance and a floral sickle dance. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 09:54, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

4. What plays are included in the repertory of the Mei School?

The repertory of the Mei School includes "Conqueror Xiangyu Parts with his Concubine", "The Drunken Beauty", "A Startling Dream of Wandering through the Garden", "Beauty Defies Tyranny", "Mu Guiying Takes Command", "The Fisherman’s Revenge" and "Phoenix Returns to its Nest". --Zoey YangQing (talk) 09:49, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

5. What did Mei contribute to the musical accompaniment?

Mei was the first to introduce erhu, a two-stringed musical instrument, into the Beijing Opera orchestra. Under Mei’s direction, Western musical instruments were also used to accompany Beijing Opera. --LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:51, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

6. Was Mei the first artist to introduce B. O. abroad? What do you know about his tours of Japan, America and the Soviet Union?

Yes, Mei was the first person to introduce Beijing Opera to foreign countries. With his troupe, Mei visited Japan three times. During his first visit in 1919, he was praised as an “outstanding performer of the Oriental art.” In 1929, Mei and his troupe toured the United States. In spite of the Great Depression, all the tickets for the 2-week premiere were sold out in only 3 days. Mei’s performances were a great success. Justin Brooks Atkinson, a drama critic, said in the New York Times: “You may feel yourself vaguely in contact, not with the sensation of the moment, but with the strange ripeness of centuries.” During his stay in the U.S., he met with the famous motion-picture actor Charles Chaplin and the American singer Paul Robeson. Six Years later, Mei introduced Beijing Opera to the Soviet Union. There he had the chance to meet the theatre super star Konstantin Stanislavski as well as other artists. They all felt that they could learn from the superb acting forms of Beijing Opera.--Liu Li (talk) 10:00, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

When Beijing fell to Japanese invaders, Mei grew a moustache (actors playing female roles cannot have moustaches) to show that he would never act under the rule of the puppet government.

当北京落入日本侵略者手中时，梅兰芳留了胡子（扮演女性角色的演员不能留胡子），以表明他永远不会在傀儡政府的统治下有所活动。

Chen Qiuxu

二十世纪二三十年代，梅巧玲之孙梅兰芳继承并发展了梅派艺术，当时的男旦艺术在京剧史上出现了“梅尚程荀”四大名旦，让整个京剧发展步入了巅峰时期。

In the 1920s and 1930s, Mei Lanfang, the grandson of Mei Qiaoling, inherited and developed the art of Mei school. At that time, there were four famous men in the history of Peking Opera, namely, "Mei Shang Cheng Xun", which made the development of Peking Opera step into the peak period.

tips：中文使用逗号，英文常用连接词把句子连起来。

Hu Jingchen

梅兰芳的画清丽秀雅、神形兼备，有深厚的艺术修养。 Mei Lanfang has deep artistic cultivation. His paintings are delicate and elegant, full of both the spirit and the form. --Jessie (talk) 06:56, 4 May 2020 (UTC) Mei Lanfang has deep artistic cultivation. Full of spirit and form,his paintings are delicate and elegant. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 14:17, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

梅兰芳的唱腔醇厚流丽，感情丰富含蓄。 Mei Lanfang's singing is mellow and beautiful, with rich and implicit feelings.--Chloe (talk) 12:37, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Mei Lanfang's singing tune is mellow and flowing, with rich and reserved feelings.--Miranda (talk) 23:37, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Qi

1927年，北京《顺天时报》举办京剧旦角名伶评选。梅兰芳成为“四大名旦”之一。 In 1927, Beijing Shuntian Times held the Beijing Opera famous danjue actor selection. Mei Lanfang became one of the four famous actors of dan.--Liki (talk) 02:25, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Luo Xiaodi

梅兰芳8岁学戏，9岁拜吴菱仙为师学青衣，10岁登台。 Mei Lanfang studied drama at the age of Eight , became a student of Wu Lingxian at the age of nine, took the stage at the age of ten.

Revision: Mei Lanfang started his drama life at the age of eight, followed Wu Linxian to play the role of Tsing Yi in his next yera, and at his age of ten, he debuted.--Ma Qian (talk) 03:53, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Haowen

梅兰芳将艺术和生活，和兴趣走到了一起，让中国传统书画走进戏剧，扩展了艺术领域，同时将原有的艺术壁垒打破，开创出新的出路，并将这种新式事物传到了国外。 Mei mingled art, life and interest together and led traditional Chinese art into the opera. It broadened the boundaries of art, broke the obstacles, and innovated a new road for the opera. Mei also took this renewed form of art in to the world.

Liu Li

梅兰芳的唱腔基本上是从传统唱法中来，但又无一腔照搬传统，而是以自己的润腔方式和行腔规律，将其化为具有从容含蓄的梅派韵味的唱腔。 Mei Lanfang's singing style is basically from the traditional singing method, but there is no copy of the tradition; instead, by using his own run-cavity way and the way of proceeding melody, he internalizes it into the easy and implicit Mei school vocal music. --Liu Li (talk) 06:42, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text：梅兰芳将自己的艺术创造历程归结为“简、繁、简”，初由朴素空乏充实至丰富多彩，再逐渐冲淡其中繁复累赘者，使整体归于精炼自然。 Translation: Mei Lanfang sums up his art creation process as “simple, complex and simple”. At first, he enriches his art from simple to colorful, and then gradually diluted the complicated and cumbersome parts to make his art refined and natural.

Shi Shuwen

梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。 More than 50 years of stage life, Mei Lanfang developed and improved the singing and performing arts of the Peking Opera, forming a unique style known as the "Mei style".

Zhang Yuanling

梅兰芳以动作的变化来表现杨贵妃从内心苦闷、强自作态到不能自制、沉醉失态的心理变化过程。 Through varying the actions, Mei demonstrated Yang Yuhuan’s mentality changing from upset but striking a proud pose to dead drunk and losing control.

Through variation of actions, Mei reflected Yang Yuhuan’s mentality changing from upset but striking a proud pose to dead drunk and losing control.--Evelyn (talk) 05:06, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Luo Feng

Although Mei has passed away, his art is well-remembered, and his impact on Beijing Opera remains. 虽然梅兰芳先生已逝，但其艺术将被世人铭记，其对京剧影响也将永存。 Although Mei has passed away, his art will be remembered by the world and his influence on Peking opera will last forever.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 12:43, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Ma Qian

《顺天时报》还将梅兰芳选为"伶界大王"，又捧为"四大名旦"之首，才定下梅派的百年江山。 Shuntianshibao also selected Mei Lanfang as "the king of opera performers" and recommended him as the leader of "Four famous male characters of Beijing Opera", which created the long history of Mei School.

Shuntianshibao also selected Mei Lanfang as "the king of opera performers" and recommended him as the leader of "Four famous male characters of Beijing Opera", from then the history of Mei School began--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 05:01, 15 June 2020 (UTC).

Li Xiangyun

梅兰芳善于运用歌唱、念白、表情、身段、舞蹈等技艺，把人物的心理状态刻画入微。 Mei Lanfang was good at using such techniques as singing, chanting, expression, figure, dancing to depict the phycological states of the characters.

Ai Xin

梅兰芳小时候去拜师学艺，师傅说他的眼睛没有神儿，不是唱戏的料。梅兰芳学艺的决心没有动摇。为了练眼神，他常常紧盯空中飞翔的鸽子，或者注视水中游动的鱼儿。日子一长，他的眼睛渐渐灵活起来。 Mei Lanfang, as a child, desired to learn art skills from a master but was told that he was not a good singer for his dull eyes. However, his determination to learn art did not waver. To practice his eyes, he often stared at pigeons flying in the air or fish swimming in the water. As the days passed by, his eyes grew more flexible. Tips: 翻译时，要注意中文中一些地道表达的转化

Liu Siyu

梅兰芳在京剧表演中选择了新旧相融合，在传承中去其不美与低俗，留其精华与清雅来积极学习与吸纳。 Mei Lanfang put combination of the new and the old into his opera performance. He offered to learn and absorb though wiping off its unattractiveness and vulgar but remaining its essence and elegance when he inherited it.

Yang Yuxin

梅兰芳将艺术和生活，和兴趣走到了一起，让中国传统书画走进戏剧，扩展了艺术领域。

Mei Lanfang combined art, life and interests. He added Chinese traditional painting into the drama, expanding the field of art.--Root (talk) 09:50, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Yang Qing

梅兰芳是“真正的演员，美的创造者”。 Mei lanfang is "a real actor, a creator of beauty".--Zoey YangQing (talk) 13:13, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Yang Jiani

In 1924, Mei went to Japan after hearing about a large earthquake that had caused destruction. During his stay, he not only performed, but he also donated to help the cause. 1924年梅兰芳得知大地震对日本造成了沉重的破坏, 于是前往日本。在日期间, 他在表演之余，积极捐款帮助日本进行灾后重振。

Yin Tanwen

梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。 In his more than 50 years of stage life, Mei Lanfang developed and improved the singing and performing arts of Dan in Peking Opera, forming a unique style of art school, which is known as the "Mei School".

Yu Jing

梅兰芳所创新的京剧梅派艺术，不仅是中国京剧与整个中国戏曲艺术的高峰，而且还位列世界三大表演体系之一。 MeiPai art which Mei Lanfang innovated is not only the peak of Bei Jing opera and all Chinese opera arts, but also listed in one of three major performance systems in the world.--Yammi (talk) 10:03, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

梅兰芳的一生，体现了不断革新、精益求精的敬业精神。 Mei lanfang's life embodies the spirit of continuous innovation and pursuit of perfection .

Zhu Wenhao

梅兰芳的哑剧表演和服装展示的演出真是精美优雅，可爱绝伦，美妙得就像中国古老的花瓶或是刺绣的帷幔。这是一次接触，与一种在数世纪中不可思议地圆熟起来的文化的接触。

Mei Lanfang's pantomime performances and costume show performances are exquisitely elegant, and lovely. They are as beautiful as ancient Chinese vases or embroidered curtains. This once was a contact with a kind of culture, which formed and developed incredibly in centuries.

Peng Lu

梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。 In his more than 50 years of stage life, Mei Lanfang developed the singing and performing arts of Danjue in Beijing Opera, forming a unique style of art, known as the "Mei".

Guo Xinyi

梅兰芳将诸多艺术领域的创作思想融于京剧艺术舞台表演之中，使京剧旦行的唱腔、表演艺术臻于完美的境界，成为旦行中影响深远的流派。

Mei Lanfang infused into Beijing Opera stage performances the creative ideas of many other forms of art, making the tunes and performing art of Dan in Beijing Opera verge on perfection and thus making it one of the influential genres in Dan.--Skyler (talk) 13:43, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

梅兰芳是中国京剧史上鼎盛期和清末以及中华民国成立后文化繁荣时期，承上启下最具代表性的人物。 Mei Lanfang is the most representative figure, who as a connecting link in the heyday of Chinese Beijing Opera and in a period of cultural prosperity in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

Liu Ying

他艺术成就的取得,固然与他的艺术天才,与他的家传、师教等分不开,同时也与他本人学艺的虚心求教、刻苦钻研精益求精有着密切的关系。 The achievement of his artistic achievements, of course, is inseparable from his artistic genius, his family history, teacher education, etc. At the same time, he also has a close relationship with his humility in learning art and studying hard.

Du Peixi

京剧行当中梅兰芳最擅演的是“旦”.京剧中把女性统称为“旦”，其中按照人物的年龄、性格又可细分为许多行当。 Meilanfang is good at playing the role of women in Beijing operas, called “Dan”. According to the age and personality of the character, there are many different kinds of Dans.

Jiang Yun

梅兰芳通过养鸽子极目眺远，练出了一双又黑又亮的眼睛，如一汪清澈的秋水，顾盼生辉。（中译英） Mei Lanfang owned a pair of bright dark eyes looking like a beautiful clear pond, which was practiced by breeding legions and staring at those quickly moving creature.

Li Shuo

以梅兰芳命名的京剧表演体系被视为东方戏剧表演体系的代表，为世界三大表演体系之一。 The Beijing Opera performance system named after Mei Lanfang is regarded as the representative of the oriental drama performance system and is one of the three major performance systems in the world.

Peng Yu

梅兰芳毫无疑问是海内外享有最高声誉的京剧演员。 Mei Lanfang (1894–1961) is without doubt the most famous Peking opera actor, both in China and abroad. --PengYu Aiden (talk) 05:19, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Mei Lanfang (1894–1961) is without doubt the most famous Peking opera actor both at home and abroad. --Jessie (talk) 03:58, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

C. Acrobatics

Liu Xiaoting

Chinese acrobats emphasize controlled strength and harmonious coordination with other acrobats to achieve fluid and agile movement that exudes power under control. 中国杂技演员强调控制力量和与其他杂技演员的协调，以实现在控制下散发流畅的力量和敏捷的运动。

Chen Qiuxu

中国杂技的各种技巧大都从生产生活中发展演化而来，有些节目就是劳动技能和民间游戏结合的产物。道具也多为普通的生活用具和劳动工具，碗、盘、绳、桌、椅等。

All kinds of acrobatic skills in China have evolved from production and life. Some programs are the combination of labor skills and folk games. Most of the props are ordinary living utensils and labor tools, such as bowls, plates, ropes, tables, chairs and so on.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 01:25, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

Hu Jingchen

就历史悠久、群众基础雄厚和在海内外的影响而言，最著名杂技之乡的要数沧州吴桥了。 In the term of long history, great popularity and influence at home and abroad, the most famous hometown of acrobatics must be Wuqiao in Cangzhou. （Tips：翻译时不要忽略原文中的任何信息，像这里的“要数”就不能替代为简单的“是”。）--Jessie (talk) 06:59, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

唐代杂技，宫廷与民间共同发展，民间既有街头小艺，亦有戏场献艺，观者达数千人。 In Tang Dynasty, acrobatics in court and folk developed together, and there are also types of street and theater, the number of audiences even reaches thousands.--Chloe (talk) 12:39, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

In Tang Dynasty, acrobatics in court and folk developed together. There were types of street as well as of theater, and the number of audiences even reached thousands.--Evelyn (talk) 05:13, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Qi

"杂技"一词，是1950年中国杂技团成立时，由周恩来总理定名的。 The term "acrobatics" was decided by Premier Zhou Enlai when the Chinese acrobatic troupe was established in 1950. "Acrobatics" was named by Premier Zhou Enlai when the Chinese acrobatic troupe was established in 1950.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 12:46, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Luo Xiaodi

杂技艺术从简单的技巧表演发展到有乐队、舞蹈、灯光等配合的综合艺术表演。 Acrobatic Art has developed from a simple skill performance to a comprehensive art performance with a band, dancing, lighting and so on.

Acrobatics developed from simple technical performances to comprehensive artistic performances with bands, dances and lights.--Miranda (talk) 23:40, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Acrobatic Art has developed from a simple skill performance to a comprehensive art performance coordinated with a band, dancing, lighting. --Jessie (talk) 04:13, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Haowen

中国杂技有着严密的师承传统，又与姐妹艺术关系密切。中国杂技的每一种技艺都是代代相传，但同时它又从戏曲、舞蹈、武术中吸收了大量的营养。 Chinese acrobatics has a strict tradition of inheritance. It also has a close connection with related art form. Every trick in Chinese acrobatics is passed generation by generation. Further more, it is nourished and complicated by the opera, dance and Wushu.

Liu Li

由于杂技艺术来源于缤纷多姿的现实生活，“杂”是它的主要特征，故而“杂技”之名就此被确定下来。

Since acrobatics originate from the colorful real life, which mainly features variety, this is how the name "acrobatics" (miscellaneous techniques) has been determined.

Since acrobatics originate from the colorful real life and mainly feature as variety, so the name "acrobatics" (miscellaneous techniques) has been determined.

Qin Ruijing

Text: 中国的杂技艺术甚至对外国科学家的发明产生过启迪心智的作用。根据李约瑟教授的记叙，法国科学家孟高尔费在发明降落伞前，就是有朋友介绍了东亚杂技演员运用雨伞作“走索”表演的防护道具而受到启示的。 Translation: Chinese acrobatics has even inspired foreign scientists when inventing. According to professor Needham, French scientist Montgolfier was inspired by his friend who had introduced to him that East Asian acrobats use umbrellas as protection when performing rope walking before he invented parachute.

Shi Shuwen

宋代以后，杂技的社会地位江河日下;元朝建立后，杂技沦落为走江湖、耍把戏的江湖艺术。 After the Song dynasty, the social status of acrobatics declined. After the establishment of the Yuan dynasty, acrobatics was reduced to the art of wandering around and playing tricks. Tip：成语翻译需要根据上下文灵活处理。在译文中保全原文风格。

Zhang Yuanling

著名杂技“胸口碎大石”所用石头的质量很大，所以其惯性也很大，因此，当锤子很快的砸下去，石块的加速度很小，从而对人不会产生巨大的压力。 The stone that used in the famous acrobatics “ Chest broken stone” has big mass, and its inertia force is also big. Then, when the hammer hit the stone in a fast speed, the accelerated velocity is small, so that it will not throw huge pressure on people.

Luo Feng

As acrobatics became a folk art, it absorbed rich nourishment from the lives of ordinary people. This not only promoted its development but also enriched and enlivened its repertory. 杂耍来源于寻常百姓生活，逐渐发展为民间艺术。寻常百姓生活不但促进了杂耍的发展，而且使得其剧目更为丰富生动。

Ma Qian

杂技艺术在中国已经有2000多年的历史，杂技在汉代称为“百戏”，隋唐时叫“散乐”，唐宋以后为了区别于其他歌舞、杂剧，才称为杂技。 The art of acrobatics has a history of more than 2000 years in China, acrobatics was named "Hundred Dramas" in Han Dynasty, and "Scattered Music" in Sui and Tang Dynasties, but since Tang and Song Dynasties, in order to distinguish it from other song and dance shows and zaju, it was called acrobatics finally.

Li Xiangyun

杂剧最早见于唐代，意为“百戏”，泛指歌舞以外诸如杂技等各色节目。 Acrobatics first showed up in Tang Dynasty, which meant “hundred dramas”, referring to all kinds of programs besides singing and dancing.

Acrobatics first showed up in Tang Dynasty, which means "all kinds of dramas", referring to various acrobatic programs except singing and dancing.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 05:23, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai Xin

明清时期，经过杂技艺人的长期努力，尤其是大量民间艺人来自社会底层，吸取了大量民间题材，在此基础上又不断融以外来技巧的成分，使中国杂技艺术的体系初步形成。 During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the system of Chinese acrobatics was initially formed through the long-term efforts of acrobats, especially a large number of folk artists coming from the bottom of society and absorbing plenty of folk subjects, and through the continuous integration of foreign skills.

Liu Siyu

中国杂技艺术以它无与伦比的精湛技艺，绚丽多层的传统节目，独特鲜明的民族风格，博得了国内外广大观众的赞赏和喜爱。 Chinese acrobatics received the appreciation and love from people all over the world with its incomparable virtuosity, gorgeous traditional programs, and distinctive national styles.

Yang Yuxin

中国的杂技演员从第一次出国演出，就成为中国文化的使者、和平友谊的使者。 Since Chinese acrobats performed the first time, they have become the envoy of Chinese culture, peace and friendship.

tip. 中文往往以人做主语，放在开头，而不是英文连词一般在开头。

Yang Qing

原始人在狩猎中形成的劳动技能，创造的武技与超常体能，在休息和娱乐时，在表现其猎获和胜利的欢快时，被再现为一种自娱游戏的技艺表演，这就形成了最早的杂技艺术。 The primitive people’ labor skill and martial skill and extraordinary stamina formed in hunting were reproduced as a kind of performance of self-entertainment when they were rest and entertainment and showed their joy of hunting and victory, which formed the earliest acrobatic art.

Yang Jiani

A seesaw (also known as a teeter-totter or teeterboard) is a long, narrow board supported by a single pivot point, most commonly located at the midpoint between both "ends"; as one end goes up, the other goes down. 跷跷板（又称跷跷板或跷跷板）是一种细长的木板，由单个枢轴点支撑，通常位于两个“端点”之间的中点。当一端上升时，另一端下降

Yin Tanwen

杂技是险中求稳、动中求静的艺术。 Acrobatics is the art of seeking stability in danger and tranquility in motion.

Yu Jing

杂技艺术中的很多节目是生活技能和劳动技术、武术技巧的提炼和艺术化。 Several programs in acrobatics art are refinery and artistic of life technology, labor technology and wushu technology.--Yammi (talk) 10:13, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

现代杂技特指演员靠自己身体技巧完成一系列高难动作的表演性节目 Modern acrobatics refers to a performance in which the performers perform a series of difficult movements with their own physical skills.

tip:it is important to know the difference between SL and TL.

Zhu Wenhao

中国杂技艺术以它无与伦比的精湛技艺，绚丽多层的传统节目，独特鲜明的民族风格，博得了国内外广大观众的赞赏和喜爱。人们从这项传承数千载，历万劫而不衰的形体表演艺术中，看到了中华民族勤劳、勇敢、智慧、乐观和不断追求超越自身与客观束缚的民族性格。 Chinese acrobatic art has won the appreciation and affection of the audience at home and abroad for its unparalleled superb skills, gorgeous multi-layered traditional programs, and unique and distinctive ethnic style. People have seen the Chinese people's diligence, bravery, wisdom, optimism, and constant pursuit of a national character that transcends their own and objective constraints from this form of performance art that has been passed on for thousands of years.

Peng Lu

杂技艺术中的很多节目是生活技能和劳动技术、武术技巧的提炼和艺术化。 Many programs in acrobatics are the extract and artistry of life skills, labor techniques and martial skills.

Guo Xinyi

杂技艺术中的很多节目是生活技能和劳动技术、武术技巧的提炼和艺术化。

Many shows in acrobatics are the refinement and artistic forms of life skills, labor techniques and martial skills.--Skyler (talk) 13:58, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Revision: 将refinement改为abstract--Ma Qian (talk) 03:42, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

走钢丝是在纤细金属线或绳子上走动的技艺，一般在高空中进行。 Tight-rope walking, usually in the high air, is a kind of acrobatics, which is on the fine wire or rope.

Liu Ying

因而在当前时代,加强自身的发展是杂技面临的重要考验,相关人员需要对杂技现状进行全面了解和掌握,继承优秀的杂技技巧,对杂技表演进行创新,从而提高杂技水平。 Therefore, in the current era, strengthening their own development is an important test for acrobatics. Relevant personnel needs to fully understand and master the current status of acrobatics, inherit excellent acrobatics skills, and innovate acrobatics performances to improve the level of acrobatics.

Du Peixi

南北朝时期，随着各民族艺术交流的频繁，杂技在这一时期呈现出兼收并蓄、多姿多彩的特点。 In Northern and Southern Dynasties, as frequent exchanges between ethnic groups in the arts, acrobatics in this period presents eclectic, colorful features. 

Jiang Yun

一个杂技演员对于节目技巧动作的接受能力、稳定性如何和职业高度能到哪，取决于该演员的基本功扎不扎实。（中译英） The ability to accept skills and actions of the acrobatic, the stability, and the ceiling of his occupation of a acrobat depend on the basic skills of him.

Li Shuo

杂技是一种有悠久历史的专门艺术，包括跳、身体技巧和平衡动作，较晚时又使用长杆，独轮自行车、球、桶、绷床及吊架等器械。 Acrobatics is a specialized art with long history, including jumping, body skills and balance movements. And later it used long pole, single wheel bicycle, ball, bucket, trampoline, hanger and other equipment.

Peng Yu

Acrobatics is most often associated with activities that make extensive use of gymnastic elements, such as acro dance, circus, and gymnastics, but many other athletic activities—such as ballet, slacklining and diving—may also employ acrobatics. 杂技常与大量运用体操元素的活动联系在一起，如极限舞蹈、马戏和体操，但许多其他体育活动——如芭蕾舞、慢动作体操和跳水——也可能运用杂技。--PengYu Aiden (talk) 05:21, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Unit 10 Wushu and Qigong

A. Wushu

Text

Wushu, Chinese martial arts, is known in the west as kungfu. It is a cultural heritage of the Chinese people which has been enriched down through the ages. With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, it has a strong appeal to a vast multitude of people. Wushu may be traced back to prehistoric times, when our ancestors used stones and wooden clubs in hunting both for subsistence and self-defense. In tribal strifes, they used their tools of production as weapons of war. During the Shang (17th-16th century BC.) and Zhou (11th century-221 B.C.) dynasties, with the development of productive forces, especially the techniques in bronze casting, the variety of weapons increased and their quality improved. In the Jin (265-439) and Southern and Northern (420-581) dynasties, Wushu came under the influence of Buddhism and Taoism. Ge Hong (284-364), a famous physician and Taoist philosopher, integrated Wushu with Qigong, an important branch of traditional Chinese medicine. His theory of “external and internal work” in Wushu is still universally accepted today. In the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the court examination system required both military men and scholars to practice Wushu.

Because of its long history of incorporating differences in culture, ideology, region and usage, Wushu has developed into a great variety of schools and styles. There are over 100 schools of boxing in the Yellow River valley and about 80 in the Yangtze River basin. Each school has its own characteristics. Changquan demands quickness and valour, and is liked by young people. Taijiquan, characterized by its slow rhythm and gentle movements, is suitable for people of all ages, especially elderly people. Xingyiquan, vigorous in its balanced motions and poised steps, is popular with young and middle-aged people. Nanquan is wide-spread in China’s southern areas. Its practitioners utter shouts and cries now and then to make their movements more forceful. Shaolinquan, popular in the north, is known for its short routines of movements and their swiftness and vigor. In certain styles, such as tanglangquan (the Mantis Boxing) and zuiquan (the Drunkard Boxing), the practitioner imitates animals and birds as well as drunkards.

In spite of its rich variety, Wushu has four main types: barehanded boxing, the wielding of weapons, combat, and collective performances. The weapons used in Wushu fall into three categories: long weapons, including spears and broadswords; short weapons, such as short swords, daggers and hooks; and flexible weapons, which include nine-section cudgels and three-section cudgels.

However, Wushu is by no means limited to the external movement, but also emphasizes the full display of the internal temperament, mental attitude and potential of the practitioner. The practice of Wushu not only strengthens the bones and muscles but also the internal organs and intelligence. To be more specific, Wushu stresses that the mind directs the circulation of air flow (Qi) within the body and that the inner circulation of air generates the external strength, so demonstrating the combination of external and internal forces. Cultivating air flows inside the body in order to improve the basic structures inside the body is an important purpose of Wushu exercises.

Chinese Wushu is more than kungfu. It embodies a profound philosophy and a sense of human life and social values. It is the summation of the code of conduct for the adjustment of the relationships between people and between man and nature. Wushu emphasizes traditions, experience and rational knowledge, all of which are clearly reflected in the martial ethics of Wushu. Martial ethics advocates respect for human life, because mankind is regarded in China as the most valuable treasure of nature, ranking even above heaven, earth and truth. It requires that the practitioner exercise self-restraint, never abuse his abilities for personal gratification or to oppress those weaker than himself. He should seek to uphold justice, remain fearless in the face of brutality, and cultivate modesty and a spirit of cooperation.

Wushu is not only a way to enhance one’s health and skills. Its long association with dance has lent an enriching artistic quality. Meanwhile, its emphasis on posture, composure, self-control, spirit and lively exercise imbues it with a beautifying effect on the body, and a positive effect on the character. These qualities turn Wushu into Wuyi---martial artistry. Now, Wushu not only enjoys a great popularity in China, but is captivating the attention of more and more people in the world because of its uniqueness and charisma originating from the traditional oriental culture.

Questions

1. What is Wushu? Why is it appealing to many people?

Wushu, Chinese martial arts, is known in the west as kungfu.

With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, it has a strong appeal to a vast multitude of people.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 08:49, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

2. How did Wushu come into being?

Wushu may be traced back to prehistoric times, when our ancestors used stones and wooden clubs in hunting both for subsistence and self-defense. In tribal strifes, they used their tools of production as weapons of war. During the Shang (17th-16th century BC.) and Zhou (11th century-221 B.C.) dynasties, with the development of productive forces, especially the techniques in bronze casting, the variety of weapons increased and their quality improved. In the Jin (265-439) and Southern and Northern (420-581) dynasties, Wushu came under the influence of Buddhism and Taoism.--Yammi (talk) 08:55, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Why has Wushu developed into a great variety of schools and styles? How many schools do you know?

Wushu has developed into a great variety of schools and styles because of its long history of incorporating differences in culture, ideology, region and usage. Here are the schools I know: Changquan, Taijiquan, Xingyiquan, Nanquan, Shaolinquan, , tanglangquan (the Mantis Boxing) and zuiquan (the Drunkard Boxing).--Du Peixi (talk) 08:52, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

4. Give examples to show the characteristics of various schools of Wushu.

Changquan demands quickness and valour. Taijiquan, characterized by its slow rhythm and gentle movements. Xingyiquan, vigorous in its balanced motions and poised steps. Nanquan is wide-spread in China’s southern areas. Its practitioners utter shouts and cries now and then to make their movements more forceful. Shaolinquan, popular in the north, is known for its short routines of movements and their swiftness and vigor. In certain styles, such as tanglangquan (the Mantis Boxing) and zuiquan (the Drunkard Boxing), the practitioner imitates animals and birds as well as drunkards. --Liu Qinyu (talk) 04:45, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

5. What are the 4 main types of Wushu? What are the 3 categories of weapons used in Wushu?

Wushu has four main types: barehanded boxing, the wielding of weapons, combat, and collective performances. The weapons used in Wushu fall into three categories: long weapons, including spears and broadswords; short weapons, such as short swords, daggers and hooks; and flexible weapons, which include nine-section cudgels and three-section cudgels.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 08:54, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

7. What’s martial ethics?

Martial ethics advocates respect for human life, because mankind is regarded in China as the most valuable treasure of nature, ranking even above heaven, earth and truth. It requires that the practitioner exercises self-restraint, never abuses his abilities for personal gratification or to oppress those weaker than himself/herself. He/She should seek to uphold justice, remain fearless in the face of brutality, and cultivate modesty and a spirit of cooperation. --Skyler (talk) 08:54, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

8. What’s martial artistry? How did it come into being?

Wushu is not only a way to enhance one’s health and skills. Its long association with dance has lent an enriching artistic quality. Meanwhile, its emphasis on posture, composure, self-control, spirit and lively exercise imbues it with a beautifying effect on the body, and a positive effect on the character. These qualities turn Wushu into Wuyi---martial artistry. --Qin Ruijing (talk) 07:51, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

在众多武术套路中，太极拳最流行，而少林拳亦历史悠久，享有盛名。

Among the many forms，Taijiquan enjoys the highest popularity. Shaolinquan is one of the well-known forms of Wushu with a long history. --Liu Xiaoting (talk) 02:22, 11 May 2020 (UTC) Among many forms, Taijiquan is the most popular one, while Shaolinquan has a long history and enjoys a good reputation.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 11:42, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Chen Qiuxu

中国武术的练习，正是为了强身健体，修身养性，不同于空手道，跆拳道的以攻为守，杀敌之意。

The practice of Chinese Wushu is just for the purposes of strengthening the body and cultivating one's nature. It is different from Karate's and Taekwondo’s intention of attack and killing.

tips：英译汉时，增词较多；汉译英时，减词较多。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 01:28, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

Revision: Unlike the idea of Karatet and Taekwondo which attack in order to defend and knockout rivals, the purpose of practicing Chinese Wushu is just to strengthen the body and cultivate the internal.--Ma Qian (talk) 03:38, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Hu Jingchen

武功，在个人，是制止侵害，维护自身安全和权益的功力；在国家，是戢兵保大而定功的武器。

Regarding individuals, Wugong is a technique to prevent violations and to defend both, your own safety and your rights；regarding the country, Wugong is a weapon to cease hostilities, to protect the dignity and to ensure success. (Tips: 这里突出的是武工对个人和国家不同的意义，所以把状语放在前面较好。)--Jessie (talk) 03:12, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

以表演来展示的武术，是舞术，无法展示出武术真正的实战作用与效果。 Wushu which is displayed by performance is a kind of dance, so it can not show the actual combat role and effect of Wushu.--Chloe (talk) 12:41, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Wushu, which is demonstrated by performance, is martial art, which cannot show its real effect. --Miranda (talk) 23:47, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Qi

作为中华民族炎黄子孙的生存技能，中国传统武术伴随着中国历史与文明发展，走过了几千年的风雨历程。 As a kind of surviving ability of Chinese people, Chinese traditional wushu have gone through thousands of years of wind and rain with the development of Chinese history and civilization.

As the survival skills of the Chinese people, Chinese Traditional Wushu has gone through thousands of years with the development of Chinese history and civilization.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 04:12, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Luo Xiaodi

中国武术，以中国传统文化为基础的、停止战斗的技术；是消停战事、维护和平的技术。 Chinese Wushu, based on Chinese traditional culture, is a technology for stopping fighting; it is a technology for ending wars and maintaining peace.

Chinese Wushu, based on Chinese traditional culture, is a technique of stopping fighting; it is a technique to end wars and maintain peace.--Evelyn (talk) 05:16, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Haowen

当我们以表演、竞技、体育等来衡量我们的武术，其实，是以我们非常有限的几十年、上百年的“知识认知”，来定义我们沉淀进化亿万年而得的身体的使用价值，是非常局限、甚至是自我贬损的、摧毁的。 The definition we made to Chinese Wushu, based on our limited knowledge which exists for only tens or hundreds of years, is limited, even self-despised and destructive，if we want to balance Wuchu with performance, competition and sports.

Liu Li

武术，拥有消停战事、维护和平的实力。 Wushu has the ability to stop war and maintain peace.

Wushu has the ability to stop wars and maintain peace. --Jessie (talk) 04:27, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text: 传统武术的武德，首重“尊师重道”，教人行善，练武术目的是锻炼身体，防身自卫，进而锄强扶弱，保家卫国。 Translation: The traditional martial ethics put honoring teachers, esteeming truth and teaching people to do good first. The purpose of practicing Wushu is to build up body, defend ourselves, and then curb the violent, assist the weak and protect the country.

Shi Shuwen

真正的中国武术：外御强敌强体魄,内养生命精气神。 The true Chinese Wushu can defend the strong enemy from the outside and strengthen the body, and nourish the vitality of life from the inside. Tips：汉译英时，两边都要注意对仗工整。比如inside和outside。

Zhang Yuanling

太极拳谚云“生命源头在腰间”，“其根在足，发之于腿，主宰与腰，形于手指”。

“The source of life is located in one’s waist”, and “The power is rooted in the feet, generated by the legs, controlled by the waist, and presented by the hands”, are sayings with regard to Taijiquan.

Luo Feng

武术分为徒手和持械两大类。拳术是徒手功夫的中心内容，也是练武的基础，向有“学武必先学拳”的说法。 Wushu has two main types: barehanded and with weapons. Boxing is part of the barehanded and also the basis of practicing wushu. “To learn boxing first before the practice of wushu” is a well-tried maxim.

Ma Qian

武术比赛分套路和散手两种类型，前者类似于艺术体操，后者类似于自由搏击。 Wushu competition could be divided into two types---a series of skills and trick and Sanda, the former one is like the rhythmic gymnastics, and the latter, kick boxing.

Li Xiangyun

1982年，武术冠军李连杰主演了电影《少林寺》。 In 1982, wushu champion Jet li appeared in the film Shaolin Temple.

Ai Xin

散打也叫散手，古时称之为相搏、手搏、搏击。以中国武术的踢、打、摔、拿四大技法为主要进攻手段。另外，还有防守、步法等技术。散打也是现代体育运动项目之一。 Sanda is also called Sanshou, known as phase combat, hand combat or combat in ancient times, taking four techniques of Chinese martial arts—to kick, hit, fall, take-- as the main means of attack. In addition, there are defense, footwork and other techniques. Sanda is also one of the modern sports.

Xia Ke

蛇拳是传统拳术的一种。属于模拟蛇的各种动作形象结合技击的象形拳类。主要流传于浙江、福建、四川、广东、台湾、香港一带。 She quan boxing is a kind of traditional style of Chinses boxing. It belongs to the pictographic fist that simulates the various movements and images of snakes combined with fighting skills. Mainly spread in zhejiang, fujian, sichuan, guangdong, Taiwan, Hong Kong area.

Liu Siyu

修习武术，是让人从身到心、由魂而魄得到提升而充满安全感，精壮神足。 Practicing Wushu gives people a strong sense of security of improving themselves from body to heart, from soul to spirit. It makes them feel strong and vibrant and have

Sun Rui

2020年1月8日，在瑞士洛桑举行的国际奥委会执委会会议通过了武术列入第四届青年奥林匹克运动会正式比赛项目的申请，这是武术首次成为奥林匹克系列运动会正式比赛项目。 On 8 January 2020, the IOC Executive Committee Meeting held in Lausanne, Switzerland, passed the application for Wu Shu to be listed in the official competition of the Fourth Youth Olympic Games, which was the first time that Wu Shu became the official competition of the Olympic series.

Yang Yuxin

修习传统武术，我们首先强调是修习我们头脑的思维方式与能力，以及相应的应变能力。 Wushu practice emphasizes improving the way and ability of thinking, and relevant coping capacity.

tip: 英文中的名词可以翻译成中文动词或短句

--Evelyn (talk) 02:45, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

Yang Qing

国之大事，在戎在祀。这说的就是武术的重要性。 Military affairs and sacrifices are important events of nation. This is about the importance of Wushu. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:21, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Yang Jiani

wushu is the generic term for martial arts which includes both armed and unarmed routines. 武术是武术这种运动的通常用语。它包括用于搏斗的战斗型武术和非搏斗的日常武术。

Yin Tanwen

武术的核心哲学宗旨是止戈，武术强调的是养生之道。 The core philosophy aim of Wushu is to stop wars, and it emphasizes the way of health.

Yu Jing

作为中华民族炎黄子孙的生存技能，中国传统武术伴随着中国历史与文明发展，走过了几千年的风雨历程，成为维系这个民族生存和发展的魂、和承载中华儿女基因构成的魄。 As a living skill of Chinese descendants of the Chinese nation, traditional Chinese Wushu developed with Chinese history and civilization, walked through several thousands wind and rain, and became the spirit of national existence and development, carrying Chinese people’s gene.--Yammi (talk) 10:25, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

Zhou Xiaolan: 武术，是停止战斗的技术，而并非发起战斗的技术。 Martial arts are techniques to stop fighting, not to start fighting.

Peng Lu

武术，拥有消停战事、维护和平的实力。 Wushu has the power to stop wars and maintain peace.

Guo Xinyi

中国功夫在世界上影响广泛，不仅出现了大量中国功夫题材的中外影视作品，更有少林、太极、咏春拳等中国功夫在全球广泛传扬。 Having a wide influence in the world, Kungfu stimulates not only the emergence of a large number of Chinese and foreign films and TV works with Chinese Kungfu themes, but also the wide spread of Chinese Kungfu such as Shaolin, Taiji and Yongchun Quan. Tips: 英文中名词使用更常见，因此可将汉语中的动词名词化。--Skyler (talk) 02:00, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

中国武术的早期发展多半缺乏文字记载，仅能靠师徒口耳相传。 The early development of Wushu only depended on teaching orally by masters to apprentices, as it lacked of written records.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 04:42, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Ying

搏斗运动集中体现了武术攻防格斗的特点，在技术上与使用技击基本是一致的。 Combating sport, which is basically in accordance with Jiji in terms of technique usage, integrates the attack-and-defense characteristics of wrestling in Wushu into itself. --Celeste (talk) 05:11, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Du Peixi

中国功夫，源远流长，内涵丰富，博大精深。 Chinese Kungfu has a long history, rich connotation，broadness and profundity.

Jiang Yun

中国武林最大的缺陷就是从来不承认自己有缺陷。（中译英） Kong Fu never concedes that there are flaws inside itself, which is the biggest flaw of it.

Li Shuo

武术，消停战事的技术。武术分别体现在国家的国防实力、和个人的安全防卫方面，在不同的时期和不同地方，有不同形式的应用。 Wushu, the technique of stopping war. Wushu is embodied in the national defense strength and individual security and defense. Wushu has different forms of application in different periods and different places. Wushu, the technique of stopping war, embody in the national defense strength and individual security and security defense. Wushu has different forms of application in different periods and different places.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 05:08, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Peng Yu

止戈为武，武，是拥有维护自身安全和权益的实力。 Stopping the sword is the aim of Wushu，which means having the strength to safeguard its own security and rights and interests. --PengYu Aiden (talk) 05:29, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

B. Qigong

Text

At ancient times, Qigong was called Tuna (exhaling and inhaling), Lianqi (training of vital energy), Daoyin, Neigong (internal self-exertion training), sitting quietly, meditation, or breathing exercises. It is one of the legacies in the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine, and proves to have particularly outstanding effects in treating chronic and difficult diseases.

According to traditional Chinese medical theory, the Qi in Qigong is not only the air people breathe, but also the vital energy in the body, thus it is also called “genuine Qi” or “internal Qi.” In terms of modern medicine, “vital energy” is equal to disease resistance, adaptability to the environment and the healing ability of the body. The practice of Qigong causes one to exhale waste Qi, inhale fresh Qi, preserve the anti- pathogenic vital energy in the body, strengthen the health, resist senility and prolong life. After practicing for some time, one can become aware of a stream of heat (vital energy) or Qi being transmitted through the body. Sometimes this can be released from the body, and then it is known as external Qi. Internal Qi, on the other hand, follow the channels (or meridians, as they are sometimes called) and collaterals within the body.

According to traditional Chinese medicine, it is the channels and collaterals that link the five viscera and six entrails, limbs and bones, five senses and nine orifices with the various tissues and organs of the superficial portion of the body, giving the body an organic integrity. The channel system consists of the regular channels and extra channels, whereas the collateral system is composed of the Bie collaterals, Sun collaterals and Fu collaterals. However, the main trunks are the 12 regular channels and the Du and Ren channels. When the internal Qi is transmitted along these channels and collaterals, the blocks within them will be removed, the Qi and blood will synergize, and the vital energy will be preserved within the body.

Generally speaking, in Qigong training, the practitioner regulates the mind, the breathing and the physical body by way of exercises called daoyin, or guiding and inducing. In mental daoyin, the practitioner has to concentrate on one object so as to keep the cerebral cortex in a special inhibitory state. Breathing daoyin includes exhaling, inhaling, breathing out deeply, blowing, aspirating and holding the breath. Daoyin of the physical body requires various postures, such as walking, standing, sitting, kneeling, and massaging.

Qigong has a history of more than 3,000 years. In The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine, the oldest medical classic of ancient China, there is a chapter called “Natural Truth at Ancient Times”, which reads: “When one is completely free of wishes or ambition, he will get the genuine vital energy. When one concentrates his consciousness internally, how can disease attack him? One must breathe the essence of life, defending oneself independently by regulating one’s respiration to preserve one’s spirit and make the muscles remain unchanged.” Historically, there were numerous kinds of Qigong exercises, including those of the Taoists, Buddhists and Confucians. At present, 396 kinds of Qigong exercises have already been published in China. There are different classifications of Qigong. It can be classified into health-protecting Qigong, therapeutic Qigong and martial-art Qigong, or hard (tough) Qigong and soft Qigong. Hard Qigong is also called kungfu Qigong. Soft Qigong includes health-protecting Qigong and therapeutic Qigong. Qigong can also be classified into static Qigong, dynamic Qigong, hard Qigong and emitting Qigong. The first two refer to the Qigong practices with or without “external movements”, which means the involuntary movements occurring spontaneously when one has reached the state of tranquility. Emitting Qigong refers to the skill by which a Qigong master emits external Qi for treating patients or attacking the opponent at a certain distance in martial arts.

Qigong is becoming part of the daily life of millions of Chinese people as a way to keep fit in both mind and body. In its more developed form, it is effective in adjusting the functions of the nervous, respiratory, digestive, blood circulation and endocrine systems. In short, Qigong is somewhat able to prevent and treat diseases, protect and strengthen health, and prolong life.

Questions

1. What else was Qigong called at ancient times? Is it a legacy of Chinese martial arts or Chinese medicine?

At ancient times, Qigong was called Tuna (exhaling and inhaling), Lianqi (training of vital energy), Daoyin, Neigong (internal self-exertion training), sitting quietly, meditation, or breathing exercises. It is one of the legacies in the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine, and proves to have particularly outstanding effects in treating chronic and difficult diseases.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 08:56, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

2. What does Qi in Qigong mean? What’s internal Qi?

The Qi in Qigong is not only the air people breathe, but also the vital energy in the body, thus it is also called “genuine Qi” or “internal Qi.”--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 08:57, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

3. What do the channels and collaterals link? What are the main trunks? How are they connected with Qigong?

The channels and collaterals link the five viscera and six entrails, limbs and bones, five senses and nine orifices with the various tissues and organs of the superficial portion of the body, giving the body an organic integrity. The main trunks are the 12 regular channels and the Du and Ren channels. When the internal Qi is transmitted along these channels and collaterals, the blocks within them will be removed, the Qi and blood will synergize, and the vital energy will be preserved within the body. --Liu Qinyu (talk) 09:16, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

4. What is Daoyin? How to practice Qigong?

In Qigong training, the practitioner regulates the mind, the breathing and the physical body by way of exercises called daoyin.

The practitioner has to concentrate on one object so as to keep the cerebral cortex in a special inhibitory state. Breathing daoyin includes exhaling, inhaling, breathing out deeply, blowing, aspirating and holding the breath. Daoyin of the physical body requires various postures, such as walking, standing, sitting, kneeling, and massaging. --Zhang Yuanling (talk) 09:24, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

5. What does The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine say about Qigong?

“When one is completely free of wishes or ambition, he will get the genuine vital energy. When one concentrates his consciousness internally, how can disease attack him? One must breathe the essence of life, defending oneself independently by regulating one’s respiration to preserve one’s spirit and make the muscles remain unchanged.”--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 09:04, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

Qigong was originally created in ancient China thousands years ago and descended through various styles, such as Chinese medicine, Taoist, Buddhist, Confucian, Neo-Confucian, and traditional Chinese martial arts.气功起源于数千年前的中国古代，通过中医、道教、佛教、儒家、新儒家和中国传统武术等多种形式传承下来。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 02:58, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Chen Qiuxu

气功养生，是通过有意识的自我身心调整，来达到养生保健、防病治病的锻炼方法。

Qigong， is an exercise method to achieve health care, prevent and treat diseases through conscious self-mental adjustment.

Qigong health preservation is an exercise method to achieve health care, disease prevention and treatment of diseases through conscious self-physical and mental adjustment.--Jessie (talk) 04:44, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Hu Jingchen

本来气功是练气修德，很具体很实际的，可是宗教化以后，就追求修炼成神、成仙、成佛了。 Originally, Qigong was to practice Qigong, very specific and practical. But after the religious practice, it became the pursuit of God, into the immortal, into the Buddha.--Jessie (talk) 04:14, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

中国气功强调天人合一，人和自然界有着密切不可分割的联系，人的机体受到气候、环境等因素的影响。 China's Qigong emphasizes the unity of nature and man, man and nature have an inseparable relationship, and human body is affected by climate, environment and other factors.--Chloe (talk) 12:54, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Chinese Qigong emphasizes the unity of man and nature which have a close and inseparable relationship that Human organism is affected by climate, environment and other factors.--Miranda (talk) 23:53, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Qi

气功主要是通过使用自我暗示为核心的手段，通过调整心身平衡，达到健身治病目的的自我锻炼方法。 Qigong is a self-training way to achieve the goal of fitness and self-exercise, which mainly through the use of self-suggestion and through the adjustment of balance between physical and mind. Qigong is a self-training way to achieve the goal of fitness and self-exercise mainly through the use of self-suggestion and the adjustment of balance between physical and mind.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 05:11, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Luo Xiaodi

气功是一种中国传统的保健、养生、祛病的方法。 Qigong is a traditional Chinese method of health care, health preservation and disease elimination.

Li Haowen

如果从气功作用的心理生理学过程看的话，可将气功定义为：主要是通过使用自我暗示为核心的手段，促使意识进入到自我催眠状态，通过心理—生理—形态自调机制调整心身平衡，达到健身治病目的的自我锻炼方法。 From the point of the biological mental procession of Qigong, we can make a definition that it is a self-exercise to lead the thoughts into idiohypnotism by adapting method cored in self-implication, and through the self-adjusting system of mentality-biology-morphology to balance mind and body, and further to strengthen to body and cure diseases

Liu Li

气功是调身、调息、调心三调合一的心身锻炼技能。 Qigong is a training that integrates body movements, breath movements and mind movements. “调”也可以翻译为adjustment--Shi Shuwen (talk) 11:48, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text: “调息”又称“吐纳”，常出现于冥想和气功等传统养生方法中对于呼吸的一种称谓，是一种调整呼吸的方法，即吐出浊气，呼入清气的过程。 Translation: Regulating of breathing, also known as “tuna”, is often used as a name of breath in meditation, qigong and other traditional health maintenance methods. It is a ways to adjust the breath, that is, to exhale turbid air and breathe in fresh air.

Shi Shuwen

我国古代气功文献资料浩如烟海，在道家、儒医、医家书记中有大量气功文献记载。 The ancient Qigong literature in China is vast, and there are a large number of Qigong literature records in Taoist, Confucian and medical documents.

Zhang Yuanling

八段锦、太极拳等举措既能增强患者体质，又能让患者克服焦虑情绪，对患者非常有益。 Such methods like eight trigrams boxing, Tai Jiquan and so on, are beneficial to patients of covid-19. Not only can they strengthen patients’ body, but also help them overcome nervousness.

Luo Feng

气功，以调息、调身、调心为手段，意在强生健体. Qigong is a way to keep fit through regulating the mind, breathing and the physical body.

Ma Qian

反对者认为气功热混杂了很多伪科学的内容，宣扬特异功能的气功已经背离传统气功本义。 The opponents believed that many things about pseudoscience were mixed with the qigong rush, and that the Qigong that advocated special power had deviated from the original meaning of traditional Qigong.

Li Xiangyun

气功包括打坐、身体姿势和呼吸练习。 Qi gong includes meditation, body postures and breathing exercises.

Ai Xin

中央电视台曾经有一部纪录片真实地拍摄了一名武当弟子表演的飞身摘灯笼的轻功绝技。这名武当弟子略微助跑，脚一蹬门柱，便飞身将悬挂在6、7米高的灯笼从门檐上摘了下来。 CCTV used to make a documentary which really recorded a Wudang disciple’s Qing Kung stunt by a show of flying to get a lantern. He ran slightly, step on the doorpost, then flied to the lantern hanging in 6 or 7 meters high, and took it off from the door eaves.

Xia Ke

如果从气功作用的心理生理学过程看的话，可将气功定义为:主要是通过使用自我暗示为核心的手段，促使意识进入到自我催眠状态，通过心理-生理-形态自调机制调整心身平衡，达到健身治病目的的自我锻炼方法。 As for the psychophysiological process of qigong’s function, qigong can be defined as mainly through self-suggestion to promote the consciousness into the self-hypnosis state, and through mechanism which from the psychological to the physiological to the posture to adjust the mind-body balance, then achieve the purpose of fitness and treatment of the self-exercise method.

Liu Siyu

气功是人们在生产、生活、医疗保健等多种实践中，逐渐总结而形成的。 Qigong was formed by summarizing from multiple practices of producing living, health caring and so on.

Sun Rui

传统气功包括吐纳、导引、静坐等方式，是调身,调息,调心融为一体的心身锻炼技能。

Traditional Qigong, including breathing techniques (Tuna), guidance and meditation, is a mind-body training skill that integrates body, breath and mind.

Yang Yuxin

随着科学的向前发展，我们可以用现代科学的有关知识来认识气功，这将更加深化我们对气功实质的认识。

With the development of science, we can make use of the knowledge of modern science to get to know Qigong, which deepens our understanding of the essence of Qigong.

Yang Qing

中国古典的气功理论是建立在中医的养身健身理论上的，自上古时代即在流传。 The classical Qigong theory of China is based on the theory of keeping fit in traditional Chinese medicine, which has been in circulation since ancient times. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:23, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Yang Jiani

气功是目前在中国和世界广泛流行的一种运动，它可以用于娱乐运动和休闲，并且可以用来预防和自我修复潜在疾病，替代医学机器治疗，并且可以用于冥想、自我修养，以及武术训练的实践。

Qigong is now a movement popular throughout China and worldwide. It can be used for recreative exercises and relaxation, preventive medicine and self-healing. It can be used as an alternative treatment to medicine, meditation, self-cultivation and training for martial arts.

Qigong is a popular sport in China and the world. It can be used for entertainment, leisure, prevention and self-healing of potential diseases, and as an alternative treatment to medical machine. It can also used for meditation, self-cultivation and martial arts training.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 04:46, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Yin Tanwen

原始的气功没有名称，后来被一部分人称为“舞”。 At first, Qigong had no name in ancient China. But it was later called "Dance" by some people.

Revision: Original Qigong had no name and was called "Dance" by some people later.--Ma Qian (talk) 03:26, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Yu Jing

如果从现代行为医学的角度看，气功锻炼是对一种有利于心身健康的良性行为进行学习训练，最终以条件反射方式固定下来的行为疗法。 From medicine of modern behavior point of view, Qigong is a behavior therapy, learning and training a kind of good behavior which is conductive to physical and mental health, finally fixing by reflex.--Yammi (talk) 10:35, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

From the prospective of modern behavior medicine, Qigong is a behavior therapy, learning and training a kind of good behavior which is conductive to physical and mental health, finally fixing by reflex.--Evelyn (talk) 05:22, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

Zhou Xiaolan: 随着科学的向前发展，我们可以用现代科学的有关知识来认识气功，这将更加深化我们对气功实质的认识。 With the development of science, we can use the knowledge of modern science to understand Qigong, which will deepen our understanding of the essence of Qigong.

Peng Lu

随着科学的向前发展，我们可以用现代科学的有关知识来认识气功，这将更加深化我们对气功实质的认识。 With the development of science, we can use the knowledge of modern science to understand Qigong, which will deepen our understanding of qigong's essence.

Guo Xinyi

随着科学的向前发展，我们可以用现代科学的有关知识来认识气功，这将更加深化我们对气功实质的认识。 Owing to the development of science, we are able to know Qigong through the respective modern scientific knowledge and our understanding of the essence of Qigong will be much deeper. --Skyler (talk) 02:25, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

轻功练习方法繁琐辛苦，且不易练成，但是历代武术名家都十分注重轻功的练习。

Generations of Masters of Wushu have taken Qigong practice seriously, though its methods are difficult and painstaking and it is hard to master it.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 06:01, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Ying

人之所以有生命活动，同样也是由于气的活动而维持的。

Human’s biological activities are also sustained by the activities of “Qi”.

Du Peixi

气功是一种用入静和调节呼吸等方式进行锻炼身体、防治疾病的方法。 Qigong is a kind of adjustment with meditation and breathing exercise and other ways to combat disease.

Jiang Yun

气功的产生几乎都是幻觉，会产生一系列的副作用。（中译英） Almost all the yield of Qigong is a kind of illusion with a chain of side effects.

Li Shuo

气功就是通过特定的修炼方法使机体的组织、器官在功能上更佳有序化与协同化的生理变化过程。 Qigong is the process of physiological changes that make the body's tissues and organs more orderly and cooperative in function through specific training methods.

Peng Yu

如果从气功作用的心理生理学过程看的话，可将气功定义为：主要是通过使用自我暗示为核心的手段，促使意识进入到自我催眠状态，通过心理—生理—形态自调机制调整心身平衡，达到健身治病目的的自我锻炼方法。 In terms of the psychophysiological process of Qigong, it can be defined as a self-exercise method that mainly uses self-suggestion as the core to promote consciousness into a self-hypnosis state, and adjusts the mind-body balance through the self-adjustment mechanism of psychology-physiology-form, so as to achieve fitness and cure diseases. --PengYu Aiden (talk) 05:34, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

C. Huo Yuanjia

Text

Huo Yuanjia (1868-1910) was born into a wushu master’s family in Dongguang County south of Tianjin. His father made a living as a bodyguard for wealthy people. As little Huo was very weak and often ill, his father decided not to teach him martial arts as his career. Yet every day, he watched his father and brothers practiced wushu and imitated them secretly in the depths of the forest of date trees. Moved by his determination and hard-working spirit, his father started to teach him. In 10 years, Huo learned the family’s exclusive boxing and the essentials of other schools of boxing as well. In 1890, a wushu master by the name of Du came from Henan to visit Huo’s father. His manner provoked a trial of strength with the boxers of the family. Huo’s brothers competed with him but were defeated. Then Huo fought with him. With one swift kick, Huo knocked his opponent to the ground. Thus Huo became famous in his village and the neighboring areas.

During a performance in 1901, a Russian boxer said something that insulted the Chinese people. When Huo heard this, he mounted the platform and reprimanded him severely. Scared by Huo’s bravery, the Russian boxer admitted his mistake and apologized. In the spring of 1909, an arrogant British boxer named O’Brien came to Shanghai and announced that he was willing to have a match with any Chinese. On learning this, Huo and one of his disciples went to Shanghai to meet the challenge. He also advertised that he was ready to fight any foreign boxers. Startled by Huo’s fearlessness, O’Brien left Shanghai quietly before the date of the match. This greatly enhanced the self-confidence and self-esteem of the Chinese people. Subsequently, Huo thought that if the Chinese people wanted to make their nation strong, they had to build up their bodies. For this purpose he set up a martial arts school where he served as the main coach. In 1910, with the school as the basis, the Chin Woo Athletic Association was established.

Many Japanese judo wrestlers in Shanghai grudged Huo Yuanjia his name and success. They arranged competitions between Huo and some of the best judo athletes from Japan. However, all of them were defeated by this Chinese wushu master. After attending a peace-making dinner given by the Japanese judo wrestlers, Huo died on Sept. 14, 1910. He is believed to have been poisoned at the banquet. Today, in his home-town, Huo’s tomb has been rebuilt. A museum and an arena for martial contests have also been built to memorialize Huo’s heritage.

Liu Xiaoting

Sun yat-sen spoke highly of huo yuanjia's courage and knowledge to "protect the country and strengthen the species". 孙中山对霍元甲“以武保国强种”的胆识给予了很高的评价。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 03:06, 11 May 2020 (UTC) 人名首字母要大写哦：Huo.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 02:30, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Chen Qiuxu

霍元甲武艺出众，抱着为国雪耻，振奋民族的强烈愿望，在天津和上海，打败外国洋力士，为中华民族争得了荣光。 Huo Yuanjia is outstanding in martial arts, and upholds the strong desire to serve the country and inspire the nation. He defeats strong foreign men in Tianjin and Shanghai, and wins glory for the Chinese nation.

Hu Jingchen

孙中山对霍元甲“以武保国强种”的胆识给予了很高的评价。 Sun Yat-sen spoke highly of Huo Yuanjia’s courage and insight, boldness in protecting the country through military force.

Sun Yat-sen spoke highly of Huo Yuanjia's courage and insight of protecting the country and strengthening the body through wushu.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 05:35, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

他的一生虽然短暂，但却轰轰烈烈，充满传奇色彩。 Although his life is short, but it’s magnificent and full of legend.--Chloe (talk) 12:56, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Although his life is short, it’s magnificent and full of legend.--Evelyn (talk) 05:25, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Qi

1910年6月1日,霍元甲结合时势，在农劲荪等武术界同仁协助下，在上海创办了“精武会”。 On June 1,1910, Huo Yuanjia established the "Jingwu Association" in Shanghai with the help of his colleagues in the wushu circle, such as Nongjin Sun.

On June 1,1910, considering the current situation, Huo Yuanjia established the "Jingwu Association" in Shanghai with the help of his colleagues in the wushu circle such as Nongjin Sun.--Jessie (talk) 05:29, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Luo Xiaodi

在精武会成立10周年之际，他亲临大会，题写了“尚武精神”四个大字，以示对霍元甲的纪念。 On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the founding of the Jingwu Society, he went to the Congress and inscribed the four characters of "the spirit of militarism" in memory of Huo Yuanjia.

Li Haowen

精武以体，智，德三星会旗和三星会徽为标记，代表精武以体，智，德三育为宗旨，倡导和发扬爱国，修身，正义和助人的精武精神，还订有包括人格，风度，言行，服务，友谊等行为规范。 Jingwu used the flag and badge of three stars of stamina, wisdom and ethnics as its symbol, in order to represent its propose to teach these three points. It also advocated and exercised distilled Wushu spirits of patriotism, self-discipline, justice and helpfulness, along with criteria including moral quality, decency,the way of talking and behaving, service and friendship.

Liu Li

霍元甲出身镖师家庭，幼年体弱。

Huo Yuanjia was born into a Biaoshi family and he was weak in childhood.

Huo Yuanjia was born in a bodyguard family but he was weak in childhhod.--Miranda (talk) 23:59, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Qin Ruijing

Text: 1910年6月1日，霍元甲在农劲荪等武术界同仁协助下，在上海创办了“中国精武体操会”（后改名精武体育会）。

Translation: On June 1, 1910, Huo Yuanjia founded the China Jingwu Gymnastic Association (later renamed Jingwu Sports Association) in Shanghai with the help of fellows such as Nong Jinsun.

Revision: fellows前加一个his--Ma Qian (talk) 03:20, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

孙中山高度赞扬了霍元甲“护国强种”的勇气和知识。在精武会成立十周年之际，他来到会场，写下“尚武精神”四个字来纪念霍元甲。 Sun Yat-sen spoke highly of Huo Yuanjia's courage and knowledge of "protecting the country and strengthening the people". On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the Jing Wu association, he came to the meeting and wrote "warrior spirit" in four characters to commemorate Huo Yuanjia.

Zhang Yuanling

霍元甲，一个以武术发扬中华民族精神的武学宗师，被世人代代传颂。 Huo Yuanjia, a master of martial art, is extolled by people form generation to generation for his devotion on carrying forward the Chinese national spirit.

Luo Feng

霍元甲出生武术世家，然而他体弱多病，父亲担心他有辱霍家名声，因此不传授他武功。 Huo Yuanjia was born in a wushu master’s family. However, little Huo was quite weak and often fell ill when young. Afraid of him humiliating the family, his father decided not to teach him wushu.

Ma Qian

在国人的印象中，北有霍元甲，南有黄飞鸿，南北双侠都是中国武林有史可查的大英雄。 According to the memories of Chinese, there is Huo yuanjia in north and Huang feihong in south, and the two heroes in the north and south both could be found in the history of Chinese Wushu.

Li Xiangyun

美国电影发烧友长期对于看带字幕的电影缺乏兴趣，除了极个别的亚洲武侠电影，像《卧虎藏龙》、《英雄》、《霍元甲》。 American moviegoers have long shown scant interest in subtitled films, with some rare exceptions being Asian martial arts movies such as "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon," "Hero" and "Fearless".

Ai Xin

真实的霍元甲，并非生于世家，红颜皆杜撰，性格更不像影视剧里描述的那样剑拔弩张、沾火就着。并未打过擂台，霍元甲只有两次上擂台的经历，并都不战而胜。 In real history, Huo Yuanjia, is not born in a wealthy and grand family, never has any romantic affairs, and is not aggressive or irritable like the movie and TV series described. What’s more, he never experiences the fight in a ring, but has only went to the ring twice and won without a fight.

Tips: 要注重积累，合理翻译成语

Xia Ke

霍元甲威震俄、英大力士，为中华民族雪洗了“东亚病夫”之耻，鼓舞了中华民众之志气，为亿万同胞所钦佩、仰慕。 Huo yuanjia shocked Russian and British hercules. He helped the Chinese nation get rid of the shame of being the "sick man of east Asia" and inspired the aspirations of Chinese people. He is admired by hundreds of millions of his compatriots.

Liu Siyu

霍元甲故居纪念馆从建成之日起已有数万的爱国人士前来参观瞻仰，重温霍元甲这位爱国英雄的传奇事迹和感人精神。 Memorial hall of Huo Yuanjia’s former house has been visited by thousands of patriotic people from the day when it was built. They come to here to feel the legendary stories and touching spirit of Huo Yuanjia, the patriotic hero.

Sun Rui

霍元甲幼年体弱，父亲不让他习武，担心元甲习武日后有损霍家名声，拒不授艺于他。但元甲志存高远，偷艺于父传兄弟之机。苦练于舍外枣林之僻。 When Huo Yuanjia was a child, he was frail, so his father didn’t allow him to learn WuShu. Huo’s father worried that his son would destroy the fame of Huo , refusing to taught him Whshu. However, Huo was aspiring. He learned furtively when his father taught his brothers and practiced hard in the jujube forest.

Yang Yuxin

由于喜欢行侠仗义，霍元甲逐渐在天津一带有了名气。 Because he had a strong sense of justice and was ready to help the weak, Huo Yuanjia became famous around Tianjin.

tip: 在……一带可翻译成around。

--Evelyn (talk) 02:57, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

Yang Qing

霍元甲形象的传播与二十世纪重要武术团体——中国精武体育会的发展有非常密切的关系。 The spread of Huo Yuanjia's image is closely related to the development of China JingWu sports association, an important Wushu group in the 20th century. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:24, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Yang Jiani

In 1902, Huo responded to a challenge advertised by a Russian wrestler in Xiyuan Park, Tianjin. The wrestler openly called the Chinese "weak men of the East" because no one accepted his challenge to a fight. 1902年, 霍元甲在天津西苑公园应下了一位来自俄罗斯的摔跤选手的挑战书。这名摔跤选手公开宣称中国人是"东方弱者"，理由是没有人敢于向他挑战。

Yin Tanwen

孙中山赞扬霍元甲“欲使国强，非人人习武不可”之信念和将霍家拳公诸于世的高风亮节。 Sun yat-sen praised Huo Yuanjia for his belief that "to make the country strong, everyone are supposed to learn the martial arts", and for making his family’s exclusive boxing known to the world.

Yu Jing

1890年秋天，霍元甲打败了一个找上门来比武的武师，有了“武艺高强”的名声。 In autumn of 1890, Huo Yuanjia defeated a master who came to fight, and got the reputation “high martial arts”.--Yammi (talk) 10:38, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Zhou Xiaolan

Zhou Xiaolan: 在中国人的印象中，北有霍元甲，南有黄飞鸿，南北双侠都是中国武林有史可查的大英雄。 In the Chinese people's impression, there is Huo Yuanjia in the north and Huang Feihong in the south, who are the great heroes of the Chinese martial arts.

tip:when we translate English into Chinese, we must take the advantage of our knowledge of Chinese history.--Miranda (talk) 00:06, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Peng Lu

霍元甲书房墙上高挂着孙中山为精武体育会的题词：“尚武精神”。 On the wall of Huo's study hang an inscription written by Sun Yat-sen for the Jingwu Sports Association: "Martial spirit".

Guo Xinyi

在国人的印象中，北有霍元甲，南有黄飞鸿，南北双侠都是中国武林有史可查的大英雄。

As far as Chinese people know, there are Huo Yuanjia in the north and Huang Feihong in the south, both of whom are great heroes in the history of Chinese martial arts.--Skyler (talk) 02:30, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

1910年6月1日，霍元甲结合时势，在上海创办了“中国精武体操会”。 In June 1, 1910, Huo Yuanjia, combing the action situation, established “China Jingwu Gymnastic Association”.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 06:46, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Liu Ying

霍元甲自幼体弱多病，其父不许他习武，也不让他跨入武房。 Huo Yuanjia was in poor condition accompanying with many diseases in his childhood, so his father prohibited him from learning Wushu, let alone entering the practicing room.

Du Peixi

霍元甲在武术方面有着很高的天赋，这对于他后来对“迷踪拳”有了一定的基础。 Huo Yuanjia has a great talent in Wshu,which lays a certain foundation for his later "lost track boxing".

Jiang Yun

霍元甲是一代武林宗师，他是与黄飞鸿、杜心武、杨露禅、叶问等人齐名的武术名家。（中译英） Yuanjia, who is a master of Kong Fu, enjoys the same respectability with masters such as Huang Feihong, Du Xinwu, Yang Luchan and Ye Wen.

Li Shuo

关于霍元甲死亡的说法现今主要有两种，一种是被日本人毒死，还有一种就是少年练气功致病，死于自身病症。

There are two main theories about Huo Yuanjia's death today. One is that he was poisoned by the Japanese, the other is the disease lead by his Qigong exercise when he was young.

There are two main theories about Huo Yuanjia's death today. One is that he was poisoned by the Japanese,the other is died of disease caused by Qigong. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 14:39, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Peng Yu

在国人的印象中，北有霍元甲，南有黄飞鸿，南北双侠都是中国武林有史可查的大英雄。 In the impression of Chinese people, there is Huo Yuanjia in the north, Huang Feihong in the south, and both are great heroes in the history of Chinese martial arts.--PengYu Aiden (talk) 05:40, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Unit 11 Traditional Medicine

A. Chinese Medicine

Text

A rich treasure house created by ancient Chinese people in their long years of struggle against diseases, traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology forms an independent school within the healing arts. It has made outstanding achievements over its 2,000-year history, during which it has improved continuously to remain widely practiced today.

Traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology incorporates the yin (negative) and yang (positive) theory and the theory of the five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth), both containing naive dialectical ideas of ancient China. The former holds that everything has a yin and yang side, the struggle and interaction between which is the source of the ceaseless emergence and change of all things in the universe. The latter says that all things in the universe are composed of the five indispensable elements of daily life, which move and change constantly to promote and restrain each other.

The physiological and pathological branches of traditional Chinese medicine focus on the internal organs, main and collateral “channels”, “vital energy” (Qi) and blood, exertions and discharges. Diagnoses are made within a complete observational system in which the nature of a patient’s disease is determined by the “four methods of diagnosis”---observing the overall way the patient looks, listening to the voice and observing any odor, asking questions, and feeling the patient’s pulse. Treatment then proceeds to balance the “eight principal syndromes”---yin and yang, exterior and interior, cold and heat, under activity and over activity. Other Chinese therapies include acupuncture and moxibustion, which involve the study of “channels” and “points” on the human body, and such methods of treatment as massage and Qigong (breathing exercises).

Traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology embodies a great many valuable ideas and views which have been proved through practice. One of the most important is that, instead of treating only the symptoms, traditional Chinese medicine takes into consideration every aspect of a patient’s condition to form a unified idea of it under the theories of yin and yang and the five elements before deciding on its treatment. For example, in the case of a disease probably requiring surgery, Chinese medicine is concerned with the general physiological changes which may have brought about the condition and, beyond operating or applying some form of therapy, seeks to improve the patient’s ability to resist the disease. Preventive medicine, so highly acclaimed by people today, has always been stressed in traditional Chinese medicine. Included in its preventive measures are giving early treatments, developing physical immunities and “combating evil with evil”.

The experience of traditional doctors in understanding, observing, analyzing and treating disease has been handed down mainly through medical literature. According to an incomplete count, there are about 8,000 pieces of such literature extant today, most of them dealing with clinical medicine. The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine, On Typhoid and Other diseases and The Herbal Canon of Shen Nong are the 3 representative medical works written before the third century B.C. The first, the earliest existing Chinese medical masterpiece, was completed during the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.). Consisting of 18 volumes and 162 chapters, it laid the theoretical base of Chinese medicine by giving fairly scientific explanations of the physiological functions of the human body, symptoms of diseases and the principles of diagnosis and treatment. The other two books were written in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). On Typhoid and Other Diseases deals mainly with the dialectical method of diagnosis, methods of treatment and prescriptions, while The Herbal Canon of Shen Nong, the earliest extant work of pharmacology, listing 365 drugs, laid the groundwork for Chinese pharmacology.

Altogether, more than 5,000 varieties of Chinese medicinal herbs are in use now. According to traditional pharmacology, the properties of drugs are differentiated by their “four characteristics” (cold, cool, warm and hot) and their “five tastes” (hot, sour, sweet, bitter, salty). Chinese Medicines traditionally have been prepared in the forms of pills, powder, ailment, pellets, tincture, drinks, syrup, lumps and gelatin. Now they are also prepared as injections, tablets, dissoluble and sprays. Among the many nationally famous Chinese pharmaceutical works are Tong Ren Tang in Beijing, Da Ren Tang in Tianjin, Hu Qingyu Tang in Hangzhou, Lei Yunshang Tang in Suzhou, and Jiuzhi Tang in Changsha.

Though Chinese medicine has its own system of theories, therapeutic principles and methods of treatment, the Chinese medical workers were called on to investigate the whys and hows of traditional Chinese medicine from a modern scientific point of view and develop a new Chinese medicine which combines Western medicine. The result is the present co-existence and simultaneous development of the three branches of medicine in China---Chinese, Western and Chinese-Western.

Questions

1. What are the 2 theoretic bases of traditional Chinese medicine? What do they mean?

Traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology incorporates the yin (negative) and yang (positive) theory and the theory of the five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth)

The former holds that everything has a yin and yang side, the struggle and interaction between which is the source of the ceaseless emergence and change of all things in the universe. The latter says that all things in the universe are composed of the five indispensable elements of daily life, which move and change constantly to promote and restrain each other. --Zhang Yuanling (talk) 08:38, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

2. How are diagnoses made in Chinese medicine? What are “the 4 methods”?

Diagnoses are made within a complete observational system in which the nature of a patient’s disease is determined by the “four methods of diagnosis”---observing the overall way the patient looks, listening to the voice and observing any odor, asking questions, and feeling the patient’s pulse.

3. What does treatment in Chinese medicine proceed to do?

Treatment proceeds to balance the “eight principal syndromes”—yin and yang, exterior and interior, cold and heat, under activity and over activity.

4. What other therapies are there in Chinese medicine?

Other Chinese therapies include acupuncture and moxibustion, which involve the study of “channels” and “points” on the human body, and such methods of treatment as massage and Qigong (breathing exercises).--Skyler (talk) 09:07, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

6. What measures are taken in Chinese preventive medicine?

Preventive measures are giving early treatments, developing physical immunities and “combating evil with evil”.

7. What are the 3 greatest Chinese medical works written before the 3rd century B.C.?

The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine, On Typhoid and Other diseases and The Herbal Canon of Shen Nong.--Shmily. (talk) 08:51, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

8. What’s the earliest existing Chinese medical masterpiece? What do you know about its history, contents and importance?

The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine is the earliest. It was completed during the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.). Consisting of 18 volumes and 162 chapters, it laid the theoretical base of Chinese medicine by giving fairly scientific explanations of the physiological functions of the human body, symptoms of diseases and the principles of diagnosis and treatment.--LI HAOWEN (talk) 09:03, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

9. What do you know about the history and contents of the other 2 masterpieces?

The other two books were written in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). On Typhoid and Other Diseases deals mainly with the dialectical method of diagnosis, methods of treatment and prescriptions, while The Herbal Canon of Shen Nong, the earliest extant work of pharmacology, listing 365 drugs, laid the groundwork for Chinese pharmacology. --Liu Qinyu (talk) 09:02, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

11. What are the 3 branches of medicine in China?

The three branches of medicine in China are Chinese, Western and Chinese-Western.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 08:36, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

五行学说是中国古代哲学的重要成就，五行即木、火、土、金、水，但是这并不代表五种物质，而是五种属性。五行于中医则体现了具备这五种属性的人体五大系统的相互关系。木火土金水这五个符号分别代表肝心脾肺肾所统领的五大系统。 As the important achievement of ancient Chinese philosophy, five elements theory is composed by the follow objects: wood, fire, earth, metal and water, which mean five attributes, rather than substances. It embodies the interrelationship with the five human body systems which represent the liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney respectively in traditional Chinese medicine.

Tips: 中文多短句，重复，在英译汉时，要避免多次重复，做到简洁明了

2. Chen Qiuxu

中药主要来源于天然药及其加工品，包括植物药、动物药、矿物药及部分化学、生物制品类药物。

Traditional Chinese medicine mainly comes from natural medicine and its processed products, including plant medicine, animal medicine, mineral medicine and some chemical and biological products.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 09:22, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

This medicine has the functions of Purging Heat and dredging intestines, cooling blood and detoxifying, and relieving congestion and dysmenorrhea.

这味药具有清热通肠、凉血解毒、缓解充血痛经的作用。--Du Peixi (talk) 09:22, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

4. Guo Xinyi

中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本汉方医学，韩国韩医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。

It was in the primitive society when Chinese medicine came into being, whose theory realized its basic formation during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and has been summarized and developed in the successive dynasties. In addition, Chinese medicine imposed a profound influence on the countries of cultural sphere based on Chinese characters, laying foundation for the development of Japanese Chinese medicine, Korean medicine and so on.

Tips: 前后两句若主语为同一个或有相关联系，可缩合成一句。--Skyler (talk) 07:00, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

每种中药都具有一定的味道，某些药物就是以它们所特有的滋味来命名。

Each sort of Chinese medicine has a certain taste, and some drugs are named for their unique tastes.(Tips:不要遗漏原文信息，比如这里的“每种”必须翻译出来。）

6. Jiang Yun

中医这个概念根本就不应该存在，它只是一个政治概念，而不是学术概念。（中译英） Chinese medicine is not an academic concept but a political notion, which should not exist.

7. Li Haowen

新冠肺炎疫情中，中医药在救治工作中也发挥了更加重要、更为广泛的作用,强化中西医结合、中医深度介入诊疗过程，成为医疗救治的鲜明特点。 During the covid-19 pandemic, Chinese medicine has played a much more important role and has a far-ranging impact. Revision：后半句没有翻译完。广泛可以译为broader--Shi Shuwen (talk) 02:01, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

8. Li Leyi

长期以来，我们对药文化的研究与宣传，力度很不够，长此以往，无疑对中药事业的继承、发展与推广是十分不利的。 For a long time, our research and propaganda on Chinese Medicine culture are not strong enough. If things go on like this, it is undoubtedly unfavorable to the inheritance, development and promotion of traditional Chinese Medicine.--Chloe (talk) 04:50, 17 May 2020 (UTC) For a long time, our research and propaganda on Chinese Medicine culture are not strong enough. If things go on like this, it is undoubtedly bad to the inheritance, development and promotion of traditional Chinese Medicine.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 14:42, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

中医认为人是自然界的一个组成部分，由阴阳两大类物质构成，阴阳二气相互对立而又相互依存，并时刻都在运动与变化之中。

Chinese medicine believes that men are a part of nature, consisting of the two main categories of substances “yin” and “yang”. “Yin” and “yang” mutually antagonistic, moving and changing all the time.--Liki (talk) 03:10, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Chinese medicine believes that men are a part of nature, consisting of the two main categories of substances “yin” and “yang”. “Yin” and “yang” mutually antagonistic and dependent, moving and changing all the time.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 03:17, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

由于中药以植物药居多，故有“诸药以草为本”的说法。

Because Traditional Chinese Medicine is mostly based on herbal medicine, there is statement of "all medicine is herb-based". -- Li Shuo

Because Traditional Chinese Medicine is mostly based on herbal medicine, there is a statement of "all medicine is herb-based".--Jessie (talk) 05:36, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

11. Li Xiangyun

我们日常烹饪中所用的调料其实大多是具有显著药用作用的香料与中药。 Many of our everyday cooking seasonings are actually spices and herbs that possess powerful healing properties.

Revisin: Actually, most of the seasoning in our daily cooking are spices and Chinese medicine with powerful medical effects.--Ma Qian (talk) 03:16, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

12. Liu Li

中药的独特理论体系和应用形式，充分反映了我国自然资源及历史，文化等方面的特点。 The unique theoretical system and application form of TCM fully reflect the characteristics of Chinese natural resources, history and culture. --Liu Li (talk) 02:51, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

The unique theoretical system and application form of Traditional Chinese medicine fully reflect the characteristics of natural resources, history and culture in China.--Miranda (talk) 00:10, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

随着循证医学及相关科学知识的普及，中医与中药的有效性和安全性受到了越来越多受到质疑。

With the popularization of evidence-based medicine and related scientific knowledge, both, the effectiveness and the safety of TCM have been doubted increasingly.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 07:18, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

中医,一般指以中国汉族劳动人民创造的传统医学为主的医学，所以也称汉医。 Chinese medicine always refers to the medicine which is mainly based on the traditional medicine created by the Chinese Han working people. Therefore it is also called Han medicine.

15. Liu Xiaoting

中医药是中华文明瑰宝，是5000多年文明的结晶，在全民健康中发挥着重要作用。 As a treasure of the Chinese civilization and the crystallization of a 5,000 civilization, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has played an important role in the health of the whole nation.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 02:42, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

16. Liu Ying

Liu Ying 中药为数众多，而一味药常有数种功效，内容复杂，容易混淆 Chinese medicine varies in quantity, contains complex knowledge, and owns different functions even in one medicine, thus it’s easy to confuse one with another.

17. Luo Feng

中医是中华民族在长期的生活、医疗实践中，通过积累，反复总结经验而逐渐形成的。 Traditional Chinese medicine is gradually formed through the accumulation and repeated summarization of medical practice in the long-term life.

18. Luo Xiaodi

中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) refers to the substances which are used to prevent, treat and diagnose diseases and have the function of rehabilitation and health care under the guidance of TCM theory.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) refers to the substances which are used to prevent, treat and diagnose diseases under the guidance of TCM theory, and have the function of rehabilitation and health care.--Evelyn (talk) 05:33, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

在文化大革命期间，中医作为“古为今用”的医学实例得到中国共产党政策上的支持而得以发展。

During the Cultural Revolution, Chinese medicine was developed as an example of "serving the past to the presence" with the public support of the Communist Party of China.

20. Peng Lu

2018年10月1日，世界卫生组织将中医纳入其具有全球影响力的医学纲要。 On October 1, 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) included the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)in its globally influential medical program.

tip: 注意专有名词及其简称的积累，learn through translation rather than only learn translation

21. Peng Yu

所谓道地药材，又称地道药材，是优质纯真药材的专用名词，它是指历史悠久、产地适宜、品种优良、产量宏丰、炮制考究、疗效突出、带有地域特点的药材。

The so-called genuine medical materials, as known as authentic medical materials, is the proper term for top quality and pure medical materials. They have a long history, suitable production places, good variety, magnificent production volume, concoct in a sophisticated way, outstanding curative treatment, with regional characteristics. --PengYu Aiden (talk) 04:06, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 《黄帝内经》奠定了人体生理、病理、诊断以及治疗的认识基础，是中国影响极大的一部医学著作，被称为医之始祖。

Translation: The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine, which laid the foundation of understanding human physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment, is a major medical work of great influence in China and is called the earliest ancestor of medicine.

23. Shi Shuwen

中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。

Traditional Chinese medicine refers to the substance which is used to prevent, treat and diagnose diseases under the guidance of theory, and it has the function of rehabilitation and health care.

24. Sun Rui

按照病情的不同需要和药物的不同特点，有选择地将两种以上的药物合在一起应用，叫做配伍。 Compatibility means use two or more medicines together selectively, according to different needs and different characteristics of medicines.

25. Xia Ke

拔火罐疗法是用罐状器，借火热的作用，使罐中产生负压，吸附在皮肤的穴位上，造成局部充血、瘀血来治疗疾病的一种方法。 Cupping therapy is a method of treating diseases by hot pot, which generates negative pressure in the pot and adsorbs on the skin acupoints, causing local congestion and blood stasis.

26. Yang Jiani

Chinese traditional medicine uses an incredible array of animals, vegetables and minerals to treat the individual rather than the illness, aiming to restore the harmony of opposing but complementary forces, known in China as yin and yang. 传统的中国药方使用令人难以置信的动物、蔬菜与矿物质的组合，来治疗个人而非治疗疾病，旨在恢复对立又互补的能量之间的和谐，中国人称之为阴阳.

27. Yang Qing

经络被定义为人体内运行气血的通道，起沟通内外，网络全身的作用。 Main and collateral channels are defined as channels of Qi and blood in the human body, which play the role of communicating inside and outside, and connecting the whole body. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:46, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

无论是中国人，还是外国人，对中药丰富的文化内涵缺乏全面深刻的理解，故而导致某些误识。 Both Chinese people and foreigners lack comprehensive and profound understanding of the rich cultural connotation of Chinese medicine.

tip 中文习惯把不重要的部分放在前面，重点在后面，英文则反过来。 --Evelyn (talk) 00:26, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

29. Yin Tanwen

中医理论来源于对长期医疗经验的总结及中国古代的阴阳五行思想。 The theory of Chinese medicine comes from the summary of the long-term medical experience and the thought of yin-yang in ancient China.

30. Yu Jing

中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。 Chinese medicine appeared in primitive society, basically formed in Spring and Autumn Period, developed and was summarized in successive dynasties.

31. Zhang Yuanling

五味的实际意义是标示药物的实际滋味，或提示其基本作用。 The real value of “five tastes” is indicating the exact flavour of the medicine , or reminding us of its basic function. Tips: 注意理解句中两个“实际”的意义，翻做英文时，要能够区分开来。--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 09:29, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

32. Zhou Xiaolan

中医药，是包括汉族和少数民族医药在内的我国各民族医药的统称。

Traditional Chinese medicine is a general term for all ethnic medicines in China, including those of the Han and ethnic minorities.

33. Zhu Wenhao

Zhu Wenhao中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。 Traditional Chinese medicine was born in the primitive society. The theory of traditional Chinese medicine was basically formed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

B. Diagnosis and Pharmacology

Text

In traditional Chinese medicine, doctors use four basic diagnostic methods: observing, listening and smelling, inquiring, and palpating. To diagnose a disease, a Chinese physician observes the patient’s facial expression, skin color and sensation, tongue coating, and nutrition; listens to the patient’s voice, moans, breathing and cough, and smells his body odor; inquires about the disease condition and history, and feels his pulse. Of the four methods, pulse-feeling of palpation is the most important. The doctor uses three fingers to feel the pulse so as to find out the quality, power, rate and rhythm of the patient’s pulse. A good doctor can distinguish more than 20 types of pulse. Through palpation he can diagnose what the disease is. These 4 methods are believed to have been systemized by Bian Que, a physician who lived in the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.). In addition to the 4 fundamental methods of diagnosis, such laboratory exams as testing the urine were used at ancient times.

Doctors of Chinese medicine adopt various methods to treat diseases. One of them is utilizing medicinal herbs, animals and minerals. The legend about Shen Nong (God of Husbandry) tasting a hundred kinds of herbs shows that the ancient Chinese used natural substances to cure diseases. Shen Nong’s Canon of Herbs, compiled in the first and second centuries, records more than 300 natural drugs including herbs, fruit, cereals, insects, animals, fish and metals. Li Shizhen (1518-1593), the most outstanding Chinese pharmacologist and physician in the 16th century, conducted investigations and researched the effects of different kinds of drugs. In order to learn more about the numerous medicinal herbs, he went into the mountains and wilds and talked with farmers, woodcutters, herb collectors and hunters. He even planted herbs himself and tasted them to see their effects. On the basis of his investigation and research, he completed his great work on pharmacology, Compendium of Materia Medica, in 1578. The book contains about 1,900,000 characters and lists more than 1,800 kinds of drugs. It has played an important role in traditional Chinese medicine.

Since the establishment of New China, the Chinese government has made great efforts to promote the development of natural medicines, which are believed to have minor or no side-effects. In 1983, the State Council organized professional groups with about 20,000 members from all over the country to carry out a nation-wide investigation of the varieties of medicines. Their research reveals that one third of the 30,000 plants that exist in China have medicinal value. On the basis of the results of that investigation, Chinese experts have written several books, including Resources of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Divisions of Traditional Medicine in China, and A Collection of Maps of Traditional Chinese Medicine. All this work enriches man’s knowledge in using natural medicine against disease.

There are various drug forms in Chinese medicine. At ancient times, people just chewed medicinal herbs and swallowed them. With the use of fire, the decoction form was used. Because boiling can sterilize the herbs and enables the effective ingredients to dissolve, decoction is still the most common drug form used today. Tincture was also popular at ancient times. Oracle bone inscriptions indicate that wine was used with drugs as early as the Shang Dynasty (16th-11th century B.C.). Doctors of Chinese medicine believe that wine can help enhance the therapeutic effect and preserve the property of drugs. Dispersion, mentioned in many classical medical books, is another drug form. Medical substances are ground into powder and the patient takes the powder or applies it to the affected area. Ointment has been used for a long time. Some ointments are used for relieving pain; some reducing the inflammation of boils; some for the healing of a wound. Drugs are also made into the pasted form, which can be preserved for a long time. The pellet form has been very popular. Various drugs are ground into powder and then made into pills. Since New China was founded, drug forms have been improved. They are more convenient for patients to take. Many drugs which used to be taken in the decoction form are made into pills, powder, syrup, capsules and even injections.

Questions

1. How does a doctor of Chinese medicine diagnose a disease?

In traditional Chinese medicine, doctors use four basic diagnostic methods: observing, listening and smelling, inquiring, and palpating. To diagnose a disease, a Chinese physician observes the patient’s facial expression, skin color and sensation, tongue coating, and nutrition; listens to the patient’s voice, moans, breathing and cough, and smells his body odor; inquires about the disease condition and history, and feels his pulse. --Qin Ruijing (talk) 08:29, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

3. What do you know about Shen Nong and his medical book?

Shen Nong was a legend in ancient time.It is said that he tasted a hundred kinds of herbs and used natural substances to cure diseases.His Canon of Herbs, compiled in the first and second centuries, records more than 300 natural drugs including herbs, fruit, cereals, insects, animals, fish and metals.

4. How did Li Shizhen investigate the effects of medicinal herbs?

Li Shizhen (1518-1593), the most outstanding Chinese pharmacologist and physician in the 16th century, conducted investigations and research the effects of different kinds of drugs. In order to learn more about the numerous medicinal herbs, he went into the mountains and wilds and talked with farmers, woodcutters, herb collectors and hunters. He even planted herbs himself and tasted them to see their effects. On the basis of his investigation and research, he completed his great work on pharmacology, Compendium of Materia Medica, in 1578. The book contains about 1,900,000 characters and lists more than 1,800 kinds of drugs. It has played an important role in traditional Chinese medicine. --Shi Shuwen (talk) 08:44, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

感冒是一种疾病，临床可见恶寒、发热、头身疼痛等症状，但由于引发疾病的原因和机体反应性有所不同，又表现为风寒感冒、风热感冒、暑湿感冒等不同的证型。 Cold is a disease, clinical symptoms such as aversion to cold, fever, headache and body pain, but the cause and the body reaction are different like chill cold, wind-heat cold, heat-wet cold and other different syndromes.

2. Chen Qiuxu

中国第一部药物学专著《神农本草经》就是劳动人民在自然斗争、生产斗争的实践中得到的药物知识的总结。

Sheng Nong's herbal classic, the first monograph on pharmacology in China, is a summary of drug knowledge gained by the working people in the practice of natural struggle and production struggle.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 09:29, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

中医诊断学的基本原则有三：整体审察、诊法合参、病证结合。 There are three basic principles of TCM diagnostics: overall examination, combination of diagnosis and treatment, and combination of disease and syndrome.

4. Guo Xinyi

简而言之，中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、诊断、治疗疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。

Briefly speaking, Chinese medicine is a kind of substance used for disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment, with the function of rehabilitation and health care under the guidance of the theory of Chinese medicine.

Tips: 汉译英中可采用动词的名词化更符合英语的标准。--Skyler (talk) 08:23, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

英国李约瑟( Joseph Needham)称赞李时珍为“药物学界中之王子”。《本草纲目》为本草学集大成之作。 Britain's Joseph Needham has hailed Li Shizhen as "the prince of Medicine" and Compendium of Materia Medica as a collection of herbal medicine.

6. Jiang Yun

中医药是指在中医学的理论和临床经验指导下，应用于医疗保健的药物。（中译英） Chinese medicine means the medicine applied to medical care according to the Chinese medical theory and clinical experience.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) refers to the drugs used in medical care under the guidance of TCM theory and clinical experience.--Miranda (talk) 00:15, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese medicine is a kind of medicine applied to medical care under the guidance of TCM theory and clinical experience.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 03:26, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

7. Li Haowen

药物在应用或制成各种剂型前，根据医疗、调制、制剂的需要，而需要进行必要的加工处理。 According to the need of treatment and making process, some necessary process should be done to the medicine before its application and being made into different forms.

8. Li Leyi

切脉时应注意安静的环境，如患者刚经过剧烈的活动，应先让休息片刻，然后诊脉。

Palpating needs a quiet environment, if the patient has just undergone strenuous activities, he or she should first take a rest, and then let the doctor feel the pulse.--Chloe (talk) 04:46, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Palpating needs a quiet environment. If the patient has just undergone strenuous activities, he or she should first take a rest, and then let the doctor feel the pulse. --Jessie (talk) 05:43, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

问诊是医生通过对病人或陪诊者进行有目的地询问，以了解病情的方法。 Inquiring is a way that a Chinese physician inquires patients or his companions with special intentions to diagnose a disease.--Liki (talk) 03:13, 18 May 2020 (UTC) Revision：patients是复数，后面应该是their companions--Shi Shuwen (talk) 02:05, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辨证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。 Traditional Chinese medicine, which carries the experience and theoretical knowledge of the ancient Chinese people fighting against diseases, is a medical theory system gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectical thought Traditional Chinese medicine, carring the experience and theoretical knowledge of the ancient Chinese people and fighting against diseases, is a medical theory system gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectical thought. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 14:49, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

11. Li Xiangyun

研究进一步证明，红茶作为普通的居家饮品，有着广泛的生理和药理学用途。 The study provides further evidence of the wide range of beneficial physiological and pharmalogical effects of this common household item.

12. Liu Li

症状虽然只是疾病所反映的现象，但它是判断病种、辨别证候的主要依据，因而在中医诊断中具有重要的意义。 Although the symptom is only the phenomenon reflected by the disease, it is the main basis to judge the disease and syndrome, so it is of great significance in the diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine. --Liu Li (talk) 02:56, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

脉诊在我国有悠久的历史，它是我国古代医学家长期实践的经验总结。 Pulse-taking owns a long history in our country, which is the fruit of long-term practical experience of ancient medical scientists.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 07:28, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

中医在诊断疾病时，往往通过病人的自我感觉和医生观察到的病人的一些外在表现来推断病人内部的病理变化。 In Chinese medicine, doctors always infer pathological changes of patients through sense of self and observable external performance of them in the process of diagnosis.

15. Liu Xiaoting

Organizational Diagnosis is an effective ways of looking at an organization to determine gaps between current and desired performance and how it can achieve its goals. 组织诊断是一种观察组织的有效方法，以确定当前和期望的性能之间的差距，以及如何实现其目标。

17. Luo Feng

中医医理认为人体内有12条经脉与15条络脉，认为经脉是人体气血活动的通道。 According to Traditional Chinese medicine, there are 12channels and 15 collaterals, as passages through which the Qi and blood can be conducted.

18. Luo Xiaodi

中医学以阴阳五行作为理论基础，将人体看成是气、形、神的统一体。Traditional Chinese medicine regards the human body as the unity of Qi,form and spirit based on the theory of WuXing.

Revision: Based on the doctrine of yin yang-five elements, Chinese medicine regards human body as the unity of Qi, form and spirit.--Ma Qian (talk) 03:08, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

脉象的产生与心脏的波动，心气的盛衰，脉道的通利和气血的盈亏直接相关。 The pulse is directly related to the beating of hearts, the ups and downs of the hearts' spirit, the openness of pulse vessels and the richnt and deficiency of qi and blood.

20. Peng Lu

中药具有成分复杂，药理作用广泛的特点 Traditional Chinese medicine is characterized by complex components and extensive pharmacological effects.

21. Peng Yu

“望闻问切四字，诚为医之纲领。” The guiding principles of medicine refers to four Chinese characters that are looking, smelling, inquiring, palpating.--PengYu Aiden (talk) 04:10, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 实际上，煎中药是中药里的有效成分不断释放、溶解的过程，当中药与药液中的浓度平衡后，这一过程就停止了。 Translation: In fact, decocting Chinese medicine is a process that the active ingredients continuously release and dissolve. It stops when the concentration of the ingredients in the liquid and ingredients in the medicine are balanced.

23. Shi Shuwen

中医诊断学的基本原则有三：整体审察、诊法合参、病证结合。 The basic principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine diagnostics are as follows: holistic examination, combined diagnosis, and combination of disease and syndrome. Tips：中文中都是四字词语，在翻译时也要注意字数尽量一致。注意名词化。

24. Sun Rui

切脉辨证，早在《内经》、《难经》就有记载，经历三千年来的不断总结，对于何证出现何脉已有详细论述。 Feeling pulse to diagnose diseases was recorded in Neijing、Nanjing. Having been summarized for 3000 years, what pulse for what syndrome has been discussed in detail.

25. Xia Ke

远古时代人们为了生存从生活经验中得知某些天然物质可以治疗疾病与伤痛，这是药物的源始。 In ancient times, people learned from life experience that certain natural substances could cure diseases and pains in order to survive. This was the origin of medicine.

In ancient times, in order to survive, people learned from life experience that some natural substances can treat diseases and injuries, which is the origin of drugs.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 05:41, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

26. Yang Jiani

Compendium of Materia Medica also contains information that has since been proven to be erroneous due to the contemporary limited scientific and technical knowledge. For example, it is claimed that lead is not toxic. 本草纲目中也夹杂了一些由于当时科学和技术不发达而产生的谬论，比如它宣称铅无毒。

27. Yang Qing

四诊指在感官所及的范围内，直接地获取信息，医生即刻进行分析综合，及时作出判断。 The four diagnosis refer to get the information directly within the range of all senses. The doctors analyze information immediately, and make judgment in time. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:54, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

人们生活水平提高要求更多更好的新药，药物科学的发展为新药开发提供了理论基础和技术条件。 Improvement of people's living conditions demands more and better new medicine. The development of pharmacology provides theory basis and technique condition for developing new drugs.

29. Yin Tanwen

煎药容器以砂锅、搪瓷器皿、不锈钢为宜，严禁用铁器。 The vessel that decoct Chinese medicine is appropriate with arenaceous pot, enamel vessel, stainless steel vessel. And no iron is allowed.

30. Yu Jing

神农在尝百草的过程中，识别了百草，发现了具有攻毒祛病、养生保健作用的中药。 Shen Nong, when tasting a hundred herbs, recognized all kinds of herbs, discovered traditional Chinese medicine’s function: poison attack, dispelling illness, life cultivation and health preservation.

Shen Nong, when tasting hundreds of herbs, recognized all kinds of herbs, and discovered traditional Chinese medicine’s function: poison attack, dispelling illness, life cultivation and health preservation.--Evelyn (talk) 12:21, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

31. Zhang Yuanling

根据疾病的临床表现，通过辩证审因，诊断出疾病所在的肝脏经络部位，按照归经来选择适当药物治疗. According to the clinical syndromes of the disease, doctors can diagnose which main channels and collateral channels part of the liver is the disease in through dialectical thinking and cautious reasoning, and choose the proper medicine and therapy based on channel tropism. Tips: “辩证审因”意义非常抽象，要将其具体化。在汉语中，动词可以做主语，所以在翻做英语时，要适当添加主语。--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 09:33, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

32. Zhou Xiaolan

症状虽然只是疾病所反映的现象，但它是判断病种主要依据，因而在中医诊断中具有重要的意义。 Although the symptom is only the phenomenon reflected by the disease, it is the main basis to judge the disease, so it is of great significance in the diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine.

C. Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Text

Acupuncture and moxibustion are important components of Chinese traditional medicine. The historical development of the two therapies shows Chinese people’s wisdom and creativity. Unearthed materials and extant historical records show that impressive results had been obtained as early as the time between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Han Dynasty. The earliest success with acupuncture and moxibustion is recorded in Records of the Historian by Sima Qian, a historian of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.). An account is given in “Biography of Bian Que” of how that renowned doctor brought a patient out of coma by applying acupuncture needles to the proper points of his body.

Acupuncture treats diseases by puncturing certain points of the body with various types of metal needles, while moxibustion is the application of heat produced by ignited moxawood (made of dry moxa leaves) over the points of the skin or certain locations in the human body. Although the equipment and materials used are different, the therapeutic and preventive results in both cases are similarly achieved, i.e. achieving the aim of prevention and treatment of diseases by promoting the smooth circulation of the channels, and adjusting Qi and blood by stimulating the points and channels. Clinically, acupuncture and moxibustion are often used jointly and are thus known as acupuncture and moxibustion therapy. They prove remarkably effective in curing many kinds of ailments. Among its merits are its wide scope of application in curing and preventing internal, surgical, gynecologic and pediatric diseases and diseases of the five organs (ear, eye, lip, nose and tongue); its quick and notable curative effect; its easy applicability at a low cost; and its production of little or no side effect.

In acupuncture, a point means a specific spot on the body at which needling or moxibustion is applied to evoke a certain reaction in certain regions or viscera so as to produce therapeutic effects. The acupuncture points were discovered one by one in the development of acupuncture and moxibustion, and every point was named according to its specification to facilitate memorization and clinical use. The discovery of their functions marked a significant progress in acupuncture. Apart from establishing their positions and therapeutic value, it contributes to the “theory of channels and collaterals,” which is vital to the further development of acupuncture. Early acupuncturists had repeatedly observed that the sensation produced by a definite needle manipulation at a point always passed along to other parts of the body along definite routes, and that points in different areas might have similar functions. By linking these points or the closely related ones, lines of points were established, and so arose the concept of “channels and collaterals”, which implied the relationship among sets of points, and between those points and the respective viscera.

Those vertically distributed “trunk lines” were described by ancient physicians as “channels”, implying “passage”, while the branches of these “channels” were referred to as “collaterals”, implying a “network.” According to Chinese traditional medical books, there were 12 channels, 15collaterals, and 8 extraordinary channels interwoven into a system of channels and collaterals, linking the viscera and the body surface, the head and the limbs into one integrated whole.

For thousands of years acupuncture and moxibustion therapies have been widely popular as methods of preventing and treating diseases. They are an indispensable part of the entity known as Chinese medicine and pharmacology. Naturally, they are increasingly acceptable to the world.

Questions

1. What do you know about the earliest success with acupuncture and moxibustion?

The earliest success with acupuncture and moxibustion is recorded in Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian, a historian of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.). An account is given in “Biography of Bian Que” of how that renowned doctor brought a patient out of coma by applying acupuncture needles to the proper points of his body. --Liu Qinyu (talk) 09:32, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

2. What do acupuncture and moxibustion mean respectively?

Acupuncture treats diseases by puncturing certain points of the body with various types of metal needles, while moxibustion is the application of heat produced by ignited moxawood (made of dry moxa leaves) over the points of the skin or certain locations in the human body.--Skyler (talk) 09:49, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

4. What are some of their merits?

Among its merits are its wide scope of application in curing and preventing internal, surgical, gynecologic and pediatric diseases and diseases of the five organs; its quick and notable curative effect; its easy applicability at a low cost; and its production of little or no side effect.--DU PEIXI (talk) 09:37, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

7. What do you know about the network of channels and collaterals?

Those vertically distributed “trunk lines” were described by ancient physicians as “channels”, implying “passage”, while the branches of these “channels” were referred to as “collaterals”, implying a “network.” According to Chinese traditional medical books, there were 12 channels, 15collaterals, and 8 extraordinary channels interwoven into a system of channels and collaterals, linking the viscera and the body surface, the head and the limbs into one integrated whole. --Liu Qinyu (talk) 09:35, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

针灸疗法是祖国医学遗产的一部分，也是我国特有的一种民族医疗方法。千百年来，对保卫健康，繁衍民族，有过卓越的贡献。 Acupuncture is a part of Chinese medicine heritage, but also a unique method of national medical treatment. For thousands of years, it has made remarkable contributions to the protection of national health and reproduction.

Tips: 汉译英时，可适当的增译或减译，已达到语意连贯，减低翻译难度 Acupuncture is not only a part of Chinese medicine heritage, but also a unique method of national medical treatment. For thousands of years, it has made remarkable contributions to the protection of national health and reproduction.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 14:55, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

2. Chen Qiuxu

The characteristic of acupuncture therapy is that it does not depend on taking medicine, but needling into a certain part of the patient's body to prick the nerves and cause local reaction, or burn the part with the warm heat of the fire to achieve the purpose of treatment.

针灸疗法的特点是治病不靠吃药，只是在病人身体的一定部位用针刺入，达到刺潋神经并引起局部反应，或用火的温热刺激烧灼局部，以达到治病的目的。

tips：碰到复杂的句子时，要分析好句子的主干，把主谓宾找出来--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 09:31, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

Acupuncture treatment is gentle, painless, and, invariably, most relaxing. 针灸疗法很温和，不痛，而且总是令人放松。

4. Guo Xinyi

远在唐代，中国针灸就已经传播到日本、朝鲜、印度、阿拉伯等国家，并在他国开花结果，繁衍出具有异域特色的针灸医学。

As early as the Tang Dynasty, acupuncture has spread to countries like Japan, Korea, India and Arab, along with its blossom in these countries and the production of acupuncture medicine with exotic features.--Skyler (talk) 08:26, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

针灸不仅可以为人服务也可以对付动物。例如，日本人为做出世界上最美味的寿司，给金枪鱼做针灸。 Acupuncture can be used not only for people but also for animals. For example, the Japanese make the best Sushi in the world by giving acupuncture to tuna.

6. Jiang Yun

针灸是替代医学的一种，其特征是将细针插入人体（中译英） Acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine in which thin needles are inserted into the body.

7. Li Haowen

现代艾灸，虽无传统艾灸之弊病，但疗法单一，有时好转反应太强烈，使有些客人难以承受，这正是其单一疗法的局限性所造成。 Though without the disadvantages of moxibustion, the treatment of modern moxibustion is way too simple. Some patients can not take it because of the strong and fierce recovery, which is exactly caused by the limitation of the simple therapy.

8. Li Leyi

针灸疗法在临床上，按中医的诊疗方法诊断出病因，找出疾病的关键，辨别疾病的性质。 When Acupuncture and Moxibustion therapy is used in clinical practice, it should use the way of traditional Chinese medicine to diagnose the cause of the disease, find out the key of it, and identify the essence at first.--Chloe (talk) 04:51, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

针灸能治疗很多病情，最多的就是治疗成人痘和减肥。 Acupuncture and moxibustion can be used to cure many diseases. The most common use is to cure adult pox and adiposity.--Liki (talk) 03:15, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Acupuncture can treat many diseases, most notably adult acne and weight loss.--Miranda (talk) 00:22, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

针灸是一种“内病外治”的医术，通过经络、腧穴的传导作用来治疗全身疾病。 Acupuncture is a kind of medical skill of "treating internal disease by external way ", which can treat systemic diseases through the conduction of channels and acupoints.

11. Li Xiangyun

长久以来围绕着针灸疗法的一层神秘面纱在于为什么这项医术似乎只要把针刺入穴位即可减轻疼痛。 One of the long-standing mysteries surrounding acupuncture is why the technique only seems to alleviate pain if needles are inserted at specific points.

A long-standing mystery about acupuncture is why acupuncture can reduce pain as long as it is inserted into acupoints.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 05:54, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

12. Liu Li

针灸对各个器官组织的功能活动均有明显的调整作用，特别是在病理状态下，这种调节作用更为明显。 Acupuncture and moxibustion has an obvious regulating effect on the functional activities of various organs and tissues, especially in the pathological state. --Liu Li (talk) 02:59, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

中国古代人民很早以前就用针灸办法保健强身。 Chinese used acupuncture to keep healthy long time ago.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 07:37, 17 May 2020 (UTC) Revision：“强身健体”的“强身”没有翻译出来。Ancient Chinese used acupuncture for health care and physical strength long time ago.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 02:10, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

随着炼铁技术的进步，金属针逐渐得到了推广。金属针逐渐代替了砭石，从而扩大了针刺的实用范围，加快了针灸的发展进程。 With the development of iron manufacturing, metal pins gradually spread widely. They took the place of stone needle, expanded application range of needles, and accelerated the develop process of acupuncture.

15. Liu Xiaoting

作为凝聚着中华民族的智慧和创造力的独特文化表现形式，中医针灸稳定的实践频率以及历代延续的完整知识体系，为保障相关群体的生命健康发挥着重要作用，并成为其持有人文化认同的重要符号。 As a unique form of cultural expression that embodies the wisdom and creativity of the Chinese nation, traditional Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion has played an important role in ensuring the life and health of relevant groups and has become an important symbol of their cultural identity.

17. Luo Feng

对病患者升上的穴位进行针灸治疗，可由经络对患病部位起刺激作用，从而达到治疗伤病的目的。 Acupuncture and moxibustion stimulate the diseased parts by the meridians and collaterals, so as to treat the injury.

Revision: Acupuncture treament on points of patients could stimulate the diseased parts through meridians and collaterals so as to cure injuries and diseases.--Ma Qian (talk) 03:01, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

18. Luo Xiaodi

针灸疗法是祖国医学遗产的一部分，也是我国特有的一种民族医疗方法。 Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a part of the medical heritage of the motherland, and is also a unique national medical method in China.

19. Ma Qian

在20世纪70年代，以中国向全世界公布针刺麻醉的研究成果为契机，国际社会掀起了一股渴望了解针灸学和应用针灸治病的热潮，这是一次世界性的针灸热潮。 In the 1970s, China showed the whole word the research findings of acupuncture anaesthesia, and took this as a opportunity, a rush to desire to know acupuncture and moxibustion and its application to treat disease happened in the international community, and this was the first worldwide acupuncture and moxibustion rush.

20. Peng Lu

针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。它是一种"内病外治"的医术 Acupuncture is a special treatment for diseases in China. It is a medical technique of "treat internal diseases with external medicines."

Acupuncture is a unique treatment for diseases in China. It is a medical technique of "treating internal diseases with external medicines." --Jessie (talk) 05:56, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

21. Peng Yu

针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。它是一种“内病外治”的医术。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗全身疾病。 Acupuncture, an unique Chinese way to treat diseases, which treats an internal illness by external treatment, is targeted to cure whole body through the conduction of channels and acupoints with certain operation methods.--PengYu Aiden (talk) 04:15, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 中医施针的穴位，按深度分为天、人、地三层，当针灸达到每一层时，均有“针感”，患者会感到酸、胀、麻，而施术的医生则有粘针的感觉。 Translation: The acupuncture points in Chinese medicine are divided into three layers: heaven, man and earth. When acupuncture reaches each level, there is a sense of acupuncture. The patients will feel sore, swollen and numb, and the doctors will feel a sense of sticking needles.

23. Shi Shuwen

在唐代，中国针灸就广泛传播到日本、朝鲜、印度、阿拉伯等国家，并在他国繁衍出具有异域特色的针灸医学。 In the Tang dynasty, Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion was spread to Japan, Korea, India, Arabia and other countries widely, and developed the exotic acupuncture and moxibustion in other countries.

24. Sun Rui

2010年11月16日中医针灸列入“人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录”。 On November 16th, 2010, acupuncture and moxibustion was listed in Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

25. Xia Ke

针灸能治疗很多病情，用于美容，最多的就是治疗成人痘和减肥。 Acupuncture can treat many conditions, for beauty, the most is to treat adult acne and weight loss.

26. Yang Jiani

Acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine. It is commonly used for pain relief, though it is also used to treat a wide range of conditions. 针灸是除了药物以外的另一种选择。它多数情况下用于缓解疼痛。除此之外，它也可以用于治疗许多疾病。

Acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine. It is commonly used for pain relief. Besides, it is also used to treat a wide range of diseases.--Evelyn (talk) 05:38, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

27. Yang Qing

针灸已被证实在减轻手术后疼痛、怀孕期反胃、化疗所产生的反胃和呕吐、牙痛方面是有效的且其副作用极低。 Acupuncture and moxibustion has been proved to be effective in reducing post-operative pain, nausea during pregnancy, nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, and toothache with minimal side effects. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:57, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

针刺工具由砭石、骨针、竹针发展到了金属针，从而扩大了针灸疗法的适应范围。 Acupuncture toos developed from stone needle, spicule and bamboo needle to metallic needle, which expands the application range of acupuncture.

29. Yin Tanwen

针灸治疗同样对心理疾病和情感的问题有治疗效果，东方的医学一直以来都把这些问题与身体疾病联系在了一起。因为无论是压力，悲伤或是动怒都会使得出现身体循环不平衡的萌芽。 Acupuncture is also effective in treating mental and emotional problems, which eastern medicine has long associated with physical ailments. Whether it's stress, sadness, or anger, it can lead to an imbalance in the body's circulation.

30. Yu Jing

中医针灸成功地列入《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》，不仅将使早已满载传奇的毫针和艾叶为更多世人所分享，也将为整个中医药事业的发展设定全新的历史坐标。 TCM acupuncture and moxibustion was successfully enlisted into Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, which not only made the acupuncture needle and wormwood leaves that have been full of legend shared by more people, but also will set a new historical coordinate for the development of whole traditional Chinese medicine.

31. Zhang Yuanling

艾灸与针灸一样，都是以脏腑理论为指导，以经络学说为依据，故艾灸与针灸的治疗原理相同。但不同的是，针灸刺入皮下，艾灸则置于皮上。 Like acupuncture, moxibustion is also directed by the principle of viscera, based on the theory of channels and collaterals, so the two share the same principle of treating. The difference is that the needle used in acupuncture is stabbed into one’s skin, whereas the moxa cone used in moxibustion is placed on one’s skin. Tips: 第二句主语的添加--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 09:37, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

32. Zhou Xiaolan

针灸具有协调和激活身心功能的功效。 Acupuncture has a harmonizing and energizing effect on mind and body.

33. Zhu Wenhao

Zhu Wenhao老庄派为老学、庄学的合称。以自然为本，天性为尊，法天心而无心弗志而为，以清静而使人退欲消妄，以己之虚无澄他人之妄心而为。主张清虚自守，齐物而侍。 Laozhuang School is a collective term for Lao Xue and Zhuang Xue. Take nature as the foundation, nature as the honor. The law of the heart and the involuntary ambitions; the quietness makes people retreat from their desires, and their own emptiness to clear others' delusions. Advocate self-defense, and wait for things together.

D. The Development of Chinese Medicine

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

华佗，东汉末年著名的医学家，与董奉和张仲景被并称为“建安三神医”，被后人称为“外科圣手”、“外科鼻祖”，是中国最早开始进行全身麻醉外科手术的医生 Hua Tuo, a famous medical scientist in the late Eastern Han dynasty, known as the "three magic doctors of Jian 'an" along with Dong Feng and Zhang Zhongjing, is the first doctor to perform general anesthesia surgery in China who is honored as "the holy hand of surgery" by posterity.

2. Chen Qiuxu

秦汉之际，药学已初具规模，西汉时期已有药学专著出现，《神农本草经》是现存最早的药学专著。

At the time of Qin and Han Dynasties, pharmacy had begun to take shape. In the Western Han Dynasty, pharmaceutical monograph appeared. Sheng Nong's herbal classic is the earliest existing pharmaceutical monograph.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 09:37, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

China's accession to the WTO is a valuable opportunity for the development of traditional Chinese Medicine industry. 我国加入WTO，为中药产业的发展提供难得的机遇。

4. Guo Xinyi

华佗采用酒服“麻沸散”施行腹部手术，开创了全身麻醉手术的先例。这种全身麻醉手术，在中国医学史上是空前的，在世界医学史上也是罕见的创举。

Hua Tuo conducted abdominal operations with “mafeisan” in alcohol, setting a precedent for general anesthesia, which is not only unprecedented in the history of Chinese medicine, but also a feat rarely seen in the history of world medicine.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 10:09, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

《伤寒杂病论》的体例是以六经统病证，周详而实用。 The style of On Typhoid and Other Diseases is based on the six meridians, which is detailed and practical.

6. Jiang Yun

至少在接下来的10年里，中医药会保持较快的上升趋势，就像十年前中国的经济增长一样。 Chinese medicine will keep developing rapidly in at least the next decade, just like the economic increase in China 10 years ago.

Chinese medicine will keep the trend of developing rapidly in at least the next decade, just like the economic increase in China 10 years ago.--Evelyn (talk) 05:49, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

7. Li Haowen

华佗重视预防保健，“治人于未病”，观察自然生态，教人调息生命和谐。 Hua Tuo attached great importance to premedication. He preferred cure the patients before they get sick. He liked to observe the nature and tell people how to stay in harmony with life.

8. Li Leyi

综合疗法为扁鹊行医时的主要治疗措施。 Comprehensive therapy is the main treatment for Bian Que to cure patients.--Chloe (talk) 04:53, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

唐朝以后，中国医学理论和著作大量外传到高丽、日本等地。 After Tang Dynasty, a great number of Chinese Medicine theories and works are spread to other countries such as Koryo and Japan.--Liki (talk) 03:17, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

春秋战国时期，扁鹊总结前人经验，提出“望、闻、问、切”的方法，奠定了中医临床诊断和治疗的基础。 During the Spring and Autumn Period, Bian Que summed up the previous experience and put forward the method of "looking, listening, inquiring, and taking,", which laid the foundation of clinical diagnosis and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine.

12. Liu Li

发扬传统、吐故纳新、中西结合、面向当代，成为中医学发展的态势。 Carrying forward the tradition, bringing up the old and embracing the new, combining Chinese medicine and Western medicine, facing the contemporary, have become the trend of TCM development. --Liu Li (talk) 03:03, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

华佗首创用全身麻醉法施行外科手术，被后世称为外科鼻祖。 Hua Tuo created the usage of general anesthesia when carrying out surgeries, and he was called the Master of Surgery by the later generations.

---

14. Liu Siyu

中医的发展，除了取决于实践外，还与中国传统文化倡导宝命全形以贵生的系统思维方式、哲学思想等关系甚为密切。 The development of Chinese medicine not only depends on practice, but is also closely related to the systematic thinking mode and philosophy thought advocated by Chinese traditional culture.

15. Liu Xiaoting

With the important of people’s living standards, health food has become a major consumer products, traditional medicine health and health culture, is health food developed an important theoretical basis and effective material source, development with Chinese characteristics health foods can be the promotion of national industries and the modernization of the continuous development of Chinese medicine. 随着人们生活水平的提高,健康食品已经成为一个主要的消费品,传统医学卫生和健康文化,是保健食品开发的重要理论基础和有效的物质来源,发展具有中国特色的保健食品可以促进民族产业和中医药现代化的不断发展。

17. Luo Feng

扁鹊因其精湛的医术而闻名天下，人们便将黄帝时传说中的名医“扁鹊”的美名赠给他，而把他的真名忘了。 Qin Yueren was well known for his superb medical skills. People named him “Bian Que”, a famous doctor in the legend of the Yellow Emperor, but thus forgot his real name.

18. Luo Xiaodi

隋唐时期特别是唐代，是中国封建社会的鼎盛时期，医药文化也绚丽纷呈，医药学思维活跃，内外交流频繁，出现空前昌盛的局面。 The Sui and Tang dynasties, especially the Tang Dynasty,were the heyday of China's feudal society, with splendid medicine culture,active medicine thinking, frequent internal and external exchanges and unprecedented prosperity.

19. Ma Qian

华佗则以精通外科手术和麻醉名闻天下，还创立了健身体操“五禽戏”。 Hua Tuo was famous for his proficiency in surgery and anesthesia among the world, and he also created a kind of gymnastics---the frolics of five animals.

20. Peng Lu

中国医药学已有数千年的历史，是我国人民长期同疾病作斗争的极为丰富的经验总结，对于中华民族的繁荣昌盛有着巨大的贡献。 With a history of thousands of years, Chinese medicine is the conclusion of rich experience of Chinese people in struggling against diseases in long-term. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of the Chinese nation.

21. Peng Yu

《伤寒杂病论》是中国第一部从理论到实践、确立辨证论治法则的医学专著，是中国医学史上影响最大的著作之一。 "On typhoid and other diseases" is the first medical monograph in China to establish the rule of syndrome differentiation and treatment from theory to practice, and it is one of the most influential works in the history of Chinese medicine.--PengYu Aiden (talk) 04:21, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 至明清时，伤寒论中的方剂，被尊为“经方”，影响远至朝鲜、日本。 Translation: In Ming and Qing dynasties, the prescriptions in On Typhoid and Other Diseases are expected as classical prescription, which also influences countries as far as Korea and Japan.

Revision: In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the prescription in On Typhoid and Other Diseases are revered as "classical prescriptions," and their influence spread to cpuntries as far as Korea and Japan.--Ma Qian (talk) 02:48, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

23. Shi Shuwen

习近平强调，要着力推动中医药振兴发展，坚持中西医并重，推动中医药和西医药相互补充、协调发展，努力实现中医药健康养生文化的创造性转化、创新性发展。 President Xi stressed that efforts should be made to promote the revitalization and development of traditional Chinese medicine, stick to balance importance to both traditional and western medicine, promote the complementary and coordinated development of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, and try hard to accomplish the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional Chinese medicine health culture. President Xi stressed that efforts should be made to promote the revitalization and development of traditional Chinese medicine, stick to balancing importance both traditional and western medicine, and promote the complementary and coordinated development of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, and try hard to accomplish the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional Chinese medicine health culture.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 13:22, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

24. Sun Rui

中医产生于原始社会，春秋战国中医理论已经基本形成，出现了解剖和医学分科，已经采用“四诊”。 Chinese Medicine came into being in the primitive society. The theory of Chinese medicine has formed in Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. Anatomy and medical subdivisions emerged, and four diagnoses have been adopted.

25. Xia Ke

针灸能治疗很多病情，用于美容，最多的就是治疗成人痘和减肥。 Acupuncture can treat many conditions, for beauty, the most is to treat adult acne and weight loss. Acupuncture can treat a lot of diseases....--Shi Shuwen (talk) 02:14, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

26. Yang Jiani

As the quintessence of traditional culture, TCM (traditional chinese medicine) carries the wisdom and spirit of the predecessors, which should be preserved and cherished.作为传统文化的精髓，中医继承了前人的智慧和精神，应该加以保护和珍惜。

27. Yang Qing

毛泽东五十年前提倡“西医学中医”，是用现代科学方法继承发展中医。 Mao Zedong advocated “western medicine should learn from Chinese medicine” 50 years ago, which is to inherit and develop Chinese medicine with modern scientific methods. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 07:00, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

50 years ago, Mao Zedong advocated “western medicine should learn from Chinese medicine” which is to inherit and develop Chinese medicine with modern scientific methods. --Miranda (talk) 00:27, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

扁鹊认为对疾病需要预先采取措施，把疾病消灭在萌芽里，这样可以达到事半功倍的效果。 Bian Que believed that we should take measures in advance to nip diseases in the bud, which could get twofold results with half the effort.

tip: 预先可以翻译成状语，把……消灭在萌芽短语的翻译

29. Yin Tanwen

中医诞生于原始社会，在2000多年前的春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成。 Chinese traditional medicine was born in the primitive society, and its theory was basically formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring states Period more than 2,000 years ago

30. Yu Jing

《黄帝内经》,它是中国传统医学四大经典著作,也是我国医学宝库中成书最早的一部医学典籍。 Huangdi Neijing is one of four classics of Chinese traditional medicine, and also the earliest medical book in the treasure house of Chinese medicine.

Huangdi Neijing is one of the four classics of Chinese traditional medicine, and also the earliest medical book in the treasure house of Chinese medicine.--Jessie (talk) 06:06, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

31. Zhang Yuanling

无论官宦之家还是庶民百姓，凡来求诊的人，张仲景都热情接待，细心诊治，每每药到病除，以至于声名远播。  Anyone, regardless of his status, that came for medical consultations, would be received with keen interest and carefully treated by Zhang Zhongjing. Each given prescription was so correct and could cure the disease completely that made him enjoyed a widespread reputation. Tips: “官宦之家”和“庶民百姓”把词义抽出来就是指一个人的地位。考虑好选哪个主语最容易连接句子。--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 09:40, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

32. Zhou Xiaolan

早在几千年前的远古时代，我们的祖先在日常饮食劳作在与大自然的抗争中就积累了一些用药知识。 As early as thousands of years ago in ancient times, our ancestors accumulated some knowledge of medicine in the daily diet and the struggle with nature.

tips: when we translate something, our language must be expressive.--Miranda (talk) 00:32, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Unit 12 Major Religions

A. Buddhism

Text

Good afternoon! We will first flip through the powerpoint from last time http://bou.de/11.pptx

Then we will watch a video http://bou.de/r.mp4

Finally we will flip through the powerpoint for this time: http://bou.de/12.pptx

Buddhism was said to be founded in India in the 6th century BC by Siddhartha Gautama, son of a nobleman and member of the Kshatriya caste, near the present borders of India and Nepal. He is also known by the titles Skamania (the sage of the Sakya family) and Tathagata (the follower of truth). It is said that at age 29 he was confronted with the sights of an old man, a sick man, a corpse and a wandering ascetic. With eyes opened to aspects of life newly revealed to him, he broke from the material world and became an ascetic. But six years later, he gave up mystic concentration that at last brought him enlightenment under a bodhi tree. He then founded an order of mendicants and spent his next 45 years preaching his ideas.

The Four Noble Truths preached by Gautama Buddha are: 1. that sorrow is the universal experience of mankind, and everyone is subjected to the trauma of birth, sickness, decrepitude and death, 2. that the cause of sorrow is desire, especially the desire of the body and the desire for personal fulfillment, and the cycle of birth is perpetuated by the desire for existence; 3. that the removal of sorrow can come only from the removal of desire, that is to say, that happiness can be achieved only if these desires are overcome; and 4. that desire can by systematically abandoned if one follows the Noble Eight-Fold Path.

The Noble Eight-Fold Path includes the following eight tenets:

1. The “Right Knowledge” is the first step to believe that all life is suffering, that suffering is caused by desire for personal gratification, that suffering can be overcome, and that the way to overcome it is to follow the Eight-Fold Path.

2. The “Right Aspiration” is to be passionately involved with the knowledge of what life’s problems basically are.

3. The “Right Speech” is to avoid lies, idle talk, abuse, slander and deceit as these things remove a person from the prospect of attaining happiness.

4. The “Right Behavior” is to show kindness and to avoid self-seeking and personal fulfillment in all actions. It also includes five rules: “Do not kill;” “Do not steal;” “Do not lie;” “Do not be unchaste;” and “Do not drink intoxicants.”

5. The “Right Livelihood” is to engage in a suitable activity to earn a living. Buddha considered spiritual progress impossible if one’s occupation, such as slave- dealing or prostitution, pulled in the opposite direction.

6. The “Right Effort” is the will to develop virtues and to curb passions.

7. The “Right Mindfulness” is to practice self-examination and to cultivate self- knowledge, to overcome the state of semi-alertness, and to become aware of what is happening to oneself.

8. The “Right Absorption” is the way to God through psychological exercises, the mental exercises to penetrate deep into the psyche where the real problems and answers lie and to achieve a personal experience of what lies hidden away within.

By following the Noble Eight-Fold path, the Buddhist aims to attain “nirvana”, a condition beyond the limits of the mind, thoughts, feelings, desire, the will, and a state of bliss and ecstasy.

There are two types of Buddhism in China, Mahayana (Big Raft) Buddhism and Hinayana (Little Raft) Buddhism.

Mahayana Buddhism was introduced into regions inhabited by the Han people, the largest ethnic group in China, in the first century. The earliest Buddhist temple, the Baima (White Horse) Temple, was built in Luoyang during the reign of Emperor Mingdi in 68 with the help of 2 Indian monks. Mahayana Budddhism reached its peak of popularity during the Sui and Tang (581-907) dynasties.

Mahayana Buddhism emphasizes the existence of many Buddhas. It focuses on Buddhas in heaven and on people who will become Buddhas in the future. It believes that these present and future Buddhas can save people through compassion and grace. Today it comprises 8 main sects: the Sanlun (Three Treaties) Sect; the Faxiang (Dharma Characteristic) Sect (also known as the Yoga Sect); the Tiantai Sect; the Huayan (Flowery Splendor) Sect; the Jingtu (Pure Land) Sect; the Chan (Zen) Sect; the Ritsugaku Sect; and the Esoteric Sect.

The doctrines of the various sects played an important part in the development of philosophical ideas in China. Their influence is seen in thousands of Chinese classics, many of which are of great literary value. The Vimalakirti, Saddharma-pundarika- sutra (Lotus Sutra) and Surangama-samadhi-sutra have always been special favorites of scholars. Mahayana Buddhism brought to Chinese literature new conceptions, styles and techniques of wording and phrasing. The first Chinese woodblock printing was a series of pictures based on the Tripitaka in Chinese. Buddhist paintings and sculptures turn out a rich source of material for the study of Chinese art and history. Whether it is the murals of the Dunhuang caves or the stone carvings of the Longmen, Yungang, and Dazu grottoes, the works highlight a brilliant chapter in China’s cultural history. China’s pagoda architecture and statue art are mostly the work of Mahayana Buddhist designers.

China’s music, astronomy, medicine and gymnastics also reveal Mahayana Buddhist influences. As early as the 2nd century, Buddhist songs were already sung by the Chinese. Yi Xing (673-727), a monk of the Tang Dynasty, was the first to compute the length of the meridian. He compiled a number of books on astronomy and mathematics. In medicine, more than 10 prescription texts from India were translated into Chinese by Buddhists, and they were used in China during the Tang Dynasty. Finally, in gymnastics, the monks of the Shaolin Temple developed various exercise methods imported from India into a special form of Wushu by incorporating Chinese martial art techniques.

Four mountains in China are particularly sacred to Mahayana Buddhists. They are Wutai in Shanxi Province, Putuo in Zhejiang Province, Emei in Sichuan Province, and Jiuhua in Anhui Province.

Hinayana (or Pali) Buddhism was introduced from Burma, in about the 9th century, into regions inhabited by the Dai, Bulang, Achang, and De’ang ethnic groups in Yunnan Province. Today its followers are mainly people of these ethnic groups as well as Bai, Jing (Ginzu) and Lahu nationalities. In China it is called Pali Buddhism, because Pali is the ancient Indian language spoken in Buddhist temples. Hinayana Buddhism emphasizes the importance of Buddha as a historical figure, the virtues of monastic life and the authority of the Tripitaka.

Lamaism is a form of Buddhism intermingled with indigenous Tibetan religion, Bon. Tibetan Buddhism slowly adopted some of the Bon rites, while Bon eventually took on Buddhist teachings and disappeared. Lamaism gained its Buddhist knowledge mainly from Han Mahayana Buddhist sources. Of the various sects that eventually developed within Lamaist Buddhism, the main ones are Nyingma, Sakya, Kagyu, Bon, and Gelug.

The Nyingma Sect was founded by Padmasambhava, or “the Lotus-born one,” an Indian master of Esoteric Buddhism who was invited to Tibet to preach Buddhism during the later half of the 8th century. This sect is also called the “Red Sect” because the monks of this school wear red hats. The Sakya Sect is also known as the “Striped Sect” because of the three stripes of red, white, and black that are painted on the walls of all its monasteries. The Kagyu Sect is also called the “White Sect” because its monks used to wore white robes. The Bon Sect is also known as the “Black Sect”. It grew directly as an overlay of Buddhism on top of Bon tradition.

By far the most powerful of the Lamaist sects is Gelug, or the “Yellow Sect”, so called because the monks wear yellow hats. Founded in 1392 by Tsongkapa, an advocate of religious reform, it grew rapidly into the sect with the largest following. Part of the reason for this is the political support from the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) government, which appointed their leader, the Fifth Dalai Lama, to “unitfy the tribes” in Tibet. Ganden, Sera, Drepung. Tashilhunpo, Ta’er, and Labrang are the principal monasteries of this sect.

In taking on some of the traditions of Bon, Lamaism created its own system of leadership, that of rule by persons designated as Living Buddhas. Such persons are believed to be the reincarnations of deceased Living Buddhas. Thus in Lamasim, some special persons are literally born into Buddhahood, whereas in Han Buddhism, followers move toward Nirvana only through good work, and in Pali Buddhism they can attain the same condition through devotion.

The system for designating Living Buddhas was formulated by the Kagyu Sect more than 100 years before the Yellow Sect came into existence. It relies on a committee of monks who search for a soul boy (one into whom the soul of a previous Living Buddha has settled). The monks start this search one year after the death of the previous Living Buddha. They travel in different directions from their temple to find all male children born when the former Living Buddhe died.

When such soul boys are found (there may be several), each is presented with a group of utensils, some of which were possessions of the previous Living Budddha. If the child takes interest in one of the utensils owned by the previous Living Buddha, the boy is assumed to be the possible reincarnation. A second test is then administered to make sure. This involves the ritual of asking advice from a protecting spirit. If two or more potential soul boys pass these two tests, lots are drawn from a gold urn to determine the correct identity.

The process of selection and control remains in the hands of a select group of monks---the search committee. One of their members acts as regent until the boy reaches an age when he can be elevated in a grand ceremony to the position of Living Buddha, usually sometime between the ages of 12 and 18. The members of the search committee remain as the Living Buddha’s assistants until he is old enough to replace them. Should the new Living Buddha die young, the same group of monks become the committee to select the next Living Buddha.

Questions

2. What are the 4 Noble Truths preached by Gautama?

1. that sorrow is the universal experience of mankind, and everyone is subjected to the trauma of birth, sickness, decrepitude and death, 2. that the cause of sorrow is desire, especially the desire of the body and the desire for personal fulfillment, and the cycle of birth is perpetuated by the desire for existence; 3. that the removal of sorrow can come only from the removal of desire, that is to say, that happiness can be achieved only if these desires are overcome; and 4. that desire can by systematically abandoned if one follows the Noble Eight-Fold Path.--DU PEIXI (talk) 08:46, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

7. What are its 8 main sects?

Today it comprises 8 main sects: the Sanlun (Three Treaties) Sect; the Faxiang (Dharma Characteristic) Sect (also known as the Yoga Sect); the Tiantai Sect; the Huayan (Flowery Splendor) Sect; the Jingtu (Pure Land) Sect; the Chan (Zen) Sect; the Ritsugaku Sect; and the Esoteric Sect.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 08:11, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

11. What are the 4 sacred mountains in China?

They are Wutai in Shanxi Province, Putuo in Zhejiang Province, Emei in Sichuan Province, and Jiuhua in Anhui Province.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 08:54, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

卍是佛教相传的吉祥的标帜，是佛祖的心印，来自梵文，意为吉祥万德之所集，藏语叫做雍仲。

Swastika is the symbol of Buddhism’s auspicious sign and the heart seal of Buddha, which comes from Sanskrit representing the collection of auspiciousness and virtues and is called Yongzhong in Tibetan.

2. Chen Qiuxu

佛教信徒修习佛教的目的即在于依照悉达多所悟到修行方法，发现生命和宇宙的真相，最终超越生死和苦、断尽一切烦恼，得到究竟解脱。

The purpose of practicing Buddhism is to find out the truth of life and the universe according to Siddhartha's method of practice. Finally transcend death and suffering, and cut off all troubles to get the ultimate liberation.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 10:56, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

佛教的观点是，道德行为是通过掌握自我和欲望，培养仁爱和同情而自然产生的。 The buddhist view is that moral behavior flows naturally from mastering one's ego and desires,cultivating loving-kindness and compassion.

kindess---kindness.

The view of Buddhism is that moral behavior is naturally produced by mastering ego and desire and cultivating benevolence and compassion.--Chloe (talk) 05:16, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

4. Guo Xinyi

佛教对中国文化产生过很大影响和作用，在中国历史上留下了灿烂辉煌的佛教文化遗产。

Buddhism has made a great influence on Chinese culture, leaving in Chinese history a brilliant and splendid cultural heritage of Buddhism.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 00:53, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

Revision: Buddhism has exerted great influence on Chinese culture and left a splendid buddhist cultural heritage in Chinese history.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 04:43, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

史学家范文澜曾说，不懂佛学就不懂中国文化。

The historian Fan Wenlan once said that one can not understand Chinese culture without understanding Buddhism.

6. Jiang Yun

大约在2500年前，古印度有一个王子，叫“乔达摩·悉达多”，发现了人世间是痛苦的，尝试各种方法，最终悟成正道，成了佛。 Around 25000 years ago, Gautama Siddhartha,a prince in ancient India, found that the world was full of miseries and tried many approaches to finally be enlightened to be Śākyamuni.

Around 25000 years ago, Gautama Siddhartha,a prince in ancient India, found that the world was full of miseries. He tried many approaches and was finally enlightened to be Śākyamuni.--Jessie (talk) 06:15, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

7. Li Haowen

活佛转世制度创立后，藏传佛教各教派为了自己的利益，纷起仿效，相继建立起大大小小数以千计的活佛转世系统。

Since the Soul Boy was introduced, hundreds of separated Soul Boy systems have been established continuously by the sects of Lamaism for the interest of themselves.

8. Li Leyi

佛教既反对杀生，也反对自杀，更倡导护生。 Buddhism is opposed to killing and suicide, and advocates caring for life.--Chloe (talk) 04:40, 25 May 2020 (UTC) Buddhism is opposed to killing and suicide. Moreover, it advocates caring for life.--Yin Tanwen

9. Li Qi

佛教对中国文化产生过很大影响和作用，在中国历史上留下了灿烂辉煌的佛教文化遗产。例如，我国古代建筑保存最多的是佛教寺塔。 Buddhism had a great influence and impact on Chinese culture, leaving glorious and resplendent heritages of Buddhism culture in Chinese history. For example, the largest preserved number of Chinese ancient building is Buddhism temple and tower.

Buddhism has exerted great influence on Chinese culture and left a splendid buddhist cultural heritage in Chinese history. For example, the most preserved ancient architecture in China is the buddhist temple tower.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 07:52, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

由于受到印度教及后来传入印度的伊斯兰教的排挤，公元八、九百年左右，印度的佛教在印度本土消失。而能保留佛教并发展佛教的中国就成了当今世界佛教的真正故乡。 Due to Hinduism and Islam later introduced into India, Buddhism in India was marginalized and then disappeared in India around 800 AD and 900 AD. China, which can preserve Buddhism and develop Buddhism, has become the true hometown of Buddhism in the world today.

11. Li Xiangyun

佛教饮食的限制导致了肉类调味品和荤食替代品的出现。 The restrictions of Buddhist dietary lead to the replacement of meat seasonings with vegetarian alternatives. 荤食替代品可以译为meat substitutes.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:39, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

12. Liu Li

佛经中的动人故事常常成为艺术家们绘画的题材，顾恺之、阎立本、吴道子等历代画家皆以擅长佛画而闻名。

The moving stories in Buddhist sutra often become the subject of artists' paintings. Gu Kaizhi, Yan Liben, Wu Daozi and other painters in the past dynasties are famous for their buddhist paintings.

--Liu Li (talk) 06:18, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

佛教重视人类心灵和道德的进步和觉悟。 Buddhism takes the development and perception of the human mind and morality seriously. --Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:48, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

佛教否定宿命论，认为人有命运，但是不鼓励人听天由命，而是希望人开创命运。 Buddhism denies fatalism. It believes that people have a destiny, but does not encourage people to submit to the will of Heaven, and instead, hopes that people can create their own destiny.

15. Liu Xiaoting

The Buddhist canon consists of a vast corpus of texts that cover philosophical, devotional, and monastic marrers, and each of the major divisions of Buddhism has its own distinct vision of what it considers to be canonical scriptures. 佛教经典由大量的经文组成，涵盖哲学、宗教和僧侣问题，并且佛教的每一个主要分支都有自己独特的版本，要求其内部人员将其奉为规范。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 03:40, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

16. Liu Ying

佛不是万能，佛不能赐我们以解脱，他只能教导我们，我们还是要凭自己的努力才得解脱。 The Buddha isn’t one of omnipotent that frees us but the one who enlightens us, and it’s us who free ourselves through hard work.

17. Luo Feng

幡，是佛教所用的旌旗，是用以供养菩萨、庄严道场的道具。 Streamer is one kind of flage being used by Buddhism, used for statedly Buddhism ceremony.

18. Luo Xiaodi

公历纪元前后，印度佛教开始由印度传入中国，经长期传播发展，而形成具有中国民族特色的中国佛教。 Around the Christian era, Indian Buddhism began to spread from India to China, after a long period of dissemination and development, formed Chinese Buddhism. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:35, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

Indian Buddhism began to be introduced to China from India around the Christian era, and Chinese Buddhism was formed after a long period of dissemination and development.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 03:11, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

末日传言没有任何佛教经典依据，佛教是给人信心、给人希望、给人欢喜的宗教，佛教徒不应该轻易相信和传播世界末日的说法。 The rumor of doomsday has no basis form Buddhist classics, Buddhism is a religion that gives people confidence, hope, and happiness, therefore, Buddhists should not believe the rumor easily and spread it randomly.

20. Peng Lu

印度佛教最初传入中国，因文化背景全然不同，故被视为与当时流行的黄老神仙方术同类，仅通行于少数的王公贵族之间. When Indian Buddhism was first introduced into China, it was regarded as the same kind of magic as the popular Yellow Immortals at that time and only used among a few nobles, due to its totally different cultural background.

21. Peng Yu

Nirvana, or the liberation from cycles of rebirth, is the highest aim of the Theravada tradition. 涅槃，又称超脱轮回，是修炼小乘佛法的终极目标。 --PengYu Aiden (talk) 07:27, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 藏传佛教可以说是完整地保存了整个佛教的形式与精髓，相反地，汉地佛教则依据本地风俗而舍弃了一些内容。 Translation: Tibetan Buddhism can be said to have preserved the form and essence of Buddhism completely. On the contrary, Han Buddhism has abandoned some contents according to local customs.

23. Shi Shuwen

公历纪元前后，印度佛教开始由印度传入中国，经长期传播发展，而形成具有中国民族特色的中国佛教。 Around the Gregorian era, Indian Buddhism began to be introduced into China from India. After a long spread and development, Chinese Buddhism with Chinese national characteristics was formed. Around the Gregorian era, Indian Buddhism began to be introduced into China from India. After a long spread and development,Buddhism with Chinese national characteristics was formed.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:09, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

24. Sun Rui

从南北朝开始中国佛教进入兴盛发展阶段。南北朝时佛教已遍布全国，出家、在家佛教徒数量增加很快，北魏《洛阳伽蓝记》记载洛阳城中寺庙鼎盛时达到1367所。 Since the North and South Dynasty, Chinese Buddhism has entered a stage of prosperity and development. In the North and South Dynasty, Buddhism had spread all over the country. The number of monks and Buddhists at home increased rapidly. It is recorded in Record of Buddhist Temples in Luo Yang that there were 1367 temples in Luo Yang at the heyday.

25. Xia Ke

佛教信徒修习佛教的目的即在于发现生命和宇宙的真相，最终超越生死和苦、断尽一切烦恼，得到究竟解脱。 The purpose of learning Buddhism is to discover the truth of life and the universe, and finally transcend the life，death and suffering, cut off all the troubles, and finally achieve liberation.

The purpose of buddhist devotees to practice Buddhism is to discover the truth of life and the universe, and finally transcend life and death, suffering, all troubles, and get ultimate liberation.--Miranda (talk) 00:40, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

26. Yang Jiani

救人一命，胜造七级浮屠。

To save one’s life is better than to build a Seven-level floating slaughter.

Revision: Saving one life is better than building a seven-level pagoda.--Ma Qian (talk) 02:41, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

27. Yang Qing

佛教对中国文化产生过很大影响和作用，在中国历史上留下了灿烂辉煌的佛教文化遗产。 Buddhism has exerted great influence on Chinese culture and left a splendid buddhist cultural heritage in Chinese history. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:36, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

到了汉末时代，佛教逐渐由上层遍及民间，由少数人逐渐扩展到多数人。

By the end of Han Dynasty, Buddhism gradually spread from the upper class to ordinary people, and extend from minority to majority.

tip: 关于时间:到了……，翻译为by，由……到……:from……to……

29. Yin Tanwen

命由己造,相由心生。 Life is what yourself make it,and the face is the external performance of the heart.

revision: Life is made by oneself, and face manifests one's heart.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 01:21, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

30. Yu Jing

佛教否定宿命论，认为人有命运，但是不鼓励人听天由命，而是希望人开创命运。

Buddhism denies fatalism and considers that humans have destiny. But it didn’t encourage humans to be guided by destiny, but hoped them to create the fate.

Buddhism doesn't agree with fatalism and considers that human have destiny.Instaed of encouraging huamn to abandon themselves to their fate, it wished human to create the fate their own.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 05:42, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

31. Zhang Yuanling

其实众生皆有"佛性"，这个佛性是我们能思考和体会到宇宙万物的本源，但是众生由于业力和执著的纠缠而佛性蒙尘，不能找到"本我真心"，所以执著一个假名"我"和种种欲望，而始终在六道生死中不断的痛苦流转。

“Buddha nature” is the original source of the thoughts and experiences about everything in the cosmos. Actually, every life has it. But it was clouded by the dust in the secular world because of Karma and insistent tangle which prevent them from finding out one’s ego and heart. They are addicted to a fake “ego” and various desires so that are painfully circling in the six realms of existence.

32. Zhou Xiaolan

佛教否定宿命论，认为人有命运，但是不鼓励人听天由命，而是希望人开创命运。

Buddhism denies determinism and believes that people have a destiny. Instead of encouraging people to submit to fate, it hopes that people can create their destiny.

Buddhism denies fatalism and believes that people have a destiny. Instead of encouraging people to submit to fate, it hopes that people can create their destiny.--Evelyn (talk) 12:35, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

33. Zhu Wenhao

Zhu Wenhao萨迦派在显教方面注重经论的翻译及辩经。显宗方面有两个传承，一个倡导唯识见，传授法相学；一个主张诸法性空，传教中观应成学说。 The Sakya pays attention to the translation and argumentation of scripture in the aspect of explicit teaching. There are two inheritances of the Emperor Sect, one advocates only knowledge and teaches the law of law, and the other advocates the lawlessness of the law, and the doctrine of the concept of Yingcheng should be taught.

B. Daoism

Text

Daoism (Taoism) is the only major religion that came exclusively from Chinese roots and grew to maturity in Chinese soil. It originated at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Shundi (125-144) and is based on ancient witchcraft and formulas of immortality. Taoists, however, regards Lao Zi (Lao Tzu) as the founder and supreme god of Daoism, and Classic of the Way and its Power, a booklet of only 5,000 Chinese characters by Lao Zi, as the believer’s canon.

In his booklet, Lao Zi says that the basic principle is: 1. be benevolent; 2. be pure; 3. do not act in advance of others. Being benevolent means assuming an amiable attitude towards everything in the universe and maintaining universal harmony. Being pure means getting rid of extravagant hopes and being plain in mind and body. Not daring to act in advance of others means being modest and holding the self in check, instead of assuming an attitude of strength and dominance.

The word “Dao” (Tao), translates as “the way”. In its broadest sense, Tao is the way the universe functions, the path taken by all natural events. Tao is nature’s way, expressed in effortless action. Taoists often uses the image of water to illustrate such effortless action. Water always settles to the lowest level and yet can wear away even the hardest of substances.

According to Taoism, the cosmos is a magnitude of harmony and order. It is active, not static. Its state is one of change and variation, perpetually becoming and fading away, and contracting and expanding. Tao guides its function as an ordering principle. Within Tao, the two elementary powers, Yin and Yang, function by reciprocal action. They are the two polar opposites into which all things can be classified. Thus dark and light, life and death, male and female, good and evil, strong and weak are all manifestations of Yin and Yang.

In China，various sects of Taoism appeared in different periods, During the reign of Emperor Shundi, Zhang Ling (34-156) established the Heavenly Teacher Sect, which is also known as the Five Picules of Rice Sect. Toward the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Jiao (?-184), a peasant rebel leader, set up another Taoist sect named Taiping (Pacific) Tao. By the Western and Eastern Jin dynasties, the Five Picules of Rice Sect had become a major religion. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the ruling class tried to reform Taoism so that it would help them control the peasants. In the north, the Northern Heavenly Teacher Sect was established and in the south, the Southern Heavenly Teacher Sect. During the Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368), the northern and southern sects merged into a new sect known as the True Unity Sect. From then on, this sect and the Complete Unity Sect, which was founded in 1167, have been the major sects of Taoism.

The True Unity Sect believed in “driving out devils by calling in the gods, and averting disasters by prayer.” Its priests could marry and have meat and wine except during the fasting periods. The Complete Unity Sect emphasizes self-cultivation and immortality, and its priests had to renounce home life, practice vegetarianism and remain unmarried. After 1949, however, the Complete Unity Sect, the True Unity Sect and other Taoist sects gradually merged into one, especially after the Chinese Taoist Association was founded in 1956.

Questions

1. Is Daoism the only native major religion in China? When did it come into being? What is it based on?

(1)It is the only native major religion in China.(2)It originated at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Shundi and (3) historically is based on ancient witchcraft and formulas of immortality.--DU PEIXI (talk) 09:20, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

2. What do you know about Lao Zi and his Classic of the Way and its Power?

Lao Zi (Lao Tzu) was regarded by Buddhists as the founder and supreme goddess of Daoism, and Classic of the Way and its Power, a booklet of only 5,000 Chinese characters by Lao Zi, was regarded as the believer’s canon.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 09:43, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

3. According to Lao Zi, what are the 3 basic principles of social behaviour? What do they mean respectively?

Lao Zi says that the three basic principles are: 1. be benevolent; 2. be pure; 3. do not act in advance of others. Being benevolent means assuming an amiable attitude towards everything in the universe and maintaining universal harmony. Being pure means getting rid of extravagant hopes and being plain in mind and body. Not daring to act in advance of others means being modest, altruistic and holding the self in check, instead of assuming an attitude of strength and dominance. --Qin Ruijing (talk) 08:16, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

渡劫，道教术语，主要出现于修真小说，意思是指人可以通过修炼来获得特殊的能力。这是一个违背天理的过程，上天会降下劫难，只有渡过这些劫难才能继续修炼。 Dujie, a Daoist term, mainly used in Xiuzhen novels, means that people can acquire special abilities through practice. This is a process against the law of nature and is promoted only if the man survives through suffering from God.

Tips: 在汉译英时，注意语句之间的逻辑关系，尽量有序的就行整合

2. Chen Qiuxu

道教教祖老子把“道”作为宇宙本体、万物规律，是超越时空的神秘存在

Laozi, the founder of Taoism, regards "Tao" as the noumenon of the universe and the law of all things, which is a mysterious existence beyond time and space.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 10:57, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

correction: Laozi, the founder of Taoism, regards "Tao" as the noumenon of the universe, the law of all things, and a kind of mysterious existence beyond time and space.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 01:28, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

=3. Du Peixi

人与自然的关系始终是人类社会关注的问题,而道家的根本理念是"自然观"。 The relationship between man and nature has always been a concern of human society,and the basic principle of Daoism is "nature".

4. Guo Xinyi

唐朝尊老子为祖先，奉道教为国教，采取措施大力推崇道教，提高道士地位。

In Tang dynasty, Laozi was honored as the country’s ancestor; Daoism was worshiped as the state religion and vigorously advertised through measures; Taoists' status was also heightened.

Tips: 当句子中没有确切的主语时，可考虑用被动语态。--Guo Xinyi (talk) 01:00, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

唐太宗李世民实行道家无为治国政策。

Emperor Taizong of Tang pursued a policy of governing the country by doing nothing.

（Tips: 翻译历史人物人名时，可以查阅资料，找到最常用的翻译。）

6. Jiang Yun

道教有别于其他宗教最明显的特点是在求真的道路上不迷失自我，不陷入彻头彻尾的唯心之中。 The most conspicuous feature of Taoism that tells the difference between it and other religions is that Taoism suggests one should not lose himself when chasing gospel and get caught in complete mentalist.

7. Li Haowen

道教为多神崇拜，尊奉的神仙是将道教对“道”之信仰人格化体现。

There are many Gods in Taoism. The Gods worshiped are the representative of the personalization of Taoist beliefs.

In Taoism, there are many gods who are the representative of the personalization of Taoist beliefs.--Miranda (talk) 00:45, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

8. Li Leyi

封建统治者常常利用道教为巩固统治服务，祈求国家长治久安。 Feudal rulers often used Taoism to serve the consolidation of rule and pray for the long-term stability of the country.--Chloe (talk) 04:43, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

唐朝尊老子为祖先，奉道教为国教，采取措施大力推崇道教，提高道士地位。

Tang Dynasty respected Lao Zi as an ancestor and Daoism as the state religion, vigorously taking measures to praise Daoism highly and improve the status of Daoists.

Tang Dynasty respected Lao Zi as its ancestor and Daoism as the state religion, taking measures to vigorously praise Daoism highly and improve the status of Daoists.--Evelyn (talk) 05:54, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

10. Li Shuo

道教具有征服自然的精神，各种追求突破生命极限的方术实践推动了古代科学技术的发展，东亚的化学、矿物学、植物学和药物学都起源于道家。 Daoism has the spirit of conquering nature, and all kinds of medicine seeking to break through the limits of life has promoted the development of ancient science and technology. East Asia's chemistry, mineralogy, botany and pharmacology all originated from Daoism.

11. Li Xiangyun

玄帝宫位于云台山主峰茱萸峰顶，被道教信徒称为“北顶”，和武当山“南顶”之称相对应。 Xuandi Palace, located on the top of Zhuyu Peak-the main peak of Yuntai Mountain, is called as North Top by Daoist Devotees, in corresponding with South Top of Wudang Mountain.

12. Liu Li

西汉前期的统治者推崇无为而治的黄老之学，造就了“文景之治”的盛世。

In the early Western Han Dynasty, the rulers advocated the thought of Yellow Emperor and Lao Zi,governing with non-interference, which brought about the flourishing era of Wen-Jing.--Liu Li (talk) 07:10, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

道教是中国本土宗教，以“道”为最高信仰。 Daoism is Chinese domestic religion, which regards “Dao” as its supreme faith.

14. Liu Siyu

道教作为传承道家思想的主力，先后产生了魏晋玄学、隋唐重玄学和宋元明清内丹学，在学术领域的地位自然不言而喻。 Daoism, as the main force of spreading Taoist theories, produced metaphysics in Wei and Jin dynasties, metaphysics in the Sui and Tang dynasties, and internal alchemy in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. And its position in the academic field is self-evident.

Revision: Daoism, as the main fore of spreading Taoist theories, produced mataphysics of Wei and Jin Dynasties, duplicate mataphysics of Sui and Tang Dynasties, internal alchemy of Song,Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties in succession, so its status in academic field is self-evident.--Ma Qian (talk) 02:36, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

15. Liu Xiaoting

In Chinese religion, the Daoist tradition- often serving as a link between the Confucian tradition and folk- has generally been more popular and spontaneous than the official(Confucian) state cult and less diffuse and shapeless than folk religion. 在中国的宗教中，道家传统作为宗教和民间传统之间的纽带，通常比官方的国家崇拜（儒家）更受欢迎和自发，比宗教更少散漫和不成型。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 03:51, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

16. Liu Ying

道教创立了一种中国性的无政府主义思想，这种思想十分怀疑儒家那种中央集权式的统治方式。 Daoism created a Chinese idea of non-government, which seriously doubts the centralization governing of Confucianist.

Revision: Daoism created a kind of Chinese anarchism that was very suspicious of the centralized Confucian way of governing.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 05:22, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

17. Luo Feng

In Taoism, Tao denotes something that is both the source of, and the force behind, everything that exists. 道教认为，道是宇宙万物的本原及主宰。 --Luo Feng (talk) 15:44, 14 June 2020 (UTC) In Taoism, Tao denotes something that is both the source and the force of everything that exists.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 13:06, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

18. Luo Xiaodi

道教是中国本土宗教，以“道”为最高信仰。 Taoism is China's native religion, with "Tao" as the highest belief. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:39, 25 May 2020

In China, Taoism is the indigenous religion, which regards "Tao" as the highest belief.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 05:59, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

道教以“道”为最高信仰，认为“道”是化生万物的本原。 Daoism regards "transformation" as the supreme belief, and has a thought that "transformation" is the essential origin that produces everything. Daoism regards "Dao" as its highest belief and believes that "Dao" is the origin of all things.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:43, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

20. Peng Lu

道教与中华民族同呼吸、共命运，道教的历史与中国历史紧密相连 Taoism shares the same breath and destiny with the Chinese nation, and its history has a close relation with that of China.

21. Peng Yu

The philosophy grew from an observance of the natural world, and the religion developed out of a belief in cosmic balance maintained and regulated by the Tao. 道家子弟总结和归纳了宇宙平衡的思想认知，由此形成了道家学派，对自然世界的观察，形成了其哲学思想。--PengYu Aiden (talk) 07:28, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 道教是一个崇拜诸多神明的多神教，主要宗旨是追求长生不死、得道成仙、济世救人。 Translation: Daoism is a polytheistic religion that worships many deities. The main purposes of Daoism are to seek immortality, become immortal and rescue people.

23. Shi Shuwen

道教在中国古代鬼神崇拜观念上，以黄、老道家思想为理论根据，承袭战国以来的神仙方术衍化形成。 Daoism in ancient China worship of ghosts and gods, based on the thought of Huang and Lao Daoism, inherited the fairy art since the warring states period. Tip：中文中有时表达过于简略，比如“黄、老道家思想”，在翻译时要展开来说，避免歧义。 Daoism was in ancient China worship of ghosts and gods, based on the thought of Huang and Lao Daoism, and inherited the fairy art since the warring states period.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 13:03, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

24. Sun Rui

茅山道人葛洪将道教神仙方术和儒家纲常名教相结合，构建了一套长生成仙体系，为士族丹鼎道教奠定了理论基础。 Mount Mao Taoist priest constructed a system of longevity and immortality by combining Taoism arts of necromancy with moral Confucian obligations and preaching, laying a theoretical foundation for Shizu Danding.

25. Xia Ke

在中华传统文化中，道教是与儒学和佛教一起的一种占据着主导地位的理论学说和寻求有关实践练成神仙的方法。 In traditional Chinese culture, Taoism is one of the dominant theories along with Confucianism and Buddhism, and it seeks ways to practice and become an immortal.

In traditional Chinese culture, Taoism, along with Confucianism and Buddhism, is one of the dominant theories and a way to seek to practicie and become an immortal.--Evelyn (talk) 10:07, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

26. Yang Jiani

Laozi's thoughts involve cosmism, ontology, philosophy and political science."Tao", as the core of Laozi's thoughts, has cosmogenetic and ontological meanings. 老子思想涉及宇宙论、本体论、人生论和政治学，“道”是贯穿其中的主线。

27. Yang Qing

道教徒不吃四种肉食--牛肉、乌鱼、鸿雁、狗肉，因为牛、乌鱼、鸿雁、狗分别代表忠、孝、节、义。 Taoists do not eat four kinds of meat -- beef, mullet, swan goose and dog, because the cow, mullet, swan goose and dog respectively represent loyalty, filial piety, abstinence and righteousness. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:43, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

道教以“道”为最高信仰，认为“道”是化生万物的本原。

Daoism regards "the Way " (Dao)as the supreme faith, the essence and origin of all things.

29. Yin Tanwen

道教的第一部正式经典是《太平经》，完成于东汉，因此将东汉时期视作道教的初创时期。 The first official classic of Taoism was Scripture of the Great Peace, which was finished in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Therefore, the Eastern Han Dynasty is regarded as the initial period of Taoism.

30. Yu Jing

道教以“道”为最高信仰，认为“道”是化生万物的本原。 Daoism regards “Dao” as the highest belief, considers “Dao” as the source of all.

Daoism regards "Dao" as the highest belief, taking it the origin of all. --- Julia Peng Lu

31. Zhang Yuanling

人类凭借其科学知识和技术力量而部分超越自然对人的束缚之后，不再能正确地认识人与自然不可分离，和谐共生的统一关系，误以为自己是天地万物的主人，可以战胜和支配自然，将人类赖以生存的自然环境看作可以无限榨取和勒索的对象。

After partly overcoming the constraints that given by nature through the power of science and technology, human being can no longer correctly recognize that the relationships between human and nature should be inseparable and in harmony with each other. We mistakenly regard our own as the master of all in the universe who is able to defeat and control nature, and view nature which we rely for existence as the one can be oppressed and extorted without limit.

32. Zhou Xiaolan

道教以“道”为最高信仰，认为“道”是化生万物的本原。

Taoism takes "Tao" as the highest belief and believes that "Tao" is the source of all things.

Taoism takes "Tao" as the highest belief and the source of all things.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 05:59, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

C. Islam

Text

The name of Islam is derived from the word “salam” with the connotation of the “the peace which comes by surrendering to God.” Islam was founded by the Arab prophet Mohammed. For people of Islamic faith, there is only one God, Allah. The name derives from joining “al” which means “the” with “Illah” which means “God”. Chinese Moslems live mostly in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. They form ethnic groups in 4 autonomous prefectures and 13 autonomous counties.

Islam was officially introduced into China by Arabian envoys. Throughout the dynasties, many came over land to Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties, many Arabian and Persian merchants of Islamic faith came over land to North China by way of the Silk Road, or to Guangzhou and other ports of South China by sea in cultural exchanges with the Arabic countries. They had some mosques built in China.

Moslems pray five times each day: at dawn, at noon, in the afternoon, in the evening and at nightfall. The crier or muezzin announces the prayer time. Then the worshipers ceremonially wash their faces, hands and feet in the bath area immediately before the prayer. The prayers generally consist of reciting passages from the Koran and other phrases of praise to God.

The Islamic festivals observed in China are mainly Lesser Bairam, Korban Bairam and Mohammed’s Birthday. Lesser Bairam, held on the first day of the tenth month of the Moslem calendar, comes immediately after the month of fasting. It is a highly festive day of sumptuous meals, because no Islamite is allowed to eat between dawn and sunset during the previous month of fasting, which is called Ramadam. Korban Bairam has its origins in ancient Arabic mythology as a day of sacrifice. The Prophet Abraham was told by Allah on the tenth day of the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar to kill his son Ishmael. On executing this order, Abraham was told by Allah to kill a sheep instead. Thus every year this day, Moslems offer a sacrifice of sheep. Mohammed’s Birthday is also his death anniversary, for he is believed to have died on the same day. It falls on the twelfth day of the third month in the Islamic calendar.

Questions

1. What does “Islam” mean? What does “Allah” mean?

The name of Islam is derived from the word “salam” with the connotation of the “the peace which comes by surrendering to God.” For people of Islamic faith, there is only one God, Allah. The name derives from joining “al” which means “the” with “Illah” which means “God”. --Qin Ruijing (talk) 07:54, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

伊斯兰教传入中国的路线主要有两条，一条是海路，一条是陆路。唐宋时期的早期传入，以海路为主；元代的大规模新疆地区的伊斯兰教传入，则基本上靠陆路。 There are two ways for Islam spreading to china, one by sea, another by land. Sea routes dominated in the early Tang and Song dynasties; land routes mainly proceeded in Yuan Dynasty around Xinjiang. There are two ways for Islam spreading to china, one by sea, another by land. Sea routes is the major route in the early Tang and Song dynasties; land routes mainly proceeded in Yuan Dynasty around Xinjiang.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 14:04, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

2. Chen Qiuxu

伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教师等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam has developed from the religion of a single ethnic group in the Arab region to the religion of a multi-ethnic belief in the world. It is the result of the wide spread of Islam in the Arab countries through continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and sending missionaries to all over the world.

tips：为了使汉语的语言通顺，表达完整，有必要转换某些单词的词性--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 10:58, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

穆斯林认为善行是通往天堂的途径，这和基督教的信仰正好相反。 Muslims believe that virtue is the way to heaven,which is opposite from Christians' belief.

4. Guo Xinyi

1958年宗教改革以及1966年文化大革命爆发，我国许多地区的清真寺受到破坏,《古兰经》等典籍被焚毁,伊斯兰教受到极其严重的影响。

In China, since the eruption of the Religious Reformation in 1958 and the Great Cultural Revolution in 1966, Islam has suffered a serious influence, with mosques in many areas devastated and classics such as the Koran burned.

Tips: 适当转换语序，先general再specific

5. Hu Jingchen

伊斯兰教早期向世界的传播，与阿拉伯帝国的向外征服有着密切的联系。

The early spread of Islam to the world was closely related to the outward conquest of the Arab Empire.

The spread of Islam in the early time was closely related to the outward conquest of the Arab Empire.--Miranda (talk) 00:51, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

6. Jiang Yun

伊斯兰教作为对阿拉伯人政治文化塑造影响最大的宗教信仰，其教义中隐含着一种权威主义倾向。 As the most influential religion shaping Arabians’ politics and culture, the doctrine of Islam contains a kind of Authoritarianism trend. Revision：Islam, as the most influential religious belief in the shaping of Arab political culture, has an authoritarian tendency in its teachings.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:45, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

7. Li Haowen

伊斯兰教的复兴者穆罕默德曾经说过：“求知对穆斯林男女都是天命。”“求知须从摇篮到坟墓。”“教育孩子一次，强于施粮一升。”“你们教人知识，给人方便，报人喜训，不可恐吓，若生气动怒时应当沉默。”

Mohammed ,the revivalist of Islam, once said “it is the destiny of all Muslims thirsting for knowledge”, “one should seek for knowledge from birth to death” ,“ teaching a child once is better than giving a litre of rice”, and “you should pass on knowledge, leave others convenience, tell others the good news. No treat is permitted, and silence should occur when fury rise.”

8. Li Leyi

中国的医学、武术、建筑，还有其他很多中国文化，都受到伊斯兰文化的影响。 Chinese medicine, martial arts, architecture, and many other Chinese cultures are influenced by Islamic culture.--Chloe (talk) 04:46, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

伊斯兰教是个全面和平的宗教，从伊斯兰教崇尚绿色就可以看出，穆斯林是希望和平的 Islam is comprehensive peace religion. Islam praises green highly, from which we see that Muslems are longing for peace.

10. Li Shuo

由于回族人信仰伊斯兰教，共同的信仰增强了凝聚力，从而促进了民族共同心理状态的形成。 Hui people believe in Islam. The common belief strengthens the cohesion, thus promotes the formation of the common psychological state of the nation.

11. Li Xiangyun

The throwing of shoes is considered an insult in the Muslim world. 扔鞋在穆斯林世界被看作一种侮辱。

revision: Throwing shoes is considered as an insult in the Muslim world.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 01:45, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

12. Liu Li

中国的医学、武术、建筑，还有其他很多中国文化，都受到伊斯兰文化的影响。

Chinese medicine, martial arts, architecture and many other Chinese cultures are all influenced by Islamic culture.--Liu Li (talk) 06:45, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

伊斯兰教的复兴是阿拉伯半岛社会经济、政治和宗教发展演变的必然。 The revival of Islam is an inevitable result of the socio-economic, political and religious development of the Arabian peninsula.

14. Liu Siyu

伊斯兰教的复兴是阿拉伯半岛社会经济、政治和宗教发展演变的必然。 The revival of Islam is an inevitable result of the socio-economic, political and religious development in the Arabian Peninsula.

15. Liu Xiaoting

The earliest mosques were modeled after Muhammad's in both design and purpose, and despite a wide variety in architectural styles, contemporary mosques still embrace the general features of Muhammad's initial design. 最早的清真寺在设计上和用途上都是仿照穆罕默德的，尽管建筑风格多种多样，但当代清真寺仍然具有穆罕默德初步设计的一般特征。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:01, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

16. Liu Ying

在唐朝和宋朝年间，有的传教士们通过水路来到中国，抵达中国广州等其他中国南方口岸，在中国建造了一些清真寺 During Tang and Song Dynasty, some of the missionaries reached southern ports such as Guangzhou in China by water, and established mosques there.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, some missionaries reached Chinese southern ports such as Guangzhou, China by water, and established some mosques there.--Evelyn (talk) 06:00, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

18. Luo Xiaodi

伊斯兰教传入中国内地的年代，学术界尚无定论。一般认为是在公历651年从阿拉伯传入中国的泉州、广州等地。 When Islam was introduced into mainland China, the academic circle has not reached a conclusion. It is believed to have been introduced to China from Arabia in the year 651 in the Gregorian calendar, such as Quanzhou and Guangzhou.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:46, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

Revision: The time that Islam was introduced into the mainland China has not reached a conclusion in academic circles. Generally, it's believed that Islam spread from Arabia to some places of China like Quanzhou and Guangzhou in 651 of Gregorian calender.--Ma Qian (talk) 02:16, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

起初，伊斯兰作为一个民族的宗教，接着作为一个封建帝国的精神源泉，然后又作为一种宗教、文化和政治的力量，一种人们生活的方式，在世界范围内不断地发展着，乃至成为21世纪世界的三大宗教之一。

Islam, first was an ethnic religion, later was the spiritual source of a feudal empire, and then a kind of religious, cultural, and political power, a lifestyle, has been developing on a global scale, and even has become one of the three main religions in the world in the 21th century.

20. Peng Lu

中国历代伊斯兰教界仁人志士，都承担起民族团结、社会和谐的使命。 Generations of Chinese Islamic believers have undertaken the mission of ethnic unity and social harmony.

21. Peng Yu

A core belief taught in Islam is that human beings are unique among God’s creation. 伊斯兰教的核心思想之一就是在上帝的所有创造中，人类是最为独特的。--PengYu Aiden (talk) 07:32, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

One of the core beliefs in Islam is that human beings is the most unique in? among? God's all creations. --- Julia Peng Lu

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 事实上，每个清真寺都将周围穆斯林自然地组织在一起，形成一个地区性的宗教和民政组织单位，这就是所谓的教坊。 Translation: In fact, each mosque organizes muslims surrounding naturally, and forms a regional religious and civil administration organization, which is the so-called "jiaofang."

In fact, the so-called "jiaofang" is a regional religious and civil administration organization that is formed by mosques, each of which spontaneously organizs the muslims surrounded together.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 06:11, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

23. Shi Shuwen

据全国人口普查统计，中国大陆穆斯林人口约3000万人。遍布全国各省(区)的大多数城乡，主要聚居于新疆、宁夏，甘肃、青海、陕西、河南、河北、云南、山东、山西、安徽、北京、天津等地区。 According to the national census, the Muslim population in mainland China is about 30 million. It covers most of the urban and rural areas in most provinces (regions), mainly concentrated in Xinjiang, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, Yunnan, Shandong, Shanxi, Anhui, Beijing, Tianjin and so on. According to the national census, the Muslim population in mainland China is about 30 millions.It covers most of the urban and rural areas in most provinces (regions), mainly gathered in Xinjiang, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, Yunnan, Shandong, Shanxi, Anhui, Beijing, Tianjin and so on.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:13, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

24. Sun Rui

伊斯兰教分逊尼派和什叶派两大教派，中国主要是逊尼派。 Islam is divided into Sunnite, which was the main Islam denomination in China, and Shia.

25. Xia Ke

伊斯兰教基本信条为“万物非主，唯有真主，穆罕默德是安拉的使者” The basic belief of Islam is "there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah".

26. Yang Jiani

Islam began in the early-7th century. Originating in Mecca, it quickly spread in the Arabian peninsula and by the 8th century the Islamic empire was extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus river in the east. 伊斯兰教始于7世纪初。它起源于麦加，并迅速在阿拉伯半岛传播，到了八世纪，伊斯兰帝国从西部的伊比利亚扩展到东部的印度河。

27. Yang Qing

伊斯兰教是个希望和平的宗教，这一点能从伊斯兰教崇尚绿色看出。 Islam is a religion that hopes for peace, which can be seen from their worship for green. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:47, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

伊斯兰教适应了中国文化，也影响着中国文化。中国的医学、武术、建筑，还有其他很多中国文化，都受到伊斯兰文化的影响。

Islam adapted to and influenced Chinese culture. Chinese medicine, Wushu, architecture and many other Chinese cultures are influenced by the culture of Islam.

tip: 适应动词的选择，动词选择在翻译中要尤为恰当。

29. Yin Tanwen

据全国人口普查统计，中国大陆穆斯林人口约3000万人。遍布全国大多数城乡，主要聚居于新疆、宁夏等地区。 According to the national census, the Muslim population in mainland China is about 30 million. Spreading over most of the urban and rural areas, they mainly concentrate in Xinjiang, Ningxia or other regions.

30. Yu Jing

1958年宗教改革以及1966年文化大革命的爆发，我国许多部分地区的清真寺受到破坏。 Mosques in many parts of our country were destroyed because of the religious reform in 1958 and the breakout of the Great Cultural Revolution.

31. Zhang Yuanling

伊斯兰教法以国家和法律的名义对违法行为进行惩罚和制裁，以调整社会关系，处理社会矛盾，维护公共秩序和公共安全，保障各个群体和个人权利的享有和义务的履行。

Islamic pedagogy imposes punishments and sanctions against illegal acts in the name of country and laws to adjust social relations, deal with social conflicts, secure public order and safety, ensure that each group and individual enjoy their rights, in the meanwhile, assume their responsibilities.

32. Zhou Xiaolan

起初，伊斯兰作为一个民族的宗教，接着作为一个封建帝国的精神源泉，然后又作为一种宗教、文化和政治的力量，一种人们生活的方式，在世界范围内不断地发展着，乃至成为21世纪世界的三大宗教之一。 At first, as a religion of a nation, then as a spiritual source of a feudal empire, then as a religious, cultural and political force and a way of life, Islam has been constantly developing in the world, and has even become one of the three major religions in the world in the 21st century.

D. Christianity

Text

Christianity is a religion centered in Jesus Christ as the supreme revelation of God and Lord of His followers, and is based on His teaching. It comprises 3 principal divisions: the Roman Catholic Church, the various Protestant churches organized as a result of the Reformation, and the Holy Orthodox Catholic Apostolic Eastern Church, which includes the various organizations adhering to the Byzantine rites. Although these churches embrace a wide diversity of beliefs and practices, they embody in some way the elements pertaining to Jesus: a story, a doctrine and a life. The story, known as the Gospel, comprises the events associated with Jesus’ life and ministry. The doctrine is that Jesus is in some sense a unique person, the Son of God, through whom man can live in the right relation to God. The life is that which the Christian pursues in imitation of Jesus’ life, that is, in accordance with Christ's teachings and dominated by love for God and one’s fellow men. Among the major divisions of Christianity, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church agree in most points of doctrine and worship, but the various communions of the former do not accept the supremacy of the Church of Rome and its bishop, the pope. Accordingly, although those communions accept many of the doctrines enunciated by the Roman Catholic Church since their separation in 1054, they do not consider such doctrines very essential to Christianity.

Roman Catholicism and Protestantism differ most basically on the issue of the authority that may determine doctrine and life. Catholicism considers the church as the final authority under Christ, and teaches that the authority of Scripture is derived from that of the Church. In direct opposition to this, Protestantism has maintained historically that Scripture is the final authority under Christ and that the authority of the Church is secondary. The Roman Catholic view of ecclesiastical authority is the basis not only for the doctrine of the primacy of the Church of Rome and the infallibility of the pope in his official pronouncements, but also for such other Catholic teachings as the perpetual virginity and sinlessness of Mary, the mediation of Mary and the saints in prayer, and the transformation of the sacramental bread and wine into the literal body and blood of Christ. The Protestant doctrine of the supreme authority of Scripture, on the other hand, has permitted the development of divergent and even contradictory interpretations of the Book, each claiming to be the true interpretation. Major Protestant denominational divisions are Lutheranism, Presby- terianism, the Reformed churches, Congregationalism, Methodism and the Baptist churches. Christianity appeared early in China. Small groups of “Nestorian” Christians, who spread about Europe, the Near East and Asia, arrived in West China before the seventh century. They established small communities and moved into East China, but they were largely absorbed into the Chinese society. The Christian faith planted itself more firmly in China in the late 16th century when the Ming emperors allowed Jesuit priests, led by Matteo Ricci, to build churches and to dwell in Beijing and other cities. Catholicism began to develop after the Opium War in 1840, and by 1949 there had been about 3 million Catholics in China. Protestantism was brought to China in 1807 by the British Baptist Robert Morrison, though it initially had very little influence. Missionaries poured into China in the 1840s, particularly after the Opium War. In 1949, there were about 700,000 Chinese protestants.

In. July 1954, a national Protestant congress was held, at which the Chinese National Christian Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee was founded. (The principles of Three-Self refer to self-government, self-support and self-propagation.) In July 1957, the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association was founded to manage the church independent of the Vatican. Now there are more than 3.6 million Catholics in China. Over 1,000 Catholic churches have been renovated or restored since the end of the Great Cultural Revolution in 1976. A magazine called The Catholic Church in China came out in 1981with a circulation of more than 400,000 copies. There are now 5,500,000 Protestants in China, an eight-fold increase over the 1949 figure.

In the past four decades, Chinese Christians have established friendly relations with many Christian organizations and personages abroad, and have attended several world conferences on Christianity.

Questions

1. What are the 3 main divisions of Christianity?

It comprises 3 principal divisions: the Roman Catholic Church, the various Protestant churches organized as a result of the Reformation, and the Holy Orthodox Catholic Apostolic Eastern Church.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 10:10, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

基督教忌讳崇拜除上帝以外的偶像，认为其所信仰的上帝是宇宙独一的主宰。十戒确认上帝的独一性并反对任何上帝的“代替品”。 Christianity prohibits the worship of idols other than God which is believed as the sole ruler of the universe and affirms the uniqueness and rejects any substitute of God in the Ten Commandments.

2. Chen Qiuxu

基督徒的成长离不开教会，教会被称为是一切敬诚之人共同的母亲，是神圣而圣洁的，也是公义而普世的。

The growth of Christians cannot be separated from the church, which is called the common mother of all sincere people. It is holy, righteous and universal.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 10:59, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

基督教信仰以耶稣基督为中心，以圣经为蓝本。 Christian belief is centered on Jesus Christ and based on the Bible.

4. Guo Xinyi

改革开放以后，随着宗教政策落实和社会经济发展，中国基督教不但迅速复苏，而且有了引人注目的发展。

After the reform and opening up, Chinese Christianity achieved its rapid revival and remarkable progress since the implementation of religious policies and the development of social economy.

Tips: 汉译英中动词的名词化。

Revision:After the reform and opening up, with the implementation of religious policies and the development of social economy, Chinese Christianity has not only recovered rapidly, but also made remarkable progress.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 06:48, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

基督教无论从规模，还是从影响方面，都堪称世界第一大宗教。

Christianity is considered as the largest religion in the world, both in size and influence. No matter in size or influence, Christianity is considered as the largest religion in the world. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:19, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

6. Jiang Yun

圣经是一部史学巨著，是考察希伯来民族史、古代犹太教和初期基督教发展史的首要依据 Bible, a great historiographic work, is the primary reference to study Hebrew history, ancient Judaism and initial Chrischanity history.

7. Li Haowen

基督教信仰以耶稣基督为中心，以圣经为蓝本，核心思想是福音，即上帝耶稣基督的救恩，充分彰显了上帝对全人类和整个宇宙舍己无私的大爱。

Christian beliefs are Jesus Christ-centered, and regard the Bible as their blueprint. And the core thought is gospel, which is the salvation from Jesus Christ, which fully shows his great and selfless love to human and the universe.

8. Li Leyi

基督教新教在华医疗事业是在华传教事业的重要组成部分。 The medical service of Protestantism is an important part of their missionary work in China.--Chloe (talk) 04:49, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

天主教的圣经由《旧约》和《新约》两部分构成。共七十三卷。 The Bible of Christianity consists of two parts, the Old Testament and the New Testament,total 73 volumes.

10. Li Shuo

他在广州做了大量文化工作，包括了第一个把《圣经》全文翻译成中文并予以出版；还编辑出版了中国历史上第一部英汉字典——《华英字典》。他展开了基督新教在中国的宣教历史。 Robert Morrison did a lot of cultural work in Guangzhou. He is the first person who translated the Bible into Chinese and published it. He also edited and published the first English Chinese dictionary —— A Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Chinese history. He launched the history of Protestant propaganda in China. He did a lot of cultural work in Guangzhou, including the first to translate the full text of the Bible into Chinese...写成从句可能会更简洁--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:55, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

11. Li Xiangyun

基督教与我国其他宗教一样是构建和谐社会的一支重要力量，这是现代社会分工赋予的角色。 The Christianity, like other religions in our country, is a main force to construct our society's harmony. It 's a role given by the modern society's division of work. Revision: Christianity, like other religions in China, is an important force in building a harmonious society, which is the role given by the division of labor in modern society. Tips: 最后一句话可以用which与前面连接。“重要力量”不代表是主要力量，因此最好用"important force"较准确。--Yin Tanwen

12. Liu Li

鸦片战争之后，随着一系列不平等条约的订立，外国传教士在“传教条款”的保护下，纷纷涌入中国，基督教新教传教士也是如此。

After the First Opium War, with the conclusion of a series of unequal treaties, foreign missionaries, under the protection of "missionary clauses", poured into China, as did protestant missionaries.--Liu Li (talk) 07:01, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

After the Opium War, with the establishment of a series of unequal treaties, foreign missionaries poured into China under the protection of the "missionary clause", as did Protestant missionaries.--Miranda (talk) 00:58, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

基督教无论从规模，还是从影响方面，都堪称世界第一大宗教。

Christianity is ranked as the world’s largest religion, not only in scale but also in influence.

Christianity can be ranked as the world’s largest religion, regardless of its scale or influence.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 06:18, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

天主教前身是基督教创立初期存在于罗马帝国西部拉丁语地区的西派，与存在与罗马帝国东部希腊语地区的东派相对。 The predecessor of Christianity is the western sect which existed in the Latin region of the western part of the Roman empire in the early days of Christianity, and was opposed to the eastern sect existing in the eastern Greek region of the Roman empire.

15. Liu Xiaoting

Christianity addresses the historical figure of Jesus Christ against the background of, and while seeking to remain faithful to, the experience of one god. 基督教以历史人物耶稣为背景，在寻求保持忠诚的同时，也强调了对这位神的信仰。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:32, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

18. Luo Xiaodi

明末清初天主教在中国努力开展传教工作时，英国一些基督教新教教徒也开始注意向中国传教。 During the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, when the Catholic Church was trying to carry out missionary work in China, some Protestantism in Britain also began to pay attention to missionary work in China. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:44, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

During the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, when the Catholic Church was trying to carry out missionary work in China, some Protestants in Britain also began to pay attention to preach in China.--Evelyn (talk) 06:09, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

至今主要发达国家，除了日本，都是基督教文化主导的国家。 Up to now, all of those main developed countries except Japan are dominanted by Christianity culture.

20. Peng Lu

基督教徒曾在中国成立各种组织来帮助当地的百姓，以破除迷信、戒烟禁赌、辅导妓女从良等. Organizations have been set up by Christian believers in China to help local people, helping to break up superstitions, to quit smoking and to set prostitutes free and virtuous. Revision: In China, organizations set up by Christian believers served to local people in breaking up superstitions, quiting smoking and prohibiting gambling, helping protitutes recover freedom and virtues and so on.--Ma Qian (talk) 02:00, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

21. Peng Yu

The word orthodox (“right believing”) has traditionally been used in the Greek-speaking Christian world to designate communities or individuals who preserved the true faith (as defined by those councils), as opposed to those who were declared heretical. 东正教中的“正”，在传统希腊语境的基督世界中，和异教徒截然相反，指保有正统的思想的个人和组织。--PengYu Aiden (talk) 07:31, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

Text: 解放后，天主教开展了“三自”运动，使天主教由帝国主义的侵略工具变成为中国教徒独立自主自办的宗教事业。 Translation: After the liberation, the Catholic church launched the “San Zi” movement, which turned it from a tool of imperialist aggression into an independent religious career established by Chinese Christians.

23. Shi Shuwen

中国教会坚持独立自主自办的原则办好教会，走爱国爱教道路，深化神学思想建设，践行社会主义核心价值观，积极与社会主义社会相适应。 The church in China adheres to the principle of independence and self-management to run the church well, takes the road of loving the country and respecting Christianity, deepens the construction of thought, practices the core socialist values, and actively adapts itself to the socialist society.

24. Sun Rui

根据中国人民大学关于宗教与社会主义相适应的研究报告中的结论，中国基督教是当代中国包括佛教、道教、伊斯兰教在内的五大合法宗教中，与社会主义现代化事业最为适应，现代化程度最高的宗教。 According to the conclusion in a report of RUC on the adaptation of religion to socialism, Chinese Christianity is the most suitable one for socialist modernization and most modern one among the five legal regions in China, which includes Buddhism,Taoism and Islam.

26. Yang Jiani

The Greek New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity. Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture. 希腊的新约《圣经》中，讲述了耶稣曾做出的教导，和关于耶稣人格的讨论，还包括在公元一世纪时基督教所发生的故事。基督教徒将新约和旧约都视为神圣的基督教经文。

27. Yang Qing

洗礼被视为基督教一项重要的宗教仪式，是基督教入教仪式。 Baptism is regarded as an important religious ceremony of Christianity. It is a Christian admittance rites. --Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:56, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

基督徒的成长离不开教会，教会被称为是一切敬诚之人共同的母亲，是神圣而圣洁的。

The growth of Christian is inseparable from church, which is regarded as the common mother of all reverent and honest people, which is holy and pure.

tip: 选择好定从的用法，尽量不显得累赘。

第一个which从句会不会有歧义呢，是修饰church还是the growth of Christian.

The growth of Christian is inseparable from the church. The church is holy and pure, which is regarded as the common mother of all reverent and honest people.--Chloe (talk) 05:04, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

29. Yin Tanwen

基督教的传统认为印度使徒是最早将基督福音带到中国的人。 Christian tradition insists that the Indian apostles were the first to bring the Gospel of Christ to China.

30. Yu Jing

基督教相信圣灵，认为圣灵是赐生命的主。 Christianity believes in the Holy Spirit, regards it as the master who gives life.

correction: Christianity believes in the Holy Spirit, regarding which (/and regards it) as the master who gives life.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 01:41, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

31. Zhang Yuanling

道教和佛教都讲因果报应，即善有善报恶有恶报。而基督教和伊斯兰教则有所不同。只要相信上帝或真主为唯一，就能上天堂，一切罪行都可以得到救赎。

Daoism and Buddhism believe in karma which refers to “what goes around , comes around.” Rather, Christianity and Islam are different. If solely believing in God or Allah, any sin would be saved, and going to the heaven would be certain.

Both Taoism and Buddhism speak of karma, that is, good begets good and evil begets evil. Christianity and Islam are different. If you believe in god or Allah as the only one, you can go to heaven and be redeemed for all your sins.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 06:54, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

32. Zhou Xiaolan

基督教在人类发展史上一直有着极为重要且不可替代的关键作用和深远影响。 Christianity has always played an extremely important and irreplaceable role in the history of human development.

tips:there are many verbs in Chinese, so we need to transfer nouns to verbs if necessary.--Miranda (talk) 01:10, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Christianity has always played an extremely important and irreplaceable role in the history of human development and its influence is profound. --Jessie (talk) 06:52, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Unit 13 Classical Philosophy

A. Confucius and Confucianism

Text

Confucius is regarded as a great philosopher and a great sage of ancient China. In Chinese, Confucius is called Kong Qiu or Kong Fuzi (Master Kong). It was the Jesuit missionaries of the 17th century who called him Confucius, and this Latinate name has since become known to the West. Confucius was reputedly born at Qufu in the state of Lu (now Shandong Province) in about 551 B.C. and died in 479 B.C. He lived at the end of a troubled age called the Spring and Autumn Period. The ducal states of the old Zhou empire were fighting for supremacy, and the resulting chaos led many thinkers to search for the fundamental principles of social order and harmony. Confucius wandered from court to court in an attempt to convince rulers of the right way to govern. Although Confucianism became the official ideology of the Chinese state, it never turned into an established religion with a church and priesthood. Chinese scholars honored Confucius as a great teacher and sage, but did not worship him as a personal god. Nor did Confucius himself ever claim divinity.

Confucianism, a major official system of thought in China, originated from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples. It is concerned with the principles of good conduct, practical wisdom and proper social relationships. It has influenced the Chinese attitude toward life, set the patterns of living and standards of social value, and provided the background for Chinese political theories and institutions. It has always fitted naturally into the ancient Chinese pattern of close family ties and absolute rules, in which the father governed like an emperor and the emperor was supposed to care for his subjects like a father, while those below obeyed both. This system of belief, through which China was for so long governed, exalts mainly those virtues that fit a static and ideally gentle world, where every family has its place under the ruler and every individual has his place within the family. Confucianism spread from China to Korea, Japan and Vietnam and aroused great interest among occidental scholars.

The principles of Confucianism are contained in the 9 ancient books handed down by Confucius and his followers. These teachings can be divided into 2 groups: the Five Classics and the Four Books.

The Five Classics, which originated before the time of Confucius, consist of the following works: Yijing (Classic of Changes), Shujing (Classic of History), Shijing (Classic of Poetry), Liji (Classic of Rites), and Chun Qiu (Spring and Autumn Annals). The Classic of Changes is mainly a manual of divination probably compiled before the 11th century B.C. Its supplementary philosophical portion, contained in a series of appendices, may have been written by Confucius and his disciples. The Classic of History is a collection of ancient historical documents, and The Classic of Poetry, an anthology of ancient poems. The Classic of Rites deals with the principles of conduct, including the rules to be observed at public and private ceremonies. The Spring and Autumn Annals, the only work reputedly compiled by Confucius himself, is a precious chronicle of major historical events in feudal China from the 8th century B.C. to the time of Confucius’ death early in the 5th century B.C.

The Four Books, compilations of the sayings of Confucius and Mencius and of commentaries by followers on their teachings, are Lunyu (Analects), a collection of maxims of Confucius that form the basis of his moral and political philosophy, Daxue (Ta Hsueh) or The Great Learning, Zhongyong (Chung Yung) or The Doctrine of the Mean, which contains some of his philosophical utterances arranged systematically with comments and expositions by his disciples, and Mengzi (Meng Tzu) or Book of Mencius, which contains the teachings of one of Confucius’s great followers.

The keynote of Confucian ethics is ren, variously translated as “benevolence”, “love”, “goodness”, “humanity” or “human-heartedness”. Ren is a supreme virtue representing human qualities at their best. In personal relations, construed as those between people, ren is manifested in zhong (chung) or faithfulness to oneself and others. Decency, reciprocity or altruism is best expressed in the Confucian golden rule, “Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself.” Other important Confucian virtues include righteousness (yi), propriety (li), wisdom (zhi), trustworthy- ness or integrity (xin) and filial piety (xiao). One who possesses all these virtues becomes a junzi, a perfect gentleman. Politically, Confucius advocated a paternalistic government in which the sovereign is benevolent and honorable and the subjects are respectful and obedient. The ruler should cultivate himself and become morally perfect so that he can set a good example to his people. In education, Confucius upheld the theory that “in education, there is no class distinction.”

Questions

1. What does “Kong Zi” mean? How did Confucius become known to the West?

Confucius is called Kong Qiu or Kong Fuzi (Master Kong). It was the Jesuit missionaries of the 17th century who called him Confucius, and this Latinate name has since become known to the West. --Zhang Yuanling (talk) 14:03, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

2. What troubled age did Confucius live in? How did he preach?

He lived at the end of a troubled age called the Spring and Autumn Period. The ducal states of the old Zhou empire were fighting for supremacy, and the resulting chaos led many thinkers to search for the fundamental principles of social order and harmony. Confucius wandered from court to court in an attempt to convince rulers of the right way to govern.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 08:47, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

5. Did Confucianism fit the hierarchy of ancient China? What kind of society does it aim at?

It has always fitted naturally into the ancient Chinese pattern of close family ties and absolute rules.

It aims at a static and ideally gentle world, where every family has its place under the ruler and every individual has his place within the family. --Evelyn (talk) 09:01, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

6. What do the Five Classics refer to?

The Five Classics, which originated before the time of Confucius, consist of the following works: Yijing (Classic of Changes), Shujing (Classic of History), Shijing (Classic of Poetry), Liji (Classic of Rites), and Chun Qiu (Spring and Autumn Annals).--Liu Li (talk) 08:46, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

7. What are the Five Classics respectively about? Were they all compiled by Confucius?

The Classic of Changes is mainly a manual of divination probably compiled before the 11th century B.C. Its supplementary philosophical portion, contained in a series of appendices, may have been written by Confucius and his disciples. The Classic of History is a collection of ancient historical documents, and The Classic of Poetry, an anthology of ancient poems. The Classic of Rites deals with the principles of conduct, including the rules to be observed at public and private ceremonies. The Spring and Autumn Annals, the only work reputedly compiled by Confucius himself, is a precious chronicle of major historical events in feudal China from the 8th century B.C. to the time of Confucius’ death early in the 5th century B.C. No, only The Spring and Autumn Annals. --Ma Qian (talk) 09:04, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

8. What do the Four Books refer to? What do they include?

The Four Books, compilations of the sayings of Confucius and Mencius and of commentaries by followers on their teachings, are Lunyu (Analects), a collection of maxims of Confucius that form the basis of his moral and political philosophy, Daxue (Ta Hsueh) or The Great Learning, Zhongyong (Chung Yung) or The Doctrine of the Mean, which contains some of his philosophical utterances arranged systematically with comments and expositions by his disciples, and Mengzi (Meng Tzu) or Book of Mencius, which contains the teachings of one of Confucius’s great followers.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 08:52, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

1. Ai Xin

在人性论上，孔子还把人性分为三等，一等是“生而知之者”，属于上智;二等是“学而知之者”，属于中人;三等是“困而知之者”，属于下愚。 Confucius divides human nature into three classes--high, medium and bottom—which represent three kinds of people that are “born with knowledge”, “learning to get knowledge”, “learning in difficulty” separately.

Tips: 重视传统文化，理解文言文，分析句子成分，做好翻译工作

2. Chen Qiuxu

孔子开创私人讲学之风，倡导仁义礼智信。

Confucius initiated the style of private lectures and advocated benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trust.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 06:04, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

由于生性保守，孔子特别推崇“礼”。

Innately conservative, Confucius particularly held "Rites" in high esteem.

4. Guo Xinyi

中国古代文化对于世界文明的贡献，不是只有“四大发明”，以“四书”、“五经”为代表的政治文化，对于人类近代文明也有过积极的贡献。

The "Four Great Inventions" is not the only contribution of Chinese ancient culture to world civilization. Represented by the Four Books and the Five Classics, Chinese political culture has also produced positive contributions to modern human civilization.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 12:38, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

The "Four Great Inventions" not only contribute to civilization of China but also the World. Represented by the Four Books and the Five Classics, Chinese political culture has also produced positive contributions to modern human civilization.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 13:15, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

5. Hu Jingchen

西汉的董仲舒以儒学为基础，以阴阳五行为框架，兼采诸子百家，建立起新儒学。

In the Western Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu built Neoconfucianism on the basis of Confucianism, taking Yinyang Wu Xing as the framework and the Hundred Schools of Thought. + −

+ − （Tips： 英语讲究形式的一致，尽可能保持结构一致。） + Revision:Dong Zhongshu of the Western Han Dynasty established the new Confucianism based on Confucianism.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:31, 13 June 2020 (UTC) + −

6. Jiang Yun

+ − 不管在什么时代，我们依然需要孔子，因为他的精神已经融入我们的血脉与经络，成为我们不可分割的一部分。 + − Whatever era we are living in, we still need Confucius. That’s because his spirit has been incorporated into our blood and flesh, becoming an indispensible part of us. + −

+ −

7. Li Haowen

+ − 儒家思想以传统封建社会为物质承担者，而传统封建社会以儒家思想为精神承担者，传统社会的瓦解，致使孔子圣人权威丧失。 + − Confucianism considered traditional feudal society as its materialistic bearer. And traditional feudal society regarded Confucianism as its spiritual bearer. Thus the integration of the traditional feudal society led to the loss of the sage authority of Kong Zi. + −

+ −

8. Li Leyi

+ − 孔子道德教育的主要内容是“礼”和“仁”。其中“礼”为道德规范，“仁”为最高道德准则。 + −

+ − The main contents of Confucius' moral education are "rites" and "benevolence". Further, "rites" are the moral criterion and "benevolence" is the supreme moral principle. + −

+ − The main contents of Confucius' moral education are "rites", the moral criterion, and "benevolence", the supreme moral principle.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 04:01, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

9. Li Qi

+ − 儒学政治制度化发展过程的同时，两汉时期也出现了一股把儒学宗教化的倾向。 + − At the same time that people institutionalized Confucianism and made it political, there was a tendency to religiousize Confucianism during the Han Dynasty.--Liki (talk) 07:27, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

+ − In Han Dynasty, when Confucianism was in its institutionalization and politicalization, it had a tendency to become religious.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 08:15, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

10. Li Shuo

+ − 孔子开创私人讲学之风，倡导仁义礼智信。 + − Confucius started the trend of private lectures and advocated benevolence, righteousness, propriety，wisdom and integrity. + −

+ −

11. Li Xiangyun

+ − 孔子和他的学说为中国社会统治方法的建立奠定了基础。 + − Confucius and his teachings provided the foundations of how Chinese society should be governed. + −

+ − Confucius and his theory laid the foundation for the establishment of how Chinese society should be governed.--Chloe (talk) 00:20, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

12. Liu Li

+ − 孔子主张的的人道主义和秩序精神是中国古代社会政治思想的精华。 + −

+ − The spirit of humanitarianism and order advocated by Confucius is the essence of Chinese ancient social and political thought.--Liu Li (talk) 07:54, 30 May 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

13. Liu Qinyu

+ − 随着孔子影响力的扩大，祭祀孔子的“祭孔大典”一度成为和中国祖先神祭祀同等级别的大祀。 + − With the expansion of Confucius' influence, the sacrificial ceremony of Confucius' "sacrifice of Confucius" once became a great sacrifice of the same level as the Chinese ancestors.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:34, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

With the expansion of Confucius' influence, the sacrificial ceremony of Confucius once became the same level as that of Chinese ancestors.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 05:00, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

14. Liu Siyu

+ − 儒学在中国存在几千年，对于中国的政治、经济等各个方面依然存在巨大的潜在影响。 + − Having existed in China for thousands of years, Confucianism still have a great potential influence on Chinese policy, economy and other areas. + −

+ −

15. Liu Xiaoting

+ −

+ − Confucianism is the cornerstone of traditional Chinese culture as well as a complete ideological system created by Confucius, based on the traditional culture of the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. + − 儒学是中国传统文化的基石，也是孔子在夏商周传统文化基础上创造的完整的思想体系。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 03:45, 31 May 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

16. Liu Ying

+ − 儒家思想主要是通过道德修养达到自身的和谐，进而推至人与人，人与自然，人与社会的和谐。 + − The objective of Confucianism is to realize harmony of oneself through moral cultivation, which in the next step realizes harmony between people and people, people and nature, people and society. + −

+ −

17. Luo Feng

+ −

18. Luo Xiaodi

+ − 由于孔子保守的政治态度，因此对待经济制度的改革也反映了保守的思想。 + −

+ − Because of Confucius' conservative political attitudes, the reform of the economic system reflects conservative thinking. + −

+ − --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 04:33, 1 June 2020 (UTC)--LI HAOWEN (talk) 06:10, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ − Because of Confucius' conservative political attitudes, the reform of the economic system also reflects his conservative thinking.--Jessie (talk) 07:06, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

19. Ma Qian

+ − 孔子的政治思想核心内容是“礼”与“仁”，在治国的方略上，他主张“为政以德”，用道德和礼教来治理国家是最高尚的治国之道。 + −

+ − Confucius's central idea in political thoughts is "rites" and "benevolence," and for the strategy of governing an empire, he advocates "governing in mercy" --- using morality and rites to govern an empire which is the most noble strategy. + −

+ − The core of Confucius's political thought is "rites" and "benevolence". As for the strategy of governing an empire, he advocates "governing in mercy". Using morality and rites to govern an empire is the most noble way of running the state.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 08:17, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

20. Peng Lu

+ − 作为教师,孔子认为自己的首要任务是向青年学生解释古代的文化遗产 + − As a teacher, Confucius thought his premier task was to explain the ancient cultural heritage to young students. + −

+ −

21. Peng Yu

+ − 此一将心集中于专一对象的精神作用，可分两种：一是与生俱来的能力即“生得定”，另一种是因后天的努力而使集中力增加，即“后得定”。前者靠积德，后者靠修行而得。 There are two kinds of spiritual power that enables you to focus. The first one is acquired by nature in a way of accumulating merits while the latter one is nurtured by disciplining himself or herself by Buddhism practices which strengthens the ability to focus.

---

22. Qin Ruijing

+ − Text: 儒家起初仅属于诸子百家之一，在秦代大受迫害，从汉代起却得到朝廷独尊，成为官教,奠定了儒家在中国历史文化的崇高地位。 + − Translation: At first, Confucianism was only one of the hundred schools of thought. After being suppressed in Qin Dynasty, Confucianism gained exclusive authority in the court and became the official ideology in Han Dynasty, which established its lofty status in Chinese historic culture. + −

+ −

23. Shi Shuwen

+ − 儒家关注社会现实,倡导积极入世的精神,主张在“仁”的基础上,以“礼”为准则处理人际关系和社会关系,把以和谐为核心的“中庸”之道作为最好的行为方式。 + − Confucianism pays attention to the social reality, advocates the spirit of actively entering the society, advocates dealing with interpersonal and social relations based on "benevolence" and "courtesy", and regards the harmony as the core and the best way of behavior. + − Revision: Confucianism pays attention to the social reality, recommends the spirit of entering the society actively, advocates dealing with interpersonal and social retionship on the basis of "benevolence" and in the principle of "courtesy", and regards "Doctorine of the Mean" whose core is harmony as the best behavior.--Ma Qian (talk) 01:35, 14 June 2020 (UTC) + −

24. Sun Rui

+ − 儒家认为，无论人性善恶，都可以用道德去感化教育人。这种教化方式，是一种心理上的改造，使人心良善，知道耻辱而无奸邪之心。 + − Confucianism thinks that morality should be used to influence and educate people no matter human nature is kind or vicious, which is a way to change people psychologically, making people kind, know shame and abandon vicious mind. + −

+ −

25. Xia Ke

+ − Few people known that Confucius was over 1.9 meters tall and possessed great arms. Moreover, Confucius had a great capacity for drinking and was said to have never been drunk. + − 鲜为人知的是，孔子身高一米九多，臂力过人。而且，孔子酒量超凡，据说他从未喝醉过。 + − Revision: 鲜为人知的是，孔子身高一米九以上，臂力过人。而且，据说孔子酒量超凡，他从未喝醉过。 + − Tips：既然用了“鲜为人知”这种较正式的语言，后面的用词也应正式一些。以及后一句的“据说”应提到句首。--Yin Tanwen + −

+ −

26. Yang Jiani

+ − 儒家思想甚至可以追溯到与他同名的孔子之前，它可以追溯到强调礼节和思虑的周朝文化，尽管更多的是在精神上表现出来。Confucianism can be traced even before the birth of its namesake, Confucius ，to the general culture of the Zhou Dynasty, which emphasized politeness and consideration, though generally with more of a spiritual bent. + −

+ −

27. Yang Qing

+ − 孔子酒量超凡，据说从来没有喝醉过。但孔子从不以武勇和酒量为豪。 + − Confucius had a great drinking capability and was said never to have been drunk. But Confucius was never proud of his courage or his capacity for drink. + − --Zoey YangQing (talk) 05:11, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

28. Yang Yuxin

+ − 以儒家思想为代表的中国传统领导哲学从阐释世界与人生最本源的规律出发，得到了对领导理论最精辟的阐述和分析。 + −

+ − Represented by Confucianism, Chinese traditional leadership philosophy obtained the most incisive statement and analysis of leadership theory from the aspect of explaining the original laws of the world and life.

tip: 以……为代表的翻译方法，represented by, 和 以……为特点翻译方法较像，characterized by + −

+ −

29. Yin Tanwen

+ − 儒家思想以仁为核心的思想体系 + − Confucianism is an ideological system which reagrds benevolence as its core. + −

+ − Few people known that Confucius was over 1.9 meters tall and possessed great arms. Moreover, Confucius had a great capacity for drinking and was said to have never been drunk. 鲜为人知的是，孔子身高一米九以上，臂力过人。而且，据说孔子酒量超凡，他从未喝醉过。 ———— Xia Ke + − Tips：既然用了“鲜为人知”这种较正式的语言，后面的用词也应正式一些。以及后一句的“据说”应提到句首。 + −

+ −

30. Yu Jing

+ − 孔子开创私人讲学之风，倡导仁义礼智信。 + − Confucius began ethos of private teaching and advocated kindness, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trust. + −

+ −

+ − Confucius initiated the style of private lecturing and advocated kindness, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trust.--Miranda (talk) 05:03, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

31. Zhang Yuanling

+ − 毋庸置疑，从根源上和总体上看，儒学属于“理性的文化”，因为它是以理性为特征的，而不是以情感或崇拜为特征的。 + −

+ − Fundamentally and generally speaking, Confucianism is certainly inside the range of “the culture of rationality” for it features reason instead of emotion or admiration. + −

+ − Tips:"毋庸置疑"和“从根源上和总体上看”都是状语，在译为英文时，要考虑其语序，不要都放在主句前，这样过于生硬。 + −

+ −

32. Zhou Xiaolan

+ − 两千余年来，儒家思想对中国的影响不仅体现政治、经济、文化等方面，也体现每一个中国人的行为和思维方式之中。 + − For more than two thousand years, Confucianism has influenced China not only in politics, economy and culture, but also in the behavior and the way of thinking of every Chinese. + −

+ − For more than two thousand years, Confucianism has influenced China not only on politics, economy and culture, but also on the behavior and the way of thinking of each Chinese.--Evelyn (talk) 05:04, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

33. Zhu Wenhao

+ − 儒家是孔子所创立、孟子所发展、荀子所集其大成,之后延绵不断,至今仍有一定生命力的学术流派。 + − Confucianism was founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and gathered by Xunzi. It has continued since then, and there are still academic schools with a certain vitality. + −

+ −

B. Daoism (Philosophy)

+ −

Text

+ − Daoism is attributed to the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi (Lao Tze) and Zhuang Zi. For its main sacred text Daoism looks back to “Daodejing” (“Tao Te Ching”）by Lao Zi. A second sacred text is the book of parables by Zhuang Zi, which expresses Daoist ideas allegorically. Daoism emphasizes strongly the union of man and nature and suggests that man control his environment not by fighting against it but by cooperating with it. Similarly, it teaches that man should control himself by trusting rather than opposing his own natural feelings and instincts, by channeling them in the directions which he wants them to go rather than resisting them. Only in this way can he gain life, either by enduring longer in the world or by attaining physical immortality. + −

+ − Daoists believe in immortality. The immortals, so they say, breathe in wind, drink dew, ride the clouds and wander about. They are detached and free from all earthly worries. Men and women can expect to “achieve the Way”, longevity and even immortality if they give themselves up to unremitting cultivation. The fairy tale “The Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea,” long popular among the people, has its origin in Taoism. + −

+ − Daoism was also associated with alchemy, which was at one time a practical way of seeking the elixir of life by the transmutation of base matter into gold. Gold was associated with immortality for its durability and constancy under changing conditions. The word “alchemy” derives via Arabic from the Chinese word for gold “jin”. Since the ingredients used for preparing elixirs included arsenic and mercury, they sometimes had the opposite effects to the one intended: more than one Chinese emperor died of “elixir poisoning”. + −

+ − Daoism has valued freedom from time, from care and from entanglement with bureaucracies and power. Thus it has contributed to Chinese thought an anarchistic strand, which questions the established Confucian ideas that justified central power in the hands of one emperor. The idea of Wuwei, sometimes translated as “non-action”, was a central tenet of Daoism and has also been important in most Chinese books on military strategy. Wuwei means not so much inactivity as doing nothing out of harmony with the flow of things. + −

+ − Daoism has a god for almost everything---the sun, the moon, stars, wind, rain, thunder, lightening, mountains and rivers. It also has gods of the Town, Land, Kitchen, Door and Wealth. At the head of these gods are the Supreme Patriarch (Lao Zi) and the Jade Emperor. These gods are enshrined in Taoist monasteries and temples. Their icons can be found in many homes, especially those in the countryside. People worshipped the God of Wealth in the hope of achieving big fortunes. The God of the Door is supposedly able to keep away demons, and the God of the Kitchen is believed to be “in charge of every household’s fortune and misfortune.” It is said that every year he would report to the Jade Emperor on the good and evil of the household he supervised. He is worshipped on the 23rd day of the 12th month of the lunar year, the day he reportedly ascends to Heaven, and again on the Eve of the Spring Festival when he reportedly returns. + −

+ − Daoism has a great many classics. The Collection of Taoist Classics, prepared in the Ming Dynasty, consists of as many as 5,485 volumes. The number in use as prayer books, however, isn’t great. They are mainly “Tao De Jing”, a philosophical poem of over 5,000 characters in rhyme; The Canon of Quietism, which teaches people to keep clear of earthly desires so as to achieve the peace of soul and mind; Canon of the Jade Emperor, which extols the Jade Emperor and begs the immortals for happiness and blessings; and The Yellow Yard Classic, written in verse with 7 characters in a line, which teaches the ways of Taoist cultivation. + −

+ −

Questions

+ −

1. Who are the founders of philosophical Daoism? What are the sacred texts?

+ − Daoism is attributed to the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi (Lao Tze) and Zhuang Zi. For its main sacred text Daoism looks back to “Daodejing” (“Tao Te Ching”）by Lao Zi. A second sacred text is the book of parables by Zhuang Zi, which expresses Daoist ideas allegorically.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 08:56, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

2. What’s the Daoist view of man and nature?

+ − Daoism emphasizes strongly the union of man and nature and suggests that man control his environment not by fighting against it but by cooperating with it.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 08:50, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

3. Is there any superstitious element in Taoism?

+ − Daoism has a god for almost everything---the sun, the moon, stars, wind, rain, thunder, lightening, mountains and rivers. It also has gods of the Town, Land, Kitchen, Door and Wealth. + −

+--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 05:28, 15 June 2020 (UTC) −

4. What’s the Daoist elixir of life like?

+ − The immortals, so they say, breathe in wind, drink dew, ride the clouds and wander about. They are detached and free from all earthly worries. Men and women can expect to “achieve the Way”, longevity and even immortality if they give themselves up to unremitting cultivation. + −

+ −

5. What’s the keynote of Daoism? What does it mean?

+ − The idea of Wuwei, sometimes translated as “non-action”, was a central tenet of Daoism and has also been important in most Chinese books on military strategy. Wuwei means not so much inactivity as doing nothing out of harmony with the flow of things.--Liu Li (talk) 09:24, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

6. Is Daoism unitarianism? What Daoist gods do you know?

+ −

7. What do you know about Daoist classics?

+ −

Topics for Discussion

+ − For testing purpose, I have put the questions also in our final exam sample: http://shijiehanxue.mikecrm.com/O8KSg5I + −

1. How did Confucianism spread to other Asian countries?

+ −

2. What do you know about any of the Confucius Institutes established abroad in recent years?

+ −

3. What stories of Confucius or Lao Zi do you know?

+ −

+ −

Students' Homework: Translations

+ −

1. Ai Xin

+ − 老子思想核心是朴素的辩证法，主张无为而治、不言之教、物极必反之理。 + − Laozi’s score thought is simple dialectics and he advocates “governing by non-interference”, “teaching without words”, “extremes meet”. + −

+ − The core of Laozi’s thought is simple dialectics. He advocates “governing by non-interference”, “teaching without words”and “extremes meet”.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 08:37, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

2. Chen Qiuxu

+ − 道教“无为而治”的思想，在某种程度上与西方“看不见的手”的市场经济思想不谋而合。 + −

+ − In some extent, Taoism's thought of "governing by doing nothing" coincides with the market economy thought of "invisible hand" in the West. + −

+ − tips:将"在某种程度上"提前单独翻译，使译文读起来更为通顺。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 06:11, 30 May 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

3. Du Peixi

+ − 道教信奉老子，将他视为教主。 + − Daoism worship Lao Zi and regard him as the founder. + −

+ −

4. Guo Xinyi

+ − 南北朝时外来的佛教和本土的道教进行了激烈的交锋，在北朝表现为北魏太武帝和北周武帝的灭佛运动。 + −

+ − In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there was a drastic battle between foreign Buddhism and native Daoism, which, in the Northern Dynasty, was manifested in the Buddhist persecutions executed by Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty and Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 14:11, 30 May 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

5. Hu Jingchen

+ − 老子在道教中被尊为始祖，称“太上老君”。 + −

+ − Lao Zi is regarded as the first ancestor in Taoism, and is called "Lord Lao Zi" . + − Revision: Lao Zi, called "The Grand Supreme Elderly Lord", is revered/worshipped as the first ancestor of Daoism.--Ma Qian (talk) 01:42, 14 June 2020 (UTC) + −

6. Jiang Yun

+ − 2.整个道家的思想内核，在于四个大字：尊重生命。 + − The key notion of Daoism lies in two words: respect life. + −

+ −

7. Li Haowen

+ − 关于道家的起源，似可概说为出于史官的文化背景而基于隐者的社会实践，前者指其思想理论渊源，后者指其依存的社会基础。 + −

+ − As for the origin of Taoism, it can be concluded as deriving from the culture background of official historians and based on the social practice of the hermit. The former one indicates its theological derivation, and the latter refers to its social foundation. + −

+ −

+ − As for the origin of Taoism, it can be concluded as the culture background derived from official historians and the social practice based on the hermit. The former one indicates its theological derivation, and the latter refers to the social foundation that it depends on.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 04:08, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

8. Li Leyi

+ − 庄子的相对主义思想首先表现为否定客观事物物质的区别。 + −

+ − Zhuangzi's relativism theory first manifested as denying the corporeal difference of objective things. + −

+ − Zhuangzi's relativism is first manifested in the denial of the material distinction of objective things.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 08:13, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

9. Li Qi

+ − 春秋末年，以老子著作《道德经》的问世为标志，道家思想已经完全成型。 + − At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Daoism was fully formed, marked by the advent of Daodejing, a great book written by Laozi. + −

At the end of the spring and Autumn period, with the appearance of Laozi's book Daodejing as a symbol, Taoism thought has been fully formed.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:34, 13 June 2020 (UTC)	+	

−

10. Li Shuo

+ − 老子思想的主要范畴是“道”，“道”字在《老子》书中出现了七十三次。 + − The main category of Laozi's thought is "Dao ", and the word" Dao "appears 73 times in Laozi's book. + −

The main category of Laozi's thought is "Dao ", and the word" Dao "appears 73 times in the book Laozi. --Jessie (talk) 07:24, 16 June 2020 (UTC) + −

11. Li Xiangyun

+ − 儒家强调功业与礼仪，道家则强调清静无为。 + − While Confucianism emphasizes achievement and etiquette, Taoism stresses quiet and inaction. + −

+ −

+ − Confucianism emphasizes achievement and etiquette, while Daoism stresses calmness and inaction.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 08:45, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

12. Liu Li

+ − 清朝统一全国后接受了佛教，对道教采取了严格的防范和抑制的政策。 + −

+ − After the unification of the whole country, the Qing Dynasty accepted Buddhism and adopted a strict policy of prevention and suppression against Daoism.--Liu Li (talk) 07:48, 30 May 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

13. Liu Qinyu

+ − 道教与中华民族同呼吸、共命运，道教的历史与中国历史紧密相连。Daoism shares the same breath and destiny with the Chinese nation, and the history of Daoism is closely linked with the history of China. + − Daoism throws in its lots with the Chinese nation,and is closely linked with the history of China.--DU PEIXI (talk) 08:54, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

14. Liu Siyu

+ − 古代道家崇尚自然，有辩证法的因素和无神论的倾向，但是主张清静无为，反对斗争。 + − Advocated nature, the ancient Daoism had the element of dialectics and the tendency of atheism, but claimed for passive inaction and object to struggling. + −

+ −

15. Liu Xiaoting

+ − The Zhuangzi, however, is valuable as a monument of Chinese literature and because it contains considerable documentary material, describing numerous speculative trends and spiritual practices of the Warring States period (475–221 BCE). + −

+ − 《庄子》是中国文学的一座丰碑，因为它包含了大量的文献资料，描述了战国时期（公园前475-221年）的大量的思辨倾向和精神实践。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 03:59, 31 May 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

16. Liu Ying

+ − 古代人们对于一些奇怪自然现象不理解， 由此造成对自然的敬畏，同时却又依赖自然的给予，于是古代人们就认为这是神灵在主宰世界。 + − In ancient times, although people relied on resources from the nature, they were in awe of it due to weird phenomena that seemed unexplainable. Out of this reason, deities were believed to govern the world. + −

+ −

17. Luo Feng

+ −

18. Luo Xiaodi

+ − 李约瑟说：“中国人性格中有许多最吸引人的因素都来源于道家思想。 + − "Many of the most attractive elements of Chinese character come from Daoism, " says Joseph Needham.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 04:39, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

19. Ma Qian

+ − 道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。 + − Dao produces one, one produces two, two produces three, three produces everything. + −

+ −

20. Peng Lu

+ − 道教规定了许多戒律，它们是世俗道德善恶观念和宗教信仰善恶观念的综合反映。 + − 1.Many rules have been set in Taoism, which comprehensively reflect the secular moral concept of kindness and wickedness and the religious concept of good and evil. + − 2.Many rules, comprehensively reflecting the secular moral concept of kindness and wickedness and the religious concept of good and evil,have been set in Taoism. + − 3.There are many rules that comprehensively reflect the secular moral concept of kindness and wickedness and the religious concept of good and evil in Taoism. + −

+ −

21. Peng Yu

+ − 《道德经》文本虽然含宏万汇、言丰意赡，究其本质却是一本老子写给“圣人”“侯王”等在社会上占据主导地位之人览阅的道德宝鉴。 Tao Te Ching conveys abundant connotations with concise and comprehensive languages when it touches upon various topics, but it is in nature a invaluable book of moral doctrine for those in charge of the society such as sages and dukes.--PengYu Aiden (talk) 05:44, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

22. Qin Ruijing

+ − Text: 道家思想主要通过魏晋玄学对中国艺术产生了实质性影响。 + − Translation: Daoism has a substantial influence on Chinese art mainly through Wei Jin metaphysics. + −

+ −

23. Shi Shuwen

+ − 道教教祖老子把“道”作为宇宙本体、万物规律，是超越时空的神秘存在，以“道”为基点建立道教的神学理论体系. + − Lao Zi, the founder of Daoism, took "dao" as the universe and the law of all things, a mysterious existence beyond time and space, and based on "dao", he established the theological theory system of Daoism. + − Tip：注意可以多使用从句连接，而不是过多的短句。 + −

Lao Zi, the founder of Daoism, took "dao" as the universe and the law of all things, a mysterious existence beyond time and space.Based on "dao", he established the theological theory system of Daoism.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:24, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

+ + −

24. Sun Rui

+ − 一般认为道家思想的特征之一，是通过各种修炼而达到永恒不死的至高完美境界，“因而开创了中医养生学” ；又从炼丹实践中发明了火药，中国四大发明都与道教有关。 + − It is generally said that achieving a immortal perfect and supreme state by cultivating vital energy is one of the characteristics of Taoism thoughts so they Initiated the Chinese medicine health science and invented gunpowder from alchemy. The four great inventions of China are all related to Taoism + −

+ −

25. Xia Ke

+ − The main purpose of Daoism is to pursuit live forever, become immortal, and save the world. + − 道教的主要宗旨是追求长生不死、得道成仙、济世救人。 + − The main purpose of Daoism is to pursuit immortality, become Celestial, and save the world.--LI HAOWEN (talk) 07:01, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

26. Yang Jiani

+ − 曲则全，枉则直，洼则盈，敝则新，少则多，多则惑。 + − To be part is to be whole; to be bent is to be straight; to be hollow is to be filled; to be worn out is to be renewed; to have little is to have more. + −

+ −

27. Yang Qing

+ − 欧洲从十九世纪初就开始了对《道德经》的研究，到二十世纪的四五十年代，欧洲共有60多种《道德经》译文。 + − Europe began to study the Tao Te Ching in the early 19th century. By the 1940s and 1950s, there were more than 60 translations of the Tao Te Ching in Europe. + − --Zoey YangQing (talk) 05:13, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

In the early 19th, there already has had studies about Tao Te Ching.--Evelyn (talk) 09:53, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

28. Yang Yuxin

+ − 中国文人的抒情对象更多的不是人与人之间的情感，而是更宏大的存在——自然。 + −

+ − The lyric object of Chinese literati is not the emotion between humans but a larger existence--nature tips: 中国文人作为一个整体，用单数形式。--Evelyn (talk) 00:34, 15 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

+ −

+ − The lyric object of Chinese literati is not the emotion between humans but a grander being--nature.--Miranda (talk) 04:29, 1 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

29. Yin Tanwen

+ − 道家学说具有丰富的辩证思维意蕴,它具有朴素辩证主义。 + − Taoism theory has a rich implication of dialectical thinking, and it has the Simple Dialectics. + −

+ −

30. Yu Jing

+ − 道教主要宗旨是追求长生不死、得道成仙、济世救人。 + − The main idea of Daoism is to pursue longevity, to be immortal and to offer salvation. + − Revision: The main purpose of Daoism is to pursue longevity, to be immortal and to offer salvation. + − Tips: “宗旨”在这里是指道教的宗旨，所以应用"purpose"更合适。--Yin Tanwen + −

+ −

31. Zhang Yuanling

+ − 《道德经》凡五千余言，引导人们突破眼前狭小空间的限制，把思维拓展到广袤的宇宙，启示人们自由地去探索未知世界。 + −

+ − Tao Te Ching, with more than 5 thousands characters, guides people to break the limit of the narrow space that is in front of them, expands thinking to the vast universe, and inspires people to explore the unknown world freely. + −

+ −

32. Zhou Xiaolan

+ − 道家是对中华哲学、文学、科技、艺术、音乐、养生、宗教等等影响最深远的学派。 + − Taoism is the school that has the most profound influence on Chinese philosophy, literature, science, technology, art, music, health preservation, religion and so on. +

tips:when we translate something, we need to know the background of the text.--Miranda (talk) 01:19, 14 June 2020 (UTC) −

+ −

33. Zhu Wenhao

+ − 道家以道、无、自然、天性为核心理念，认为天道无为、道法自然，据此提出无为而治、以雌守雄、以柔克刚等政治、军事策略，对中国乃至世界的文化产生了极大影响。 + − Taoism takes Dao, Wu, nature, and nature as its core ideas, and believes that Tian Dao is inactive and Dao is natural. Based on this, it proposes political and military strategies such as ruling by inaction, keeping males and females, and softening gangs, which has greatly influenced the culture of China and the world. + −

+ −

Unit 14 China and the Outside World

+ −

A. Zhang Qian and the Silk Road

+ −

Text

+ − In general, “the Western Regions” mentioned during the Han Dynasty refer to Central Asia west of the Pamir Plateau, part of West Asia and South Asia, as well as a few areas in East Europe and North Africa. That was the boundary of Chinese geographical knowledge. At that time, there were 36 small states scattered around the Tarim Basin. They were all subject to the Xiongnu’s exploitation and enslavement. The Darouzhi kingdom in the area between the Dunhuang and the Qilian Mountains was defeated by the Xiongnu. Their king was killed and his skull turned into a drinking vessel. As a result, the Rouzhi fled and bore a constant grudge against the Xiongnu. At this time, the Han became increasingly strong, and Emperor Wu was determined to defeat the Xiongnu. Therefore, when he heard of the Xiongnu’s exploits in Darouzhi, he sent the adventurous Zhang Qian (164 BC-114 BC) to establish relations with the Darouzhi and persuade them to attack the Xiongnu from the West while the Han empire attacked from the East. + −

+ − In 139 BC, Zhang Qian traveled westward through the Xiongnu territory. He was captured and detained for over 10 years, yet he and his party escaped at last and resumed their journey toward the Darouzhi. They traveled for months before arriving at the Dawan Kingdom. The King of Dawan, who had long desired to establish friendly relations with the Han empire, was very glad to see Zhang and sent men to escort him to the Darouzhi. The Darouzhi had settled down in the rich and fertile Am River Valley, and their king had no wish to avenge his father’s death by attacking the Xiongnu. Zhang had no choice but to begin the treacherous journey back to Chang’an, the Han capital. Now, 13 years after his departure from Chang’an, out of the 100-strong party, only he and Kanfu managed to make their way back to China. Zhang told the court what he had seen and learned on his expedition. Later, he carried out military conquests while following General Wei Qing (?-106 BC), earning him the title of “Marquis Bowang”. + − In 119 BC, Emperor Wu sent Zhang on a second journey to the Western Regions, as he was informed that the state of Wusun (in the present-day Barkash Lake Area) had conflicts with the Xiongnu after the Wusun people had migrated to the Yili River. This time Zhang had 300 brave men under his command, each equipped with two horses. They took gold, silk, goods and over 10,000 heads of cattle and sheep with them, and were ordered to persuade the Wusun ruler to wage a united war against the Xiongnu. They arrived, but failed to persuade the ruler to migrate eastward and get united with the Han empire. Zhang dispatched deputy envoys to contact territories such as Dawan, Kangju, Darouzhi and Daxia. In 115 BC, Zhang returned to Chang’an, accompanied by dozens of Wusun emissaries. + −

+ − After this, the Han court sent more messengers to Parthia (Persia), Kizil, Hindu (India) and other kingdoms, and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions to handle official relations with the West. Trade and communication with the Western Regions became frequent. As a result, walnuts, grapes, pomegranates, broad beans, alfalfa, fine race horses from Dawan, and Guizi music and instruments such as the huqin (two-stringed bowed instrument) were introduced to the Han empire. The state of Anxi on the west of Dawan did not produce silk. Neither did they know how to cast iron tools. The emissaries of the Han court spread these techniques to the Western Regions. The exchanges between the Han empire and the Western Regions enriched the material and cultural life of the states involved, and made significant contribution to the progress of civilization in China. + −

+ − Zhang Qian’s missions to the Western Regions led to the opening of the Silk Road. It stretched from Chang’an to the Hexi Corridor, branched into the south and north routes after passing the Yumen Pass (or the Yang Pass), and converged at Shule (present-day Kashi). After stretching across the Pamirs, it diverged again: towards the southwest, it reached Darouzhi, Anxi and Daqin; toward the north, it reached Dawan and Kangju. After the Silk Road was opened, Han envoys and merchants traveled it frequently, and exported large quantities of silk products to the West. Meanwhile, rare treasures from the West were imported through it. The opening of the Silk Road was a historical milestone. Thanks to it, China could have frequent economic and cultural exchanges with states in Central, West and South Asias. Iron tools and silk, along with the techniques of raising silkworms, casting iron, digging channels and making paper were introduced to the Western Regions, and Buddhism spread to China. + −

+ −

Questions

+ −

1. What does “the Western Regions” refer to?

+ − In general, “the Western Regions” mentioned during the Han Dynasty refer to Central Asia west of the Pamir Plateau, part of West Asia and South Asia, as well as a few areas in East Europe and North Africa. + − --Leo (talk) 10:10, 7 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

2. What was the relationship between the Darouzhi and the Xiongnu like?

The Xiongnu exploited the Darouzhi. They were rivals to each other.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 14:49, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

3. Why was Zhang Qian sent on his western expedition?

+ −

Because Emperor Wu wanted to establish relations with the Darouzhi, so that he could persuade them to attack the Xiongnu from the West while the Han empire attacked from the East.--Celeste (talk) 03:01, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

+ −

+ −

4. Why was Zhang Qian’s journey to the Darouzhi a treacherous one?

+ −

5. How long did it take Zhang Qian to finish his first expedition? What role did Kanfu play?

+ −

6. How important was the information that Zhang Qian got to the conquest of “the Western Regions”?

+ −

7. In military and political terms, was Zhang Qian’s second expedition a success?

+ −

8. How important were Zhang Qian’s expeditions in cultural terms?

+ − The exchanges between the Han empire and the Western Regions enriched the material and cultural life of the states involved, and made significant contribution to the progress of civilization in China.

9. How important was the Silk Road to the exchanges between China and the West?

+ −

+ −

Students' Homework: Translations

+ −

1. Ai Xin

张骞出使西域，既是一次极为艰险的外交旅行，同时也是一次卓有成效的科学考察。 The travels of Zhang Qian to the west is not only an extremely dangerous diplomatic trip, but also an effective scientific investigation + −

Revison: 我觉得travels没体现出“出使”的意思，是不是可以改成"As an embassador, Zhang Qian'travels to the west...".--Ma Qian (talk) 12:56, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

2. Chen Qiuxu

+ − 张骞先后两次出使西域，打开了中国与中亚、西亚、南亚以至通往欧洲的陆路交通，从此中国人通过这条通道向西域和中亚等国出售丝绸、茶叶、漆器和其他产品，同时从欧洲、西亚和中亚引进宝石、玻璃器等产品。 + −

+ − Zhang Qian sent to the western regions twice in succession, opening the land transportation between China and Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and even to Europe. From then on, the Chinese sold silk, tea, lacquerware and other products to the western regions, Central Asia and other countries through this channel, and at the same time, introduced gems, glassware and other products from Europe, West Asia and Central Asia.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 02:13, 2 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

3. Du Peixi

+ −

4. Guo Xinyi

+ − 张骞这次远征，未能达到同大月氏建立联盟，以夹攻匈奴的目的，但产生的实际影响和所起的历史作用是巨大的成功。 + −

+ − Zhang Qian’s expedition failed to establish an alliance with the Darouzhi which served to attack the Xiongnu from two sides, while its practical influence and historical effects were huge successes. + −

+ − Tips: + −

+ − 由于翻译“为达到…目的”时，in order to/for purpose of已经被用烂了，这里可以换用…serve to… + −

+ −

5. Hu Jingchen

+ − 张骞对开辟从中国通往西域的丝绸之路有卓越贡献，至今举世称道。 + −

+ − Zhang Qian made outstanding contributions to the paving of the Silk Road. Nowadays, people around the world still speak highly of him. (Tips: 翻译的时候可以根据语境加一些表达观点态度的词，但是要客观地表达出原文作者的观点，不得凭主观臆断。） + −

+ −

6. Jiang Yun

+ −

7. Li Haowen

+ − It stretched from Chang’an to the Hexi Corridor, branched into the south and north routes after passing the Yumen Pass (or the Yang Pass), and converged at Shule (present-day Kashi). + − 它从长安延伸到河西走廊，经过玉门关(或阳关)后，分为南北两路，并在疏勒(今喀什)汇合。 + −

+ −

8. Li Leyi

+ − 随着时代发展，丝绸之路成为古代中国与西方所有政治经济文化往来通道的统称。 + −

+ − With the development of the times, the Silk Road becomes the general term of the political, economic and cultural channels between ancient China and the West. + −

+ −

9. Li Qi

+ −

10. Li Shuo

丝绸之路被认为是连结亚欧大陆的古代东西方文明的交汇之路，而丝绸则是最具代表性的货物。

The Silk Road is regarded as the intersection of ancient Eastern and Western civilizations connecting the Eurasian continent, and silk is the most representative of the goods on this road.

11. Li Xiangyun

+ − 早在公元前数世纪，古老的“丝绸之路”就连接起长安和罗马，开启了中欧文明对话的先河。 + − As early as in centuries B.C., the Silk Road had linked Chang'an and Rome, making the beginning of dialogue between Chinese and European civilizations. + −

+ − As early as in centuries B.C., the ancient Silk Road had linked Chang'an and Rome, making the beginning of dialogue between Chinese and European civilizations.--Jessie (talk) 07:42, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

12. Liu Li

+ − 丝绸之路的真正形成始于西汉,但在先秦时期，连接中国与西方交流的通道已经存在。 + −

+ − The real formation of the Silk Road started from the Western Han Dynastyn，while during the pre-Qin Period, the communication channel connecting China and the West had already existed.--Liu Li (talk) 06:16, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

The real formation of the Silk Road started in the Western Han Dynastyn，while during the pre-Qin Period, the communication channel connecting China and the West had already existed.--Evelyn (talk) 00:47, 15 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

13. Liu Qinyu

+ − 张骞对开辟从中国通往西域的丝绸之路有卓越贡献，至今举世称道。 + − Zhang Qian made outstanding contributions to the opening of the Silk Road from China to the Western Regions, which has been praised all over the world. + − Revision: 开辟丝绸之路中的开辟用opening不太准确，可用paving较合适。--Yin Tanwen + −

+ −

14. Liu Siyu

张骞不畏艰险，两次出使西域，沟通了中国同西亚和欧洲的通商关系, 开拓了历史上著名的“丝绸之路“。

With no fear of dangers and difficulties, Zhang Qian went on missions to the Western regions twice, which communicated China’s business relationship with Western Asia and Europe, and opened up the historically famous Silk Road.

15. Liu Xiaoting

+ −

+ − The history of the Silk Road pre-dates the Han Dynasty in practice, however, as the Persian Royal Road, which would come to serve as one of the main arteries of the Silk Road, was established during the Achaemenid Empire (500-330 BCE). + −

+ − 事实上，丝绸之路的历史可以追溯到汉朝之前，然而，作为丝绸之路的主要干线之一的波斯皇家之路，是在阿契美尼德帝国时期(公元前500-330年)建立的。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:18, 2 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

16. Liu Ying

+ − It stretched from Chang’an to the Hexi Corridor, branched into the south and north routes after passing the Yumen Pass (or the Yang Pass), and converged at Shule (present-day Kashi). After stretching across the Pamirs, it diverged again: towards the southwest, it reached Darouzhi, Anxi and Daqin; toward the north, it reached Dawan and Kangju. + − 过了玉门关后，丝绸之路由南而北，从长安延展到河西走廊，最终汇聚在疏勒。而越过帕米尔高原以后，丝绸之路再一次分叉。一边向西南延伸，抵达大月氏，安息，和大秦等区域；另一边向北蜿蜒，抵达大宛和康居等地。 + −

+ −

17. Luo Feng

+ −

18. Luo Xiaodi

+ − 在之后的岁月中，不论在东方还是在西方，张骞的名字都被人们所牢记。西域第一次与内地联系成一体，促进了西域社会的进步，也丰富了中原的物质生活。 + − In the years that followed, Zhang Qian's name was remembered in both East and West. For the first time, the western regions were integrated with the mainland, promoting the progress of the society in the western regions and enriching the material life of Central Plain.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 03:06, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

19. Ma Qian

+ − 丝绸之路被认为是连结亚欧大陆的古代东西方文明的交汇之路，而丝绸则是最具代表性的货物。 + − The Silk Road which connects Asia and Europe is considered to be the intersection of ancient Eastern and Western civilizations, and silk is the most typical cargo.--Ma Qian (talk) 03:31, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

20. Peng Lu

+ − 随着时代发展，丝绸之路成为古代中国与西方所有政治经济文化往来通道的统称。 + − With the development of times, the Silk Road became the general name of all the political, economic and cultural communication channels between ancient China and the West. + −

+ −

21. Peng Yu

+ − 张骞被誉为伟大的外交家、探险家，是“第一个睁开眼睛看世界的中国人”、“丝绸之路的开拓者”、“东方的哥伦布”。 + − Praised as a great diplomat and explorer, Zhang Qian was "the first Chinese to see the world with open eyes", "the pioneer of the Silk Road" and "the Columbus of the East".--PengYu Aiden (talk) 13:20, 6 June 2020 (UTC) + − tips：可以将中文中的一部分谓语变为英文中的状语

+ −

22. Qin Ruijing

+ − Text: 正如“丝绸之路”的名称，在这条逾7000公里的长路上，丝绸与同样原产中国的瓷器一样，成为当时一个东亚强盛文明象征。 + − Translation: Just like the name “Silk Road” suggests, on the more than 700 km way, silk was one of the symbol of the strong civilization of east Asia just as porcelain of the same origin from China was. + −

+ −

23. Shi Shuwen

中国是丝绸的故乡，在经由这条路线进行的贸易中，中国输出的商品以丝绸最具代表性.China is the hometown of silk. In the trade conducted through this route, silk is the most representative of China's exports.

China is the birthplace of silk, and silk is the most representative of the goods exported by China in the trade carried on through this route.--Miranda (talk) 01:25, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

24. Sun Rui

+ − 传统的丝绸之路，起自中国古代都城长安，经中亚国家、阿富汗、伊朗、伊拉克、叙利亚等而达地中海，以罗马为终点，全长6440公里。 + − The traditional silk road started from the ancient Chinese capital Chang 'an, reached the Mediterranean Sea via the central Asian countries of Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Syria and endied in Rome covering a total length of 6,440 km. + −

+ −

25. Xia Ke

+ −

26. Yang Jiani

+ − Zhang Qian was a Chinese official and diplomat who served as an imperial envoy to the world outside of China in the 2nd century BC, during the time of the Han dynasty. He was the first official diplomat to bring back reliable information about Central Asia to the Chinese imperial court, then under Emperor Wu of Han, and played an important pioneering role in the Chinese colonization and conquest of the region now known as Xinjiang.张骞是一位中国内政官员兼外交官，他在公元前两世纪的汉朝时期出任中国境外帝国使节。在汉武帝统治时期，他是第一位将中亚的可靠信息带回中国皇宫的官方外交官，并为中国移民和征服当今的新疆地区发挥了重要的先驱作用。 + −

+ −

27. Yang Qing

+ −

28. Yang Yuxin

+ − 丝绸之路是古代东西方商贸往来的生命线，通过丝绸之路，我国的丝绸、茶叶、瓷器、漆器等商品源源不断输出到沿线国家。 + −

+ − The Silk Road was the lifeline of ancient trade exchanges between the east and the west. Through it, China's silly, tea leaf, porcelain, lacquerware and so on, were continuously exported to other countries around the Silk Road. tips:断句问题，中文习惯几个短句，但英文句子中只能一个谓语，该断句就要断。 + −

+ −

29. Yin Tanwen

+ − 从陆上丝绸之路引进的农作物有20多种，对我国的农业发生了深远的影响. + − More than 20 kinds of crops were brought in from the overland silk road, which had a profound impact on Chinese agriculture.

−

Revision：There were more than 20 kinds of crops introduced from the land Silk Road, which had a profound impact on China's agriculture.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:24, 13 June 2020 (UTC)	+	

−

30. Yu Jing

+ − 随着时代发展，丝绸之路成为古代中国与西方所有政治经济文化往来通道的统称。 + − With the time developing, the Silk Road became a general term for all the political, economical and cultural exchanges between ancient China and the west. + −

With the time developing, the Silk Road became a general term for all the political, economical and cultural exchanges between ancient China and the West.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 05:22, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

+ − + maybe the West should be the capital form. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 05:22, 15 June 2020 (UTC) −

31. Zhang Yuanling

+ −

+ − 从都城向西，一路历经千难万险，风吹日晒都不曾阻挡张骞和使团的责任感。 + −

+ − From Han’s capital to the west, experiencing millions of obstacles and risks all along the way, Zhang Qian and the party still had the responsibilities that did not be prevented by the blowing wind and the blazing sun. + −

+ − Tips;“一路历经千难万险”的主语是张骞和使团，不是“张骞和使团的责任感”，要注意主语和谓语动词的搭配。 + − “千难万险”把它抽象出来，就是指经历了很多困难险阻，不需要把“千”和“万”都翻出来。 + −

+ −

32. Zhou Xiaolan

+ − 随着时代发展，丝绸之路成为古代中国与西方所有政治经济文化往来通道的统称。 + − With the development of the times, Silk Road became a general term for all the political, economic and cultural exchanges between ancient China and the West. + −

+ −

33. Zhu Wenhao

+ −

B. Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road

+ −

Text

+ − During the reign of Emperor Wu, Han sailboats succeeded in opening up a route to the Indian Ocean via the South China Sea, and conducted regular trade with coastal countries. Leaving the coastal ports of Guangdong Province, Chinese ships sailed via the Malacca Strait to the Indian Ocean, reached coastal countries around the Bay of Bengal, and even went as far as the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula. The opening of this Maritime Silk Road increased the frequency of exchanges between China and countries in Southeast and South Asias, establishing relations between the East and the West via the sea. The Anxi empire (comprising the present-day Iranian Plateau and the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys) not only conducted trade with the Han empire through the Silk Road, but also transferred silk to Daqin, making large profits from the switch trading. Yet it was during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) that the Maritime Silk Road reached its climax, and the one who made a great contribution is Zheng He. + −

+ − Zheng He (1371–1433), born Ma He (Sanbao) in Kunyang of Yunnan, was often called Eunuch Sanbao. He followed Zhu Di and, for his deed in deposing the previous emperor, eventually became the latter’s trusted adviser and military officer. In return for his meritorious service, he received the name Zheng He from Emperor Yongle. Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming court sponsored a series of 7 naval expeditions intended to establish a Chinese presence in Southwest Asia and seek foreign treasures for the emperor. For the first voyage, Zheng He was placed as the admiral in control of the 62 ships and 27,800 crewmen, which fleet carried a great amount of gold, silk, and other precious goods. In the subsequent voyages, his fleet visited more than 30 countries in Asia and Africa, and reached the Red Sea and the East Coast of Africa. + −

+ − Zheng He and his fleet were well received in countries they visited. They met kings of various states, expressing to them the goodwill of the Ming emperor. They traded Chinese silk, porcelain and tea with local inhabitants in return for jewelry, spices and medicines. They even carried on their ships many foreign heads of state and envoys to China. On the voyage of 1423 alone, they brought 1,200 envoys from 16 countries to China, some of whom even preferred not to go back. Zheng He’s expeditions set a precedent for friendly exchanges and peaceful co-existence between countries despite their various sizes, and had a significant cultural influence in many parts of Asia. Their diplomatic aspect was unprecedented in Chinese history. The size of his fleet, the length of his voyages and the treasures they carried were all firsts in China’s maritime history, coming half a century earlier than the ocean navigation by various Europeans. + −

+ −

Questions

+ −

1. When was the Maritime Silk Road opened? How important was it to China then?

During the reign of Emperor Wu.

The opening of this Maritime Silk Road increased the frequency of exchanges between China and countries in Southeast and South Asias, establishing relations between the East and the West via the sea.--Guo Xinyi (talk) 09:49, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

2. Why did the Ming court sponsor a series of naval expeditions?

Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming court sponsored a series of 7 naval expeditions intended to establish a Chinese presence in Southwest Asia and seek foreign treasures for the emperor.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 07:21, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

3. Why was Zheng He appointed the admiral of the fleet? How big was the fleet?

+ −

4. What countries did Zheng He’s fleet reach?

+ −

5. How culturally and politically important were Zheng He’s voyages?

Zheng He’s expeditions set a precedent for friendly exchanges and peaceful co-existence between countries despite their various sizes, and had a significant cultural influence in many parts of Asia. Their diplomatic aspect was unprecedented in Chinese history. The size of his fleet, the length of his voyages and the treasures they carried were all firsts in China’s maritime history, coming half a century earlier than the ocean navigation by various Europeans. --Qin Ruijing (talk) 07:23, 15 June 2020 (UTC) Zheng He’s expeditions set a precedent for friendly exchanges and peaceful co-existence between countries despite their various sizes, and had a significant cultural influence in many parts of Asia. Their diplomatic aspect was unprecedented in Chinese history. The size of his fleet, the length of his voyages and the treasures they carried were all firsts in China’s maritime history, coming half a century earlier than the ocean navigation by various Europeans. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:32, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Students' Homework: Translations

+ −

1. Ai Xin

郑和时代的中国,则是真正承担了一个文明大国的责任:强大却不称霸,播仁爱于友邦,宣昭颁赏,厚往薄来。 During Zheng he’s voyage, China really shouldered the responsibility as a great world civilization: strong but not seeking hegemony, spreading benevolence and friendship, and conferring more gifts in return.

Tips: 注重积累，多翻译，积累经验，掌握对四字成语的翻译

2. Chen Qiuxu

+ − 郑和下西洋是中国古代规模最大、船只和海员最多、时间最久的海上航行，也是15世纪末欧洲的地理大发现的航行以前世界历史上规模最大的一系列海上探险。 + −

+ − Zheng He's voyages to the West are the largest, most ships and seamen, and the longest in ancient China. They are also the largest series of maritime expeditions in the world history before the voyage of the geographical discovery in Europe at the end of the 15th century.--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 02:15, 2 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

3. Du Peixi

+ −

4. Guo Xinyi

+ − 郑和在下西洋的过程中，为解决东南亚各国之间的矛盾，为建立亚非国家区域间的和平局势，做出了不懈的努力，获得了很大的成功。 + −

+ − During his voyages, Zheng He made enormous efforts for purposes of addressing the conflicts between Southeast Asian countries, and establishing peace between Asian African countries, which obtained great success. + −

+ − Tips: + − 英文习惯中，通常结果在前，原因在后。--Guo Xinyi (talk) 03:49, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

In the course of his voyages to the Western Seas, Zheng He made unremitting efforts to solve the contradictions among the countries in Southeast Asia and to establish regional peace among the Countries in Asia and Africa, and achieved great success.--Liu Qinyu (talk) 00:57, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

+ −

5. Hu Jingchen

+ − 在郑和下西洋前，中国造船技术已经有了长足的发展。 + −

+ − Before Zheng He's voyages to the west, Chinese shipbuilding technology had made great progress. + −

+ −

6. Jiang Yun

+ −

7. Li Haowen

+ − Leaving the coastal ports of Guangdong Province, Chinese ships sailed via the Malacca Strait to the Indian Ocean, reached coastal countries around the Bay of Bengal, and even went as far as the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula. + − 中国船队从广东省沿海港口出发，经马六甲海峡进入印度洋，到达孟加拉湾周边沿海国家，甚至远达印度半岛南端。 + −

+ −

8. Li Leyi

+ − 郑和的奉命出使，是为与西洋各国建立友好关系，创造良好的国际环境而进行活动的。 + −

+ − Zheng 's mission was to establish friendly relationships with Western countries and create a good international environment. + −

+ − Zheng He was sent as an envoy. His mission was to establish friendly relationships with Western countries and create a good international environment.--Jessie (talk) 07:49, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

+ −

10. Li Shuo

+ − 郑和下西洋是中国古代规模最大、船只和海员最多、时间最久的海上航行，也是15世纪末欧洲的地理大发现的航行以前世界历史上规模最大的海上探险。 + − Zheng He's voyage to the West is the largest and longest sea voyage in ancient China, with the largest number of ships and seafarers. It is also the largest sea expeditions in the history of the world before the great discovery of Europe in the late 15th century. + −

Zheng He's voyage to the West is the largest and longest sea voyage in ancient China, with the largest number of ships and seafarers. It is also the largest sea expeditions before the great discovery of Europe in the late 15th century.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 05:17, 15 June 2020 (UTC) + − maybe delete in the long history is better. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 05:17, 15 June 2020 (UTC) + −

11. Li Xiangyun

+ − 福州的民间手工业、丰富物产为郑和下西洋提供了物质基础。 + − Fuzhou manual industry and rich products were the material foundation for Zheng He's voyages. + −

+ −

12. Liu Li

+ − 郑和远航的成功，标志着海上丝路发展到了极盛时期。 + −

+ − The success of Zheng He's voyages marked the heyday of the Maritime Silk Road.--Liu Li (talk) 06:28, 6 June 2020 (UTC) + − The success of Zheng He's voyages to the west marked the peak of the Martime Silk Road.--Ma Qian (talk) 12:46, 13 June 2020 (UTC) + −

13. Liu Qinyu

+ − 郑和下西洋是中国古代规模最大、船只和海员最多、时间最久的海上航行，也是15世纪末欧洲的地理大发现的航行以前世界历史上规模最大的一系列海上探险 + − Zheng He's voyages were the largest in ancient China, with the largest number of ships and sailors and the longest time. They were also the largest series of maritime expeditions in the history of the world before the voyages of European geographical discoveries in the late 15th century + −

+ −

14. Liu Siyu

郑和下西洋调解矛盾，平息冲突，消除隔阂，有利于周边的稳定，维护了东南亚、南亚地区稳定和海上安全，提高了明朝的声望。 Zheng He traveled to the west, mediated the contradiction, quelled conflicts, and bridged the gap. These benefited to stabilization of surrounding countries, maintained the stability and maritime security in Southeast and South Asia, and enhanced the prestige of the Ming Dynasty.

Zheng He traveled to the west, mediated the contradiction, quelled conflicts, and bridged the gap, which were helpful to stabilize surrounding countries, maintain the stability in Southeast Asia and South Asia and maritime security, and further enhance the prestige of the Ming Dynasty.

稳定变做动词表达

15. Liu Xiaoting

+ −

+ − In the late Tang and Song dynasties, technological advances in shipbuilding and navigation led to the opening of new sea lanes to Southeast Asia, Malacca, the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the continent of Africa, which made the maritime Silk Road rise again. + −

+ − 晚唐、宋时期，随着造船、航海技术的进步，开辟了通往东南亚、马六甲、印度洋、红海、非洲大陆的新航道，海上丝绸之路再次崛起。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:27, 2 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

16. Liu Ying

+ − For the first voyage, Zheng He was placed as the admiral in control of the 62 ships and 27,800 crewmen, which fleet carried a great amount of gold, silk, and other precious goods. + − 第一次航行中，郑和掌管了62艘船和27800名员工，这些船上装有大量金钱，丝绸和其他奇珍异宝。 + −

+ −

17. Luo Feng

+ −

18. Luo Xiaodi

+ − 这时，中国广州等沿海的大都市发展得十分繁荣。在经济获得良好的发展之后，发展海外交通和海外的贸易已经是十分迫切的事。At this time, China's Guangzhou and other coastal metropolises developed very prosperously. After the good economic development, it is very urgent to develop overseas transportation and overseas trade.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 03:22, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

At this time, Guangzhou and other Chinese coastal metropolises developed very prosperously. After economic has developed well, it is very urgent to develop overseas transportation and overseas trade.--Evelyn (talk) 09:46, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

19. Ma Qian

+ − 早在600年前，中国明代著名航海家郑和率领庞大船队4次到达非洲东海岸，他们给非洲人民带去了和平的愿望和真诚的友谊。 + − As early as 600 years ago, Zheng He, the famous Chinese navigator in Ming Dynasty, led a large fleet to the east coast of Africa for four times, and they brought the wish for peace and sincere friendship to African people.--Ma Qian (talk) 03:32, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

As early as 600 years ago, Zheng He, the famous Navigator of China's Ming Dynasty, led a huge fleet of ships to the east coast of Africa four times. They brought the desire for peace and sincere friendship to the African people.--Miranda (talk) 01:54, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

+ −

20. Peng Lu

+ − 郑和的奉命出使，是为与西洋各国建立友好关系，创造良好的国际环境而进行活动的。 + − Zheng He's mission was to establish good relations with western countries and to create a stable international environment. + −

+ −

21. Peng Yu

+ − 南海丝路从中国经中南半岛和南海诸国，穿过印度洋，进入红海，抵达东非和欧洲，途经100多个国家和地区，成为中国与外国贸易往来和文化交流的海上大通道，并推动了沿线各国的共同发展。 + − The Maritime Silk Road stretches from China through the Indi-China Peninsula and the countries in the South China Sea, through the Indian Ocean, into the Red Sea, and ends at the East Africa and Europe. Passing through more than 100 countries and regions, it has become a major maritime route for trade and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and promoted the common development of countries along the route. + − --PengYu Aiden (talk) 12:18, 7 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

22. Qin Ruijing

+ − Text: 海上丝绸之路，是古代中国与外国交通贸易和文化交往的海上通道，也称“海上瓷器之路”和“海上香料之路”。 + − Translation: Maritime Silk Road, also called “Maritime Porcelain Road” and “Maritime Spice Road”, was the seaway that enabled ancient China transact business and have cultural communication. + −

+ −

23. Shi Shuwen

“海上丝绸之路”是古代中国与外国交通贸易和文化交往的海上通道，该路主要以南海为中心，所以又称南海丝绸之路。海上丝绸之路形成于秦汉时期，发展于三国至隋朝时期，繁荣于唐宋时期，转变于明清时期，是已知的最为古老的海上航线。The "Maritime Silk Road" was a maritime route for communication, trade and cultural exchanges between ancient China and foreign countries. It was mainly centered on the South China Sea, so it was also called the South China Sea Silk Road. The Maritime Silk Road was formed during the Qin and Han Dynasties, developed during The Three Kingdoms period, developed during the Sui Dynasty, flourished during the Tang and Song Dynasties, and transformed during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is the oldest known maritime route. + −

+ −

24. Sun Rui

+ − 宋代海上丝绸之路的持续发展，大大增加了朝廷和港市的财政收入，一定程度上促进了经济发展和城市化生活，也为中外文化交流提供了便利条件。 + − In Song Dynasty, constant development of maritime silk road increased fiscal revenue of Court and ports, promoted economical development and city life to some extents and provide opportunity for sino-foreign cultural exchanges. + −

Revision：“大大增加”程度没有翻译出来，可以加一个“greatly”。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:18, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

+ −

25. Xia Ke

+ −

26. Yang Jiani

+ − 郑和于1831年在云南被明军俘虏。傅友德将军在行军路上遇见了郑和，并试图接近他，为了获取蒙古伪装者的位置。郑和跳入湖中，以此为挑衅而回应。这之后将军把他送入大牢。Zheng He was captured by the Ming armies at Yunnan in 1381. General Fu Youde saw Zheng He on a road and approached him in order to inquire about the location of the Mongol pretender. Zheng He responded defiantly by jumping into a lake. Afterwards, the general took him prisoner. + − Revision:获取蒙古伪装者的位置的获取用inquire不太合适，可用in order to get the location of... --Yin Tanwen + −

+ −

27. Yang Qing

郑和下西洋传播中华文明的内容主要有以下几个方面:中华礼仪和儒家思想、历法和度量衡制度、农业技术、制造技术、建筑雕刻技术、医术、航海造船技术等。 Zheng He’s voyages spread Chinese civilization mainly in the following aspects: Chinese etiquette and Confucianism, calendar and system of weights and measures, agricultural technology, manufacturing technology, architectural carving technology, medical technology, marine shipbuilding technology and so on.--Zoey YangQing (talk) 07:10, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

+ − 由于战乱及经济重心转移等原因，海上丝绸之路取代陆路成为中外贸易交流主通道。 + −

+ − Because of wars, the shift of economic barycenter and other reasons, the Maritime Silk Road replaced the Silk Road as the main trade channel between China and other countries. tip: 定语的顺序翻译，中外，贸易，交流等该如何处理，可以为介词短语，名词，形容词 + −

+ −

29. Yin Tanwen

+ − 造船业的发达，罗盘的使用，航海经验的积累，航海知识的增加，都为郑和下西洋提供了必要条件。 + − The development of shipbuilding industry, the use of compass, the accumulation of navigation experience and the increase of navigation knowledge all provided the necessary conditions for Zheng He's Expedition. + − Tips:翻译并列句时，应保持句式或词组格式一致。--Yin Tanwen + −

+ −

30. Yu Jing

+ − 郑和之后的明清两代，由于实施海禁政策，我国的航海业开始衰败，这条曾为东西方交往做出巨大贡献的海上丝绸之路也逐渐消亡了。 + − In Ming and Qing dynasties after Zheng He, because of the implementation of Ban on foreign trade, the sail industry began to decline, and the Maritime Silk Road, which contributed a lot to the exchanges between west and east, gradually vanished. + −

+ −

31. Zhang Yuanling

+ −

+ − 郑和船队展示了明帝国的政治和军事优势，加之经济利益的刺激，明廷主导的朝政体系的规模大为扩展。 + −

+ − Zheng He’s fleet shows the political and military advantages of the Ming Empire. Together with the stimulation driven by economical profits, the scale of a political system is greatly expanded. + −

+ − Tips:在翻译“朝政”时遇到了困难，经过查资料后，这个词是一种中国古代特有的处理政治事务的方式，那么，就翻译为“政治”也是说得通的。

以明庭主导的 这似乎没有翻译出来 dominated by Ming Dynasty, 我不确定哈--Evelyn (talk) 12:50, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

32. Zhou Xiaolan

+ − 欧商人的海上扩张，改变了传统海上丝绸之路以和平贸易为基调的特性。 + − The maritime expansion of western European merchants changed the characteristics of the traditional Maritime Silk Road based on peaceful trade. + −

+ −

33. Zhu Wenhao

+ −

C. The Eastward Spread of Western Learning

+ −

Text

+ − In the second half of the 16th century, foreign missionaries from the Society of Jesus came to China. They spread religious doctrines on the one hand and introduced on the other hand works on astronomy, mathematics, physics, geography, paintings, and music to China. Meanwhile, they brought to the West Chinese Confucian and Daoist doctrines, and made contributions to cultural exchanges between China and the West. The following are introductions to some of them. + − Matteo Ricci (1552-1610), an Italian, came to Guangzhou by sea in the 9th year of Emperor Wanli (1583). He worked as a missionary for 15 years in Guangdong, where he became fluent in the Chinese language and immersed himself in the study of Confucian classics. He was not only an expert in theology but also knew a great deal about astronomy, mathematics, geography and philosophy. He brought with him advanced scientific and cultural knowledge of Europe at the height of the Renaissance so that there was a high tide of “the eastward spreading of western learning” a few years after his arrival in Beijing. Xu Guangqi (1562-1633), a Chinese scholar, had frequent discourses with Matteo Ricci and studied hard in western learning. He translated 6 volumes of The Elements together with Matteo Ricci and introduced the fundamental theories of Euclid’s Geometry. The book was reprinted again and again and became a classic. This translation created for the first time technical terms for the geometric nouns of point, straight line, plane, curve, quadrilateral, polygon, parallel lines, diagonal line, right angle, and obtuse angle, which are still in use today. + −

+ − Matteo Ricci also drew many world maps, the most popular of which, “Great Universal Geographic Map”, was printed and published by Li Zhizao (1565-1630) in the 13th year of Emperor Wanli’s reign (1602). That world map shocked all Chinese officials and scholars who saw it, because it broke free from the traditional Chinese thinking that the sky was round while the land was square. It was presented to the Ming emperor and greatly broadened the vision of the Chinese people. + −

+ − In the 2nd year of Emperor Chongzhen’s reign (1628), Xu Guangqi was asked to supervise the writing of the almanac. Xu and Li Zhizao invited scholars of western calendars to take part in this project. With the help of these western scholars, 137 volumes of 46 categories were compiled and translated under the title The Chongzhen Almanac. These books made a detailed introduction to such European astronomical works as Concerning the New Phenomena in the Ethereal World by Tycho Brahe, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium by Copernicus, and Laws of Planetary Motion by Johannes Kepler. Unfortunately, the Ming Dynasty collapsed before these books were published. In the early Qing Dynasty, J. A. Schall Von Bell revised the books and had them published under the title The New Western Calendar. + −

+ − Of all the Qing emperors, Kangxi (1654-1722) was the most interested in western learning. Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688) won His Majesty’s trust and was appointed Vice Minister of Engineering. From him, Kangxi learned that western people had more precise and practical knowledge. Thus he asked Verbiest to make new instruments for astronomical observation, and decided that westerners should be responsible for the compilation of astronomical yearbooks. Under the influence of Verbiest, he not only promoted the learning of western mathematics, but also learnt it himself. Meanwhile priests Joachim Bouvet (1656-1730) and Jean-François Gerbillon (1654-1707) explained western scientific knowledge and medicine to Kangxi, who carefully read the teaching materials of western medical science they had compiled and translated. At His Majesty’s request, western priests proficient in medical skills came to China one after another. That was the start of the spread of western medicine in China. During his inspection tour to the southern part of China, Kangxi even asked Joachim to accompany him and teach him knowledge of western medicine along the way. + −

+ − Kangxi attached great importance to western science and technology, but he also kept a close watch on these foreign priests. He allowed them to preach in China, but prevented them from setting up churches in various provinces. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, the Qing government stipulated that apart from the priests working in Beijing, all those in various provinces should settle down in Macau or return to their home countries. Yet during the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1711-1799), western priests preached all over China, collecting confidential information, and even ganged up on local officials to exploit the masses. In the 50th year of Qianlong’s reign and the 6th year of Jiaqing’s reign, the Qing government worked out regulations to punish those priests who had committed such crimes. Western priests met with severe restrictions before the Opium War (1840) and cultural exchanges between China and the west were also cut off. + −

+ −

Questions

+ −

1. When did the first group of Western missionaries come to China? What role did they play in Sino-European exchanges?

+ −

2. What contribution did Matteo Ricci make to Sino-European exchanges? How important was the translation of The Elements?

+ −

3. How important to China was Matteo Ricci’s “Great Universal Geographic Map”?

That world map shocked all Chinese officials and scholars who saw it, because it broke free from the traditional Chinese thinking that the sky was round while the land was square. It was presented to the Ming emperor and greatly broadened the vision of the Chinese people. --Qin Ruijing (talk) 07:26, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

4. What Western works did Xu Guangqi and Li Zhizao help to translate into Chinese?

+ −

5. Why did Kangxi appoint Ferdinand Verbiest Vice Minister of Engineering?

+ −

6. How did Western medicine spread to China?

+ −

7. How did the cultural exchanges between China and the West come to be cut off?

+ −

8. What do you know about George McCartney’s visit to the Qing court?

+ −

+ −

Students' Homework: Translations

+ −

1. Ai Xin

民国时期，由于对政治的不满又进一步导致知识分子们提出全盘西化的主张，在五四时期这种思想造成了很大的影响。

  In the Republic of China, the dissatisfaction with politics further led intellectuals to put forward the idea of wholesale westernization, which had a great influence in the May 4th Movement.

+ −

2. Chen Qiuxu

+ − The formation of Su Manshu's romantic style was not the direct result of the eastward spread of Western learning but was the natural outcome of structural change in China's innate cultural ecosystem. + −

+ − 苏曼殊浪漫主义不是西学东渐的直接产物，而是固有文化生态发生结构变动之结果。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 02:17, 2 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ − The formation of Su Manshu's romantic style was the natural outcome of structural change in China's innate cultural ecosystem rather than the direct result of the eastward spread of Western learning.--Jessie (talk) 07:53, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

3. Du Peixi

+ −

4. Guo Xinyi

+ − 甲午战争以后，由于中国当时面临着国破家亡的命运，许多有识之士开始更积极全面地向西方学习，出现了梁启超、康有为、谭嗣同等一批思想家。 + −

+ − After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, when China was faced with the fate of destruction, numerous people of vision started more positive and complete learning from the west, and a group of thinkers emerged, such as Liang Qichao, Kang Youwei, and Tan Sitong. + −

+ − Tips: + − 表达某种原因时不一定要用because/since/for…这种表原因的连接词，有时when也能隐含某种原因。--Guo Xinyi (talk) 05:08, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

5. Hu Jingchen

+ − 带着西学而来的利玛窦开展了晚明士大夫学习西学的风气。 + −

+ − Matteo Ricci, who came with Western learning, began the trend of scholar bureaucrats studying western learning in the late Ming Dynasty. + −

+ −

6. Jiang Yun

+ −

7. Li Haowen

+ − During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, the Qing government stipulated that apart from the priests working in Beijing, all those in various provinces should settle down in Macau or return to their home countries. + −

+ − 雍正年间，清政府规定，除在北京布道的神父外，各省的神父都必须定居在澳门或回他们自己的国家。 + −

+ −

8. Li Leyi

+ − “西学”指近代传入中国的自然科学和商务、教育、外贸、万国公法等社会科学。 + −

+ − "Western Learning" refers to the social sciences which were introduced into China in modern times, including natural science and commerce, education, foreign trade and public law of nations. + −

+ −

9. Li Qi

+ −

10. Li Shuo

+ − 真正意义上的“西学东渐”是：以西方之学术，灌输于中国，使中国日趋于文明富强之境。 + − In the true sense ," the eastward spread of western learning "is to instill the western academic into China to gradually make China rich and civilized. + −

+ −

11. Li Xiangyun

+ − 中国近现代是一个西学东渐，中西文化冲突融合的时期。 + − In modern times, Chinese was in the period that the east studied from the west and the cultural conflict merged gradually. + −

+ −Modern China is a period in which western learning gradually spread and Chinese and Western cultures clash and merge.--Miranda (talk) 02:10, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

12. Liu Li

明代万历年间，以利玛窦为代表的西书七千部传教士来华传教，同时带来西方科技、文化等。这对中国传统思想文化有所触动。

During the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, 7,000 Western missionaries, represented by Matteo Ricci, came to China to preach, bringing along Western technology and culture, which had an impact on traditional Chinese ideology and culture.--Liu Li (talk) 06:41, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

13. Liu Qinyu

+ − 在这一过程中，中国政府的留学奖学金在加快中国向西方学习的过程中发挥了关键作用，帮助众多学生在海外学习的同时体验西方现代化。 + − In this process, the Chinese Government overseas-study scholarships played a key role in speeding up China’s learning from the West, and assisted numerous students in experiencing Western modernisation while they studied abroad. + −

+ −

14. Liu Siyu

+ − 新的经济思想的传入，使得一批知识分子愿意投入实业，而民族主义思想则有助于民族工业的发展成形。 + − The spread of new economic thought made a group of intellectuals willing to dedicate in industry. And nationalism contributed to the development of national industry.

The spread of new economic thought made a group of intellectuals willing to dedicate themselves to industry. And nationalism contributed to the formation and development of national industry.--Evelyn (talk) 01:01, 15 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

15. Liu Xiaoting

+ −

+ − Therefore, we may say that without the spread of Western learning to the East, there would be no Sinicization of Marxist philosophy; and without in-depth research on the relationship between the Eastward spread of Western learning and the Sinicization of Marxist philosophy, we would have no real understanding of the Sinicization of Marxist philosophy. + −

+ − 因此,可以说,没有西学东渐就不会有马克思主义哲学中国化,不深入研究西学东渐及其与马克思主义哲学中国化的关系,就不可能真正理解马克思主义哲学中国化。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:35, 2 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

16. Liu Ying

+ − 在数学领域，徐光启最大的贡献就是翻译了《几何原本》。 + − The most remarkable contribution that Xu Guangqi made to Mathematics is his translation to The Elements. + − Revision: 应该是在数学领域，所以领域field也应该翻译出来。--Yin Tanwen + −

+ −

17. Luo Feng

+ −

18. Luo Xiaodi

--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 03:32, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + − 梁启超、康有为、谭嗣同等一批思想家向西方学习大量的自然科学和社会科学的知识，政治上也要求改革。Liang Qichao, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and other thinkers learned a great deal from the West about the natural and social sciences, and demanded political reform.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 03:32, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −Revision：Liang Qichao, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and other thinkers learned a lot of knowledge of （of可能会精准一些）natural science and social science from the west, and also demanded reform politically.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:15, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

+ −

19. Ma Qian

+ −

利玛窦通过“西方僧侣”的身份，“汉语著述“的方式传播天主教教义，并广交中国官员和社会名流，传播西方天文、数学、地理等科学技术知识。

+ − Matteo Ricci, as a "Western monk", spread Catholic doctrine by "Chinese writing", and he made friends with Chinese officials and celebrities to spread scientific and technological knowledge such as Western astronomy, mathematics, and geography. + − --Ma Qian (talk) 03:34, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

Matteo Ricci, as a "Western monk", had spreaded Catholic doctrine by "Chinese writing", and he made friends with Chinese officials and celebrities to spread scientific and technological knowledge such as Western astronomy, mathematics, and geography. maybe had spreaded is better. --Luo Xiaodi (talk) 05:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC) + − + −

20. Peng Lu

+ − 在日常生活方面，新的西方科技事物如电、自来水、电影、广播、等等逐渐改变了城市居民的生活。另一方面，新的思想改变了许多传统习俗，包括一些被视为迷信的民间信仰、缠足风俗，传统式的婚姻等等都逐渐被废除。 + − In daily life, new Western technologies such as electricity, running water, films, radio and so on are changing the lives of citizens. On the other hand, new ideas have changed many traditional customs, including some folk beliefs regarded as superstition, foot-binding, traditional marriage etc., which were gradually abolished. + − Tips: 1.英文中应该避免重复用词，如果遇到这种情况可以尝试换词或者删减 2.注意句子之间，短语之间的连接 + −

+ −

21. Peng Yu

+ − 师夷长技以制夷。 + − To conquer the foreigner by mastering foreign technology. + −

+ −

22. Qin Ruijing

+ − Text: 明末清初时，传教士带来欧洲天文学，但其中最被重视的认识中国传统认为是国之根本的历法。 + − Translation: In the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, missionaries brought European astronomy to China. However, the most valued aspect in astronomy was calendar which traditionally was regarded as foundation of the nation. + −

+ −

23. Shi Shuwen

洋务运动进行30多年虽然没有使中国富强起来，但洋务运动引进了西方先进的科学技术，使中国出现了第一批近代企业，在客观上为中国民族资本主义的产生和发展起到了促进作用。Although the westernization Movement did not make China rich for more than 30 years, it introduced advanced science and technology from the West and led to the emergence of the first modern enterprises in China, which objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism. + − Tips：注意句子拆分，不要使句子过长。 + −Although the westernization Movement had kept for about 30 years,it did not make China rich , it introduced advanced science and technology from the West and led to the emergence of the first modern enterprises in China, which objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2020 (UTC) +

+ −

24. Sun Rui

+ − 明代万历年间，以利玛窦为代表的西书七千部传教士来华传教，同时带来西方科技、文化等。这对中国传统思想文化有所触动。 + − During the Wanli period of Ming dynasty, 7,000 western missionaries that take Matteo Ricci as the representative came to China to preach and brought western science and technology culture, which touched the traditional Chinese ideology and culture. + −

+ −

25. Xia Ke

+ −

26. Yang Jiani

+ − In August 1582, Matteo Ricci arrived at Macau, a Portuguese trading post on the South China Sea. At the time, Christian missionary activity in China was almost completely limited to Macau, where some of the local Chinese people had converted to Christianity and lived in the Portuguese manner. 1582年8月, 利玛窦到达了位于中国南海的葡萄牙贸易点——澳门。当时基督教传教士在中国的活动几乎完全只限于在澳门内。在澳门地带一些当地的华人已经改信基督教，并以葡萄牙语生活。 + −

应该是at that time--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:42, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

+ −

27. Yang Qing

+ 丝绸之路是一条承载政治、经济、文化交流的和平之路，繁荣了1700多年。The Silk Road was a peaceful road of political, economic and cultural exchanges, and it flourished for more than 1,700 years.--Zoey YangQing (talk) 07:35, 15 June 2020 (UTC) −

28. Yang Yuxin

+ − 知识分子中崇尚实用、注重科技、追求民主的风气则日益加浓。 + −

+ − Among intellectuals, the ethos of upholding practicality, paying attention to technology, and pursuing democracy has become stronger. + −

+ − 日益没翻出来：Among intellectuals, the ethos of upholding practicality, paying attention to technology, and pursuing democracy has become stronger day by day.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 02:47, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

29. Yin Tanwen

+ − The Eastward Spread of Western Learning had a great impact on both China and Japan. The intellectuals of both countries had no choice but to respond to Western colonialism and the challenges of Western civilization. + − 东学西渐对中国和日本都有很大的影响。面对西方殖民主义和西方文明的挑战，两国知识分子别无选择。 + −

+ −

30. Yu Jing

明代万历年间，以利玛窦为代表的西书七千部传教士来华传教，同时带来西方科技、文化等。

In Ming dynasty, missionaries represented by Matteo Ricci came to China to preach, bringing along Western technology and culture.

31. Zhang Yuanling

+ −

+ − 在西学东渐运动中，一些明智之士认识到中国与西方的差距，开始对中国传统和现状进行反思。 + −

+ − In the movement of the eastward spread of western learning, some wise men recognized the gap between China and the west which pushed they to start to evaluate the traditions and the current situations of China. + − In Eastawrd spread of Western learning, with realization of the gap between China and the west, some wise men started to rethink the Chinese traditions and current situations. --Ma Qian (talk) 12:40, 13 June 2020 (UTC) + −

32. Zhou Xiaolan

+ − Before the Opium War, some western missionaries came to china to initiate the process of "Eastward Spread of Western Culture". + − 鸦片战争之前，一些西方传教士来到中国开启了西学东渐的进程。 + −

+ −

33. Zhu Wenhao

+ −洋务运动是一场由失败的封建大地主统治阶级领导的自救运动 The Westernization Movement is a self-rescue movement led by the ruling class of failed feudal landlords

D. The Westernization Movement

+ −

Text

+ − After the Second Opium War (1856-1860), Yi Xin (Prince Gong) and local officials realized that China had lagged far behind the West in weaponry and military technology, and advocated learning advanced production technology and troop training methods from the West so as to build a modern national defense. Known as the School of Westernization, these people launched a movement to learn from Western powers. Under the signboard of “self-improvement”, they at first bought foreign machines, studied western technology, and set up war industry enterprises. Representatives of this school included Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong and others. + −

+ − Zeng Guofan (1811–1872) made great contributions to the defeat of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and enjoyed the trust of Dowager Empress Cixi. While putting down THK, he set up small-sized munitions factories to make rifles and guns. Later in Anqing, Anhui, he founded an ordnance institute to develop firearms effectively. Later, Li Hongzhang (1823–1901) became one of the major decision-makers in military and foreign affairs in the Qing government. While suppressing THK, he also set up some small-scale munitions factories to manufacture firearms. After that, he moved part of the equipment to Shanghai and purchased more foreign machinery and steel. With over 2,000 workers, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau was well appointed and had a careful division of labor, including the sub-bureaus of machinery, carpentry, casting, wrought iron, firearms, gunpowder, cartridges, shells, submarine mines, steelmaking, and so on. There were also a Translation Bureau, a Machinery Academy and an Arsenal Academy, all of which were new at that time. + −

+ − Yet, run with funds allocated by the Qing government, it was like a government department manipulated by feudal bureaucrats who gave no consideration to cost, technological renovation or the quality of products. The shell copper hoop it produced was of such poor quality that the firing speed was slowed down, bringing heavy losses to the Beiyang Fleet during the 1894 Sino-Japanese War. Besides, the Qing court feared that the court would have less power than outsider officials, since the modern war industry was under the control of Han people. So in 1867, a Manchu official was sent to prepare for the establishment of Tianjin Tianjin Manufacturing Bureau. Without any specialized knowledge, he entrusted a British man, J.A.T. Meadows, to take care of the preparation work, which lasted as long as 4 years and cost a great deal of money. When taking it over, Li Hongzhang dismissed Meadows and reorganized it so that it became a center of westernization in North China in the early 1880s. + −

+ − Holding high the banner of “seeking wealth”, the School of Westernization also developed some civilian industries to support the war industry. Shanghai Merchants Steamship Bureau and Tianjin Kaiping Coal Mining Company were large in scale. In the former, there were more than 30 steamships, forming a strong fleet of merchant ships. For a long time, it underwent rapid development. From 1873 to 1893, it made a profit of over 6 million dollars, most of which became the private property of Li Hongzhang. Besides providing coal to relevant departments at home, the latter also sold coal in the market. Good in quality but low in price, it soon replaced foreign coal in the market of Tianjin. In 1900, it was taken over by the British. + −

+ − Zhang Zhidong (1837–1909) founded Weaving Bureau to supervise the textile industry in Guangzhou. It made raw cloth, twill and cotton print, and sold its products to other provinces. In 1889, when appointed Governor-General of Huguang, he moved the equipment he had bought from foreign countries to Wuhan, bought new machines and created a steelworks plant there. In 1893, Hanyang Iron Works was set up, with two blast furnaces, two converters, one open hearth, and equipment to roll on iron tracks. It employed more than 3,000 workers and had a daily output of over 50 tons of iron. It was the first modernized iron and steel industry in China. Later on, Zhang also ran Daye Iron Mine and Pingxiang Coal Mine to provide raw materials and fuel for production. + −

+ − Zuo Zongtang (1812–1885) founded Fuzhou Shipping Bureau in 1866 and recruited foreigners who were arrogant and profiteering because of their expertise. In 1873, however, all foreign employees were dismissed. Later, when new technology was developed, a few foreign employees were temporarily employed. In 1888, the armored ship Pingyuan was manufactured by the Chinese workers themselves, and it performed as well as the warships that the Beiyang Fleet had bought from abroad. During the naval war of 1894–1895, the Pingyuan shocked the enemy by hitting the submarine Matsushima, the Japanese flagship, with its cannons. By the way, Ding Ruchang (1825–1882) helped Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang a lot with their westernization movement. + −

+ − Unfortunately, the Westernization Movement failed to save China. + −

+ −

Questions

+ −

1. What do you know aout the historical background of the Westernization Movement?

+ − After the Second Opium War (1856-1860), Yi Xin (Prince Gong) and local officials realized that China had lagged far behind the West in weaponry and military technology, and advocated learning advanced production technology and troop training methods from the West so as to build a modern national defense.--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 14:32, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

2. What banners did the School of Westernization hold up?

+ −

3. What did Zeng Guofan do for the esternization Movement?

+ −

4. What war industries did Li Hongzhang establish?

+ −

5. Why were most of the modern industries of Qing ineffective?

+ −

6. What civilian industries were established during the Movement?

+ −

7. What contributions did Zhang Zhidong make to China’s industries?

Zhang Zhidong founded Weaving Bureau to supervise the textile industry in Guangzhou. It made raw cloth, twill and cotton print, and sold its products to other provinces. In 1889, when appointed Governor-General of Huguang, he moved the equipment he had bought from foreign countries to Wuhan, bought new machines and created a steelworks plant there. In 1893, Hanyang Iron Works was set up, with two blast furnaces, two converters, one open hearth, and equipment to roll on iron tracks. It was the first modernized iron and steel industry in China. Later on, Zhang also ran Daye Iron Mine and Pingxiang Coal Mine to provide raw materials and fuel for production.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 07:34, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

8. What did Zuo Zongtang do for the Movement? What do you know about the warship Pingyuan?

+ −

9. What other Qing generals and courtier contributed to the Movement?

+ −

10. What lessons can we learn from the Westernization Movement?

+ −

+ −

Students' Homework: Translations

+ −

1. Ai Xin

为了解除内忧外患，实现富国强兵，以维护清朝统治，开始学习西方文化及先进的技术，这样一部分人被称为洋务派。 In order to relieve domestic rebellion and foreign invasion, a part of people began to learn Western culture and advanced technology, to maintain Qing dynasty with the richer Treasury and stronger military force, so those people were called Westernization Group. + −

2. Chen Qiuxu

+ − 洋务运动后期，洋务派为解决军事工业资金、燃料、运输等方面的困难，打出“求富”的旗号，兴办了一批民用工业。 + −

+ − In the later period of the Westernization Movement, westernization faction set up a number of civil industries in order to solve the difficulties of military industry in terms of capital, fuel, transportation and so on. + −

+ − tips：在中文里，一般先说原因，再说结果；英文先说结果，再说原因。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 02:20, 2 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

3. Du Peixi

+ −

4. Guo Xinyi

+ − 洋务运动的创办者自身的封建性和腐朽性导致了洋务运动的失败，而洋务运动的失败使中国近代化过程中其他的有志之士看到了洋务运动的缺陷，刺激了中国近代化的进程。 + −

+ − The failure of the Westernization Movement results from the feudalism and corruption of pioneers themselves. However, during the process of China’s modernization, the failure exposed other ambitious people the flaws of the Westernization Movement, thus stimulating the modernization. + −

+ − Tips: + −

+ − 翻译“使…看到”不一定要直译，而可用expose/show--Guo Xinyi (talk) 00:58, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ − The failure of the Westernization Movement results from the feudalism and corruption of pioneers themselves. However, during the process of China’s modernization, the failure exposes the flaws of the Westernization Movement to other ambitious people , thus stimulating the modernization. + − ①时态一致 ②expose的用法--Zhang Yuanling (talk) 02:21, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

5. Hu Jingchen

+ − 洋务运动是一场封建统治者的自救运动。 + −

+ − The Westernization Movement is a self-help movement of feudal rulers. + −

+ −

6. Jiang Yun

+ −

7. Li Haowen

+ − Yet, run with funds allocated by the Qing government, it was like a government department manipulated by feudal bureaucrats who gave no consideration to cost, technological renovation or the quality of products. + − 然而，它由清政府拨款来进行运作，像一个由封建官僚操纵的政府部门，这些官僚根本不考虑成本、技术革新和产品质量。 + −

+ −

8. Li Leyi

+ − 洋务运动在当时的中国，不改变封建专制制度，单纯学习技术，其失败命运是不可避免的。 + −

+ − The Westernization Movement in China at that time, did not change the feudal autocratic system, but simply learned technology, so its failure is inevitable. + −

+ − The Westernization in China at that time was doomed with failure, because it simply learned technology without changing the fedual autocratic syestem.--Jessie (talk) 08:06, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

9. Li Qi

+ −

10. Li Shuo

+ − 洋务运动在客观上刺激中国资本主义发展、一定程度上抵制了外国资本主义的经济输入 ，但没有使中国走上富强之路。 + − The Westernization Movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and to some extent resisted the economic input of foreign capitalism. But it did not make China rich and strong. + −

+ −

11. Li Xiangyun

+ −

12. Liu Li

+ − 洋务派经营的这些近代企业，是在不改变封建统治为前提下所办的，具有很强的对外依赖性、封建性和垄断性。 + −

+ − These modern enterprises operated by westernization group were established on the premise of not changing the feudal rule, of strong external dependence, feudalism and monopoly.--Liu Li (talk) 07:28, 6 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

13. Liu Qinyu

+ − 洋务运动(约1861-1895)，是清末鸦片战争军事灾难后中国开始的一段制度改革时期。 + − The Westernization Movement (c. 1861–1895), was a period of institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing dynasty following the military disasters of the Opium Wars. + −

+ −

14. Liu Siyu

+ − 洋务运动引进了西方先进的科学技术，使中国出现了第一批近代企业，在客观上为中国民族资本主义的产生和发展起到了促进作用。 + − Westernization movement brought in advanced technology from western world, and made the first modern enterprises appeared in China. These objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism. + −

+ −

15. Liu Xiaoting

+ −

+ − Hampered by their social and political positions, the officials in the Westernization Movement valued the social function of modern enterprises mainly from the interests of the Qing Government. + −

+ − 洋务官员受自身社会政治地位的束缚，主要从清政府国家利益的角度看待近代新式企业的社会作用。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:40, 2 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

16. Liu Ying

+ − 洋务运动处处依赖外国，企图以此来达到自强求富的目的。 + − Officials proposing Westernization movement seriously rely on the foreign powers for the purpose of strengthening themselves. + −

+ The Westernization movement relies on foreign countries everywhere in an attempt to achieve the goal of self-improvement and wealth.--Miranda (talk) 02:19, 14 June 2020 (UTC) −

17. Luo Feng

+ − 洋务运动引进了大量的西方科技及各类西方著作文献，培养了一批留学童生，打开了西学之门。 The Self-Strengthening Movement introduced a large number of western technologies and a considerable amount of literature, moreover, it cultivated a group of young kids studying abroad, opening the gate to the western world.

The Westernization Movement introduced a considerable amount of Western technologies and literatute, and cultivated a group of young students studying abroad, opening the gate to Western learning. Link title

18. Luo Xiaodi

+ − 为了解除内忧外患，实现富国强兵，以维护清朝统治，开始学习西方文化及先进的技术，这样一部分人被称为洋务派。In order to eliminate internal and external problems, to achieve Fukoku Kyōhei, to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty, began to learn western culture and advanced technology, such a part of the people known as Westernization.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 03:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + − Revision: 这句话没有主语，应该是the people who began to learn western culture and advanced technology were known as Westernization.--[[User:Luo Xiaodi|Yin Tanw + −

+ −

19. Ma Qian

+ − 为了解除内忧外患，实现富国强兵，以维护清朝统治，开始学习西方文化及先进的技术，这样一部分人被称为洋务派。 + − In order to solve internal and external troubles, to realize the rich empire and strong army that could maintain the ruling of the Qing Dynasty, some of people began to learn Western culture and their advanced technologies, and they were called advocates of the Westernization Movement. + − In order to solve internal and external troubles, to realize the rich empire and strong army so that the Qing Dynasty could maintain the ruling, some people began to learn Western culture and their advanced technologies, who were called advocates of the Westernization Movement.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:38, 11 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

20. Peng Lu

+ − 认为要富强，使中国“有备无患”，必须学习西方资产阶级的自然科学甚至社会政治学，因此提倡兴“西学”、提倡“洋务”、办军工厂，生产新式武器、迠立新式军队. + − In order to be prosperous and strong, and make China prepared, we must study the natural science and even social politics of the western bourgeoisie. Therefore, the revival of "Western learning" and "Westernization camp" are advocated, arms factories are running, new weapons are produced and a new army is maintained. + − Tips: 1.英文多用被动语态，翻译中文时应注意调整文中的主动语态 2.为了动词的选用正确生动，平时应该多注重积累 3.积累专有名词的表达 + −

+ −

21. Peng Yu

+ − 中学为体，西学为用，是洋务运动中一面鲜明的爱国旗帜。 + − The slogan “western learning for use and Chinese learning for foundation” is a sharp-cut flag in the westernization movement. + −

The slogan “western learning for use and Chinese learning for foundation” is a sharp-cut flag of patriotism in the westernization movement.--Ma Qian (talk) 12:29, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

+ −

22. Qin Ruijing

+ − Text: 洋务派在全国修建了30余所近代新式学校， 培养科学、军事、翻译人才，包括著名的在1862年建立于北京的翻译机构同文馆，还有培养翻译人才的广方言馆。 + − Translation: In order to train scientific, military and translation talents, The School of Westernization set up more than 30 modern schools in the country, including the famous translation agency Tongwen College established in 1862 and the Guangfangyan College aimed to train translators. + −

+ −

23. Shi Shuwen

洋务运动，又称自强运动。是19世纪60年代到90年代晚清洋务派所进行的一场引进西方军事装备、机器生产和科学技术以挽救清朝统治的自救运动Westernization movement is also called self-improvement movement. From the 1860s to the late 1990s, the Westernization Movement of the Qing Dynasty introduced western military equipment, machine production and science and technology to save the Qing dynasty. + −

+ Westernization movement is also called self-improvement movement. From the 1860s to the late 1890s, the Westernization Movement introduced western military equipment, machine production , science and technology to save the Qing dynasty.--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:31, 11 June 2020 (UTC) +

24. Sun Rui

+ − 由于“中学为体，西学为用”这一口号非常简切地反映了当时中国人的一般思想倾向，甚至可以说，在当时西方资本主义侵略者，以先进的西学作为侵略中国的手段的情况下，这个口号是一面爱国的旗帜。 + − The slogan, “Chinese essence and Western utility”reflected the general tendency of Chinese people at that time briefly and accurately so we can even say that this slogan was a Patriotic banner under the circumstance that western capitalist invaders invaded China with advanced western culture. + −

+ −

25. Xia Ke

+ −

26. Yang Jiani

+ − In 1843, Zeng was appointed as the chief literary examiner in Sichuan Province. Six years later, he was made Senior Deputy Secretary of the Board of Rites. When holding the office of Military Examiner, he was compelled by the death of his mother to return to Hunan Province to carry out filial mourning, which is supposed to last three years. Around the time, the Taiping rebels had overrun Hunan Province and captured the cities and strongholds on both shores of the Yangtze River. 1843年，曾国藩被任命为四川省首席文试考官。六年后他被任命为礼部副尚书。在担任军试考官时，他因母亲的去世而被迫返回湖南省，按照传统孝道进行哀悼，这段时间持续有三年。在这期间，太平天国叛军占领了湖南省，并侵占了长江两岸的城市和据点。 + −

+ −

27. Yang Qing

洋务运动的最终结果虽然是失败，但是其对中国近代政治，经济，军事和文化的影响也是巨大的。 Although the end result of the Westernization Movement was a failure, its impact on modern Chinese politics, economics, military and culture was enormous.--Zoey YangQing (talk) 07:04, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

28. Yang Yuxin

+ − 洋务派根本无意于学习资本主义的政治经济制度，只主张学习西方技术，极力反对对封建思想和封建制度进行任何形式的变革。 + −

+ − In essence, the School of Westernization didn't want to study capitalist political and economical system at all. They only advocated the study of western techniques, and strongly opposed any reform of feudal ideology and feudal system.

tips: 掌握专有名词常用法，如资本主义，封建思想制度等。

29. Yin Tanwen

+ − 为了实现富国强兵，以维护清朝统治，清政府开始学习西方文化及先进的技术，进行洋务运动。 + − In order to achieve the goal of enriching the country and strengthening the armed forces to maintain the rule of the qing dynasty, Qing government began to learn from the western culture and advanced technology to carry out the Westernization Movement.

In order to achieve the goal of enriching the country and strengthening the armed forces to maintain the rule of the Qing dynasty, Qing government began to learn western culture and advanced technology and carried out the Westernization Movement.--Evelyn (talk) 12:56, 8 June 2020 (UTC) + −

+ −

30. Yu Jing

+ − 洋务运动前期，洋务派以“自强”为旗号，采用西方先进生产技术，创办了一批近代军事工业。 + − In the early Westernization Movement, the School of Westernization, under the signboard of self-improvement, adopted western advanced production technology and established a batch of modern military industries. + −

In the early  Westernization Movement, Westernization Group established a number of modern military industries under the banner of "self-improvement" and advanced western production technology.--Shi Shuwen (talk) 01:08, 13 June 2020 (UTC)	+	

−

31. Zhang Yuanling

+ − 但是洋务运动客观上刺激了中国资本主义的产生与发展,为中国培养了一大批科技人才,还有引进了西方先进的科学技术，使中国出现了第一批近代企业。 + −

+ − ut objectively speaking, the Westernization Movement helped to establish the first batch of China’s modern enterprise by provoking the capitalism in China into starting and developing, educating a great number of people who were talented in technology, and introducing advanced science and technologies from the west. + −

+ − TIPS：“产生与发展”在中文里是名词，译为英文时要换作动词表达。“使中国出现了第一批近代企业”是effect,"刺激了中国资本主义的产生与发展,为中国培养了一大批科技人才,还有引进了西方先进的科学技术"是cause，在英文中要把effect提前。 + −

+ −

32. Zhou Xiaolan

洋务运动在客观上刺激中国资本主义发展、一定程度上抵制了外国资本主义的经济输入，但没有使中国走上富强之路。

The Westernization Movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and to a certain extent resisted the economic import of foreign capitalism, but it did not put China on the track towards prosperity.

tips: 中文里经常省略代词和连接词，而英文中代词和连接词都很重要。

33. Zhu Wenhao

+ −近代化就是资本主义代替封建专制，这是历史的必然。这也是洋务运动试图走近代化的道理，在世界整体化的趋势下，中国比较被动的卷入。 Modernization is the replacement of feudal autocracy by capitalism, which is a historical necessity. This is also the reason why the Westernization Movement is trying to modernize. Under the trend of globalization, China is more passively involved.

Tips

• 古诗词的翻译需要平时多积累。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 12:35, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英文常用长句，翻译为中文时可以将它拆成短句。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:13, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
• 中文习惯用四次词语来表达，更简洁明了。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:19, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
• 汉语习惯于主动形态，The cloisonne used for sacrifice译为“祭祀用的景泰蓝”，而不译为“景泰蓝被用来祭祀”。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:24, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
• 译文尽量整齐，对应中文的对仗。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:30, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
• 中文善用四字词语来表达。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:34, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
• 汉语重意合，句子之间常靠内部的逻辑关系连接在一起，所谓“形散而神聚”，而英语重形合，句与句之间往往靠各种语言形式紧密结合--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:49, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
• 中文不习惯用被动,英文使用了被动语态。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 13:57, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
• 直译法适用于句子比较简单时，当句子结构比较复杂使用意译的方法，以求跟汉语习惯保持一致。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 00:39, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
• 在理解句子意思的基础上进行翻译，不逐字翻译，跟汉语习惯保持一致。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 00:45, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
• 这里不将“家庭生活”译为“family life”,可以理解为family,排比句式更加整齐。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 00:56, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
• 中文使用逗号，英文常用连接词把句子连起来。--Chen Qiuxu (talk)
• 英译汉时，增词较多；汉译英时，减词较多。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 01:28, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
• 碰到复杂的句子时，要分析好句子的主干，把主谓宾找出来--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 09:31, 18 May 2020 (UTC)
• 为了使汉语的语言通顺，表达完整，有必要转换某些单词的词性--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 10:58, 22 May 2020 (UTC)
• 将"在某种程度上"提前单独翻译，使译文读起来更为通顺。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 06:11, 30 May 2020 (UTC)
• 在中文里，一般先说原因，再说结果；英文先说结果，再说原因。--Chen Qiuxu (talk) 02:20, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

Ma Qian:

• We should pay attention to the sequence differences between Chinese and English.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• Sometimes we can translate the verb phrases into noun phrases in other languages.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• We can find the potential subject-predict structure, and then add a predicate when translating.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• When translating the English into Chinese, we can simplify the sentence.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• When translating Chinese into English, we could arrange the clauses reasonably, put them into one sentence in English.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• When analysing the structure of a sentence, we should pay attention to the juxtapositions, if we juxtapose two phrases wrongly, it will affect our translation.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• Analyse the structure of the sentence, find the subject, predict, and object, and rewrite the sentence before translating.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• Pay attention to the proper noun when transiting Chinese into English.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• 翻译时要注意代词，到底翻不翻，或者要不要翻译成它原本指代的东西。--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• Sometimes when translating, there isn't one-to-one translation, we'd better use free translation, but should pay attention to the true meaning of that word.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• Sometimes we could change the form of the word to combine two clauses into one sentence.--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• 汉语是以话题为主导的，而英语是以主语为主导的，翻译时要注意句式转化。--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英译中的话，可以先直译，翻完后，再根据句意将句子改成更符合中国人平时表达的句子。--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英语通常是先说评论或意见再写事实，而中文通常是先描述事实再表达看法。--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英译中时可根据清况适当地增加一些细节，使句子能译得更加通畅，但不可以将原文中的信息点随意纂改或遗漏它。--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)、
• 个别单词的意义可能不是平常常用的意思，这时就是在上下文中找到与之相似或相反的意思，通过那个单词来判断。--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英译中时，较长的句子，如果只有一套主谓结构时，找到主语中心词、谓语和宾语将句子最简化，如果有两套主谓结构，则将一个句子化为多个分句，按汉语习惯逐句翻译。--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
• 对于英语中一些俗语及固定用法代表的特殊意义要注意。--Ma Qian (talk) 05:38, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Yin Tanwen:

• 中文古文的翻译要讲究表面含义和深层含义的结合，既能用浅显易懂的话表达出表层含义，也要具有深层次的含义。--Yin Tanwen
• 英语一定要注意形容词和名词的搭配，副词和动词的搭配等等。选择合适的词语，改变句子结构，这样英语就可以很快的翻译成汉语，并且准确率还非常的高。所以一定要注意词语的搭配。--Yin Tanwen
• 在并列用名词、动词的过程当中，一定要注意顺序，长的放在后面，重的放在后面，避免头重脚轻。--Yin Tanwen
• 在翻译专有名词，如一些书名的时候，需找到正确的书名翻译,做到根据约定俗成的译文来翻译。--Yin Tanwen
• 在翻译一些长难句时，要把这个长句分成几个意群，再逐一翻译，并调整成为最符合语言习惯的顺序，最后形成一个长句。--Yin Tanwen
• 在对讲述历史悠久的文化的文字进行翻译时，我们首先要做的是去深入了解这一文化的内涵和发展历史，将自己的思维沉浸在这一文化之中，充分理解这一文化的真正内核含义，再做出合适的翻译。--Yin Tanwen
• 在翻译时，应对于具有一些联系的句子感到敏锐且重点关注，用一些巧妙的方式将它们连接在一起，以使得句子更加简短和高级。也要注意上下文结构的连接，使衔接更加自然。--Yin Tanwen
• 在翻译文本时，应注意语言风格前后一致。如果一开始就是用较为严肃的语言表述的话，那么整篇译文的语言基调都应向其靠拢。--Yin Tanwen
• 在中英文的转换间，应注意这两种语言的形合与意合特征。英文语言的组成以语法逻辑为主，而汉语语言的组成以意义逻辑为主。--Yin Tanwen
• 在将英文句子翻译成中文时，可用SPOAC的方法划分出这个句子的各个句子成分，从而更清楚地了解句子逻辑结构。--Yin Tanwen
• 英语中通常是先评论，后事实；而汉语中则通常是先事实，后评论。--Yin Tanwen
• 翻译并列句时，应保持句式或词组格式一致。--Yin Tanwen
• 在翻译实用文章的过程中，能直译的地方就尽量直译。--Yin Tanwen
• 遇到虚拟语气的句子时，这类句子通常不会是表面意思，因此翻译时应表达出其感情色彩，--Yin Tanwen

Qin Ruijing

• 像“the roof of the world,” “the Third Pole” and the “Asian water tower,” “the Spring Festival Travel Rush”, “Paleolithic period”这类拥有着固定翻译方式的短语在客观上要求我们扩大知识面，然后才能准确的进行翻译。--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• When translate English into Chinese, we should always remember Chinese sentence structure instead of applying Chinese mechanically to the original sentence.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• When translating, we should pay special attention to the choice of the words. If the words are not proper, the translation will sound extremely strange.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• We should pay special attention to some words and expressions about traditional cultural, like words concerning religions, or it may be difficult for us to translate some proper nouns.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• It is a difficult thing to find a proper adjective or adverbial. In the last sentence, “高妙绝伦地”is hard to find a appropriate adv. to translate it. Therefore, we should pay special attention to adj./adv. learning.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• At first,“素养”this word is quite difficult to find a proper translation. However, after I search the Internet, I found many answers suggesting “accomplishment”. Although I know this word, I really don’t know this meaning before. We may pay attention to these familiar words.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 在翻译诗歌的过程中，尽量不破坏原有的韵味，也要注意译文和诗歌原有风格相接近。--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• The differences between Chinese and English makes it really hard to translate Chinese short sentences into English. One of the most important things is to place the modifiers in a proper position.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• “悲、哀”are often used as one word in Chinese because usually they show the same emotion. Therefore, I cannot find a corresponding word for each of them, and I only translate one of them. Also, when translating, we should often split the words and then do translate work.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Sometimes it is really awkward to translate Chinese directly into English. Maybe we shouold first understand its meaning in the source language and then do the translation.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Some abstract nouns may cause difficult to us during translation.I know that 天地人 do not refer to the real ones. The closest expressions I can find are heaven, man and earth.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• After translating the second sentence, I found that there are many words that mean “神明”. However, they should be used in different situations. Therefore, we should distinguish synonyms and choose the one that is most relevant to the context.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• In Chinese, we sometimes use really native word like “官教”, and it is really hard to translate directly according to the meaning of each character. 可以通过分别组词的方式来找到一个翻译。--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• When translating, we should find the hidden logical relationship between each sentence and then compose a sentence that sounds comfortable.--Qin Ruijing (talk) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Luo Xiaodi

• 英文多用长句，讲究句式中的语法完整，在翻译过程中务必抓住精神实质，不可以不变应万变。比如：都是“问题”，共同关心的问题 questions of common interest解决问题 solve a problem问题的关键 the heart of the matter关键问题 a key problem原则问题 a question/ matter of principle悬而未决的问题 an outstanding issue--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:38, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

• 注意望文生义，机械直译,论文翻译中，汉语与英语在长期的独立发展过程中，

不可能达到词汇之间完全的对应，翻译过程中难免遇到词汇之间的不对称现象，所以在翻译的过程中，要根据语境进行适当意译，以免望文生义，产生啼笑皆非的翻译。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:42, 10 June 2020 (UTC

• 中英之间的语法搭配存在较大差异，所以在翻译过程中不能一味按照一种语言的搭配方式来翻译，

这的确是难度系数较大的问题，它要求论文翻译中译者既有较高的中文修养，又要有较高的英文造诣，一知半解的人常常在此“翻车”。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:47, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

• 在论文翻译过程中，我们必须根据两种语言之间的特点，对论文进行适当增减，

例如：中文多省略，所以在翻译成英文的过程中需要进行适当增添，进行解释，而英文翻译为中文时，如果一味忠实翻译，将使得文章过于冗杂，则需要适当删减。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:52, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

• 汉语多重复，以强化语气；英语则要尽量避免重复。

先生曰：“狼负我，狼负我！”狼曰：“吾非固欲负汝。天生汝辈，固需吾辈食也。”"You are an ungrateful beast," complained the man."Not at all," retorted the wolf, "it is not that I'm ungrateful, but you men were created for us to devour."? 　　（颜惠庆译《马中锡·中山狼传》）--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:52, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

• 论文翻译的主语是句子的灵魂， 定住译文的主语的是关键的一步棋。主语定偏了，整个句子将显得松散乏力，甚至会误导读者。如果这个问题不解决，势必影响两国的利益。Failure to settle this issue is bound impair the relations between the two countries seriously. If the problem is not solved , it is sure to affect the interests between the two countries在上面的两种译文中，显然第一种译文主语选得好，句子流畅。共同的利益把我们两个伟大的国家连接在一起。What holds our two great nations together is the cement of common interests.

此句主语部分处理得颇为干练。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:52, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

• 注意结构单调，组合生硬 “拉郎配”。由于汉英结构不同，表达方式迥异，“硬性翻译”不仅读起来别扭，而且会闹出笑话。这就要求译者在翻译时灵活使用整合的技巧，将句子整合，凸显汉语中所隐含的层次，补充所缺失的成分。有时要将简单句译成并列句，有时将并列句译成主从句。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:52, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

• 注意另起炉灶，走失精气神，沦为法国作家梅纳日所批评的 “不忠的美人”即语言优美但不忠于原文。（参见2005年08月26日《济南日报》：艾临文章《不忠的美人与忠实的美人——写在〈每天幽它一默〉出版后》）严复在翻译《天演论》时偶 有为“雅”而不“信” （见陈廷佑《英文汉译技巧》）。论文翻译要力求其“信”，尽可能契合汉语原来句子的气势、情绪和结构。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 06:52, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

• 翻译时应注意中国与英语国家的文化差异。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:11, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
• 翻译时动词应该要反复打磨，反复思考动词及一些定语的用法。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:15, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
• 翻译时注意中文习惯将重要的说在前面，而英文习惯将重要的说在后面。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:23, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
• 翻译时应注意英文或中文背后隐藏的深意，注意去挖掘和发现。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:23, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
• 翻译时注意中文中一般很少使用人称，而英文惯用人称。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:23, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
• 翻译时注意连接词在中文中一般不出现。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:23, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
• 翻译时注意拆分英文的长难句。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:27, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
• 汉译英时注意形神合一，中文博大精深，注意要将其隐含意义也表现出来。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:27, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英译汉时注意读音的对仗。--Luo Xiaodi (talk) 01:27, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

Shi Shuwen

• Tip：英文翻译时不要加入译者的主观情感。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:30, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Tip：多用连接词连接，主语过长用it做形式主语。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Tip：注意连接词多样性。“既...又”，除了not only...but also还可以有as well as 等。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Tip：“凿空之旅”“丝绸之路、国之重器等结构的词，不要一概归为“...of...",要根据具体意义给出译文。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Tip：在翻译简单句时，既然结构简单，就要多打磨用词。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Tip：我国南方江南地区、广东沿海地区和四川一带的园林较富特色，于是便有了所谓江南园林、岭南园林和蜀中园林的称谓。而北京四周及山东、山西、陕西等地的园林风格较为相像，便统称之为北方园林。 The southern regions of Jiangnan, the coastal areas of Guangdong and Sichuan are characterized by gardens, so there are the Jiangnan gardens, Lingnan gardens and Shu gardens. And the garden style around Beijing and Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi is very similar, it is called the north garden.中译英时，有些词可以不必译出，有时逐字译反而显得啰嗦而冗长。比如文中的“所谓”。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Tip：First, translate classical Chinese into modern Chinese, and then translate modern Chinese into English; Second, on the basis of 1, when translating into English, I should think carefully about the words and keep up with the rhythm of English poetry.

（长干，在今天的南京市，位于秦淮区中华门外秦淮河南，在唐代，这里曾是商人们聚集的繁华地区，李白亲眼目睹了这里的是市井人情，看到商人的孩童们在这里玩耍嬉戏，感慨地写下了《长干行》。Changgan, today's Nanjing city, is located in the south of Qinhuai river. In the Tang dynasty, it was a prosperous area where merchants gathered.：I read the translation of the poems written by Li Bai and had some reflections.）--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

• Tip：翻译古诗词时也要注意押韵的美感。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Tip：例：宋代以后，杂技的社会地位江河日下;元朝建立后，杂技沦落为走江湖、耍把戏的江湖艺术。 After the Song dynasty, the social status of acrobatics declined. After the establishment of the Yuan dynasty, acrobatics was reduced to the art of wandering around and playing tricks.

成语翻译需要根据上下文灵活处理，比如“江河日下”。在译文中保全原文风格。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

• Tip：汉译英时，两边都要注意对仗工整。比如inside和outside。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Tip：中文中都是四字词语，在翻译时也要注意字数尽量一致。注意名词化。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Tip：中文中有时表达过于简略，比如“黄、老道家思想”，在翻译时要展开来说，避免歧义。--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Tip：注意可以多使用从句连接，而不是过多的短句。 + −--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• Tip：注意句子拆分，不要使句子过长。 + −--Shi Shuwen (talk) 07:43, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Haowen

• 英文习惯把结果放在原因前，中文相反--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英文习惯性讲重要的部分放在最前面，中文相反--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英文句子注重结构的严谨，而中文句子只要能把意思讲清楚就行了--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英文句子中会有大量的动词，在翻译成中文的时候，能省则省--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英翻中的时候，要根据动词来划分意群，然后再将意群重新组合进行翻译，才能得出符合中文习惯的句子--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 面对由形容词变来的名词的英语翻译时，在中文的译文里可将该名词重新变成形容词--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 中文中被动的用法不是很多，因此在进行英翻中的时候要进行叙事角度的改变--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 在进行中国文化的相关翻译时，专有名字究竟该怎么写绝不能靠主观臆测，要进行资料的查阅--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 面对不能在形式上一一对应翻译的情况，可以进行liberal translation--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英语长难句很多，要进行拆分--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英翻中的时候需要准确地找到句子的主语才能够把句子的意思表达对--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 中国古文会有大量的省略情况，进行中翻英的时候需要把省略部分都准确无误地找出来，这就需要我们有一定的中文功底--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
• 双边语言中的口语化表达很难，需要我们准确地找到它所表达意思--LI HAOWEN (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Liu Xiaoting

• I’d like to search how Chinese ancient poems are translated into English, so I found that the most important thing is the artist conception, which means we must understand the sense and the background of the poems, then wen can get the same attitude in English.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:58, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• When translating the calligraphy, it can be transliterated directly according to its name , such as Lishu; or translated according to its characteristics, such as Regular script.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 04:58, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• Before translating a passage, we should check the relevant materials first, have a certain understanding of some meanings and technical terms, and then to translate.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 05:06, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• Translation is a careful and rigorous work, a little less careful will produce a deviation from the original text. The professional knowledge of translation articles is particularly important, which puts forward higher requirements for reading and accumulation in peacetime.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 05:06, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• While translating Chinese dishes, we can adopt strategies of foreignization or domestication to convey the composition of the dishes ( ingredients, cutting style ) and their cultural connotations, so foreigners can appreciate our traditional cultural while enjoying delicious food.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 05:06, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• In the translation of works of art most of the use of modified language, so as to give readers more space for imagination.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 05:06, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• When translating historical events, due to cultural differences, the translation of specific historical periods needs special attention.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 05:06, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• In the translation of traditional culture with Chinese characteristics, we must pay attention to the interpretation of some proper nouns, and try to keep the original charm, but also to make foreign readers better understand.--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 05:06, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• 在翻译的过程中要格外注意对代词的翻译，并不是所有的代词都需要一一对应的翻译出来，为了语言的通顺流畅可以适当的省略。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 05:06, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• 音译词的翻译要遵循约定俗成，名从主人等固有规则，不能随心翻译。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 05:06, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• 对文学作品的翻译，语言风格上要符合文学作品所处的时代。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 05:06, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• 中翻英时可将长句拆分成合适的短句，尽量贴合外语读者的阅读习惯--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 05:11, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• 在翻译时要注意目标语言的语法习惯，如中文习惯主动语态而英文多用被动语态。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 05:11, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
• 中文古诗词的翻译可根据其意境进行翻译，注重意合而非形合。--Liu Xiaoting (talk) 05:11, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Liu Qinyu

• RDI这个专有名词不认识，需要查字典。0.5 milligram per cup 和26% of the Reference Daily Intake是指同一个意思，感觉如果直译有点重复的感觉，但是省略或者带括号解释又显得很不妥当，与原文有差异，所以就在二个短语中间插入换而言之。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 依照中国人的习惯，短句多为人们所接受。而soil sample后面的一串修饰语放在其前面，会使句子过于冗长，所以我将它另成一个句子，逻辑也更加清晰一些。另外the silk protein fibroin 指的是化学物质丝素蛋白，我不认识，需要上网查询--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 在汉语中人们一般习惯用主动语句，而英语多用被动。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 本句中liberal use 翻译成随意使用有点奇怪，不符合中国人的说话方式，故意译成经常可见。为了不限的句子累赘，后面的定语应放在Sichuan cuisine之前。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• When从句翻译时，我将from a bowl 省略了，因为众所周知，饭一般都是装在碗里的，若将其译出，显得累赘。Push和shovel意思相近，用接地气的中文可以翻译成扒，意译成将饭扒到嘴里。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 因对搪瓷,漆器没有过深入了解，第二句中出现的大量相关词汇都必须借助词典进行，降低了翻译的效率，让我感受到翻译对译者全方面水平的高要求。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 有些熟词生义会导致理解错误，比如 第二句中“ be ground to” 意为被研磨成，不能按表面意思直译。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 第三句中不知如何处理 “marked by” 于是就没有翻译，直接将句子拆成两个分别翻译， 句子中“the use of sheets of gold or silver made in various shapes” “made in various shapes”是形容金箔和银箔的，可是如果翻译成形状各异的金箔和银箔，such as这个句子就找不到地方安置。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 第四句比较句翻译出来怪怪的----玉石的特殊意义之于中国，犹如金子与钻石之于西方。 于是，就将句子拆开翻译了。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英语是静态的语言，主要体现在有少用动词而用其他手段表示动作意义的倾向，倾向于多用名词，形容词，副词，介词，因而叙述呈静态(stative);汉语是动态的语言，主要体现在汉语有一种多用动词的习惯，因而叙述呈动态(dynamic)。翻译时，要根据英汉之间的差别，来进行分析翻译。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 译文要通顺流畅十分重要，因此做英汉翻译时，应该在不背离原文的基础上，采用适当的词句，使译文符合目标语的表达习惯。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 译前反复阅读原文，分析句法，使其烂熟于心--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 翻译时，代词不要都翻译出来，为了语言的流畅与精炼，应尽量省略。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英语中的一些动词性的名词，在中文中应该翻译成动词。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 音译时要要遵从名从主人，标准汉音，和约定俗成等规则来进行翻译。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英语里一些形容词性的名词，在翻译时应尽量翻译成形容词--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英译汉时，单句不要太长，中文中大多为短句。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 口语化的表达要先消化，在根据相应的意思来挑选目标语言相对应的内容。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英语句子非常长且难时，要进行改写，改写时首先要抓住谓语--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英语重形合，而汉语重意合，因--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)此英译汉时，一些连接词可以省略。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英译汉时并列的动词应尽量形式，字数都一致。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 在翻译时，大多选择直译。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 英译汉时，译文的逻辑顺序应该符合中文的逻辑，这样才不会显得奇怪，翻译腔严重。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
• 翻译完成后，要进行多次阅读，看看哪里有语言、逻辑错误。也可以让朋友给给意见。--Liu Qinyu (talk) 01:14, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Li Leyi

• 1.The same sentence in English may be just one sentence, but in Chinese it may have more than one sentence.--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 2.Focus on the idiomatic phrase.--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 3.Use some vivid expressions and more difficult phrases.--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 4.To be more concise. When we are looking at a Chinese or American translation, we do not look forward to a extremely long sentence.--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 5.In English expressions, word orders are often different from Chinese.Also, In Chinese, there are many words expressing the same meaning.--Chloe (talk) 04:08, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 6.可灵活运用从句，把中文习惯性使用的的多个句子合并为英文的复合句。--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 7.要习惯性地把中文里的动词系统转化为英文里的形容词，因为英文中一般没有很多动词连在一起的情况。--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 8.Divide Long sentence(Chinese)into some short sentences. It looks much easier for others to get the right meaning. Also, it reduces the possibility of making mistakes.--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 9.In English, words don’t repeat so much times in one paragraph or even one passage. So remember to avoid the repetition.--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 10.Learn to use noun phrase when translating Chinese into English, cause English are not used to a series of verbal phrase.--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 11. When translating, we should know if the word which is used to translate or needs to be translated has more than one meaning, such as nature,天性or自然.--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 12.The most outstanding achievement of Chinese garden formation period is the combination of gardening, literature and painting.

We can use “the combination of’’ to replace “consist of”,“including”.We should know their difference.--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 13.Sometimes we can omit the subject if two sentences belong to one subject.--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

• 14. We need to look up the correct English expression of some proper nouns.--Chloe (talk) 04:05, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Liu Li

1.When translating, we should consider the coherence of sentences and pay attention to whether the sentences conform to the requirements of the native speakers’ expression habit.--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

2.专业话题需要了解专业词汇，例如书画同源、对立统一等。 翻译前需要了解话题的背景资料，如书法的起源、发展、变革， 了解话题特色和常用的形容词词汇，如劲美、瘦削。--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

3.在翻译时要注意句型变化和用词的多样性，如2句中的以……为主，配以或辅以可译为mainly consisted of…, accompanying with…或者the main… was…, coordinating with…--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

4.在第三句中提到了《说文解字》，对其中知识不甚了解。在查阅资料后发现“从瓦次”意为以瓦为形旁、以次为声旁，也可以理解为是两个字的组合，故而翻译为 “is the combination of …“--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

5.“皮层酥脆、外焦里嫩”，在汉语中为形容词，但考虑到英语的常用表达习惯，可找出中心词，将其翻译为名词短语，即with crispy skin, caramelized outside and tender inside.--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

6.无论翻译那种类型的文章，都要从总体上把握译文，把握原文的语域、风格等。--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

7.碰到复杂的句子时，要分析好句子的主干，先把主谓宾找出来。--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

8.翻译时，译者不能局限于文本目标语之间的一一对应，而是要侧重于读者的反应，因此可在翻译好后请旁人阅读，给出意见。--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

9.一般来说，在中文里被动语态使用的较少，因为“被”在中文里是有贬义的。而英文刚好相反，因为英文中无主语的句子较多。--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

10.由于汉语和英语的表达方式不同，侧重不同。为了使汉语的语言通顺，表达完整，有必要转换某些单词的词性，比如英文的名词可以转为汉语的动词、副词、以及形容词，英文的动词可以转为汉语的名词及副词等。--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

11.在中文里，一般先说事实，再说评论；英文则是先说评论，再说事实。--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

12.同一个词或词组，在不同的上下文以及专业领域中往往具有不同的含义。因此就需要在翻译时弄清词汇的具体含义，在不同词义中选择并确定一个最确切的含义。--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

13.当有多个定语修饰同一个名词时，注意定语的顺序，如从短到长，从描写外部的到描写内在的。--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

14.多看话题相关专业书籍，积累汉语中话题的专业术语。--Liu Li (talk) 06:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Yang Qing 1.翻译需要大量的实践和丰富的理论知识做基础，扎实的基础知识是做好翻译的前提。 2.翻译时应从整体上把握好全文，使译文的文章形式和风格与原文一致。 3.注重中英文逻辑词的使用。 4.善用四字词，可使文章的文采变得较为优美。 5.视情况而定，善用直译法和意译法。 6.一般来说，在中文里被动语态使用的较少，而英文刚好相反，被动语态使用的比较频繁。 7.注意翻译过来的句子和文章的逻辑性。 8.一般来说，英译汉时，增词较多；汉译英时，减词较多。 9.在中文里，一般先说事实，再说评论；英文则是先说评论，再说事实。 10.在翻译文章时，要对文章的背景知识等做好充分的了解，可查阅相关书籍或者史料，注意俚语等的翻译。--Zoey YangQing (talk) 06:59, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Exam

For preparation, please

• Check carefully this website, maybe move your homework to the right place. I need the homework for the participation grade. Also, take this opportunity to look through your translations again before they are graded.
• Correct at least one sentence of a fellow student per text. E.g. for Unit 7, there are 3 texts A., B., and C. So for Unit 7 please correct 3 sentences of fellow students. This is a good opportunity for preparation of the exam and also a good opportunity to fulfill the requirements for the participantion grades.
• Please make sure that you have at least 1 translation tip per Unit. The translation tips are an important part of the participation grade. So far, some students have not written so many translation tips. Please add the translation tips und the section Tips. If they are related to a translated sentence, you may quote the sentences. The translation tips are also an important preparation for the exam.
• Look through the powerpoint presentations.
• The exam will be ability-based, not knowledge-based. This means that I will less ask you for details from the texts, but more about the things you learned in regards to translation.

Feedback

+ − You are welcome to give some feedback about the course here any time!