Difference between revisions of "Introduction to Translation Studies 2021"

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* ppt 3:  [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.
 
* ppt 3:  [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.
 +
 +
* 13_Asep_Budiman_Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation
  
 
==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
 
==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==

Revision as of 12:42, 22 December 2021

Quicklinks: This course homepage FAQ Manual all homework webpages | final exam page

Welcome to our course website Introduction to Translation Studies 2021. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

Session 1 Sep 26, 2021

Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.

Organizational Things

  • Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
  • Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
  • In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级 英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
  • We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
  • Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
  • Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
  • Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

Edits

Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:

  • Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
  • Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
  • Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
  • Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
  • The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

Topics, Sessions and Material

Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?

Please also mention in this list beneath, who is presenting the topic with ppt and handout.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I

  • Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II

  • 3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
  • 3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation

  • 4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
  • 4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

  • 5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
  • 5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
  • 5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
  • 5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)

  • 6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
  • 6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies

  • 7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
  • 7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
  • 7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
  • 7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories

  • 8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
  • 8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
  • 8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
  • 8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
  • 8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories

  • 9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
  • 9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory

  • 10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style

  • 11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
  • 11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
  • 11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice

  • 12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
  • 12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
  • 12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism

  • 13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
  • 13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
  • 13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
  • 13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
  • 13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison

  • 14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
  • 14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

  • Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
  • Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
  • Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
  • Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
  • Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
  • Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
  • Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
  • Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
  • Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
  • Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
  • Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
  • Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
  • Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
  • Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
  • Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
  • Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
  • Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
  • Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
  • Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
  • Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
  • Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style Chicago Style.)

Final exam class projects

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):

Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China） 王镇隆 叶维杰 李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星 刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉 周玖 钟雨露 钟义菲 魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)

  • History of Translation Theories 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡 张扬、曾俊霖 张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双 杨堃 刘运心 魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
  • Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯 肖毅瑶 王李菲 徐敏赟 颜莉莉 颜静 谢佳芬 熊敏 陈惠妮 蔡珠凤 陈湘琼 Nadia
  • Culture loaded words 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words） 何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in The Concubine Market of Yangchow of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
  • The cultural turn in Translation History 金晓童 李爱璇 李文璇 黄锦云 李姗 黄逸妍
  • Appropriateness Theory - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达 易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
  • Translation types, strategies, styles, methods 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)为例） 刘越 毛雅文 毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例 彭瑞雪 秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例） 颜子涵 邝艳丽 阳佳颖 杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
  • Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations 朱素珍 邹岳丽 邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of Tang Poetry) 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
  • Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations 周巧 付红岩 詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
  • Comparative Studies in Translation 石丽青 牟一心 饶金盈 罗安怡 马新 王逸凡 张秋怡 朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style Chicago Style.)

Schedule

Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

All sessions:

  • 1 Sep 26 Introduction
  • 2 Sep 29 Emergence I
  • 3 Oct 13 Emergence II

(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

  • 4 Oct 20 History of Translation

(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

  • 5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

  • 6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

  • 6 Nov 10 Translation Studies

(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

  • 8 Nov 17 Translation Theories

(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

  • 9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

  • 10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

  • 11 Dec 8 Methods and Style

(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

  • 12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.

(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦 (Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍 (An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩 (庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡 () Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

  • 13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism

() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

  • 14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison

()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁 ()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦 ()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵 (韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the homework page. - IN PREPARATION...

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

Homework for later

4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I

  • Teacher presentation
  • Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
  • Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
  • Review homework
  • Prepare final exam

Homework for this session Sep 29

1. Read the literature for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China

Homework for next session Oct 13

1. Read the literature for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. Please write your name behind one of the book projects where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China

Homework for this session Oct 13

1. Read the literature for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

Homework for next session Oct 20

1. Read the literature for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3

Homework for this session Oct 20

1. Read the literature for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Presentations on History of Translation, session 4

Homework for next session Oct 27

1. Read the literature for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)

Homework for this session Oct 27

1. Read the literature for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

Homework for next session 6, Nov 3

1. Read the literature for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.


Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics

Homework for this session Nov 3

1. Read the literature for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)

Homework for next session 7, Nov 10

1. Read the literature for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!

Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies

Homework for this session Nov 10

1. Read the literature for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies

Homework for next session 8, Nov 17

1. Read the literature for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories

Homework for this session Nov 17

1. Read the literature for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories

Homework for next session 9, Nov 24

1. Read the literature for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories

Homework for this session Nov 24

1. Read the literature for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories

Homework for next session 10, Dec 1

1. Read the literature for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory

This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

Homework for this session Dec 1

1. Read the literature for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Presentations Dec 1

ppt 2: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark's Theory of Translation (ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark's Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman;

Homework for next session 11, Dec 8

1. Read the literature for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style

Homework for this session Dec 8

1. Read the literature for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style

File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx

Homework for next session 12, Dec 15

1. Read the literature for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.

Homework for this session Dec 15

1. Read the literature for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice

Homework for next session 13, Dec 22

1. Read the literature for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Session 13, Dec 22, Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism

Homework for this session Dec 22

1. Read the literature for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism

  • 13_Asep_Budiman_Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation

Homework for next session 14, Dec 29

1. Read the literature for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison

Homework for this session Dec 29

1. Read the literature for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison

Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation

Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course. 

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year, 

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.
  • Teacher presentation
  • Student presentations

OLD (2020):

Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West

Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China

Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan

Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)

1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: here.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.

3rd Session: History

Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China

Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History

Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History

Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China

Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the homework page.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.

Session 4: Development

Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history

Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures

Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory

Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting

Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China

Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation

Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation

Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation

Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the homework page.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. here.

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

Session 5:

Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation

Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation

Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx--Yao Jia (talk) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of The Red Chamber Dreams

Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese

Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu

Session 6: Early Theories

Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the homework page.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.

Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett

Handout for download: Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf--Yang Yi(talk) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt--Xu Mengdie (talk) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China

Handout for download:Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx--Chen Han (talk) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx--Zeng Xinyuan (talk) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model

Handout for download:Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx--Chen Jingjing (talk) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx--Gao Mingzhu (talk) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford

Handout for download:Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx--Wei Honglang (talk) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx--Wen Xiaoyi (talk) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories

Handout for download:Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx--Qi Kai (talk) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx--Kang Haoyu (talk) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory

Handout for download: Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx--Wu Xiang (talk) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt--Liu Yangnuo (talk)03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the homework page.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.

Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory

Handout for download:Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx--Kang Lingfeng (talk) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx--Wu Qi (talk) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:Media:Polysystem Theory.docx--Chang Huiyue (talk) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 7, Topic 3： 后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory

Handout for download:Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc--Jiang Hao (talk) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx--Ji Tiantian (talk) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 7, Topic 4： 布拉格学派 Prague School

Handout for download: Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc--Xu Jing (talk) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Prague School.pptx--You Yuting (talk) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 7, Topic 5： 目的论 Skopos Theory

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Skopos Theory.pptx--Wang Xuan (talk) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:Media:Skopos Theory.docx--Xiao Shuangling (talk) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

Session 7, Topic 6： 语言学派 Linguistic School

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Linguistic School.pptx----Wang Yuan (talk) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc----Wang Yuan (talk) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 8: Methods

Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the homework page.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.

Session 8, Topic 1： 正说反译与反说正译 Negation

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptxGan Fengyu (talk) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:Media:Negation.docx--Ding Daifeng (talk) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx--Zhao Xiaoyan (talk) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx--Zhang Hui (talk) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 8, Topic 3： 交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptxby Zhang Yu--Zhang Yu (talk) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx--Tan Xingyue (talk) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 8, Topic 4： 直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx--Si Yu (talk) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC) Handout for download:Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx--Wu Yilu (talk) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 8, Topic 5： 增译与减译 Amplification and Omission

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx--Li Meng (talk) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:Media:Amplification And Omission.docx--Wensixing (talk) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

Session 8, Topic 6： 影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example

Classroom presentation for download:Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx--Liu Jinxingqi (talk) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC) Handout for download:Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx--Lin Min (talk) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 9: Style

Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the homework page.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.

Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation

Classroom handout for download:Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx--Kong Xianghui (talk) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx--Kong Yanan (talk) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style

Classroom handout for download:Media:Scientific Style.docx--Lou Cancan (talk) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Scientific Style.pptx--Luo Yuqing (talk) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles

Classroom handout for download:Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx--Guan Qinqing (talk) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx--Guan Qinqing (talk) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View

Classroom handout for download:Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx--Lin Xin (talk) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx by Li Yongshan --Lin Xin (talk) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

=Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style=

Classroom handout for download: Media:Translation_and_Style.docx--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx--Zeng Yanhu

Media:Example.ogg

Session 10: Translation Studies

Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the homework page.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.

Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx--Luo Weijia (talk) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx--Gui Yizhi (talk) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx--Peng Xiaoling (talk) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx--Peng Dan (talk) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation

Classroom handout for download：Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx--Quan Meixin (talk) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx--Song Jianru (talk) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing

Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx--Yi Huan (talk) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx--Shi Diwen (talk) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx --Yao Cheng (talk) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx--Zhang Hu (talk) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies=

Classroom handout for download：Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx--Chen Yongxiang (talk) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx--Liu Ou (talk) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 11: Theory and Practice

Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the homework page.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.

Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation

Classroom handout for download:Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx--Pengjuan (talk) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx--Tao Ye (talk) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization

Classroom handout for download：Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx--Wu Zijia (talk) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx--Lei kuangxi (talk) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications

Classroom handout for download：Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx--Tang Bei (talk) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx--Wang Meiling (talk) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation

Classroom handout for download:Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx--Zhang Peiwen (talk) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt--YangHui (talk) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST

Classroom handout for download：Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx--Zhumeimei (talk) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx--Zhou Yuanqu--Zhou Yuanqu (talk) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation

Handout for download：Media:Feminist Translation.doc--Jiang Fengyi (talk) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：Media:Feminist Translation.pptx

Session 12: Different Aspects

Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the homework page.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.

Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text

Classroom handout for download: Media:Translation of Political Text.docx--Zhou Yiwen (talk) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx By Chen Jiaxin --Jessie Chen (talk) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation

Classroom handout for download:Media:Poem Translation.pptx--Yang Hairong (talk) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)


Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--Zhang Yujie (talk) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation

Classroom handout for download:Media:Tourism Translation.pptx by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --Weiyafei (talk) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei


Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--Weiyafei (talk) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

Session 13: East West comparison

Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the homework page.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.

Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria

Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx--Tang Ming (talk) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx--Ou Rong (talk) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation

Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx by Liu Yi.--Liu Yi (talk) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc by Tan Yuanyuan.--Tan Yuanyuan (talk) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation

Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc by Yang Yue--Yang Yue (talk) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC) Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx by Yi Zichu--Yi Zichu (talk) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation

Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptxby Xiao Ting--Xiao Ting (talk) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx--Xu Jia (talk) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century

Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx--Mo Ling (talk) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc

Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example

Classroom handout for download: Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx--Chen Sha --Chen Sha (talk) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx By Chen Jiangning --Chen Jiangning--Chen Jiangning (talk) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Session 14: Strategies

Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the homework page.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.

Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology

Classroom handout for download: Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --Wu Kai (talk) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --Wu Kai (talk) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti

Classroom handout for download: Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --Tang Yiran1 (talk) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --Tang Yiran1 (talk) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example

Classroom handout for download: Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx --Ishikami (talk) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx --Ishikami (talk) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories

Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the homework page.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence here.


Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories

Classroom handout for download: Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx


Classroom presentation for download: Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx --Sagara Seydou 3 (talk) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Session 16: Final Discussion

List of topics for presentations and handouts in class

1 Emergence: 孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History: 周思庆 张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟 刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆 张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾 李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷 余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿 纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development: 韩宛真 邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮 胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼 张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思 龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君 李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋 彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples: 许鹏飞 肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶 李凌月; 袁诗琦 姚佳; 邹鑫雨 曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨 肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳 周玉娟

5 Early Theories: 徐梦蝶 杨逸; 陈涵 曾心媛; 陈静静 高明珠; 文晓艺 韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇 漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺 邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories: 康灵凤 莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪 常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜 姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静 游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲 王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽 王源: 语言学派

7 Methods: 甘奉玉 丁代凤; 赵晓燕 张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜 谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露 司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇 李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏 刘金惺琦

8 Style: 孔祥慧 孔亚楠; 罗雨晴 娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比； 林鑫 李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖 胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies: 罗维嘉 桂一枝; 彭小玲 彭丹; 全美欣 宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文 易欢; 姚诚 张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧 陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice: 彭娟 陶冶; 吴子佳 雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓 王美玲; 蒋凤仪 顾东方; 周园曲 祝美梅; 阳慧 张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects: 周艺文 陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁 魏亚菲; 张毓婕 杨海容;

12 East West Comparison: 唐铭 欧蓉; 谭媛媛 刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦 义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷 徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲 袁天翼; 陈莎 陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies: 吴恺 马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然 杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮 谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories: Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas

  • literal vs. free
  • Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
  • unit of translation
  • contrastive analysis
  • the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
  • translatability vs untranslatability
  • SLT vs TLT relation
  • translation types, strategies, styles, methods
  • communication factors, translator role in social setting
  • cognitive factors
  • machine translation
  • translation quality assessment
  • translation ethics / manipulation etc.


Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: Topics in Translation Studies

Final Exam Papers

The deadline has been extended to Dec 21, 2020. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!

Structure

需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references

  • You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
  • Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). 翻译基础 [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. 智库时代 Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
  • Do not write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

References

  • Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. 智库时代 Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
  • Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). 翻译基础 [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces): 

= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under References.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona Muenster: LIT

Sample papers

You can find the full papers also on the Webpage History of Translation Studies). They are marked with "Sample paper".

  • A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
  • An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
  • Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
  • Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
  • Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
  • On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
  • Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
  • The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
  • Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

Website to write your final exam paper on

final exam page

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

Benefits

This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

Misplaced things

Handout 4 of Ren Xin -- 贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创： Summary： 主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？ 1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的 二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较 1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。 2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。 3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义: ( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ; ( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位; ( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference: 贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --ImRx (talk) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)


[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》. 1.流传情况： 《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。 2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。 3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因： 这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。 4.故事内容： 《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。 5.《一千零一夜》的起源： 在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。 6.影响： 《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。 它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。 在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。


[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响. 摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。 一、流传情况： 1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。 2.流传情况： a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。 b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。 二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴 《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。 三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响： 1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新 a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。 b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。 《一千零一夜》： 东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。 《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中 哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。” c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。 2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响 把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。 1)不同点： 辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。 鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险； 辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。 2)相似点： 两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。 3.对中国作家的影响 《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债, 四、小结 因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。


[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲. 摘要： 介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。 1.法国译本： A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节 B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版 C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作 2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）： A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出 B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了 C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值 D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本 E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩 3.德国译本： A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。 B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩 C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本 4.罗马尼亚译本： A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早 B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本 C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本 D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》 5.俄文译本： A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。 B.高尔基于1904年也译过。 C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。 6.捷克译本： 1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。 7.波兰译本： 1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》 8.威尼斯译本： 1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。 9.希腊译本： 译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。 10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。 东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献： [1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64. [2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112. [3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --ImRx (talk) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)


[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要： 中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。 1.佛经翻译 A.四个时期： a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦； b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什； c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空； d.逐渐结束于北宋。 B.翻译形式 最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。 后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。 C.翻译大家 三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。 2.圣经翻译 A.概况 圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。 B.流传形式：手写本。 C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。 缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。 优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。 D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。 b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。 3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性： 经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。 A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。 原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度； 由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。 B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。 代表人物：马丁路德 原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。 C.主张直译&意译相结合。 代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》


[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。


[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128. 摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。 2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。 A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。 8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。 这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。 B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。 C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。 作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。 D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。 作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力； 对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。 3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆 A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。 B.特征： a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。 吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。” b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。 c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。 4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响 a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。 b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。 c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。


[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想： 1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。 a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。 b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。 2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。 人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。 3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想 a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。 b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。 c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。


[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44. 摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。 考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。 1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。 2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。 3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事 （作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）


[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219. 女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。 女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。 核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献： [1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192. [2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124. [3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128. [4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23. [5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44. [6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--ImRx (talk) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)


《霍乱时期的爱情》 加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物 1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年， 获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》 故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。 一.主要人物： 1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。 “费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。 2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。 3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系 1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。 等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。 所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。 但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。 在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。 很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。 还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。 问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？ 大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。 我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ” 还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。 以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。 所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。 a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。 等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。 信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。 音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。 总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。 费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。 阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。 爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。 阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感 同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。 费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。 在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。 阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。 开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情； 阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）； 阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思； 费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情； 乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋； 阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情； 阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋… 忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱… 不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。 1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀； 岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）； 乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老 2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。 借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。 当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。 同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。 所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献： 1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319. 2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015. 3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54. 4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288. 5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42. 6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--ImRx (talk) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟 世界主义与世界文学 一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义： (1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇； (2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展 （1）词源探究 作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。 （2）后世发展 世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。 但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。 当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起 歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵 在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学” 一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。 20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学 世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化 中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。 马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化” 世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献 [1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18. [2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154. [3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98. [4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2. [5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26. [6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译


一、翻译内容、技法叙事 清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。 在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。” 在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体 由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系 译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及 性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性 中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。 五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响 近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。” 参考文献 【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40. 【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54. 【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69. 【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72. 【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.


外国诗歌翻译 [1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95. 由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108. 作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。 外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12. 翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76. 外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47. 随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

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